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Cyclone Warning Division India Meteorological Department New GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, „MEKUNU‟ over the Arabian Sea (21 – 27 May 2018): A Report INSAT-3D enhanced colored IR imagery of 25th May, 2018 Cyclone Warning Division India Meteorological Department New Delhi JUNE 2018 Page 0 of 48 Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, „MEKUNU‟ over the Arabian Sea (21 – 27 May 2018) 1. Introduction Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm (ESCS) Mekunu originated from a low pressure area which formed over southeast Arabian Sea (AS) in the morning (0300 UTC) of 20th May. It became a well marked low pressure area over southwest & adjoining southeast AS in the early morning (0000 UTC) of 21st May. Under favourable environmental conditions, it concentrated into a Depression (D) over southwest AS in the evening (1200 UTC) of 21st May. Moving west- northwestwards it intensified into a deep depression (DD) in the morning (0300 UTC) of 22nd May. It then moved north-northwestwards and intensified into a cyclonic storm (CS) “Mekunu” in the evening (1200 UTC) of same day over southwest AS. It further continued to move north-northwestwards, intensified into a Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS) in the morning (0300 UTC) and into a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm (VSCS) in the afternoon (0900 UTC) of 23rd May over Westcentral AS. Moving further north-northwestwards, it intensified into an Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm (ESCS) in the morning (0300 UTC) of 25th and crossed south Oman coast near 16.850N/53.750E around midnight (between 1830-1930 UTC) of 25th May as an ESCS with an estimated wind speed of 170-180 kmph gusting to 200 kmph. It moved north-northwestwards and weakened into a VSCS over Oman in the early hours of 26th May (2100 UTC of 25th May). Continuing to move north- northwestwards, it weakened into an SCS in the early morning (0000 UTC), into a CS in the afternoon (0900 UTC) and into a DD around midnight (1800 UTC) of 26th May. It further weakened into a D in the early morning (0000 UTC) and into a well marked low pressure area over Saudi Arabia and adjoining Oman & Yemen in the morning (0300 UTC) of 27th May. The salient features of the system are as follows. i. ESCS Mekunu was the second cyclonic storm over AS during the year 2018. ii. Mekunu had a straight north-northwestward moving track. iii. It formed (at 1200 UTC of 21st May) just 5 days after the formation of CS Sagar (at 1200 UTC of 16th May) over Arabian Sea. Such cylogenesis in quick succession within a week last occurred over AS in post-monsoon season of 2015 (ESCS Chapala followed by ESCS Megh). iv. It attained its peak intensity on the day of landfall while lying close to coast. v. It maintained the peak maximum sustained surface wind speed (MSW) of 170- 180 kmph gusting to 200 kmph (95 knots) for 6 hours during 1200 UTC to 1800 UTC of 25th May. vi. The lowest estimated central pressure was 960 hPa during 1200 UTC to 1800 UTC of 25th May. Page 1 of 48 vii. The life period of cyclone was 135 hours (5.6 days) against long period average (LPA) (1990-2013) of 6.6 days for very severe cyclonic storm over Arabian Sea in pre-monsoon season. viii. The track length of the cyclone was 1385 km. ix. The 12 hour average translational speed of the cyclone was 10.4 kmph against LPA (1990-2013) of 14.3 kmph over AS. x. The Velocity Flux, Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) and Power Dissipation Index (PDI) were 11.6 X102 knots, 8.4 X 104 knots2 and 6.5 X106 knots3 respectively against LPA (1990-2013) of 1.89 X102 knots, 1.4 X 104 knots2 and 1.2 X106 knots3 during pre-monsoon season for AS. Brief life history, characteristic features and associated weather along with performance of NWP and operational forecast of IMD are presented and discussed in following sections. The observed track of the system during 21st-27th May is presented in Fig.1. Typical satellite imagery is presented in Fig.2. The best track parameters of the system are presented in Table 1. 2. Monitoring of ESCS, „MEKUNU‟ The cyclone was monitored & predicted continuously by India Meteorological Department (IMD) prior to it’s genesis as low pressure area over AS from 21st May onwards. The system was monitored mainly with satellite observations from INSAT 3D and 3DR, SCAT Sat, polar orbiting satellites, scatterometer observations and available ships & buoy observations in the region. Various national and international numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and dynamical-statistical models were utilized to predict the genesis, track and intensity of the cyclone. Tropical Cyclone Module, the digitized forecasting system of IMD was utilized for analysis and comparison of various models guidance, decision making process and warning product generation. IMD issued regular bulletins to WMO/ESCAP Panel member countries including Yemen, Oman and Somalia, National & State Disaster Management Agencies, general public and media since inception of the system over AS. 3. Brief life history 3.1. Genesis Under the influence of a cyclonic circulation that developed over Lakshadweep and neighbourhood on 18th May, a low pressure area formed over southeast AS in the morning (0300 UTC) of 20th May. It lay as a well marked low pressure area over southwest & adjoining southeast AS in the early morning (0000 UTC) of 21st May. At 0300 UTC of 21st May, the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) index lay over phase 2 with amplitude more than 1. The MJO phase was favouring cyclogenesis over the AS and its further intensification. The sea surface temperature (SST) was 29-310C over southwest and adjoining westcentral AS. The tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) was more than 100 KJ/cm2 over the above region. The low level relative vorticity was about 100x10-6sec-1 to the southwest of system centre. The lower level convergence was about 20 x10-5sec-1 to the southwest of system centre. The upper level divergence was about 40 x10-5 sec-1 over the system centre. The vertical wind shear (VWS) was low to moderate (10-15 knots) over the system Page 2 of 48 centre. VWS was also low to moderate over westcentral AS near Oman and Yemen coast. All these conditions indicated favourable environment for further intensification of the system. At 1200 UTC of 21st, similar environmental features continued. The low level relative vorticity increased significantly and was about 150x10-6sec-1 to the southwest of system centre. The lower level convergence was about 20 x10-5sec-1 to the south and southwest of system centre. The upper level divergence was about 30 x10-5 sec- 1 over the system centre. The vertical wind shear is low to moderate (10-15 knots) over the system. Hence the environmental conditions are favourable for further intensification of the system. Under these conditions the WML southwest & adjoining southeast AS concentrated into depression (D) at 1200 UTC over the same region. 3.2. Intensification and movement At 0300 UTC of 22nd, the MJO was in Phase 2 with amplitude more than 1. The SST was 29-310C over southwest and adjoining westcentral AS. There was positive SST anomaly over westcentral AS. The TCHP was more than 60-80 KJ/cm2 over the region. The low level relative vorticity increased significantly and was about 150x10-6sec-1 to the south of system centre. The lower level convergence was about 20 x10-5sec-1 to the southwest of system centre. The upper level divergence was about 30 x10-5 sec-1 to the west of the system centre. The vertical wind shear was low to moderate (05-15 knots) near the system centre. The total precipitable water (TPW) imagery indicated continous warm and moist air incursion into the core of the system. All these environmental conditions favoured the intensification of system into DD at 0300 UTC over southwest AS near latitude 9.20N and longitude 57.20E. At 1200 UTC of 22nd, MJO was in Phase 2. Similar sea conditions prevailed. The low level relative vorticity increased significantly and was about 250x10-6sec-1 over the system centre. The lower level convergence also increased and was about 50 x10-5sec-1 around the system centre. The upper level divergence remained unchanged and was about 30 x10-5 sec-1 over the system area. The vertical wind shear was low to moderate (05-15 knots) near the system centre. The TPW imagery indicated continous warm and moist air incursion into the core of the system. All these conditions led to the intensification of system into CS “Mekunu” at 1200 over southwest AS near latitude 10.20N and longitude 56.80E. At 0300 UTC of 23rd, MJO was in Phase 2 with amplitude greater than 1. The SST was 29-310C over southwest and adjoining westcentral AS. There was positive SST anomaly over westcentral AS. The tropical cyclone heat potential was about 80- 100 KJ/cm2 over the region. The low level relative vorticity was about 250x10-6sec-1 close to east of the system centre. The lower level convergence decreased and was about 40 x10-5sec-1 close to west of the system centre. The upper level divergence was about 30 x10-5 sec-1 close to west of the system centre. The TPW imagery indicated continuous warm and moist air incursion into the core of the system. Under these conditions, the system intensified into an SCS at 0300 UTC over southwest AS near latitude 11.20N and longitude 55.90E. At 0900 UTC of 23rd, MJO was in Phase 2 with amplitude greater than 1.
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