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Polydesmida: Chelodesmidae), Including a Key to Males Zoological Studies 60:21 (2021) doi:10.6620/ZS.2021.60-21 Open Access Two New Species of the Brazilian Millipede Genus Rhicnosthetus Hoffman, 2006 (Polydesmida: Chelodesmidae), Including a Key to Males Rodrigo Salvador Bouzan1,2,* , Luiz Felipe Moretti Iniesta1,2 , and Antonio Domingos Brescovit1 1Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-090, São Paulo, Brasil. *Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] (Bouzan) E-mail: [email protected] (Brescovit) 2Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] (Iniesta) Received 9 November 2019 / Accepted 18 February 2021 / Published 25 May 2021 Communicated by Benny K.K. Chan The genus Rhicnosthetus Hoffman, 2006 is revisited. Two new species from state of Mato Grosso, Brazil are described: Rhicnosthetus chagasi sp. nov. and Rhicnosthetus penabarbosai sp. nov. In addition, a new record for R. rondoni Hoffman, 2006, a key to males and a distribution map of all species are included. Key words: Neotropical, Diplopoda, Millipedes, Chelodesminae, Amazon rainforest. BACKGROUND Currently, 345 species are recognized in 19 tribes for Chelodesminae and only one tribe for Prepodesminae Millipedes (class Diplopoda) are known by their (Hoffman 1980; Enghoff et al. 2015). low vagility and limited distribution, with taxa restricted For the remaining species, no assignment to any in determined mountains, islands and patches of forest tribal position has been proposed (Hoffman 1980; (Golovatch and Kime 2009; Enghoff 2015; Nguyen Bouzan et al. 2017). Among these taxa, the genus et al. 2019). Members of the class are distributed on Rhicnosthetus (Fig. 1) was described by Hoffman (2006) all continents except for Antarctica and can be found, to accommodate the species R. coriaceus (Schubart, mainly, in all soil extracts, in litter and under logs 1947) described from the state of Mato Grosso, and and stones (Hopkin and Read 1992). Millipedes are R. rondoni Hoffman, 2006 described from the state of also recognized by their important biological role as Rondônia, Brazil. According to Hoffman (2006), the detritivores, feeding on decaying vegetable matter and genus is recognized by having a longitudinally striated mineral soils (Golovatch and Kime 2009; David 2015). podosterna (see discussion below), microgranular tergal The class has approximately 12,000 described species texture, a prolonged gonapophysis and seminal groove (Sierwald and Bond 2007), although it is estimated that running along a broad lobe on the acropodite. this number may be as high as 80,000 species (Adis Based on recently collected material of 2002). Currently, Diplopoda consists of 16 orders, 144 Rhicnosthetus, the present study revisits the genus with families and about 2,950 genera (Shelley 2003). a new record of R. rondoni, and the designation of a Chelodesmidae is the second largest family lectotype for R. coriaceus. The species Rhicnosthetus in the class Diplopoda with almost 800 described chagasi sp. nov. and R. penabarbosai sp. nov., from the species (Hoffman 1980). The family is divided into state of Mato Grosso are also described. A key to males two subfamilies: Chelodesminae from the Neotropical and a distribution map for all species of the genus are region and Prepodesminae from Africa and Spain. also provided. Citation: Bouzan RS, Iniesta LFM, Brescovit AD. 2021. Two new species of the Brazilian millipede genus Rhicnosthetus Hoffman, 2006 (Polydesmida: Chelodesmidae), including a key to males. Zool Stud 60:21. doi:10.6620/ZS.2021.60-21. © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan 1 Zoological Studies 60:21 (2021) page 2 of 14 MATERIALS AND METHODS al. (2013), Koch (2015) for vulvae and Attems (1898) and Brölemann (1900) for other somatic characters. The material examined is deposited in the The geographical coordinates were obtained from the following institutions (curators in parentheses): original literature (when provided). For the material CZUFMT, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, examined without any information about geographic Cuiabá, Brazil (A. Chagas-Jr); IBSP, Instituto Butantan, coordinates, we georeferenced using the central point of São Paulo, Brazil (A. D. Brescovit); MNRJ, Museu the municipality labeled. Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (A. B. Kury); MZSP, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (R. Pinto da Rocha); VMNH, RESULTS Virginia Museum of Natural History, Virginia, USA (K. Ivanov). TAXONOMY Morphological drawings were made using a Leica MZ12 stereoscope with a camera lucida. Order Polydesmida Pocock, 1887 Photographs were taken with a Leica DFC 500 digital Suborder Leptodesmidea Brölemann, 1916 camera mounted on a Leica MZ16A stereomicroscope. Family Chelodesmidae Cook, 1895 Extended focal range images were composed with Subfamily Chelodesminae Cook, 1895 Leica Application Suite version 2.5.0. Scanning Genus Rhicnosthetus Hoffman, 2006 electron micrographs were acquired from Instituto Butantan using a FEI Quanta 250 SEM with a digital Rhicnosthetus Hoffman, 2006: 43–55. SLR camera attached. All measurements are in millimeters, and are omitted after the first occurrence. Type species: Rhicnosthetus rondoni Hoffman, For gonopod terminology we follow Pena-Barbosa et 2006, by original designation. Fig. 1. Live male specimen of Rhicnosthetus chagasi sp. nov., from Fazenda São Nicolau, Cotriguaçu, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Photographed by: Dr. Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues. © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Zoological Studies 60:21 (2021) page 3 of 14 Diagnosis: Males of Rhicnosthetus differ from 2. Solenomere and acropodital process divided at the base of the those of other chelodesmid genera by the combination acropodital region (Fig. 9e) .................. R. penabarbosai sp. nov. 2’. Solenomere and acropodital process not divided at the base of the of the following characters: microgranular tergal texture acropodital region, divided apically (Fig. 7a, c) ........................ 3 (Fig. 2a–b), seminal groove running along a broad lobe 3. Acropodital process longer than the solenomere (Fig. 7a–d) ........ on the acropodite (Figs. 6e, 7a, c–d) (reduced in R. ......................................................................... R. chagasi sp. nov. penabarbosai sp. nov.; Figs. 9e, 10a, c–d), small spine 3’. Acropodital process about same length as the solenomere (Fig. in the median region of the prefemoral process (Fig. 4a– 4a–d) ............................................. R. coriaceus (Schubart, 1947) b) (reduced in R. chagasi sp. nov.; Figs. 6d, 7a) and a hook-shaped acropodital process (Fig. 3a–b). Rhicnosthetus rondoni Hoffman, 2006 Distribution: Known from the Brazilian states of (Figs. 3, 11) Rondônia and Mato Grosso (Fig. 11). Rhicnosthetus rondoni Hoffman, 2006: 52, figs. 21–25 (Male holotype Composition: Four species, Rhicnosthetus rondoni, and three males paratypes from Nova Esperança (-8.727772°; R. coriaceus, R. chagasi sp. nov. and R. penabarbosai -63.867630°), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil, 6-8/XII/1983, P.E. sp. nov. Vanzolini coll., deposited in MZSP, not found; male paratype from Nova Brasília, Ji-Paraná (-10.886901°; -61.913764°), Rondônia, Brazil, 6-11/XI/1984, P.E. Vanzolini coll., deposited Key to males of Rhicnosthetus in VMNH, not examined). 1. Prefemoral process reaching only half the size of the acropodite (Fig. 3a, c) .......................................... R. rondoni Hoffman, 2006 Material examined: BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: 1’. Prefemoral process exceeding half the size of the acropodite (Fig. Aripuanã (-10.654524°; -59.915741°), Mata margem 4a) ............................................................................................... 2 esquerda do rio Aripuanã, jusante do Salto de Fig. 2. Male of Rhicnosthetus chagasi sp. nov. (CZUFMT MYR 851). (a) Paranota, dorsal view; (b) Detail of the microgranular tergal texture; (c) sternite of body ring 9 in ventral view; (d) leg (7th leg pair) in lateral view. Scale bars: a, c = 1 mm; b = 300 µm; d = 2 mm. © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Zoological Studies 60:21 (2021) page 4 of 14 Dardanelos, 2M, VII/2003, C. Strussmann coll. paralectotypes are here designated). (CZUFMT-MYR 864). Rhicnosthetus coriaceus: Hoffman, 2006: 55, figs. 26–27. Diagnosis: Males of R. rondoni differ from all other species of the genus based on the combination Diagnosis: Males of R. coriaceus differ from all of gonopodal characteristics: prefemoral process other species of the genus based on the combination of reaching half the size of the acropodite (Fig. 3c) and gonopodal characteristics: prefemoral process robust falciform acropodital process exceeding the size of the and reaching half the size of the acropodite (Fig. 4a) solenomere (Fig. 3b). and acropodital process not exceeding the size of the Distribution: Known from the states of Mato solenomere (Fig. 4d). Grosso and Rondônia, Brazil (Fig. 11). Descriptive notes on females: (Paralectotype, MNRJ 11625). Pair of legs on body ring 3 with the Rhicnosthetus coriaceus (Schubart, 1947) coxae possessing a small process. Posterior margin of (Figs. 4–5, 11) the vulvae aperture smooth, without projections (Fig. 8b). Vulvae rounded shaped in ventral view (Fig. 5a) Leptodesmus coriaceus Schubart, 1947: 11, figs. 10–11 (syntypes: and elliptical shaped in lateral view (Fig. 5b). Apical 10 males, 10 females and 6 juveniles from Santa Terezinha, region with the intermediate membrane elevated (Fig. (-10.471803°; -50.515290°), formerly Barra do Tapirapé,
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