DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 2 Origin of Soil and Grain Size  Soil-Particle Size the Sizes of Particles That Make up Soil Vary Over a Wide Range

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 2 Origin of Soil and Grain Size  Soil-Particle Size the Sizes of Particles That Make up Soil Vary Over a Wide Range Chapter 2 Origin of Soil and Grain Size Soil-Particle Size The sizes of particles that make up soil vary over a wide range. Soils generally are called gravel, sand, silt, or clay. Table 2.3 shows the particle- size classifications developed by several organizations. Othman A. Tayeh 2014 AASHTO Gravel (76.2-2)mm Sand (2-.075) Silt (0.075-.002) Clay (<0.002) USCS Gravel (76.2-4.75)mm Sand (4.75-.075) Fines (<0.075) silt and clay Specific Gravity (Gs) Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the unit weight of a given material to the unit weight of water. The specific gravity of soil solids is often needed for various calculations in soil mechanics. It can be determined accurately in the laboratory. Othman A. Tayeh 2014 Mechanical Analysis of Soil Mechanical analysis is the determination of the size range of particles present in a soil, expressed as a percentage of the total dry weight. Two methods generally are used to find the particle-size distribution of soil: (1) sieve analysis—for particle sizes larger than 0.075mm in diameter, and (2) hydrometer analysis—for particle sizes smaller than 0.075 mm in diameter. (1) Sieve Analysis Sieve analysis consists of shaking the soil sample through a set of sieves that have progressively smaller openings. Table 2.5 Standard Sieve Sizes Othman A. Tayeh 2014 -Analysis Steps 1. Determine the mass of soil retained on each sieve. 2. Determine the total mass of the soil. 3. Determine the cumulative mass of soil retained above each sieve. 4. The mass of soil passing on each sieve. 5. The percent of soil passing. 6. plot the particle-size distribution curve on semilogarithmic graph paper as in (Figure 2.22) (2) Hydrometer Analysis Particle-Size Distribution Curve A particle-size distribution curve can be used to determine the following four parameters for a given soil: 1. Effective size (D10): This parameter is the diameter in the particle-size distribution curve corresponding to 10% finer. The effective size of a granular soil is a good measure to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and drainage through soil. 2. Uniformity coefficient (Cu): This parameter is defined as Othman A. Tayeh 2014 where D60 _ diameter corresponding to 60% finer. 3. Coefficient of gradation (Cc or Cz): This parameter is defined as 4. Sorting coefficient (S0): This parameter is another measure of uniformity and is generally encountered in geologic works and expressed as D10, D25,…,D75 Can determine as in figure 2.26 Othman A. Tayeh 2014 Problem 2.1 Solution: Cu = = Cz = Othman A. Tayeh 2014 Problem 2.5 Solution: Othman A. Tayeh 2014 Siev Mass e Mass cum. Of Size Siev Retaine Retaine Passin percent mm e No. d (g) d g passing % 4.75 4 0 0 551 100 92.0145190 2 10 44 44 507 6 81.8511796 0.85 20 56 100 451 7 66.9691470 0.425 40 82 182 369 1 57.7132486 0.25 60 51 233 318 4 38.4754990 0.18 80 106 339 212 9 21.7785843 0.15 100 92 431 120 9 6.35208711 0.075 200 85 516 35 4 pan 35 551 0 0 Total mass= sum. Of mass retained= 551g Othman A. Tayeh 2014 a) Sieve Analysis 120 100 80 60 % Passing 40 20 0 10 1 0.1 0.01 Sieve Size (mm) b) c) Cu = = d) Cz = Othman A. Tayeh 2014 Problem 2.9 Size Percent (mm) Finer 0.425 100 0.033 90 0.018 80 0.01 70 0.0062 60 0.0035 50 0.0018 40 0.001 35 Solution: 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 Othman A. Tayeh 2014 a)According USCS % Gravel= 0% %Sand=% passing on 4.74mm- %passing on 0.075mm =100-93=7% % Silt& clay =% Fines=100%-%gravel-%sand = 100-0-7=93% b)According AASHTO % Gravel= 0% %Sand=% passing on 4.74mm- %passing on 0.075mm =100-93=7% % Silt=% passing on 0.075mm- %passing on 0.002mm = 93-40=53% % Clay=%passing on 0.002mm = 40% Othman A. Tayeh 2014.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Soil Classification the Geotechnical Engineer Predicts the Behavior Of
    CE 340, Fall 2015 Soil Classification 1 / 7 The geotechnical engineer predicts the behavior of soils for his or her clients (structural engineers, architects, contractors, etc). A first step is to classify the soil. Soil is typically classified according to its distribution of grain sizes, its plasticity, and its relative density or stiffness. Classification by Distribution of Grain Sizes. While an experienced geotechnical engineer can visually examine a soil sample and estimate its grain size distribution, a more accurate determination can be made by performing a sieve analysis. Sieve Analyis. In a sieve analysis, the dried soil sample is placed in the top of a stacked set of sieves. The sieve with the largest opening is placed on top, and sieves with successively smaller openings are placed below. The sieve number indicates the number of openings per linear inch (e.g. a #4 sieve has 4 openings per linear inch). The results of a sieve analysis can be used to help classify a soil. Soils can be divided into two broad classes: coarse‐grained soils and fine‐grained soils. Coarse‐grained soils have particles with a diameter larger than 0.075 mm (the mesh size of a #200 sieve). Fine‐grained soils have particles smaller than 0.075 mm. The four basic grain sizes are indicated in Figure 1 below: Gravel, Sand, Silt and Clay. Sieve Opening, mm Opening, in Soil Type Cobbles 76.2 mm 3 in Gravel #4 4.75 mm ~0.2 in [# 10 for AASHTO) (2.0 mm) (~0.08 in) Coarse Sand #10 2.0 mm ~0.08 in Grained Medium Sand #40 0.425 mm ~0.017 in Coarse Fine Sand #200 0.075 mm ~0.003 in Silt 0.002 mm to Grained 0.005 mm Fine Clay Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct Shear Tests Used in Soil-Geomembrane Interface Friction Studies
    DIRECT SHEAR TESTS USED IN SOIL-GEOMEMBRANE INTERFACE FRICTION STUDIES August 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Reclamation Denver Off ice Research and Laboratory Services Division Materials Engineering Branch 7-2090 (4-81) Bureau of Reclamat~on ..........................................................................................TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE I I. REPORT NO. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. I 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 1 5. REPORT DATE August 1994 Direct Shear Tests Used in 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE Soil-Geomembrane Interface Friction Studies 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Richard A. Young REPORT NO. R-94-09 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS lo. WORK UNIT NO. Bureau of Reclamation Denver Office Denver CO 80225 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Same 1 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE DIBR 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Microfiche and hard copy available at the Denver Office, Denver, Colorado 16. ABSTRACT The Bureau of Reclamation Canal Lining Systems Program funded a series of direct shear tests on interfaces between a typical cover soil and different geomembrane liner materials. The purposes of the testing program were to determine the shear strength parameters at the soil-geomembrane interface and to examine the precision of the direct shear test. This report presents the results of the testing program. 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS a. DESCRIPTORS-- water conservation1 geosyntheticsl canal lining/ b. IDENTIFIERS- c. COSA TI Field/Group CO WRR: SRIM: 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS 21. NO. OF PAGES (THIS REPORT) 59 Available from the National Technical Information Service, Operations Division UNCLASSIFIED 20. SECURITY CLASS 22. PRICE 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161 (THIS PAGn UNCLASSIFIED DIRECT SHEAR TESTS USED IN SOIL-GEOMEMBRANE INTERFACE FRICTION STUDIES by Richard A.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Sand Sieve Analysis Instructions
    Field Sand Sieve Analysis Preparation To be able carry out a sieve analysis, the following materials are needed: • 3-cycle logarithm paper – an example is annexed to this document; • Set of sieves for sand analysis. A plastic set is available from www.geosupplies.co.uk . This set does not have larger mesh sizes, but is useful for field trips due to their weight; • Electronic scales with the ability to weigh 200 grams accurately to within 0.1 gram; • At least 200 grams of very dry sand. Instructions 1. Stack the sieves with the coarsest at the top and the finest at the bottom. 2. Place a small container on the scales that will receive the sand (e.g. cut off the bottom of a plastic water bottle), and then zero the scales. 3. Mix the sand and then measure out approximately 200 grams into the top sieve. 4. Put the lid on and shake the sieve column. Theoretically you should shake for 10 minutes, but several minutes should suffice. 5. Weigh the sand retained by each sieve to the nearest 0.1 gram. This is done in a cumulative way – this means that you add what is remaining on the coarsest sieve on top to the container on the scales, and measure the weight. Following this, you add the material from the second sieve down, and again note the combined weight of both samples. Continue in this way for the whole set. When finished, check that the final weight corresponds to the initial weight of the sample. 6. Clean each sieve as it is emptied and return the sand to the stock.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Shear Strength Evaluation of in Situ Granular Materials
    134 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1227 Rapid Shear Strength Evaluation of In Situ Granular Materials MICHAEL E. AYERS, MARSHALL R. THOMPSON, AND DONALD R. UzARSKI Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) and rapid-loading (1.5 in./ The DCP does not have these limitations. It can be used sec) triaxial shear strength tests were conducted on six granular for a wide range of particle sizes and material strengths and materials compacted at three density levels. The granular mate­ can characterize strength with depth. rials were sand, dense-graded sandy gravel, AREA No. 4 crushed The DCP, as used in this study, consists of a 17 .6-lb sliding dolomitic ballast, and material No. 3 with 7 .5, 15, and 22.5 percent weight, a fixed-travel (22.6 in.) weight shaft, a calibrated F A-20 material. (F A-20 is a nonplastic crushed-dolomitic fines stainless steel penetration shaft, and replaceable drive cone material-96 percent minus No. 4 sieve : 2 percent minus No. 200 sieve.) DCP and triaxial shear strength data (including stress­ tips (Figure 1). Test results are expressed in terms of the strain plots) are presented and analyzed. The major factors affect­ penetration rate (PR), which is defined as the vertical move- ing DCP and shear strength are considered. DCP-shear strength correlations are established and algorithms for estimating in situ shear strength from DCP data are presented. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study in which the shear strength of Handle granular materials has been related to DCP test data. Such rela­ tions have significant potential applications in evaluating existing Hammer (8 kg) ( 17.6 lb) transportation support systems (railroad track structures, airfield and highway pavements, and similar types of horizontal construc­ tion) in a rapid manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Test Method for the Grain-Size Analysis of Granular Soil Materials
    TEST METHOD FOR THE GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS OF GRANULAR SOIL MATERIALS GEOTECHNICAL TEST METHOD GTM-20 Revision #5 AUGUST 2015 GEOTECHNICAL TEST METHOD: TEST METHOD FOR THE GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS GTM-20 Revision #5 STATE OF NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING BUREAU AUGUST 2015 EB 15-025 Page 1 of 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE .................................................................................................................................3 2. SUMMARY OF METHOD .................................................................................................3 3. EQUIPMENT.......................................................................................................................4 4. SAMPLE SIZE AND PREPARATION ..............................................................................5 4.1 Sample Size for Granular Construction Items .........................................................5 4.2 Sample Size for All Other Materials ........................................................................5 4.3 Condition the Sample ...............................................................................................5 4.4 Prepare Sieve Analysis Data Sheet ..........................................................................5 5. TEST PROCEDURE ...........................................................................................................6 5.1 Initial Separation of the Plus and Minus 1/4 in. (6.3 mm) Particles ........................6 5.2 Weigh the
    [Show full text]
  • Sand Size Analysis for Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Determination of Sand Effective Size and Uniformity Coefficient
    FACT SHEET Agriculture and Natural Resources AEX-757-08 Sand Size Analysis for Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Determination of Sand Effective Size and Uniformity Coefficient Jing Tao, Graduate Research Associate, Environmental Science Graduate Program Karen Mancl, Professor, Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Introduction sieve analysis and met the criteria of one of the following In many areas of Ohio, natural soil is not deep enough standards: to completely treat wastewater. Rural homes and busi- (a) ASTM C136, “Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis nesses may need to install an onsite wastewater treatment of Fine and Coarse Aggregates;” or system if a septic tank-leach line system cannot be used. (b) ASTM D451, “Standard Method for Sieve Analysis Sand bioreactors are one option. To learn more, consult of Granular Mineral Surfacing for Asphalt Roofing Bulletin 876, Sand Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment Products” for Ohio Communities at the web site http://setll.osu.edu or a local OSU Extension office. How Is a Sieve Analysis Conducted? Size distribution is one of the most important charac- Apparatus teristics of sand treatment media. Sand bioreactor clogging • Scale (or balance)—0.1 g accuracy is usually the result of using sand that is too fine, has too • No. 200 sieve many fines, or has a weak or platey structure. The most • A set of sieves, lid, and receiver important feature of the sand is not the grains, but rather • Select suitable sieve sizes (table 1) to obtain the required the pores the sand creates. The treatment of wastewater information as specified, for example Nos.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Study of Structural Behavior of Mesh-Box Gabion
    University of Palestine College of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning Department of Civil Engineering Experimental study of structural behavior of mesh-box Gabion By: Mohamad Z. Al Helo 120110139 Mohammed S. Al-Massri 120111288 Hesham H. Abu-Assi 120111251 Mohammed J. Hammouda 120110163 Islam T. Joma 120090301 Supervisor: Dr. Osama Dawood Graduation project is submitted to the Civil Engineering Department in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.Sc. in Civil Engineering. Gaza, Palestine Oct. 2016 I DEDICATION We would like to dedicate this work to our families specially our Parents who loved and raised us, which we hope that they are Proud of us, for their sacrifice and endless support. We would like to dedicate it to our Martyrs, detainees and Wounded people who sacrificed for our freedom. II ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to express our appreciation to our supervisor Dr. Osama Dawood for his valuable advices, continuous Encouragement, professional support and guidance. Hoping our research get the satisfaction of Allah and you as well. III ABSTRACT The research described by the current dissertation was focused on studying the mechanical behavior of the wired-mesh gabions under axial compression load. And it is important to mention that there is no specific standard for using gabions as structural elements It is a unique study because using this type of construction usually does not take into consideration the study of the structural behavior of these boxes, and here many of the problems facing the construction of this kind appears. This research studied the behavior of these boxes through laboratory experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Different Sieving Methods on Estimation of Sand Size
    water Technical Note Influence of Different Sieving Methods on Estimation of Sand Size Parameters Patricio Poullet *, Juan J. Muñoz-Perez * , Gerard Poortvliet , Javier Mera, Antonio Contreras and Patricia Lopez CASEM (Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marítimos), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; [email protected] (G.P.); [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (P.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (P.P.); [email protected] (J.J.M.-P.); Tel.: +34-956-546356 (J.J.M.-P.) Received: 27 March 2019; Accepted: 23 April 2019; Published: 26 April 2019 Abstract: Sieving is one of the most used operational methods to determine sand size parameters which are essential to analyze coastal dynamics. However, the influence of hand versus mechanical shaking methods has not yet been studied. Herein, samples were taken from inside the hopper of a trailing suction dredger and sieved by hand with sieves of 10 and 20 cm diameters on board the dredger. Afterwards, these same samples were sieved with a mechanical shaker in the laboratory on land. The results showed differences for the main size parameters D50, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. Amongst the main results, it should be noted that the highest values for D50 and kurtosis were given by the small sieves method. On the other hand, the lowest values were given by the mechanical shaker method in the laboratory. Furthermore, standard deviation and skewness did not seem to be affected by the sieving method which means that all the grainsize distribution was shifted but the shape remained unchanged.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Rock Properties
    Chapter 3 Rock Properties Rock properties are the measurable properties of rocks that are a measure of its ability to store and transport fluids, ionic species, and heat. Rock properties also include other measurable properties that aid in exploration or development of a reservoir. Grain Size Distribution Sieve Analysis An easily measurable property of unconsolidated sand is the grain size distribution. The classical method for measuring grain size distribution is to use a set of sieve trays of graded mesh size as illustrated in Fig. 3.1. The results of a sieve analysis are Fig. 3.1 Sieve analysis for tabulated to show the mass fraction of each measuring grain size distribution screen increment as a function of the mesh (Bjorlykke 1989) size of the increment. Since the particles on any one screen are Table 3.1 Sieve analysis (McCabe, Smith, and passed by the screen immediately Harriott, 1993) Mesh Screen ϕ Mass Avg. Cum. ahead of it, two numbers are opening fraction particle mass needed to specify the size range of retained diameter fraction an increment, one for the screen di, mm xi di å xi through which the fraction passes i and the other on which it is 4 4.699 -2.23 retained. Thus, the notation 14/20 6 3.327 -1.73 4.013 means "through 14 mesh and on 8 2.362 -1.24 2.845 10 1.651 -0.72 2.007 20 mesh." 14 1.168 -0.22 1.409 20 0.833 +0.26 1.001 A typical sieve analysis is 28 0.589 +0.76 0.711 shown in Table 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sizes and Grading of Aggregates for Road Maintenance and Construction W
    Sizes and Grading of Aggregates for Road Maintenance and Construction W . A. S utton, Field Engineer Materials and Tests Indiana State Highway Commission The use of tested, sized, and graded aggregates will assure quality materials for maintenance and construction of your roads. It is not the only item one must consider, but in consideration with the other factors that provide for a good road, well-prepared, sized, and graded aggregates must be especially emphasized. In order to assist you in making a good selection, we are presenting two publications prepared by Jean Hittle, Purdue University, research engineer for the Highway Extension and Research Project for Indiana Counties. He has requested and obtained advice, including ours, in their preparation. One is “M in­ eral Aggregate Materials for County Road Construction,” designated as Herpic Report 1-61. Along with this information one should use the second report, titled “Sizes and Grading of Aggregate for Road Construction,” Herpic Report 2-61. Each of these publications con­ tains a chart and these are reproduced here for your information and convenience. Figure 1 shows principal construction uses of aggregate road materials by sizes. Figure 2 is a tabulation of gradings for coarse and fine aggregate sizes. These charts were prepared from the 1960 Standard Specifications of the State Highway Department of Indiana in order to provide a quick reference. A choice of numbered sizes is offered on the “use” chart by the marking “X ” under the type of construction. Also an attempt was made to emphasize the more commonly used sizes with a bold-faced “X ” when the multiple choice as offered covers several sizes.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Laboratory Testing of Soils
    PDHonline Course C430 (4 PDH) An Introduction to Laboratory Testing of Soils Instructor: J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A., Fellow ASCE, Fellow AEI 2012 PDH Online | PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088 www.PDHonline.org www.PDHcenter.com An Approved Continuing Education Provider www.PDHcenter.com PDH Course C430 www.PDHonline.org An Introduction to Laboratory Testing of Soils J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A., Fellow ASCE, Fellow AEI CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. INDEX PROPERTIES TESTS 3. PERMEABILITY TESTS 4. CONSOLIDATION TESTS 5. SHEAR STRENGTH TESTS 6. DYNAMIC TESTING 7. TESTS ON COMPACTED SOILS 8. TESTS ON ROCK This course is adapted from the Unified Facilities Criteria of the United States government, which is in the public domain, is authorized for unlimited distribution, and is not copyrighted. © J. Paul Guyer Page 2 of 45 www.PDHcenter.com PDH Course C430 www.PDHonline.org INTRODUCTION 1.1 SCOPE. This course covers laboratory test procedures, typical test properties, and the application of test results to design and construction. Symbols and terms relating to tests and soil properties conform, generally, to definitions given in ASTM Standard D653, Standard Definitions of Terms and Symbols Relating to Soil and Rock Mechanics found in Reference 1, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, by the American Society for Testing and Materials. 1.2 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT. For lists of laboratory equipment for performance of tests, see Reference 2, Soil Testing for Engineers, by Lambe, Reference 3, The Measurement of Soil Properties in the Triaxial Test, by Bishop and Henkel, and other criteria sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Test Specimen Mass for Gradation Analysis
    MINIMUM TEST SPECIMEN MASS FOR GRADATION ANALYSIS Engineering and Research Center January 7988 Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Division of Research and Laboratory Services Geotechnical Branch Minimum Test Specimen Mass / Januarv 1988 for Gradation Analysis 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. Amster K. Howard GR-88-2 I 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. Bureau of Reclamation 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Engineering and Research Center Denver, CO 80225 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS DlBR Same 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Microfiche and/or hard copy available at the E&R Center, Denver, Colorado. Ed:RNW 16. ABSTRACT Minimum test specimen masses for determining the gradation of soil are recommended. Specimen masses currently recommended in various test standards (ASTM, AASHTO, etc.) vary considerably; records or explanations are unknown how specimen masses were se- lected. Gradation analysis of a soil is typically reported to the nearest 1 percentage point. Minimum test specimen mass for gradation analysis is shown to be 100 times the mass of the maximum particle size present in the soil to be tested. 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS a. DESCRIPTORS-- Soil tests/ soils/ standard/ test procedure/ gradation analysis/ particle sizes/ c. COSATI Field/Group 08M COWRR: 0813 SRIM: 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS 21. NO. OF PAGE (THIS REPORT) UNCLASSIFIED 9 20. SECURITY CLASS 22. PRlCE (THIS PAGE) UNCLASSIFIED GR-88-2 MINIMUM TEST SPECIMEN MASS FOR GRADATION ANALYSIS by Amster K. Howard Geotechnical Branch Division of Research and Laboratory Services Engineering and Research Center III Denver, Colorado SI METRIC January 1988 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR * BUREAU OF RECLAMATION As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources.
    [Show full text]