IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 11, Issue 8 Ver. I (August 2018), PP 30-36 www.iosrjournals.org

Carbon Sequestration in Plantations of Forest Trees In District,

P.C.Mishra1, S.M.Prasad2 1. (Additional Principal Chief Conservator Of Forests, Govt. Of Jharkhand And Research Scholar, Jharkhand Rai University, , ) 2. (Professor, Jharkhand Rai University, Ranchi, India) Corresponding Author: P.C.Mishra1

Abstract: The growing pollutants in the atmospheric air, marine aqua system and depletion in the ozone layer are the major causes of concern, since the resultant effects are the global temperature increase, diminishing polar ice glaciers and elimination of millions of varieties of biotic flora and fauna from the creation. As per the study by FAO, the rate of deforestation was 13 million hectares per annum assessed in the year 2007. The present study has been carried out to quantify the carbon sequestered and the resultant emission of oxygen along with calculating the monetary values thereof in the of Jharkhand State, India. This study is confined to the artificial regeneration of forestry species. This district faces better rainfall than the district, which was taken up in my previous study. Comparative analysis has been done for both the areas. In the present study the result shows that 27.0 tC ha-1 yr-1 has been sequestered including the soil organic carbon. ------Date of Submission: 01-08-2018 Date of acceptance: 19-08-2018 ------

I. Introduction The major cause of concern throughout the world now has become the growing pollutants in the atmospheric air and marine aqua system, including the depletion in the Ozone layer. Due to heavy population growth, the major pressure is on the terrestrial ecosystem mainly in the developing and under developed countries. In the developed countries due to the growing industrial activities large amounts of atmospheric and water pollutants are causing heavy damages to the biodiversity with simultaneous other negative factors accelerating ozone depletion. The major question faced by the present civilisation is about the negative impact on the wellbeing of present and future generations. A.Chiabai, C.M.Travisi et al.,2009 in Economic evaluation of Forest Ecosystem Services: Methodology and Monetary estimates, has cited that forests are critically important habitats in terms of the biological diversity they contain and in terms of the ecological functions they supply(e.g., Miller et al., 1991; Mendelshon and Balick, 1995; Pearce, 1996, 1998, 1999). Similarly, the ecological and anthropocentric services of forest are many, although the area-species and the species-species services relationships are still debated (e.g. Pimm and Raven,2000) and the loss of forest ecosystem services driven by deforestation is expected to be serious if the rate of deforestation is maintained at the current alarming level of approximately 13 million hectares per year (FAO,2007). Till date, ecological life-support systems are declining worldwide (Ewing et al.,2010; MA,2005), biodiversity loss remains unabated (Butchard et al.,2010), and anthropogenic pressures have reached a scale where the risk of abrupt global environmental disruption can no longer be excluded (Rockstrom et al.,2009). The conservation movement has thereby failed to prevail upon the economic and socio- political drivers of change that are at the root of many present environmental problems (MA,2005; Steffen et al.,2004). Stabilization of Green House Gas emissions, though was not officially included in the Kyoto Protocol, it got its place in COP13 in Bali on December 2007. In a review promoted by the European Commission (Markandya et al.,2008), available values trend is site specific and forest type specific. Chiabai et al.,2009 has cited that forest area is expected to decrease by around 76 million hectares by 2050 worldwide. The Millenium Ecosystem Assessment(2005) became the real milestone achievement because for the first time it stressed the need to quantify and value the ecosystem services. As published in the report of LEAD India in 2007, the forests of Uttarakhand can accumulate Carbon at rate that ranges from 5-9 t C ha-1 yr-1 for good forests to 1.5-3 t C ha-1 yr-1 for poor quality forests (Singh et al.,1985). This translates to Carbon Sequestration values of almost US $ 65- US $ 125 ha-1 yr-1 . Kumar M., 2011 cited that “The Global forests cover 3870m. hectare according to Global Forest Resource Assessment 2000, and contain a total standing volume of 386 billion m3 of wood. The stock of mass woody vegetation is estimated at 422 billion tonnes dry matter in the above ground biomass including stems, branches and foliages (Anon,2001). Kauppi,2003 calculated the average standing stock at 10.9kg per m2 in terms of dry biomass and 5.45 kg per m2 in terms of carbon. The carbon absorbing capacity of plants is very

DOI: 10.9790/2380-1108013036 www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page Carbon Sequestration In Plantations Of Forest Trees In Latehar District, Jharkhand high in initial stages of growth because of high metabolic rate. One half of a tree‟s dry weight is carbon (Nowak,1994). Kumar M. has stated that “Thus carbon storage is directly related to size. Annual carbon sequestration is related to tree size and growth rates.” The India State of Forest Report,2017 estimated the total carbon stock in forests of India in 2017 that is 7082 million tonnes. The total carbon stock of Jharkhand State, India is 222.882 million tonnes and per hectare carbon stock is 94.6 tonnes. This report has not identified the differences of carbon stock in naturally regenerated forests and artificially regenerated forests. My last study reported in IOSR journal Volume II, Issue 5 Ver.II (May298), pp 01-06 was on the artificially regenerated forests of of Jharkhand State, India. The present study has been carried out in Latehar district of Jharkhand State with some differences in geo climatic factors. In order to compare the carbon stock in the same type of artificially regenerated forests, same formulae has been used in this study. This showed that 27.02 tC ha-1 yr-1 has been sequestered.

II. Materials and Methods Study Area: The study area lies between Latitude 23035‟N to 2405‟N and Longitude 84020‟E to 84055‟E. The forests are more or less in compact blocks except for a few isolated patches in the North and North- Eastern part. The area comes under Latehar District and part of . Configuration of the Ground: The vast majority of the forests lie on the hills with the exception of a part of Chandwa, Balumath and Latehar ranges wherein they occur on the plains and undulating grounds. The slopes of the hills are moderate to steep with various aspects. For want of adequate ground cover, sheet and gully erosion has become a continuous process even in apparently well-stocked forests. The entire area of Latehar forest division is drained by two principal rivers, namely, the North-Koel and the Damodar. The principal rivers and their main tributaries are (a) Auranga (b) Deonad (c) Sukri (d) Chaupat (e) Amanat (f) Ghagri and others. The river beds are generally rocky in most parts. Geology, Rock and Soil: This region forms a part of the Chhotanagpur Plateau comprising granitic rocks associated with large areas of sedimentary rocks. The elevation of the area around Latehar varies from 375m to 550m. above Mean Sea Level. The major part of the Latehar district is occupied by the Granitic rocks of Archean Age. The remnants of the earlier sedimentary and igneous rocks are known from the inclusion of phyllites and schists of varying dimensions in the granite mass. The inclusions are disposed along the gneissic foliation. The granite gneiss of this area is a part of the enormous intrusive mass known as Chottanagpur Granite gneiss. Among the various modifications of this rock the porphyritic types with varying coarseness and shape of the pheenocryste occur. The different Gondwana coalfields present in Latehar Forest Division are Auranga coal field and North Karanpura coal field. Southern part of this Division having Lohardaga forests has exploitable Bauxite deposits. Occurrences of coal, limestone, iron ore, lead, fireclay and bauxite are known in the Latehar division. A complex series of highly calcareous gneisses and schists with impure, granular, crystalline limestone occur in Diridag area. There is apparently no well defined zone of good quality lime stone. Lenticles and nodules of iron-ore are present in the Auranga coal field, but these are now not mined as a normal source of iron-ore.The dependence of dominant forest crops on underlying rock and soil is summarized as i) Poor Sal forest above Laterite rocks; ii) Sal and Mixed forest over Quartzite rocks; iii) Sal, Mixed & Bamboo forest on Gneiss rocks; iv) Mixed and Bamboo forest on Amphibolite rocks; v) Sal & mixed forest on Gondwana rocks and vi) Sal with bamboo and mixed forest on Alluvial rocks. Soil is often found mixed with boulders and pebbles. Often strata of Murom are found beneath the top soil. Soil is loam, sandy-loam, clayey-loam and at places clayey. Mineral contents and water holding capacities are poor. Climate: Mean annual temperature is 25.60C and mean annual rainfall is 1433mm. The hottest months are May and June and the coolest months are December and January. During the hot weather, high dry westerly westerly winds known as „Lohar‟ causes desiccation of soil and poses great impediment to the success of plantations. Methods: The principles are adopted as used in my previous study of Garhwa forest division. The plantation areas taken up for this study is block plantation that extends from 30 hectares to 50 hectares patch depending on the availability of blank areas and depending on the finance involved. In these block plantations; the blocks are kept secured from biotic interferences by digging trenches around the periphery. Besides that, cattle watchers are kept temporarily to protect the plantations from grazing. Still grazing by cattle, goats are not prevented absolutely. The plantations also remain at the mercy of wild animals such as Nilgai, Sambhars, Wildboars etc.

Sampling Method: Objective: The objective of survey is to measure the sample plots in each successive year of plantation carried out in different areas within the same district boundary. The different sites, though face equal climatic factors, do differ in geological patterns and configuration of the soil. In view of the hard task and both time and money factors, trees in these sample plots have been measured. Almost same varieties of species have been planted and the spacing of plantation is also same in the planted areas.

DOI: 10.9790/2380-1108013036 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page Carbon Sequestration In Plantations Of Forest Trees In Latehar District, Jharkhand

Population: In this study population has been selected starting from the first year of plantation to the tenth year of plantation. All the areas have been planted with mixed varieties of species. Altogether 1666 plants have been planted per hectare with spacing of 3m * 2m. Sample size: The size of individual block plantation area varies from 30 to 50 hectares. The entire block area is planted with the same species in mixed manner. For this study each sample area is limited to 150ft. * 150ft. or 47m. * 47m. Sampling design: In this cross sectional study method has been adopted so that one sample is drawn from the relevant population and studied once. In this study, measurements of a population attaining same year of growth have been taken. In this design as my previous study, purposive sampling has been taken so that samples are selected deliberately to constitute a sample on the basis that the small mass that has been selected out of a large one is representative of the mixed population planted for the same year. Since peripheral areas are more susceptible to damage by various biotic factors hence sample has been selected perceptibly away from the peripheral areas of the blocks. Biomass study: All available trees in the sample plot have been measured. Due to the small size of plants in its first two years of growth, the GBH could not be taken at 4.5ft. However girths have been measured above 1ft. in first year plantation and at 2ft. for the second year plantation through tape. Height was measured using measuring stick. From the third year onwards girth was measured at 4.5ft. height. Tree heights were measured basing on shadow and similar triangles method. For trees attaining better heights, height measurements were calculated through tangent formula by using spirit level app. Trees forked below 4.5ft. have been measured just below the forking and were considered as two trees. From gbh and height, biomass has been calculated. Biomass calculations have been done by using similar formula that was used in the study of Kumar M.‟s work “Assessment of carbon sequestration potential in trees of Jnanabharathi campus – Bangalore University, Karnataka, India” published by LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing in 2011. Parameters: The parameters taken and formulae used for different calculations are as below: Basal Area = (GBH)2 / 4π = (GBH)2 / 12.56 Stem Volume = Basal Area * Height Above Ground Biomass (AGB) = Stem volume * density factor Density factor is taken as constant = 0.45. Below Ground Biomass (BGB) = AGB * 0.26 The default conversion factor as per IPCC, 2003 = 0.26 Biomass dry weight = Live Biomass * 0.6 0.6 has been taken as default conversion factor. AGC = (AGB * 0.6) * 0.5 BGC = (BGB * 0.6) * 0.5 CO2 calculations have been done as per Ajay Kumar & Singh, 2003: Quantum of CO2 = Quantum of Carbon * 44/12 (or 3.67) Where 44 is the molecular weight of CO2 & 12 is the Atomic weight of Carbon. Quantification of O2 has been done as per international standard 1 Kg. Carbon = 32/12 = 2.66 kg. of O2 i.e. 38 Kg. of Carbon is equivalent to 100 Kg. of Oxygen. Soil Organic Carbon: In this study one more parameter of soil organic carbon has been added. Soil has been collected up to a depth of 10 cm. after proper mixing of the soil. The standard formula for this used is: e.g. 1.5% soil organic carbon = 15 gm. Carbon Kg-1 of soil Weight of soil calculated per hectare: 10,000m2 * 0.1m. soil depth * 1.3gm/cm3 Bulk density = 1300t ha-1 soil. 15gm. C * 13,00,000 kg. = 19,500,000 gm. C ha-1 or 19,500gm.C ha-1 or 19,500 kg. Carbon ha-1. Dry weight of soil organic carbon = 19,500 * 0.6 = 11,700 kg. Carbon content per Hectare = 11,700 * 0.5 = 5850 kg. O2 Quantity = 5850 * 2.66 = 15,561kg. The method used for determining soil organic carbon is according to IS2720(P-22). Use of statistical analysis has not been done since the study area is artificially chosen in more or less particular type of rock and soil composition along with same climatic pattern. Seedlings have been planted in equal spacing of 3m * 2m. So it is assumed that equal amount of light, water and soil fertility is available to the plants of any particular block. However strictly saying, there are differences in geology, rock, soil and elevation pattern. The study shows the combined growth in the entire district.

Limitations of the study: Shrubs, herbs, grasses, branches and leaves have not been taken in to account as per my earlier study for Garhwa district. Since no indigenous variety as per the adjacent forest area has been planted, so there is also no remarkable growth of herbs and shrubs met with. As an additional factor, soil organic

DOI: 10.9790/2380-1108013036 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page Carbon Sequestration In Plantations Of Forest Trees In Latehar District, Jharkhand carbon has been included in this study because soil organic carbon percentage is better in Latehar than Garhwa. The soil chemical tests were conducted in State Pollution Control Board certified laboratory.

III. Results The summary data is prepared as per the actual existing number of plants. According to the summary data over a period of ten years the AGC is 19227 kg. & the BGC is 4999kgs. per sample plot. Due to biotic interference over successive periods, some plants were either taken away or destroyed. In the normalized summary data it was considered as if in all the sample plots total number of 1666 plants exist so that per hectare carbon can be calculated. According to the normalized summary data, the total carbon sequestered per hectare is: AGC = 204464.97 kg. and BGC = 53160.89 kg. i.e. AGC = 204 tC and BGC = 53 tC. So over a period of ten years, total carbon sequestered is 257 tC ha-1 accumulated in a growing period of ten years. The quantity of carbon dioxide used in the process is 257 tC ha-1 * 44/12 = 257 * 3.7 = 950.9 or 951 -1 tonnes of CO2 ha . This means 951 tonnes of carbon dioxide from atmosphere has been sequestered. The value of sequestered carbon per hectare of plantation worked out to be (Kumar M.2011) 257 tC ha-1 * $20 = $5140 * 64.94 = INR 3,33,790/10 = INR 33,379. -1 -1 Result of quantification of oxygen produced is 257tC ha * 32/12 = 685.33 or 685t CO2 ha or 68.5 t -1 -1 O2 ha yr . In my previous study for Garhwa district the cost of oxygen in India was taken as INR 650 for six litres of oxygen or 7.5kg of oxygen. Since the market price is not constant hence cost of 10kg oxygen has been calculated as INR 650. So total cost of oxygen produced ha-1yr-1 = 68.5t = 68,500kg/10 = 6850kg * INR 650 = INR 44,52,500. In these sample plots soil organic carbon content has been measured. All together nine values i.e. pH, conductivity, calcium, total moisture, total organic carbon, organic matter, Potassium, Phosphorus and Nitrogen has been measured. For cost calculation, only total soil organic carbon is considered in this paper. Soil samples were collected randomly from six sample plots out of the total number of ten plots. The organic carbon contents are sample plot-1 = 1.96%, sample plot-2 = 6.18%, sample plot-3 = 0.40%, sample plot-4 = 0.32%, sample plot- 5 = 0.32% and sample plot-6 = 11.27%. From these figures the average soil organic carbon is 3.40% which is equivalent to 34gm of carbon kg-1 of soil. As per the methods of calculations described under parameters; when soil organic carbon is 1.5%, the carbon content per hectare is 5850 kg and quantity of oxygen is 15,560 kg. Taking in to account the average carbon as 3.40% the carbon content hectare-1 is 13,260 kg or 13.26 tC ha-1. The derived cost of soil organic carbon is 13.26 * $ 20 = $ 265 = INR 17,209/ 10 = INR 1721 ha-1 yr-1. The quantity -1 -1 of O2 emitted from 13.26 tC = 13.26 * 32/12 = 35.36 tO2 hectare or 35,360 kg of O2 hectare . The cost of oxygen is 35,360/10 * INR 650 = INR 22,98,400 ha-1 or INR 2,29,840 ha-1 yr-1. Taking in to account all derived individual monetary benefits: cost of carbon ha-1 yr-1 + cost of oxygen ha-1 yr-1 + cost of soil organic carbon ha-1 yr-1 + cost of oxygen from soil organic carbon ha-1 yr-1 = INR 33,379 + INR 44,52,500 + INR 1721 + INR 2,29,840 = INR 47,17,440. The value of carbon and oxygen only from trees is INR 44,85,879 ha-1 yr-1.

IV. Discussions Sample plots have been measured for each year of plantation beginning from 2006-07 to 2015-16. On the basis of three considerations plantations done in ten different but successive years were selected: (i) to obtain different species wise growth (ii) to find out the variations in sequestered carbon in different sites and (iii) it is the standard principle of the State Govt. to restock the area after tenth year on the major basis of assumption that the trees shall be gradually utilised by the local people for their daily needs and the survived trees shall be cut and sold. In the present study, as per my previous work done for Garhwa district, two aspects are considered i.e. (i) gbh vs. carbon sequestered and (ii) height vs. carbon sequestered. As per Figure-1 it shows that the average carbon content started growing in almost uniform manner from the sixth year to the tenth year. The growth in GBH as well as carbon increases rapidly from the seventh year to the tenth year.

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Figure No 1 Girth at Breast Height vs Carbon

From figure-1 it is also clear that the plantation accumulated more carbon in the second year and the fourth year Less growth is observed in third and fifth year. In my earlier study published in IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary science(IOSR-JAVS) e- ISSN:2319-2380, P-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume II, Issue 5 ver.II (May 2018), pp 01-06 the work was carried out in Garhwa district. Comparing the corresponding gbh vs. carbon in Garhwa it is interesting to note that the same second year plantation has attained better carbon growth. But in Garhwa ninth and tenth year plantation has shown greater carbon deposits whereas in Latehar the growth of carbon is almost excellent right from sixth to the tenth year. In Garhwa carbon growth in the seventh and eighth year plantation is very less. From the summary sample plot field data Table No.1, it is evident that the seventh year plantation has attained good gbh growth but in the eighth and ninth year plantation though gbh value is less, carbon growth is more. It may be because of the survival percentage of the plantations because corresponding growth in height is also observed.

Table No 1 Summary sample plot field data Year of GBH Diamet Height Basal Volum Biomass Biomass BGB AGC BGC Total plantation (in er (in area e of Fresh wt. dry wt. Carbon Metre) Metre) (in ( in stem (In Kg) (in kg) metre) m²) (In mᵌ) AGB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2015-16 45.949 14.633 1004.573 0.557 2.185 983.324 589.994 153.398 294.997 76.699 371.696 2014-15 54.712 17.424 996.341 1.061 4.862 2187.852 1312.711 341.305 656.356 170.652 827.008 2013-14 45.542 14.504 1302.439 0.589 2.719 1223.647 734.188 190.889 367.094 95.444 462.539 2012-13 57.607 18.346 1439.024 0.803 3.613 1626.042 975.625 253.663 487.813 126.831 614.644 2011-12 57.937 18.451 1377.439 0.710 2.852 1283.464 770.078 200.220 385.039 100.110 485.149 2010-11 64.770 20.627 1465.854 1.302 7.586 3413.811 2048.286 532.554 1024.143 266.277 1290.420 2009-10 85.852 27.341 1778.354 2.386 17.483 7867.499 4720.499 1227.330 2360.250 613.665 2973.915 2008-09 62.535 19.916 1212.500 2.239 19.357 8710.823 5226.494 1358.888 2613.247 679.444 3292.691 2007-08 55.778 17.764 840.854 2.607 23.861 10737.498 6442.499 1675.050 3221.249 837.525 4058.774 2006-07 102.565 32.664 1452.439 5.742 57.908 26058.381 15635.029 4065.107 7817.514 2032.554 9850.068 Total 633.247 201.671 12869.817 17.995 142.427 64092.340 38455.404 9998.405 19227.702 4999.203 24226.905

The summary field data has been normalized to per hectare and assuming that all the 1666 number of plants exist i.e. the survival percentage is 100%. As per the normalized data, the gbh and height growth is poor in the fifth year plantation i.e. plantation done in 2011-12. Another remarkable observation is that the growth of gbh though slows in third year, from sixth year onwards the growth is very good and consistent. Comparing with Garhwa data, it clearly depicts that the most relevant factor that had played in growth of carbon is the change in the amount of rainfall.

Table No 2 Normalized sample plot field data Year of GBH Diameter Height Basal Volume of Biomass Biomass BGB AGC BGC Total plantatio (in Metre) (in (in metre) area stem (In Fresh wt. dry wt. Carbon n Metre) ( in mᵌ) (In Kg) (in kg) m²) AGB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2015-16 216.856 69.062 4741.13 2.628 10.312 4640.842 2784.505 723.971 1392.252 361.985 1754.238 2014-15 369.026 117.524 6720.262 7.159 32.793 14756.928 8854.156 2302.080 4427.078 1151.040 5578.118 2013-14 260.733 83.036 7456.575 3.372 15.567 7005.485 4203.291 1092.855 2101.645 546.427 2648.073 2012-13 393.334 125.266 9825.469 5.486 24.672 11102.403 6661.441 1731.974 3330.720 865.987 4196.708 DOI: 10.9790/2380-1108013036 www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page Carbon Sequestration In Plantations Of Forest Trees In Latehar District, Jharkhand

2011-12 196.586 62.607 4673.754 2.407 9.677 4354.889 2612.933 679.362 1306.466 339.681 1646.148 2010-11 402.637 128.228 9112.358 8.092 47.159 21221.673 12733.004 3310.581 6366.502 1655.290 8021.792 2009-10 535.690 170.602 11096.394 14.886 109.090 49090.834 29454.500 7658.170 14727.250 3829.085 18556.335 2008-09 685.414 218.285 13289.638 24.537 212.167 95475.202 57285.121 14894.132 28642.560 7447.065 36089.626 2007-08 948.233 301.985 14294.512 44.311 405.639 182537.470 109522.482 28475.845 54761.241 14237.923 68999.164 2006-07 1146.803 365.224 16240.023 64.199 647.476 291364.181 174818.509 45452.812 87409.254 22726.406110135.661 Total 5155.314 1641.82 97450.118 177.08 1514.555 681549.911 408929.946 106321.79 204464.973 53160.893257625.866

Coming to the height vs. Carbon (Figure-2) similar pattern of growth in height is seen which corresponds to the growth in gbh. But in Garhwa the proportionate growth in height were less than the growth of gbh.

Figure No 2 Height vs Carbon

In Garhwa five species: 1. Cassia siamea (Chakundi), 2. Holoptelia integrifolia (Chilbil), 3. Gmelina arborea (Gamhar), 4. Acacia catechu (Khair) and 5. Dalbergia sisso (Shisam) showed appreciable amount of carbon sequestration. But in Latehar instead of Chilbil and Gamhar, more carbon deposits were found in Lagerstromia parviflora (Sidha) and Tectona grandis (Teak). This variation is mostly due to the variation in rocks, minerals and soil composition. Figure-3 shows the species vs carbon deposits. The highest carbon deposit is seen in Cassia siamea (Chakundi) and Dalbergia sisso (Shisam) comes next in Latehar whereas in Garhwa maximum growth was seen in Shisam and next highest was Gamhar. This study also reflects about the species to be prioritised for the artificial regeneration with the aim to achieve better air quality.

Figure No 3 Species vs Carbon sequestration

Considering the physical characteristics, prominent rocks and minerals found in Garhwa are granite gneiss and associated migmatites. These are generally leucocratic and have gneissose fabric. Crystalline lime stones are also present in Garhwa. More so soil is lateritic clay or clayey loam in plateau areas & elsewhere shallow loam mixed with quartz pebbles and sand are present. Whereas in Latehar, the granitic rocks are associated with large areas of sedimentary rocks. Coal, Bauxite, iron ores along with lime stones are seen in Latehar. Soil is loam, sandy-loam and clayey-loam often found mixed with boulders, pebbles and murram. The average chemical characteristics of soils of Garhwa and Latehar also varies to some extent: pH value in Garhwa is 5.88 and Latehar is 6.17, Calcium percentage in Garhwa is 3.33 and Latehar is 2.66, Total organic carbon in Garhwa is 0.49% and Latehar is 3.40%, Phosphorus in Garhwa is < 1.66 Kg/acre and in Latehar it is <

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5.80Kg/acre, Nitrogen in Garhwa is < 100 Kg/acre and in Latehar it is < 66 Kg./acre. Quantity of Potassium is same in both the districts. The overall soil quality in Latehar seems to be better. Latehar gets better rain fall in comparison to Garhwa district. Hence carbon sequestration is better in Latehar. Himlal Baral, Manuel R. Guariguata, Rodney J. Keenan in their work “A proposed frame work for assessing ecosystem goods and services from planted forests” published in ELSEVIER Ecosystem Services 22(2016) 260-268 has prepared a framework for assessing Ecosystem Services having three components: (1) Silviculture and Management: species composition, stand structure, rotation length, previous land use, position in catchment, natural forest conservation (2) Provision of ES: Wild foods, Raw materials like fire wood, fodder, small timber, regulation of local climate and air quality, water regulation, habitat for species (3) Tools for assessing ES: Biophysical quantification using field measurements. From their study only the subcomponents which fit to the present study are being outlined. R.Costanza et al. / Global Environmental Change 26(2014) 152-158 has outlined four levels of ecosystem service value aggregation i.e. (1) Basic value transfer Costanza et al. (1997), Liu et al. (2010), (2) Expert modified value transfer Batker et al. (2008), (3) Statical value transfer deGroot et al. (2012) and (4) Spatially explicit functional modelling Boumans et al. (2002), Costanza et al. (2008), Nelson et al. (2009). The literature study regarding analysis of monetary valuation of carbon was given in my earlier paper, so these are not repeated.

V. Conclusions The problem of green house gas emissions, increase in temperature and changing seasonal pattern are the major risk factors faced by the present world. Demand for energy to improve quality of life has added to the diminishing value of air and water quality, soil fertility and organic productivity of agricultural farming. The prevailing indiscipline in the modern society is a direct derivative of the above factors. The people are ignorant about the ecosystem values received from the natural forests. To a great extent they are only concerned about the depletion of materials needed for their day to day economic needs. The rapid urbanisation has contributed enormously to the negative factors of environment qualities. To make the people and the local government aware of the hidden values, this study has been carried out. Though ecosystem services from forestry plantations are manifold, for the present, this study has focussed only to the value of carbon sequestered and consequent value of emission of oxygen. Though the Government spends only INR 1,35,965 per hectare of such plantation, the resultant benefit only from carbon and oxygen touches more than INR 44,85,000 in Latehar. Only on these accounts the social cost benefit is thirty two times more than the investment. So it is advisable that such short rotation plantation activities are to be given further boost not only to improve the air and water quality but also for myriads of other tangible and intangible benefits.

References [1]. Chiabai, A., Travisi, C. M., Markandeya, A., Nunes, P. A. L. D., and Economic Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services: Methodologyand Monetary Estimates, 2009. [2]. Kirti, A., Abhinav, M., Forest Ecosystem Services and Valuation, LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2014. [3]. IPCC Guidelines 1990, 1996, 2003. [4]. Robert Costanza, Rudolf de Groot, Paul Sutton, Sander van der Ploeg, Sharolyn J. Anderson, Ida Kubiszewski, Stephen Farber, R. Kerry Turner, Changes in the Global value of ecosystem services, Global Environmental Change 26(2014) 152-158. [5]. India State of Forest Report,2017. [6]. Kumar, A. L., Singh, P. P., Economic worth of carbon stored in above ground biomass of India‟s Forests.Indian Foresters. 129 ( 7 ): 874-880, 2003. [7]. Kumar, M., Carbon Sequestration Potential in Trees of Jnanabharathi Campus, LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2011. [8]. Kauppi, P. E., New, Low Estimate for Carbon Stock in global Forest Vegetation based on Inventory Data, Silva Fennica. 37 ( 4 ): 451-457, 2003. [9]. Himlal Baral, Manuel R. Guariguata, Rodney J. Keenan, Ecosystem Services 22(2016) 260-268.

* P.C.Mishra1. " Carbon Sequestration in Plantations of Forest Trees In Latehar District, Jharkhand." IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) 11.8 (2018): 30-36.

DOI: 10.9790/2380-1108013036 www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page