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In my opinion, this approach mirrors the best of how the field should proceed. Not only would scholars in the field do well to continue to mine the various histories of Islam and Muslim presence in the region and study the story of in particular places and geographies, but also endeavor to situate these narratives within a broader network of Muslims across the globe. Furthermore, studies will also need to engage the American hemispherical connections that exist between Muslims across the region. By exploring significant themes in both the field of American religious studies and global Islamic studies, these future works might better integrate the story of Islam and Muslims in Latin America and the Caribbean within the narrative of the broader and, simultaneously, situate the story of the Muslim world in an area that hitherto has largely been ignored. There have been several recent works by scholars that have typified this approach. Furthermore, there has been increased academic attention on the topic and rightly so. Footnote 21 Nevertheless, some demographic particulars can be provided. Even so, many report having explored various religions and spiritual postures before converting to Islam. This transnational juxtaposition could be critiqued for being more about convenience than critical comparison, but it intimates ways in which other scholars might endeavor to think beyond Latin America, the Caribbean, and the in general to compare the experiences of Muslims in this hemisphere with those in other regions such as , South East Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, the , North Africa, or elsewhere. Likewise, it invites scholars working in these areas to also reflect on Latin America, the Caribbean, and their environs for critical contrast and consideration as well. This last matter brings us to consider the field of global Islamic studies as a whole and how the study of Islam and Muslim communities in Latin America and the Caribbean might serve as a critical sub-field in pushing beyond current impediments in the discipline as a whole. As such, researchers studying Islam in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Americas in general are still fighting for their space. Stuck between global Islamic studies on the one side and Americanists on the other, scholars find that both sides seem to not know what to do with Islam and Muslim communities in the Americas as of yet. To counteract this situation, scholars can, and should, explore the ways in which Islam and Muslim communities have been part of the diachronic narrative of the region, how they have shaped the material culture of specific countries and , and also explore intellectual connections between Muslim communities in the area with those elsewhere. Along these lines, scholars might explore currents of quietist Salafism, non-state Islamism, issues of authority surrounding the supposed democratization of power in Islam, etc. The point is that we must understand every dimension of Islamic life as entangled in other histories, narratives, contexts, environments, and material cultures. Bender Other stories, narratives in places such as the Americas are implicated in Islamic civilization. This will mean emphasizing structure, transformation, and relationships temporal and spatial, material and ecological, socio-cultural and religious and exploring the interactions of Muslims, and non-Muslims, at varying scales. Recognizing that space is pluralized, scholars must follow transnational flows to various places and when appropriate engage in multi-local fieldwork in order to properly work the connections, flows, encounters between spaces and places, people, and the networks that bind them together or drive them apart. This will better illustrate how Muslims and Americans are taking part in globalized world, informed by multiple discourses, histories, and living in a state of simultaneity in various places at once. This is not a plea for a post-Islamic frame of study. The story of global Islam is a complex weaving together of all coexisting constituencies spread across vast geographic spaces. Islam then becomes a partially bounded entity imbricated in structures and processes that connect it to hitherto under-considered parts of the world. At the same time, we do not want to provincialize too much or globalize the narrative too much. The umma still matters, so does its history and trajectory, but we must destabilize it with alternative local narratives and to thicken the layers of its interpretive contexts. In conclusion, I would like to suggest some practical considerations that might help disconnected researchers doing work in Mexico, , Cuba, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, and elsewhere to connect and find more opportunity for scholars to collaborate, exchange, and learn from one another and propose new comparative projects. In time, this working group might prove the seedbed for a full-fledged association of Islamic studies in the region somewhat along the lines of the aforementioned LAJSA, which has proved a significant boon for the study of Judaism in Latin America and the Caribbean. Such an organization could put scholars from various backgrounds, disciplines, and working in various contexts and languages into contact and conversation leading to increased collaboration; 2 In time, this might also lead to the publication of a journal that focuses on Islam and Muslim communities in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Americas as a whole. A publication such as this would provide a critical publishing platform for scholars to present their work and not feel the need to justify the existence of their research in the first place; 3 There would also be some benefit to crafting an overall narrative of the history, presence, and contemporary communities of Islam and Muslims in the region. These works will need to do more than fill in gaps, but also critique the ways in which we fill these gaps; and Von Stuckrad 5 Finally, the field needs more dedicated scholars. Too often, I see individual academics show a passing interest in the topic or who address it as a tangent to their main research. What this fields more than anything else are dedicated scholars who devote their academic efforts and life to a critical field of study that will simultaneously allow us to understand and appreciate a region of the world too often ignored in the study of global Islam while at the same time situating an aspect of the story of the Muslim world in a region hitherto marginalized and often overlooked. These are my humble, if not critical, thoughts on the state of the field. I respectfully submit them for your consideration and hope that they, in some way, might lead to furthering our knowledge and understanding of an all-too-important field of study that is quickly emerging as a critical area of research at the intersection of multiple disciplines. This section relies on previously published work: Chitwood c. Galvan estimates that Brazil is home to over one million Muslims Galvan, 27 , but this number is so different than those found in the World Religion Database , and lacks corroboration or proper source information, that it is not treated seriously here. These population numbers come from Pew Research Center Galvan, Combined with a sense of Christian destiny and divine agency, this resulted in the creation and confluence of multiple enemies to the faith of the empire—American Indians, Mexicans, Africans, Muslims. Arjana , Dean This chapter emerged from her extended fieldwork in the region since Other significant research on this topic in Spanish is available from Escamilla , Much of the first part of this section was previously published as Chitwood This does not mean there have not been serious attempts. Juan Galvan, Harold D. Morales, Hjamil A. Hernandez also raises funds and support for an Islamic learning center he helped launch in Moca, Puerto Rico. Her research emerges out of a long history of Portuguese and English language publications on and throughout the region, including: Alcheik ; Cavalcante ; Chagas , ; Kalandar ; Maria and Oliveira ; Marques , ; Montenegro , ; Pinto a , b ; da Silva Filho Ahmed S What is Islam? The Importance of being Islamic. Princeton University Press. Google Scholar. Aunt Lute Books, San Francisco. Arjana SR Muslims in the western imagination. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Bender T Rethinking American history in a global age. University of California Press, Berkeley, p 6. Bhabha HK The location of culture, vol Routledge Press, New York, p Canclini NG Hybrid cultures: strategies for entering and leaving modernity, trans. By Christopher L. Chiappari and Silvia L. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Catlos B The caliphate in the West. Bloomsbury Academic, London, pp 11— Chitwood K Targeted Islamic outreach to Hispanics achieving results. Religion News Service. University of Waikato Islamic Studies Review 1 2 — Chitwood K a Globalizing the study of American Islam: approaches to the field through the lens of globalization theory. University of Waikato Islamic Studies Review 2 2 — University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Duke University Press, Durham. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. In my reading, this has had three major consequences for Islam in the region. First, there are now mosques and Muslim institutions in countries where they were rare or nonexistent, like Mexico and Cuba. Finally, the surge in proselytization has, for the first time, prompted substantial conversion by non-Arab Latinos. Paulo G. Converts often study Arabic and travel on pilgrimage as they reimagine themselves in terms of the global umma. On the other hand, the acquisition of such knowledge is largely made possible via transnational links with discrete centers of religious authority in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Iran. The social capital converts accrue through conversion is linked to the political and financial capital of foreign religious authorities. Converts in Brazil, Mexico, and Cuba have sought to craft local varieties of Islam. And as Hjamil A. Contributors never treat regions in isolation and are unflinchingly attentive to the transnational production of ethnic and religious identities. Why not frame it around , which would both better accommodate various outlying chapters such as those on , Trinidad, and Arab immigrants in South Florida and have allowed contributions on black Islam in the United States? Or, alternatively, why not narrow its focus to Islam in the Latino Americas, which would have permitted closer scrutiny of the distinctiveness of Islam in a region delimited by shared history and culture? These minor qualms aside, this volume is an important and timely contribution to the study of religion in the Americas, relevant to both specialists and all scholars interested in the mutual constitution and contingency of religion, ethnicity, and identity. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Korea national university of transportation. During Pablo Rojas Paz headed the literary criticism section of the magazine. In , during the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, Arslan acquired the Argentine citizenship and made public his reasons:. Franco, — The magazine was in Arabic but part of its commercial ads were in Spanish. Arslan kept editing this newspaper until his demise in January Most editions of Arslan's books include a list of unpublished theatrical works that are today lost:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Buenos Aires, Argentina. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Todo es Historia in Spanish : 26 — Retrieved 16 March Biographical Encyclopedia of most famous men and women among , arabists and orientalists ] in Arabic. II 15 ed. Retrieved 21 March Archived from the original on 26 February University of California Press. Al Hayat in Arabic Archived from the original on 13 February Retrieved 17 March British Library. Archived from the original on 2 December The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 20 March France has prevented Ahmad Riza Bey and Khalil Ganem from publishing in Paris the organ of our party, Mashuarat, and even went so far as preventing them from mailing the Turkish edition. Emir Emin Arslan and myself were not allowed to continue publishing in Paris our paper Kashf-ul-nicab, and I remember that the concierge at 21 Rue Valette was ordered by the French police to report the names of our visitors. Middle East Journal. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 March Retrieved 22 March X and XI". BnF Gallica in French. Slatkine Reprints. Antony 29 January Gazetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia in Italian. Rome: Project AU. Recuerdos de Oriente in Spanish second ed. The Nation. New York. Final de un idilio [ End of a Romance ] in Spanish first ed. Retrieved 19 March Le Temps in French Paris: BnF Gallica. Ministry of Justice. Journal of Latin American Studies. Cambridge University Press. After the crowd had waited for more than three hours, Arslan's ship, flying the Ottoman flag at full mast, docked, and bands from the Young Ottoman Society and the Israelite Society performed the Argentine national anthem, the Ottoman hymn and the Marseillaise. International Journal of Latin American Religions | Volume 1, issue 1

In this sense, as mentioned by the authors, the contributors to the volume could move beyond limitations found in many social scientists that sought to build a universal understanding of religion ignoring or minimizing historical specificities. According to the authors, in his analysis comparing Islam in and Morocco Geertz privileged the primacy of meaning ignoring the construction process of them. Pinto , p. It is interesting to note that the first chapters related to a historical perspective counteract a traditional point of view that considers Islam as a new or foreign religion in the Americas. The third part, Islam Latina, focuses on the US experience. This last chapter explores the experiences of Latina converts in relation to marginality, gender politics, and patriarchy authority. Crescent over Another Horizon is a significant contribution that provides a detailed view of Islam in the Americas and is an interesting and relevant overview by different scholars on history, identity, and community. Moreover, this book is a valuable contribution to the study of religion in a globalizing perspective in general. Correspondence to Celso Luiz Terzetti Filho. Reprints and Permissions. Filho, C. Members work in a variety of disciplines such as history, anthropology, sociology, education, literature, arts, and cultural studies within the broader focus of Jewish studies. When it came to scholarship on Islam in Latin America, the materials and network were not nearly as plentiful. However, that is not to say that there was not valuable research and perspectives to be found. At the same time, there is a pertinent need to expand the field both theoretically and practically. It is my contention that there is more work to be done in simultaneously expanding the field in its engagement with prevalent theories in the field of global Islamic studies and those that treat the Americas as a hemisphere in dynamic encounter, interaction, and exchange. Essentially, there is still a necessity to explore the tensions, interactions, frictions, and collaborations across and at the boundaries between the global umma and the American assabiya , the global and the local and immigrant communities, and the growing number of regional converts. While there are certainly concerted efforts, and serious studies, that are illustrating these dynamics already, there needs to be more of a concerted, interdisciplinary, and associated effort in order to properly follow the trajectories of this emerging field to their promising ends and to chart new in our research. Hence, my practical argument of the need is to establish an association a la the LAJSA that could lead to future conferences, gatherings, publications, and advanced research. In order to make this argument, my aim in this essay is to offer a brief review of existent literature in the field, focusing on its main themes and suggesting some areas for further consideration and research. The essay will then turn to make some theoretical suggestions for where scholars could inject their energy and efforts to advance this unfolding field of study. Research on Muslim communities in the Americas is on the rise. There are now entire books and numerous journal articles, encyclopedia entries, and conference presentations on the topic. But why? Are the numbers appreciating? Footnote 2 In Latin America, the growth rate was 4. The hard numbers are 1. I posit that the most significant—not just in terms of sheer size, but also cultural impact and visibility—Muslim populations in the Americas are found in Argentina , , Brazil , , Footnote 3 Canada , , Colombia 94, , Mexico , , 24, , Suriname 84, and the highest proportion of Muslims per capita than any other South American nation , Trinidad and Tobago 72, , the USA 2,, , and Venezuela , What follows is a brief review of several works that typify the three key foci of this research: history, the story of particular geographies, and the networks and flows that exist between them. Focusing on these three themes helps draw out the historical presence and contemporary relevance of Islam and Muslim communities in the region and also point to possible ways that the field might continue to grow and propose questions for further research and consideration. Specifically, this review will illustrate how there is still a gap in historical knowledge concerning continuities between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries, more in-depth narratives to be explored concerning Moriscos and Muslims in American imaginations, polities, and communities, and also critical themes of connection and cosmopolitanism that require further research and consideration by scholars entering into the field. While significant in blazing the trail for research on Islam and Muslim communities in Latin America and the Caribbean, the following works suffer from unavoidable fissures in available data, interconnected theories between fields of study, a lack of interdisciplinary interaction, and the absence of an overall narrative or backbone to the story of Islam and Muslim communities in the region. This is not to say that the works themselves suffer from any innate deficiency, but that the field itself is still struggling to establish itself. These scholars are part of the process of both giving birth to the field and provoking future scholars to see to its maturation and growth in both quantity and quality. Before embarking on their own study, emerging scholars in this field must first explore the following works and seek to situate themselves as building upon their solid foundations. The history of the presences and influences of Islam and Muslims in Latin America and the Caribbean could perhaps be broken down into four parts: Iberian influences, West African slaves, eighteenth—twentieth century immigrations and indentured servitude, and contemporary conversions and connections. In this first section, I will turn to three principle works that help scholars appreciate the first two parts: the influence of Iberian memories and migration and West African Muslim slaves in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Americas as a whole. Thus, these Iberian influences include not only the ways in which Islam and Muslims physically traveled across the Atlantic from Spain to the Americas, but also how the memory of Andalusian Spain came to shape Latin America and the Caribbean in the realms of law, culture, art, architecture, and religion. Emigrants from the Atlantic world came to the Americas for various reasons, with many motives, and precipitated by myriad circumstances. Some were forced, some came to escape an old society or to build a new one; others came to acquire riches or set-up shop. It is within this transatlantic imperial nexus that Karoline P. Footnote 7. Her work expands upon previous research on identity and empire in the eighteenth century Americas and a growing corpus of work on Muslims, Moriscos, and conversos in the Americas. To trace this transatlantic narrative, Cook takes pains to explain multiple facets of the presence of Moriscos and attitudes toward them from the Iberian peninsula to the Spanish Americas and in between. Cook starts in Spain, outlining the increasing crackdown on Moriscos who continued to practice Islam and the trials they faced before the Inquisitions. These same laws overrode desires to bring Moriscos to the Americas as slaves, interpreters, or artisans. However, Moriscos arrived anyway. Spanish authorities were aware of these forbidden crossings. As Moriscos came to the Americas, they brought a variety of personal religious beliefs, practices, and material cultures influenced by class and ethnicity in their places of origin Granada, Spain, North Africa, etc. However, in the Spanish Americas, public devotion was observed as an outward expression of fidelity not only to the Church, but also to the state. These everyday interactions were cast within a constellation of legal prescriptions, debates over colonial authority, attitudes concerning citizenship, and public images and imaginaries of Moriscos in the Spanish empire. In this carefully researched and nuanced study, Cook situates Muslims and Moriscos into the larger narrative of Spanish empire and colonial society. Cook frames this discussion within the larger lattice of the Spanish imperial project. By doing so, she expands opportunities for discussing colonial American identities and the study of empire in the early-modern Iberian world. Furthermore, she adds archival texture to the narrative of Muslims in the Americas prior to the twentieth century and highlights how the imagination of Islam and Muslims was a significant aspect of the American project. Thus, it was not only Muslim bodies, but also the specter of them in the minds of Spanish-Christian colonial powers, that cast its influence in the region. Footnote 8. Most importantly, Sylviane Diouf and Michael Gomez have drawn attention to the experiences of African Muslim slaves and other Muslim labor communities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Focusing on Muslim slaves from West Africa and indentured servants from Asia, this section seeks to examine the importation of Muslim slaves and servants to the Americas to discuss the ways in which the region came to shape their religion and culture and how they shaped history in the new lands they were forced to come to. This text is seminal in the development of the field as it not only brought together multiple narratives that had been mentioned here and there in scholarly works, but in that it opened up new avenues for investigation and exploration. Its greatest interjection into the field is that it brought to light the role of Islam and Muslims in the region and illustrated how the religion left its mark on certain cultural, political, and religious traditions and institutions in the Americas, even though the religion did not survive in a concrete form. Michael Gomez, another pioneering researcher in this field, chose to emphasize these tribe-based singularities and cultural traditions that came across the Atlantic. Gomez , Specifically, Gomez argued that responses to enslavement were conditioned by particular African cultural, social, and religious antecedents. In the former chapter, Gomez overviews the historical presence, and influence, of Muslims in the Caribbean, specifically the Anglophone Caribbean, in which he argued there was more extant data. While helpful in drawing these themes to light, which would be influential to later scholarship in the region, this chapter obviously suffers from a lack of comprehensiveness or any research into Caribbean geographies such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, or other nations and polities. First, that slavery was critical to the formation of Brazilian society and the influence of Africans cannot be overlooked in seeking to understand this Latin American country. Second, although though numerically inferior, North African, Moors, and specifically West African Muslim slaves had an impact on the early trajectory of Brazil through sedition, influence, and the alteration of African cultural patterns in the new Brazilian context. , Puerto Rico, or Haiti. Reis On January 25, —during the month of Ramadan, a period of ritual fasting and prayer for Muslims—a group of almost African slaves and former slaves gathered together in the streets of Salvador, Bahia to fight and perhaps overtake a number of colonial and municipal buildings. The leaders of the revolt were African-born Muslims and thus some historians have equated revolt with jihad. There are others who eschew religious explanations and instead emphasize ethnic plurality in the area as a principle cause of the struggle. Unpacking, and analyzing, eyewitness accounts from Brazilian, French, and English sources, Reis produces the most complete picture of that night of rebellion, its aftermath, and effect to date. By placing emphasis on both slave agency and the Bahian social setting—specifically the importance of a plurality of African ethnic identities in interaction with Muslim identities—Reis inspires future scholars in two directions: first, to bore down into particular histories, narratives, and geographies and second, to view Islam and Muslim lives as set within a constellation of cultural, social, and political factors. Indeed, his work invites further exploration of other slave rebellions and the overlapping roles of religion, society, and culture in other places and spaces throughout Latin America, the Caribbean, and the American hemisphere. What can we glean from these works? And yet, Moriscos and West African Muslim slaves were not the only Muslims to come to the continent and help to form its character. There were also indentured servants who came in the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the wake of the abolition of slavery. Furthermore, Arab immigrants would begin to come during the same time period and come to exert their own influence on Latin America, the Caribbean, and the American hemisphere. Not only that, but these two communities—as opposed to the earlier Iberian and West African Muslims—would help give shape to contemporary communities that exist across the region. As we shift to works that focus on more recent history and contemporary communities, these themes of connections, conflict, and collaborations will come even more to the fore. As mentioned above, the story of contemporary communities is necessarily related to four themes: the arrival of indentured laborers from to places such as Suriname and Trinidad; the arrival of Arab immigrants throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; the conversion of locals throughout Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Americas; and the interrelation, connections, and tensions betwixt and between these communities in various localities, across the hemisphere, and within the networks of the global Muslim community. The following works typify these themes in their edited collections and serve as recent, and valuable, injections of new thought and research into the field. Footnote Gender analysis is a central component, and authors recruit a wide range of scholarship converging on the seemingly antithetical ways in which feminism and Islam intersect and interact. Despite this, the work is commendable and gives prominence to a field in desperate need of more academic attention. Furthermore, it lays the groundwork to interlock the study of Islam and Muslim communities in the Americas with broader trends in globalization and gender studies. Not only is this work to be praised for its appropriate awareness raising for the field, but also for its critical contributions. Building on the works of the likes of Diouf Footnote 13 and Gomez, Footnote 14 the authors in this volume each touch on the historical development of Islam in the Americas, reaching back to the transatlantic slave trade and ruminating on the possibilities of Moriscos and Muslims arriving on American shores even earlier. Concerning recent ethnographic work among Muslim communities in the Americas, two chapters deserve particular attention as they not only shine light on the dynamics of little known, but fascinating, communities, but also converge with an emerging literature on their areas of research. Her conclusions call attention to the tension between global Muslim actors and local interlocutors and the contradictions, limitations, and opportunities presented to, and exploited by, women who convert to Islam. Concomitantly, this perspective calls into question misconceptions about Islam as inherently patriarchal, as a homogenizing force, and incompatible with modernity. While he misses the opportunity to elaborate on the distinct transnational and postcolonial elements of Puerto Rican Islamic imagination, he succeeds in weaving together theory, history, and interviews with various interlocutors to present a picture of the visionary force of the Puerto Rican Hip Hop umma. As noted above, this emphasis engages a wide-range of scholarship on women and Islam globally and converges on the seemingly antithetical ways in which feminism and Islam intersect and interact. Even so, the book has its shortcomings. Notably missing from this analysis were considerations of borderlands, hemispheric migration flows, and the indigenous voice. Coupled with this critique is the appraisal that some terminology should be re-considered in light of the American hemispheric perspective. They explored these via cases that included Moorish passages to the Americas during the colonial period, Salafism in Brazil, issues concerning Islam in the public sphere, the minority voice of Islam in the West, Orientalism, and Islamic feminism. By exploring these transnational connections between communities in the USA and Latin America, the borderlands of the Miami Muslim landscape, the hybridity of Muslim practices in Mexico, and digital religious community formation among Trinidadian Muslims, this volume helped move the field forward in considering the ways in which Islam and Muslim lives in Latin America and the Caribbean cannot be imagined, or analyzed, outside of a vast network of connections with Muslims, and non-Muslims, in the American hemisphere and around the globe. In my opinion, this approach mirrors the best of how the field should proceed. Not only would scholars in the field do well to continue to mine the various histories of Islam and Muslim presence in the region and study the story of Muslims in particular places and geographies, but also endeavor to situate these narratives within a broader network of Muslims across the globe. Furthermore, studies will also need to engage the American hemispherical connections that exist between Muslims across the region. By exploring significant themes in both the field of American religious studies and global Islamic studies, these future works might better integrate the story of Islam and Muslims in Latin America and the Caribbean within the narrative of the broader Muslim world and, simultaneously, situate the story of the Muslim world in an area that hitherto has largely been ignored. There have been several recent works by scholars that have typified this approach. Furthermore, there has been increased academic attention on the topic and rightly so. Footnote 21 Nevertheless, some demographic particulars can be provided. Even so, many report having explored various religions and spiritual postures before converting to Islam. This transnational juxtaposition could be critiqued for being more about convenience than critical comparison, but it intimates ways in which other scholars might endeavor to think beyond Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Americas in general to compare the experiences of Muslims in this hemisphere with those in other regions such as Europe, South East Asia, sub- Saharan Africa, the Middle East, North Africa, or elsewhere. Likewise, it invites scholars working in these areas to also reflect on Latin America, the Caribbean, and their environs for critical contrast and consideration as well. This last matter brings us to consider the field of global Islamic studies as a whole and how the study of Islam and Muslim communities in Latin America and the Caribbean might serve as a critical sub-field in pushing beyond current impediments in the discipline as a whole. As such, researchers studying Islam in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Americas in general are still fighting for their space. Stuck between global Islamic studies on the one side and Americanists on the other, scholars find that both sides seem to not know what to do with Islam and Muslim communities in the Americas as of yet. To counteract this situation, scholars can, and should, explore the ways in which Islam and Muslim communities have been part of the diachronic narrative of the region, how they have shaped the material culture of specific countries and cities, and also explore intellectual connections between Muslim communities in the area with those elsewhere. Along these lines, scholars might explore currents of quietist Salafism, non-state Islamism, issues of authority surrounding the supposed democratization of power in Islam, etc. The point is that we must understand every dimension of Islamic life as entangled in other histories, narratives, contexts, environments, and material cultures. Bender Other stories, narratives in places such as the Americas are implicated in Islamic civilization. This will mean emphasizing structure, transformation, and relationships temporal and spatial, material and ecological, socio-cultural and religious and exploring the interactions of Muslims, and non-Muslims, at varying scales. Recognizing that space is pluralized, scholars must follow transnational flows to various places and when appropriate engage in multi-local fieldwork in order to properly work the connections, flows, encounters between spaces and places, people, and the networks that bind them together or drive them apart. This will better illustrate how Muslims and Americans are taking part in globalized world, informed by multiple discourses, histories, and living in a state of simultaneity in various places at once. This is not a plea for a post-Islamic frame of study. The story of global Islam is a complex weaving together of all coexisting constituencies spread across vast geographic spaces. Islam then becomes a partially bounded entity imbricated in structures and processes that connect it to hitherto under-considered parts of the world. New York University – Research Output — NYU Scholars

This research deepened the set of empirical evidence he is compiling on efforts by Brazilians of African descent to challenge discriminatory practices. In recent years, Brazil has become highly diversified, with the increasing emergence of fresh social players who build new identities and demand recognition and specific rights. September 13th. One aspect of this investigation is to show how the direct action of the activists portrayed were crucial to the first debates in the political context of anti-racist legislation in Brazil post This presentation examines new perspectives for community health agents in Brazil. Results from a 2-year project with eight community health agents who were trained to deliver a health education program to approximately Brazilians ages 50 and over. The program included workshops on physical activity, nutrition and stress management. Findings confirm that community health agents have enormous potential to promote and deliver health promotion programs. October 18th. Although racist stereotypes circulated in Europe, most European immigrants in Brazil had no prior personal experience with black people. In Brazil they internalized racist dispositions and representations, often in a form more extreme than those of Brazilian whites. October 25th. The use of pepper extracts as a new class of natural and environmentally favorable substances for the treatment of Brazilian reforested woods against fungal attacks is demonstrated. This study examines the effects of poverty on the development level across the Brazilian states from to There are many studies assessing the relevance of economic growth and development on poverty reduction, but there are almost no one trying to measure the impacts of poverty on economic development. What institutional challenges may impede research conducted in Brazil? Do differences in academic systems affect partnerships between U. How might sociocultural differences, such as concepts of time and gender, shape the research process? Focusing on primary research from the applied social sciences, this panel aims to set forth practical insights and lessons learned from U. Implications for both experienced and student researchers, as well as supporting institutions at UIUC, will be suggested. While the focus is on Brazil, some of the lessons learned may be extrapolated to other country contexts. The policies of the national food sector companies through BNDES and the relations between the state and the national capital in the period suggest a political alliance of neodevelopmentalist inspiration. January 30th. The Brazilian Supreme Court declared such a law illegal in We apply a non-linear Diff-in-Diff approach to evaluate the impact of this ruling on the housing deficit of the state. One of the most striking phenomena observed in the Brazilian agricultural economy in the past decades, and in an accelerated way in recent years, is the transformation in its spatial arrangement. The agricultural businesses have occupied new frontier areas such as the North and Center-North, in addition to large areas in the Northeast, by utilizing modern production technologies. In , UFRGS implemented an affirmative action policy based on social and racial quotas that increased the opportunities for students from public high schools in its courses. This lecture will examine the debate, implementation, and results of that policy. It will also analize the experience of a group of African and Native Brazilian students, who were among the first to enter UFRGS through social and racially preferential admission. Finally, it will discuss the challenges of Brazilian public universities in a scenario of social mobilization and change. How have race relations and inequalities been treated in Brazil? Has the situation of inequalities changed in recent decades? If so, how have those changes been interpreted? The lecture will analyze the scenario of racial inequalities in Brazil in recent decades based with special focus on the access to the higher education system. Lemann Institute Collaborative Grant Program The Collaborative Grant program supports research on Brazilian topics that involve University of Illinois faculty members working closely with Brazilian faculty members. The project will closely study two communities in Fortaleza with different outcomes in their struggles to access urban resources. The Genetics of a Plant Disease and Pests Important to Brazil and the US This project focuses on understanding and identifying genes and proteins involved in soybean defense to the pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sobreeders can develop more resistant plants. Ruy A. This project will develop a testing program on the performance-based specification for Amazonian non-reinforced and bamboo-reinforced geopolymer for use in sustainable construction. The bamboo-reinforced geopolymer composites intend to replace conventional concretes and cements. The Amazon contains the most federally-titled quilombos in Brazil. In a region where environmentalists, the State, and corporateactorsvehemently contest land and its properfunction, quilombos have become key decision makers about the usage of the vast forests they legally own. Based on ethnographic fieldwork since , this dissertation examines how quilombo land titles have become a form of environmental governance. Between Nature and Nation: Manaus and the Making of Modern Brazil Using Manaus as a site of inquiry, this project will examine how the capital of Amazonas state both shaped and was shaped by the peoples, landscape and economy of the Brazilian Amazon from to This research project inquires into the performance methods used by Abdias do Nascimento and the cultural institution he founded, the Teatro Experimental do Negro Black Experimental Theater— TEN henceforth , in mid twentieth-century . The purpose of this project is to analyze how Nascimento used musical and theatrical performances to develop a language to discuss race and discrimination in postWorld War II Brazil. Does decentralization improve public goods provisionand enhance political participation? Many international, government and civil society organizations believe it achieves these goals. However, research on the subject has failed to provide strong supportive evidence. By focusing on subnational fragmentation, my work rigorously assesseswhether smaller units—the result of any process of decentralization—are better equipped and motivated to meet demands for public servicesand encourage participation. Lenore E. This study employs a phenomenological approach and in-depth interview data gathered from 27 informally employed working mothers in Salvador, Brazil. To this end, the study aims to capture the ways in which employment in the informal economy and the demands of unpaid family care intersect one another, and unpack how informally employed working mothers and navigate this intersection. This project employs impact evaluation microeconometric tools to examine three different Brazilian public policies:the efficiency of transit fare subsidies in major metropolitan areas, the outcomes of affirmative action policies adopted by Brazilian federal universities in the s, and the impacts of fare-free public transportation for the elderly on the travel behavior of the policy beneficiaries. The Werner Baer Fellowship provides support for incoming Brazilian doctoral students whose studies engage Brazil in the social sciences, and for doctoral students of any nationality and from any academic department conducting social scientific dissertation research on Brazil. In addition, ultrasound data were collected in the Articulatory Phonetics Laboratory in the Department of Linguistics. Analysis was initiated and Meneses received training in the instrumental methods and statistical modeling necessary to carry the project forward. Laboratory Phonology, Ithaca, NY. July The articulatory space of oral and nasal vowels in Brazilian Portuguese. Is the vowel really disappearing in Brazilian Portuguese sandhi? An ultrasound study of vowel reduction. Phonetics and Phonology in Europe, Cologne, Germany. Two cases of vowel weakening in Brazilian Portuguese: an ultrasound study. Chicago Linguistics Society. May Ryan Shosted visited the University of in Summer During that time he continued the analysis of the articulatory data that was gathered in April and provided additional training to Meneses to conduct the relevant analyses in Matlab and to undertake statistical modeling. Writing of the results and presentation is ongoing with a goal of submitting two manuscripts for publication by the end of Summer Two cases of vowel weakening in Brazilian Portuguese to be submitted to Journal of Phonetics Elsevier. This ultrasound image shows two tongues one in green, one in magenta superimposed on one another; they represent the tongue positions for the vowels [u] green and [i] magenta. The triangles represent regions of interest that were used to distinguish the movement of devoiced and fully voiced vowels in Brazilian Portuguese. The project, entitled Understanding Street Children in Brazil to Improve Intervention, is a longitudinal mixed method study of street-involved youth funded by the Jacobs Foundation. Originally, Dr. Koller and I proposed to study youth only in Rio Grande do Sul, but the opportunity arose to extend the study to Fortaleza and Salvador. Accordingly, we brought Drs. Morais and Santana onto the project, but because of budgetary constraints, I was unable to visit the two satellite study sites and work directly with the local teams before receiving the Lemann Collaborative Research Grant. The grant supported a variety of activities across a two-year period, as described below. I made two extended trips to both Salvador and Fortaleza during Fall and Spring The first visit was devoted to preliminary analysis of data from the longitudinal study. I worked with the local teams in each to finalize the datasets, conduct psychometric analyses, and work on abstracts that we submitted to the March meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. During the second visit, we developed case studies drawing on the longitudinal data, drafted a set of publication proposals, and discussed tasks and timelines. In addition to devoting sustained time to research activities, during each visit I visited field sites where data collection was conducted; gave presentations to academic and professional audiences; and interacted with students, faculty members, and administrators at the two universities. In the spring of , Drs. Morais and Santana spent two weeks in the U. The first 6 days were spent on the UIUC campus, where they had the opportunity to interact with scholars from across campus. During the second part of their visit, we presented study findings at the Society for Research in Child Development in Philadelphia, PA. The conference attracts scholars from around the globe, so Drs. Morais and Santana were able to meet researchers working on issues of homelessness and poverty in other countries. This Lemann Collaborative Grant helped advance my research agenda and strengthen institutional and personal connections in Salvador and Fortaleza. Through this grant, I expanded my activities in Brazil to new geographic locations and solidified ties with two outstanding junior scholars. Abstract Muslims have been shaping the Americas and the Caribbean for more than five hundred years, yet this interplay is frequently overlooked or misconstrued. Access to Document Link to publication in WorldCat. University of Texas Press , p. University of Texas Press. University of Texas Press,

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Of course, while Islam can define ethnic boundaries, it can also be subsumed by them. This would seem typical of the Caribbean, where scholars have suggested shared language and culture tend to be more important than religion in defining the immigrant community If Islam is part of the Americas, the Americas are also part of the global Islamic umma. In my reading, this has had three major consequences for Islam in the region. First, there are now mosques and Muslim institutions in countries where they were rare or nonexistent, like Mexico and Cuba. Finally, the surge in proselytization has, for the first time, prompted substantial conversion by non-Arab Latinos. Paulo G. Converts often study Arabic and travel on pilgrimage as they reimagine themselves in terms of the global umma. On the other hand, the acquisition of such knowledge is largely made possible via transnational links with discrete centers of religious authority in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Iran. The social capital converts accrue through conversion is linked to the political and financial capital of foreign religious authorities. Converts in Brazil, Mexico, and Cuba have sought to craft local varieties of Islam. And as Hjamil A. Contributors never treat regions in isolation and are unflinchingly attentive to the transnational production of ethnic and religious identities. Why not frame it around Islam in the Americas, which would both better accommodate various outlying chapters such as those on Suriname, Trinidad, and Arab immigrants in South Florida and have allowed contributions on black Islam in the United States? Or, alternatively, why not narrow its focus to Islam in the Latino Americas, which would have permitted closer scrutiny of the distinctiveness of Islam in a region delimited by shared history and culture? These minor qualms aside, this volume is an important and timely contribution to the study of religion in the Americas, relevant to both specialists and all scholars interested in the mutual constitution and contingency of religion, ethnicity, and identity. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Korea national university of transportation. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Skip Nav Destination Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. In addition to Policy Economics, the civil servants will also study in Masters programs in Accountancy, Finance and Law. John will be guiding the implementation of the expanded Brazil Leadership Program, and brings another voice to the Lemann Institute Executive Committee, which is also comprised of past directors Joe Love and Mary Arends-Kuenning. The program builds on the longstanding program through which the Lemann Institute provides scholarships for staff of the Central Bank of Brazil to pursue studies in the Masters in Policy Economics program at Illinois. Recognizing the capacity for deepening expertise within the Brazilian civil service at Illinois, the Lemann Institute is expanding this program of study to include graduate programs in Finance, Accountancy and Law. The Lemann Foundation will be funding scholarships for an expanded cohort of Brazilian civil servants to study in these programs. The expanded cohort will be nominated by the civil service schools of the Central Bank of Brazil, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Budget and Planning. Despite the limited number of MSPE alumni already back at work, three important outcomes with short and long term benefits have been observed. First, the MSPE cultivated solid technical skills in employees who wanted to redirect their career paths at BCB, migrate to other areas involving economic policy, and thus helped them pursue new managerial and consulting roles within the Central Bank. Secondly and conversely, gains. Banco Central do Brasil were observed by those employees who maintained strategic positions within BCB, and who were not directly involved in matters of economic policy, but were better prepared to interact with stakeholders about a variety of core BCB topics. The UniBC and Lemann Institute have focused on the training of junior mid-career staff whose advanced studies prepare them for responsibilities of greater complexity. In addition to UniBC, the Institute is working with the. To achieve such goals, ESAF is encouraged to promote partnerships with different schools and government institutions, both nationally and internationally. ESAF focuses on economic policies, social security, taxation, government finance, government accounting, cost systems and financial law. In each one of these. This partnership will enable a collective educational program at the highest level of excellence that will significantly benefit the Ministry of Finance and State Secretariats of Finance, as it already does the Brazilian Central Bank. For over 30 years, ENAP has offered public management and public policy programs, focusing on technical and management development, on- site training, e-learning courses, career improvement, knowledge exchange, research, as well as fostering innovation in the public sector. ENAP seeks to transform the knowledge base of public administrators in Brazil in order to foster high quality public services and evidence-based, results- oriented public policies. The partnership with the University of Illinois and the Lemann Institute for Brazilian Studies relates to its institutional strategy to internationalize its programming. He received his Ph. His research interests include urbanization, national and regional. While Professor Oliven was here, he taught one course per semester. The first was a seminar on the Making of Modern Brazil. It was focused on the process and meanings of the building of the Brazilian Nation. Using anthropological and sociological studies of contemporary Brazilian Society, the course analyzed different aspects of the construction of modern Brazil as manifested in images and self-representations, race and ethnicity, individualism, gender and sexuality, urbanization, violence, popular culture. The second course was a seminar on Brazilian Culture and National Identity. It was based on anthropological and sociological research. Themes addressed included: modernity and revival of tradition, national and regional cultures, popular music, sports, consumption and meanings of money, and transnationalization of culture. The event brought together scholars from Brazil and the United States who engage with regional differences and alliances as a means of understanding Brazilian history. The event coincided with the 50th year at Illinois for Professor Joseph Love who continues to publish on issues related to his original interest in Brazilian regionalism. The symposium built on the largest systematic comparative study of Brazilian history to date: a three volume series by Professor Love and co- authors Robert M. Levine and John D. Regionalism reached its peak during the period , when the operative political parties were coextensive with the territorial boundaries of the states. The three states used the central government to serve their own economic interests and to maximize their control of patronage. This research deepened the set of empirical evidence he is compiling on efforts by Brazilians of African descent to challenge discriminatory practices. In recent years, Brazil has become highly diversified, with the increasing emergence of fresh social players who build new identities and demand recognition and specific rights. September 13th. One aspect of this investigation is to show how the direct action of the activists portrayed were crucial to the first debates in the political context of anti-racist legislation in Brazil post This presentation examines new perspectives for community health agents in Brazil. Results from a 2-year project with eight community health agents who were trained to deliver a health education program to approximately Brazilians ages 50 and over. The program included workshops on physical activity, nutrition and stress management. Findings confirm that community health agents have enormous potential to promote and deliver health promotion programs. October 18th. Although racist stereotypes circulated in Europe, most European immigrants in Brazil had no prior personal experience with black people. In Brazil they internalized racist dispositions and representations, often in a form more extreme than those of Brazilian whites. October 25th. The use of pepper extracts as a new class of natural and environmentally favorable substances for the treatment of Brazilian reforested woods against fungal attacks is demonstrated. This study examines the effects of poverty on the development level across the Brazilian states from to There are many studies assessing the relevance of economic growth and development on poverty reduction, but there are almost no one trying to measure the impacts of poverty on economic development. What institutional challenges may impede research conducted in Brazil? Do differences in academic systems affect partnerships between U. How might sociocultural differences, such as concepts of time and gender, shape the research process? Focusing on primary research from the applied social sciences, this panel aims to set forth practical insights and lessons learned from U. Implications for both experienced and student researchers, as well as supporting institutions at UIUC, will be suggested. While the focus is on Brazil, some of the lessons learned may be extrapolated to other country contexts. The policies of the national food sector companies through BNDES and the relations between the state and the national capital in the period suggest a political alliance of neodevelopmentalist inspiration. January 30th. The Brazilian Supreme Court declared such a law illegal in We apply a non-linear Diff-in-Diff approach to evaluate the impact of this ruling on the housing deficit of the state. One of the most striking phenomena observed in the Brazilian agricultural economy in the past decades, and in an accelerated way in recent years, is the transformation in its spatial arrangement. The agricultural businesses have occupied new frontier areas such as the North and Center-North, in addition to large areas in the Northeast, by utilizing modern production technologies. In , UFRGS implemented an affirmative action policy based on social and racial quotas that increased the opportunities for students from public high schools in its courses. This lecture will examine the debate, implementation, and results of that policy. It will also analize the experience of a group of African and Native Brazilian students, who were among the first to enter UFRGS through social and racially preferential admission. Finally, it will discuss the challenges of Brazilian public universities in a scenario of social mobilization and change. How have race relations and inequalities been treated in Brazil? Has the situation of inequalities changed in recent decades? If so, how have those changes been interpreted? The lecture will analyze the scenario of racial inequalities in Brazil in recent decades based with special focus on the access to the higher education system. Lemann Institute Collaborative Grant Program The Collaborative Grant program supports research on Brazilian topics that involve University of Illinois faculty members working closely with Brazilian faculty members. The project will closely study two communities in Fortaleza with different outcomes in their struggles to access urban resources. The Genetics of a Plant Disease and Pests Important to Brazil and the US This project focuses on understanding and identifying genes and proteins involved in soybean defense to the pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sobreeders can develop more resistant plants. Ruy A. This project will develop a testing program on the performance-based specification for Amazonian non-reinforced and bamboo-reinforced geopolymer for use in sustainable construction. The bamboo-reinforced geopolymer composites intend to replace conventional concretes and cements. The Amazon contains the most federally-titled quilombos in Brazil. In a region where environmentalists, the State, and corporateactorsvehemently contest land and its properfunction, quilombos have become key decision makers about the usage of the vast forests they legally own. Based on ethnographic fieldwork since , this dissertation examines how quilombo land titles have become a form of environmental governance. Between Nature and Nation: Manaus and the Making of Modern Brazil Using Manaus as a site of inquiry, this project will examine how the capital of Amazonas state both shaped and was shaped by the peoples, landscape and economy of the Brazilian Amazon from to This research project inquires into the performance methods used by Abdias do Nascimento and the cultural institution he founded, the Teatro Experimental do Negro Black Experimental Theater— TEN henceforth , in mid twentieth-century Rio de Janeiro. The purpose of this project is to analyze how Nascimento used musical and theatrical performances to develop a language to discuss race and discrimination in postWorld War II Brazil. Does decentralization improve public goods provisionand enhance political participation? Many international, government and civil society organizations believe it achieves these goals. However, research on the subject has failed to provide strong supportive evidence. By focusing on subnational fragmentation, my work rigorously assesseswhether smaller units—the result of any process of decentralization—are better equipped and motivated to meet demands for public servicesand encourage participation. Lenore E. This study employs a phenomenological approach and in-depth interview data gathered from 27 informally employed working mothers in Salvador, Brazil. To this end, the study aims to capture the ways in which employment in the informal economy and the demands of unpaid family care intersect one another, and unpack how informally employed working mothers and navigate this intersection. This project employs impact evaluation microeconometric tools to examine three different Brazilian public policies:the efficiency of transit fare subsidies in major metropolitan areas, the outcomes of affirmative action policies adopted by Brazilian federal universities in the s, and the impacts of fare-free public transportation for the elderly on the travel behavior of the policy beneficiaries. The Werner Baer Fellowship provides support for incoming Brazilian doctoral students whose studies engage Brazil in the social sciences, and for doctoral students of any nationality and from any academic department conducting social scientific dissertation research on Brazil. In addition, ultrasound data were collected in the Articulatory Phonetics Laboratory in the Department of Linguistics. Analysis was initiated and Meneses received training in the instrumental methods and statistical modeling necessary to carry the project forward.

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