DOCSLIB.ORG

Arab Ethnicity and Diasporic Islam: a Comparative Approach to Processes of Identity Formation and Religious Codification in the Muslim Communities in Brazil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Arab Ethnicity and Diasporic Islam: a Comparative Approach to Processes of Identity Formation and Religious Codification in the Muslim Communities in Brazil Arab Ethnicity and Diasporic Islam: A Comparative Approach to Processes of Identity Formation and Religious Codification in the Muslim Communities in Brazil Paulo G. Pinto he Muslim communities in European and American countries have received increas- ing scholarly attention in recent years. Some groundbreaking studies have shown how Islam became part of the religious landscape of the “West” through the establish- ment of transnational connections and complex processes of cultural adaptation.1 Despite the many merits of these works, they tend to generalize cultural- religious patterns to all the Muslim communities located within a particular nation- state, which is taken as the main unit of analysis, referring to general entities such as “French Islam,” “American Islam,” or “British Islam.” Some scholars, while rejecting an essentialized portrait of Muslims, have pushed the limits of generalization to the whole European context, claiming that Islam in Europe became a deterritorialized system of meaning that exists beyond cultural particularities.2 However, a closer look shows that the Muslim identities in Europe and the Americas are the result of complex relations between local sociological and cultural elements and the vari- ous constructs of the normative system of Islamic doctrines and practices that were globalized of through the circulation of people (migration, travels, pilgrimages, etc.), texts, and images. Studies Therefore, I argue in this article that one has to take the local community as the main unit of and analysis, for it is there that the relation between local and supralocal — regional, national, or Africa global — influences acquires a particular configuration. National or regional patterns can only Asia, emerge from a careful comparison between the particularities and the common points among South East the discrete Muslim communities that exist in such political and geographical spaces. Comparative Middle To demonstrate these propositions, I analyze the constitution of Muslim identities the 2011 among Arabic- speaking immigrants and their descendents in Brazil, showing how the rela- 2, No. -1264253 31, x tion between Arab ethnicity and Muslim identity is shaped by processes that connect local, Vol. Press national, and transnational realities. I rely on ethnographic data that I have gathered in my 3 10.1215/1089201University fieldwork research with the Muslim communities in Brazil since 2003. doi Duke by 2011 © Unless otherwise noted, all English translations are mine. Kepel, Allah in the West: Islamic Movements in America and Eur- ope (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997). 1. Jocelyne Cesari, L’Islam à l’épreuve de l’Occident (Islam in West- ern Contexts) (Paris: La Découverte, 2004); Yvonne Haddad and 2. Olivier Roy, L’Islam mondialisé (Globalized Islam) (Paris: Seuil, Adair Lummis, Islamic Values in the United States: A Comparative 2004). Study (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); Gilles Kepel, Les 3. I gathered the ethnographic data for this article during my banlieus de l’Islam: Naissance d’une religion en France (The Sub- fieldwork with Muslim communities in Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, urbs of Islam: The Birth of a Religion in France) (Paris: Seuil, 1991); 312 and São Paulo. I also have been doing research among the Mus- Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/cssaame/article-pdf/31/2/312/243807/CSA312_06_Pinto_fpp.pdf by UFF user on 18 June 2019 Diasporic and Local: Muslims in Brazil 1920s, but they only gained force in relation to Brazil’s large Muslim community comprises the “Syrian- Lebanese” or Palestinian associa- 313 about 1 million members and was formed since tions in the 1980s. These ethnic organizations the nineteenth century by diverse migration were largely dominated by Arab Christians, waves from the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, and who also maintained churches and institutions Palestine) and by the conversion of non- Arab of their religious confession (Maronite, Greek Brazilians.4 The Muslim community is mostly Orthodox, Melchite, etc.).5 urban, with large concentrations in Rio de Ja- After 1960 the fall in the number of Chris- of neiro, São Paulo, Curitiba, and Foz do Iguaçu. tian immigrants from the Middle East and the Pinto Brazil Important sociological differences exist among assimilation of descendants of Arab immigrants G. in the communities in each of these sites. For ex- into mainstream Brazilian culture led to the de- Processes ample, the Muslim community in Rio de Janeiro cline in the number of Arab ethnic associations Paulo to has not received a significant influx of recent and their members. However, the growing num- immigrants, a fact that makes the process of the bers of Muslim immigrants from the Middle Communities creation and reformulation of Muslim identi- East in the 1970s fostered the creation of Islamic Approach ties more dependent on local and national cul- institutions and the public affirmation of a spe- Muslim tural dynamics. In contrast, in the other three cific Muslim identity that is associated with, but the Muslim communities the production of Islamic not submerged in, the larger Arab identity. in identities is strongly influenced by transnational Because most Muslim immigrants to Bra- Comparative A Islamic movements and by the constant contact zil came from the Arab Middle East — mainly with Islam as practiced in the Middle East. Mus- Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine — they were iden- Islam: lims in these three communities tend to work tified with the large Arab community already Codification primarily in commercial activities. However, in- existing in Brazil.6 The Arab immigrants who creasing numbers are in qualified professions came to Brazil in the first half of the twentieth Diasporic Religious such as medicine, law, and engineering. century were mostly Christians, and they man- and and The majority of Muslims in Brazil are aged to overcome or minimize the effects of the Arab immigrants and their descendants. Never- widespread racism and discrimination directed theless, there is a growing number of non- Arab against them in the 1930s and 1940s, such as Ethnicity Brazilians who have converted to Islam through their stigmatization as backward, fanatical, and Formation personal relations, that is, through work, mar- greedy “Orientals” by a large part of the Brazil- Arab riage, or friendship with Muslims. The first ian intellectual elite.7 They surmounted these Islamic institutions appeared in Brazil in the difficulties through economic success and a Identity lim communities in Foz do Iguaçu and Ciudad del man al- Baghdadi al- Dimachqi, Deleite do estrangeiro 6. There are no reliable estimates of the number of Este (Paraguay) since 2007. This research has been em tudo que é espantoso e maravilhoso / Masaliya Arabs in Brazil; of course, they would still vary accord- sponsored with grants from CNPq and FAPERJ. For al- gharib bi- kull amr ‘abib (Delight of the Foreigner ing to the definition of “Arab” used in them. The Arab previous results of this research see Paulo G. Pinto, in Everything That Is Amazing) (Algiers:, Bibliothè- institutions and some scholars advance numbers “Ritual, etnicidade e identidade religiosa nas comu- que Nationale d’Algérie; Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca that range between 3 million and 16 million Arabs nidades muçulmanas no Brasil” (“Ritual, Ethnicity América do Sul – Países Árabes, Biblioteca Nacional; and their descendants in a population of 170 million and Religious Identity in the Muslim Communities in Caracas: Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho, 2007). How- Brazilians. The larger figures are less likely to corre- Brazil”), Revista USP—Universidade de São Paulo 67 ever, when the Arabic- speaking Muslim immigrants spond to any demographic reality, but they reflect (2005): 228 – 50. started to create the first Islamic institutions in Bra- the greater recognition and visibility that the Arab zil in the early twentieth century, the Islamic identity immigrants and their descendants have achieved in 4. The census of 2000 gives the number of Muslims of the Malês was disappearing through conversion Brazilian society. See John Tofik Karam, Another Ara- in Brazil as 27,239. Muslim religious authorities speak to Catholicism or to African Brazilian religions, such besque: Syrian- Lebanese Ethnicity in Neoliberal Brazil of 1 – 2 million Muslims. Based on my ethnographic as Candomblé and Umbanda. There was no continu- (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007), 10 – 13. experience, the estimate of 1 million Muslims seems ity between the Malês and the Muslim communities more plausible. The Muslim African slaves who were 7. Jeffrey Lesser, A negociação da identidade nacio- created by Arab immigrants in the twentieth century. collectively known as the “Malês” in the eighteenth nal: Imigrantes, minorias e a luta pela etnicidade no See João José Reis, Rebelião escrava no Brasil: A histó- and the nineteenth centuries constituted the first or- Brasil (Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, ria do levante dos Malês em 1835 (Slave Rebellion in ganized Muslim community in Brazil. They led a slave Minorities, and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil) Brazil: The History of the Revolt of the Malês in 1835) uprising in 1835 in Bahia, known as the Revolt of the (São Paulo: Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2000), (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2003). Malês (Revolta dos Malês). There is a nineteenth- 87 – 135. century firsthand account of the Muslim communi- 5. Majid Radawi, Al- hijra al- ’arabiyya ila al- Brazil ties in Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Recife written by 1 8 7 0 – 1 9 8 6 (The Arab Immigration to Brazil, 1870 – 1986) an Arabic- speaking imam from the Ottoman Empire (Damascus: Dar Tlas, 1989). who stayed in Brazil from 1866 to 1869. See ‘Abdurah- Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/cssaame/article-pdf/31/2/312/243807/CSA312_06_Pinto_fpp.pdf by UFF user on 18 June 2019 strong investment in the acquisition of cultural them as a security threat (in particular, the 314 capital, such as higher education for their sons Muslim community in Foz do Iguaçu).10 These and daughters, and thereby achieved impressive discourses clearly had negative effects on the upward social mobility.8 situation of Muslims in Brazil.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Religions of the World
    Religions of the World This encyclopedia series provides comprehensive coverage of “world reli- gions.” Cohesive and objective in its treatment, the series covers a wide spectrum of academic disciplines and religious traditions. It lays bare similar- ities and differences that naturally emerge within and across disciplines and religions today. The series includes the academic field of multidisciplinary, secular study of religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It offers descrip- tions, comparisons, interpretations, and explanations on religions in many different regions of the world. The series emphasizes systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. Each volume offers a “state of play” perspective regarding the specific area of the world being considered, looking both at the current situation and at likely further developments within that area. More information about this series at https://www.springer.com/series/15065 Henri Gooren Editor Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions With 19 Figures and 17 Tables Editor Henri Gooren Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work and Criminal Justice Oakland University Rochester, MI, USA ISBN 978-3-319-27077-7 ISBN 978-3-319-27078-4 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-28571-9 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019933396 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Islam in Brazil: Shiite Cultural Centers in the Creation of the Dialogue of Coexistence in Social Networks
    A Study on Islam in Brazil: Shiite Cultural Centers in the Creation of the Dialogue of Coexistence in Social Networks Author: Dr. Karina Arroyo1 (Brazil) Reccive: 03/09/2019 Accept: 23/08/2020 Abstract In this work, the objective is to analyze through an empirical research the function of the social networks used by the Mosques and Cultural Centers shi'as in Brazil for the promotion of peace and coexistence among the diferent religious groups. Shiite Muslims in Brazil participate Shiite Muslims in Brazil actively participate in government political instances in Committees to Combat Religious Intolerance (CCIR) and use social media to convene, disseminate and strengthen the community and the Islamic speech of peace. Two main examples will also be presented: Imam Hussein Cultural Center (CCIH) and The Shiite Human Rights Observatory (OXDIH), both in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The discourse and actions developed also support the pretension of educating and informing the Brazilian population about the true mission of Islam to promote peace and peaceful coexistence. Key Words: Social Networks, Interreligious Speech, Islam in Brazil, Shiite Cultural Centers 1. PhD in Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,[email protected] 98) / Journal of PURE LIFE, Vol. 7, No. 23 (September 2020) Introduction Start this topic by presenting an overview of the place of analysis of this subject. The Brazil, a country discovered in the year 1500 and colonized by the Portuguese in the European continent, with many points of interest related to your history, culture and civilization, composed by three different peoples: Indians, the natives of the land, Portuguese, the colonists and finally, Africans from Angola, Benin and Guinea, brought in compulsorily to slavery for three centuries until the extinction of human trafficking with the Áurea Law, enacted in 1888.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil-Turkey Fundação Alexandre De Gusmão Fundação Two Emerging Powers Intensify Emerging Powers Two
    coleção Internacionais Relações Relações coleção coleção Internacionais 811 Ekrem Eddy Güzeldere is a political Eddy Güzeldere Ekrem Ekrem Eddy Güzeldere The bilateral relations of Brazil and Turkey scientist from Munich with a specialization Within the theoretic frame of role theory, this book represents a first attempt at are a little researched subject. Therefore, this in international relations. He holds a PhD describing the bilateral relations of Brazil and Turkey since the 1850s until 2017 book offers a first attempt at analyzing both (2017) from the University of Hamburg. with an emphasis on contemporary relations. Both states are treated as emerging the political, economic, cultural and academic From 2005 to October 2015 he worked in powers, which intensify their relations, because of two main motivations: to raise bilateral relations, especially since they have Istanbul for the German political foundation their status in international affairs and for economic reasons. In the period of 2003 been intensifying in the 2000s. However, there Heinrich Böll, an international ESI think until 2011, Brazil and Turkey succeeded in intensifying their relations in many is also a historic chapter about the relations in tank, as a journalist and political analyst fields, with 2010 being the year of most intensive politico-diplomatic relations, the 19th century, which in its depth, using both for international media and consultancies. because of both a major diplomatic initiative, the Tehran Declaration, and an Turkish and Portuguese-language sources, Before moving to Istanbul, he worked in ambitious Strategic Partnership. The economic relations reached a high in 2011 represents a first endeavor in English.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam in Latin America: Beginning and Continuation of a Migration
    İbn Haldun Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6 (2) 2021, 121-128 DOI: 10.36657/ihcd.2021.80 Islam in Latin America: Beginning and Continuation of a Migration Latin Amerika’da İslam: Göçlerin Başlangıcı ve Devam Etmesi İD Sefa Bulut⁽¹⁾, İD Daniela Urueña Garcia⁽²⁾ ⁽¹⁾İbn Haldun Üniversitesi, Türkiye ⁽²⁾İbn Haldun Üniversitesi, Türkiye ⁽¹⁾[email protected], ⁽²⁾[email protected] Received: April 29, 2021 Accepted: June 07, 2021 Published: July 15, 2021 Abstract: During migration individuals or groups are displaced geographically their place of living for economic or social reasons. America is one continent which was conquered and then formed by immigrants from every other continent. After colonization and its migrations Latin America was enriched with multiracial and multicultural population. Furthermore, there is one immigrant that is not well known, has been lost during the history and in the present time, is opening a new opportunity in Latin America which is Islam. On the other hand, due to lack of historical resources the manifestations and how Islam arrived to Latin America is not clear, not uniform. This paper brings an idea of how after the discovery and formation of the American continent and its semi continent Latin America, Islam became present. There were found three common stages which were: slavery, colonial migration and postcolonial migration. Through the paper those stages were quite described to light up how Islam was born or how developed in this land. It is interesting to observe how Islam could help or enriched Latin America as a multicultural and multiracial and how this land could keep evolving and developing.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Music of All Colors
    SÉRIE ANTROPOLOGIA 145 BLACK MUSIC OF ALL COLORS. THE CONSTRUCTION OF BLACK ETHNICITY IN RITUAL AND POPULAR GENRES OF AFRO-BRAZILIAN MUSIC José Jorge de Carvalho Brasília 1993 Black Music of all colors. The construction of Black ethnicity in ritual and popular genres of Afro-Brazilian Music. José Jorge de Carvalho University of Brasília The aim of this essay is to present an overview of the charter of Afro-Brazilian identities, emphasizing their correlations with the main Afro-derived musical styles practised today in the country. Given the general scope of the work, I have chosen to sum up this complex mass of data in a few historical models. I am interested, above all, in establishing a contrast between the traditional models of identity of the Brazilian Black population and their musics with recent attempts, carried out by the various Black Movements, and expressed by popular, commercial musicians who formulate protests against that historical condition of poverty and unjustice, forging a new image of Afro- Brazilians, more explicit, both in political and in ideological terms. To focus such a vast ethnographic issue, I shall analyse the way these competing models of identity are shaped by the different song genres and singing styles used by Afro-Brazilians running through four centuries of social and cultural experience. In this connection, this study is also an attempt to explore theoretically the more abstract problems of understanding the efficacy of songs; in other words, how in mythopoetics, meaning and content are revealed in aesthetic symbolic structures which are able to mingle so powerfully verbal with non-verbal modes of communication.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    BETWEEN NATIONAL ATTACHMENTS, ROOTED GLOBALISM, AND BORDERLESS UTOPIAS: SEARCHING FOR IMAGINED COMMUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA’S BOOMING ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH THE ARAB WORLD By KEVIN B. FUNK A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 © 2016 Kevin B. Funk To Macarena, our growing family, and the struggle for a better world ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research project, like all products of human creation, represents the collectively harvested fruit of the efforts of many. It has benefited enormously from the participation and interventions of countless family members, friends, compañeros, students, and colleagues, only some of whom I am able to acknowledge here. In particular, I would like to recognize the direct and indirect contributions of: my dissertation chair, Ido Oren, for his incisive comments, critical disposition, and ready willingness to allow me to pursue my interests in accordance with my values, along with my other committee members—Aida Hozic, Leann Brown, Philip Williams, and Matthew Jacobs—for their guidance, support, and mentorship; Sue and Pat, for their behind-the- scenes efforts; the many teachers, ranging from Chris Warnick to Dan O'Neill, who labored doggedly to cultivate my critical faculties and challenged me to set out on my own intellectual journeys, along with the many students for whom I hope to have done the same; my fellow activists in the union movement, for their dedication, solidarity, and unwillingness to be atomized and alienated through the inhospitable and individualistic professionalization structures and practices that surround us; and Mauro Caraccioli and Sebastián Sclofsky, for their amistad, along with the former’s sunny disposition in the face of adversity and the latter’s righteous indignation over the injustices that surround us, and their collective insistence that we engage in “a ruthless criticism of everything existing” (Marx 1843a).
    [Show full text]
  • New Approaches to Slavery and Abolition in Brazil
    The 12th Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference at Yale University Co-sponsored with the Council on Latin American and Iberian Studies at Yale American Counterpoint: New Approaches to Slavery and Abolition in Brazil October 29-30, 2010 Yale University New Haven, Connecticut African Nations and Cultural Practices in Nineteenth-Century Salvador, Bahia João José Reis, Universidade Federal da Bahia Available online at http://www.yale.edu/glc/brazil/papers/reis-paper.pdf © Do not cite or circulate without the author’s permission In the mid-sixteenth century sugar cane cultivation began to take over the lands that surrounded the Bay of All Saints, a region known as Recôncavo, on the southern tip of which the city of Salvador was founded in 1549. The production of sugar for export through the the city’s port would become the main economic activity in the region. Sugar plantations were operated by forced labor, first by the native population, who was slowly replaced by African hands in the course of the next century.1 As African slavery developed in the sugar districts, it also did in the City of Bahia, as Salvador was known. By the end of the seventeenth century, Salvador was a mature slave society, which we know less by any precise counting of its population – there is no known comprehensive census for the period – but by the overwhelming presence of slaves in documents such as parish, probate, public notary (bills of sale and manumission papers), and administrative records, to name a few. The presence of slaves working both as domestics and in the streets of Salvador increased in the course of the eighteenth century, despite a crisis in 1 Two outstanding works on the Recôncavo plantations from the sixteenth through the mid nineteenth century are Stuart B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Construction of Muslim Identities in Contemporary Brazil Cristina Maria De Castro (Trans
    ajiss31-3_ajiss 5/28/2014 1:24 PM Page 136 136 The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 31:3 The Construction of Muslim Identities in Contemporary Brazil Cristina Maria de Castro (trans. Rodrigo Braga Freston) Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013. 182 pages. This sociological study on the plural and often contested construction of Mus- lim identities in Brazil contributes to a growing scholarship on Islam and the politics of religious difference across the Atlantic. Focusing on two institutions in São Paulo state – the Islamic Center of Campinas (Centro Islâmico de Cam- pinas) and the Islamic Charity Youth League of Brazil (Liga da Juventude Is- lâmica Beneficente do Brasil), located in the Brás neighborhood of São Paulo city – Cristina Maria de Castro’s book frames the negotiation of what it means to be Muslim in Brazil and in the wider ummah not only with regard to the historical longue durée and plural religious field, but also in terms of gender and ethnic politics. By focusing on this “range and diversity of [an] Islamic diaspora,”1 to use the words of Gayatri Spivak, this book will help “undo the politically monolithized view of Islam that rules the globe today.” Based on a doctoral dissertation at the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar, São Paulo state) and post-doctoral research at the International In- stitute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (Leiden University), Cas- tro’s work also speaks to the increasing internationalization of the Brazilian social sciences. During the twentieth century, many sociologists,
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Carioca: Technologies of Mixing in A
    Con tempo C o n t e m p o r a r y raryC a r i o c a Cari oca ontemporary CCarioca Technologies of Mixing in a Brazilian Music Scene Frederick Moehn Duke University Press Durham anD LonDon 2012 © 2012 Duke University Press All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ♾ Designed by Kristina Kachele Typeset in Quadraat and Ostrich Sans by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. Duke University Press gratefully acknowledges the support of Stony Brook University, which provided funds toward the publication of this book. For Brazil’s musical alchemists ontents Illustrations ix C Preface xi Acknowledgments xxiii Introduction 1 1 Marcos Suzano: A Carioca Blade Runner 25 2 Lenine: Pernambuco Speaking to the World 55 3 Pedro Luís and The Wall: Tupy Astronauts 92 4 Fernanda Abreu: Garota Carioca 130 5 Paulinho Moska: Difference and Repetition 167 6 On Cannibals and Chameleons 204 Appendix 1: About the Interviews, with a List of Interviews Cited 211 Appendix 2: Introductory Aspects of Marcos Suzano’s Pandeiro Method 215 Notes 219 References 245 Discography 267 Index 269 llustrations Map of Rio de Janeiro with inset of the South Zone 6 1 “mpb: Engajamento ou alienação?” debate invitation xii 2 Marcos Suzano’s favorite pandeiro (underside) 29 I 3 Marcos Suzano demonstrating his pandeiro and electronic foot pedal effects setup 34 4 A common basic samba pattern on pandeiro 48 5 One of Marcos Suzano’s pandeiro patterns 49 6 Marcos
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorist Plots Ahead of the Olympic Games
    On Terrorism and Rio 2016 Olympic Games The Agência Brasileira de Inteligência (ABIN) is worried about the possibility of a “lone wolf” Islamic terrorist attack during the August 5 – 21, 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Brazil. The attacks carried out in France and Belgium in 2015 and 2016, heightened the concerns of the Brazilian intelligence agency over the use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and semi-automatic firearms to conduct attacks in high-density population areas. Additionally, authorities have detected an increase in support within Brazil for the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Twitter has served as a critical outreach tool for ISIS, and on at least one occasion has been a sounding board in naming Brazil as its next target. Over the last few months, Brazilian authorities have arrested dozens of ISIS sympathizers and supporters engaged in at least three separate terrorist plots ahead of the Olympic Games. This Situation Report (SITREP) provides reports, articles, and testimony from scholars, senior fellows, and international fellows of the Center for a Secure Free Society (SFS), as well as information from top Brazilian and international news outlets, analyzing the potential for an Islamic terrorist attack during Rio 2016. - 1 - • A classified Brazilian intelligence (ABIN) report was leaked to the press this past April addressing a potential "lone wolf" Islamic terrorist attack in Rio this year. The report compares the previous attacks in Paris and Brussels to the possibility of similar attacks in Brazil. Segmenting the threat into three categories, the report assigns a Threat Level Designation of 4 out 5 for the possibility of an attack from what are termed Anti-Systemic Groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil-Turkey Relations - a Role Theoretical Analysis of Emerging Powers
    Brazil-Turkey Relations - a role theoretical analysis of emerging powers Universität Hamburg Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften Dissertation Zur Erlangung der Würde der Doktorin/des Doktors der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften (gemäß der PromO vom 24. August.2010) vorgelegt von Ekrem Eddy Güzeldere aus München Hamburg, 24. Oktober 2017 Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Detlef Nolte Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Brzoska Datum der Disputation: 18.10. 2017 Index Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. All the world’s a stage - Role theory in Foreign Policy Analysis .......................................... 5 2.1. Bridging structure and agency ......................................................................................... 6 2.2. K.J. Holsti’s three main propositions .............................................................................. 8 2.2.1. foreign policymakers have national role conceptions (NRCs) ................................. 8 2.2.2. NRCs vs role prescriptions by others ....................................................................... 8 2.2.3. Complex sources of NRCs ..................................................................................... 10 2.3. More features of Role Theory ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Select Bibliography of Enslaved African Muslims in the Americas and the Caribbean
    California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Library Faculty Publications John M. Pfau Library 10-2002 The Ummah Slowly Bled: A Select Bibliography of Enslaved African Muslims in the Americas and the Caribbean Brent D. Singleton California State University, San Bernardino, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications Part of the African History Commons, History of Religion Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, Latin American History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Singleton, Brent D., "The Ummah Slowly Bled: A Select Bibliography of Enslaved African Muslims in the Americas and the Caribbean" (2002). Library Faculty Publications. 25. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/25 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the John M. Pfau Library at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Library Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ummah Slowly Bled: A Select Bibliography of Enslaved African Muslims in the Americas and the Caribbean BRENT SINGLETON Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 22, No. 2, October 2002, pp. 401-412. DOI: 10.1080/1360200022000027348 Despite an Islamic presence in the Western Hemisphere for over half a millennia, the history of this portion of the Muslim Diaspora is gravely under-researched. There is evidence that Muslims had reached and interacted with Native Peoples long before Columbus made the "New World" known to Europe. Nevertheless, it was Columbus' voyage and the resultant European onslaught that forever changed the history of Native Peoples, Africans, and consequently African Muslims.
    [Show full text]