Standard Proctor Compaction Test Lab Report
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Soil Classification the Geotechnical Engineer Predicts the Behavior Of
CE 340, Fall 2015 Soil Classification 1 / 7 The geotechnical engineer predicts the behavior of soils for his or her clients (structural engineers, architects, contractors, etc). A first step is to classify the soil. Soil is typically classified according to its distribution of grain sizes, its plasticity, and its relative density or stiffness. Classification by Distribution of Grain Sizes. While an experienced geotechnical engineer can visually examine a soil sample and estimate its grain size distribution, a more accurate determination can be made by performing a sieve analysis. Sieve Analyis. In a sieve analysis, the dried soil sample is placed in the top of a stacked set of sieves. The sieve with the largest opening is placed on top, and sieves with successively smaller openings are placed below. The sieve number indicates the number of openings per linear inch (e.g. a #4 sieve has 4 openings per linear inch). The results of a sieve analysis can be used to help classify a soil. Soils can be divided into two broad classes: coarse‐grained soils and fine‐grained soils. Coarse‐grained soils have particles with a diameter larger than 0.075 mm (the mesh size of a #200 sieve). Fine‐grained soils have particles smaller than 0.075 mm. The four basic grain sizes are indicated in Figure 1 below: Gravel, Sand, Silt and Clay. Sieve Opening, mm Opening, in Soil Type Cobbles 76.2 mm 3 in Gravel #4 4.75 mm ~0.2 in [# 10 for AASHTO) (2.0 mm) (~0.08 in) Coarse Sand #10 2.0 mm ~0.08 in Grained Medium Sand #40 0.425 mm ~0.017 in Coarse Fine Sand #200 0.075 mm ~0.003 in Silt 0.002 mm to Grained 0.005 mm Fine Clay Figure 1. -
Origins of Mechanical Compaction the Fresno Grader
Part 1 ORIGINS OF MECHANICAL COMPACTION THE FRESNO GRADER Abajiah McCall invented the horse- drawn dirt bucket scrapper in Fresno County, California in 1885. It became known as the “Fresno Scrapper” and was widely employed as the prime earth moving device until the widespread advent of self- powered scrappers in the 1930s. Above left: 10-horse team pulling an elevating grader to load hopper dumping wagons during construction of the Central Reservoir for the People’s Water Co. in Oakland, California in 1909. Note old Buffalo- Springfield steam roller compacting the dam’s embankment, in left background Below Left: Marion shovel loading a hopper dumping wagon at the San Pablo Dam site of the East Bay Water Company in 1920, in Richmond, California. At 220 ft high with a volume of 2.2 million yds3 it was the highest and largest earth dam in the world when completed in 1922. “Load Compaction” of Trestle Fills In the early days large embankments were constructed by side-dumping rail cars or wagons from temporary wooden trestles, as shown at left. Engineers assumed that, after placement and infiltration by rain, the soil would ‘compact’ under its own dead load. The first sheepsfoot rollers The first sheepsfoot roller was built in Los Angeles in 1902, using a 3-ft diameter log studded with railroad spikes protruding 7 inches, distributed so the spikes were staggered in alternate rows. This layout was soon modified to increase weight and efficiency, initially by increasing its length to 8 ft. Note the leading wheels on the early models shown here, absent later. -
Direct Shear Tests Used in Soil-Geomembrane Interface Friction Studies
DIRECT SHEAR TESTS USED IN SOIL-GEOMEMBRANE INTERFACE FRICTION STUDIES August 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Reclamation Denver Off ice Research and Laboratory Services Division Materials Engineering Branch 7-2090 (4-81) Bureau of Reclamat~on ..........................................................................................TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE I I. REPORT NO. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. I 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 1 5. REPORT DATE August 1994 Direct Shear Tests Used in 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE Soil-Geomembrane Interface Friction Studies 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Richard A. Young REPORT NO. R-94-09 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS lo. WORK UNIT NO. Bureau of Reclamation Denver Office Denver CO 80225 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Same 1 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE DIBR 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Microfiche and hard copy available at the Denver Office, Denver, Colorado 16. ABSTRACT The Bureau of Reclamation Canal Lining Systems Program funded a series of direct shear tests on interfaces between a typical cover soil and different geomembrane liner materials. The purposes of the testing program were to determine the shear strength parameters at the soil-geomembrane interface and to examine the precision of the direct shear test. This report presents the results of the testing program. 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS a. DESCRIPTORS-- water conservation1 geosyntheticsl canal lining/ b. IDENTIFIERS- c. COSA TI Field/Group CO WRR: SRIM: 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS 21. NO. OF PAGES (THIS REPORT) 59 Available from the National Technical Information Service, Operations Division UNCLASSIFIED 20. SECURITY CLASS 22. PRICE 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161 (THIS PAGn UNCLASSIFIED DIRECT SHEAR TESTS USED IN SOIL-GEOMEMBRANE INTERFACE FRICTION STUDIES by Richard A. -
Construction Quality Assurance Final Report On
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE FINAL REPORT ON-SITE DISPOSAL FACILITY, PHASE I1 CELL 3 November 1999 Revision 0 United States Department of Energy Fernald Environmental Management Project Fernald, Ohio Prepared by GeoSyntec Consultants Fernald Field Office 7400 Willey Road, Mail Stop 3 8 Hamilton, Ohio 4.50 13 Under , Fluor Daniel Fernald Subcontract 95PS005028 GeoSyntec Consultants TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 TERMSOF REFERENCE.................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................ 1 1.3 REPORTORGANIZATION ................................................................................................................... 3 2 . PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................. 4 3. CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM ............ :............................................ 8 3.1 SCOPEOF SERVICES........................................................................................................................ .8 3.1.1 Overview...................................... ..................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Review of Documents .......................................................... -
Field Sand Sieve Analysis Instructions
Field Sand Sieve Analysis Preparation To be able carry out a sieve analysis, the following materials are needed: • 3-cycle logarithm paper – an example is annexed to this document; • Set of sieves for sand analysis. A plastic set is available from www.geosupplies.co.uk . This set does not have larger mesh sizes, but is useful for field trips due to their weight; • Electronic scales with the ability to weigh 200 grams accurately to within 0.1 gram; • At least 200 grams of very dry sand. Instructions 1. Stack the sieves with the coarsest at the top and the finest at the bottom. 2. Place a small container on the scales that will receive the sand (e.g. cut off the bottom of a plastic water bottle), and then zero the scales. 3. Mix the sand and then measure out approximately 200 grams into the top sieve. 4. Put the lid on and shake the sieve column. Theoretically you should shake for 10 minutes, but several minutes should suffice. 5. Weigh the sand retained by each sieve to the nearest 0.1 gram. This is done in a cumulative way – this means that you add what is remaining on the coarsest sieve on top to the container on the scales, and measure the weight. Following this, you add the material from the second sieve down, and again note the combined weight of both samples. Continue in this way for the whole set. When finished, check that the final weight corresponds to the initial weight of the sample. 6. Clean each sieve as it is emptied and return the sand to the stock. -
Lessons Learned
International Test and Evaluation Program for Humanitarian Demining Lessons Learned Test and Evaluation of Mechanical Demining Equipment according to the CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA 15044) Part 3: Measuring soil compaction and soil moisture content of areas for testing of mechanical demining equipment ITEP Working Group on Test and Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance Clearance Equipment (ITEP WGMAE) Last update: 3.12.2009 International Test and Evaluation Program for Humanitarian Demining Page 2 Table of Contents 1. Background............................................................................................................2 2. Definitions..............................................................................................................3 3. Measurement of soil bulk density and soil moisture content.................................5 3.1. Introduction....................................................................................................5 3.2. Determination of soil bulk density and soil moisture content of soil samples removed from the field...............................................................................................5 3.2.1. Removal of samples...............................................................................5 3.2.2. Calculation of soil bulk density and soil moisture content....................6 3.3. Determination of soil bulk density and soil moisture content in the field (in situ) 7 3.3.1. Nuclear densometer (soil density and moisture content).......................7 3.3.2. -
Rapid Shear Strength Evaluation of in Situ Granular Materials
134 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1227 Rapid Shear Strength Evaluation of In Situ Granular Materials MICHAEL E. AYERS, MARSHALL R. THOMPSON, AND DONALD R. UzARSKI Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) and rapid-loading (1.5 in./ The DCP does not have these limitations. It can be used sec) triaxial shear strength tests were conducted on six granular for a wide range of particle sizes and material strengths and materials compacted at three density levels. The granular mate can characterize strength with depth. rials were sand, dense-graded sandy gravel, AREA No. 4 crushed The DCP, as used in this study, consists of a 17 .6-lb sliding dolomitic ballast, and material No. 3 with 7 .5, 15, and 22.5 percent weight, a fixed-travel (22.6 in.) weight shaft, a calibrated F A-20 material. (F A-20 is a nonplastic crushed-dolomitic fines stainless steel penetration shaft, and replaceable drive cone material-96 percent minus No. 4 sieve : 2 percent minus No. 200 sieve.) DCP and triaxial shear strength data (including stress tips (Figure 1). Test results are expressed in terms of the strain plots) are presented and analyzed. The major factors affect penetration rate (PR), which is defined as the vertical move- ing DCP and shear strength are considered. DCP-shear strength correlations are established and algorithms for estimating in situ shear strength from DCP data are presented. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study in which the shear strength of Handle granular materials has been related to DCP test data. Such rela tions have significant potential applications in evaluating existing Hammer (8 kg) ( 17.6 lb) transportation support systems (railroad track structures, airfield and highway pavements, and similar types of horizontal construc tion) in a rapid manner. -
Chapter 21 Soil Improvement
CHAPTER 21 SOIL IMPROVEMENT 21.1 INTRODUCTION General practice is to use shallow foundations for the foundations of buildings and other such structures, if the soil close to the ground surface possesses sufficient bearing capacity. However, where the top soil is either loose or soft, the load from the superstructure has to be transferred to deeper firm strata. In such cases, pile or pier foundations are the obvious choice. There is also a third method which may in some cases prove more economical than deep foundations or where the alternate method may become inevitable due to certain site and other environmental conditions. This third method comes under the heading foundation soil improvement. In the case of earth dams, there is no other alternative than compacting the remolded soil in layers to the required density and moisture content. The soil for the dam will be excavated at the adjoining areas and transported to the site. There are many methods by which the soil at the site can be improved. Soil improvement is frequently termed soil stabilization, which in its broadest sense is alteration of any property of a soil to improve its engineering performance. Soil improvement 1. Increases shear strength 2. Reduces permeability, and 3. Reduces compressibility The methods of soil improvement considered in this chapter are 1. Mechanical compaction 2. Dynamic compaction 3. Vibroflotation 4. Preloading 5. Sand and stone columns 951 952 Chapter 21 6. Use of admixtures 7. Injection of suitable grouts 8. Use of geotextiles 21.2 MECHANICAL COMPACTION Mechanical compaction is the least expensive of the methods and is applicable in both cohesionless and cohesive soils. -
Influence of Relative Compaction on the Shear Strength of Compacted Surface Sands
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2014 Influence of Relative Compaction on the Shear Strength of Compacted Surface Sands Nabil F. Ismael and Mariam Behbehani strength characteristics of the compacted fill. Abstract—Construction of structures always involves This paper aims to answer these questions and to learn excavation, and recompaction following foundation installation. more about the properties of compacted sand fills by means In some cases foundations are placed on compacted sandy soils. of a laboratory-testing program. Testing included basic The influence of relative compaction on the strength of sandy characteristics, compaction tests, and direct shear tests. In soils in Kuwait is examined herein by a comprehensive laboratory testing program on surface samples. The program view of recent work indicating significant soil improvement includes basic properties, compaction and, direct shear tests. with artificial cementation [6], the effect of using 1 % by Various soil parameters were determined including the weight ordinary Portland cement additive (Type I) on the compaction characteristics, the cohesion c, angle of friction φ. shear strength parameters of compacted surface sands is also The results indicate that as the relative compaction increases examined. towards 100%, the strength increases and the soil compressibility decreases. A comparison was made between the soil parameters for the samples compacted on the dry side, and on the wet side of optimum moisture content at several relative II. TESTING PROGRAM compaction ratios. The difference in the values obtained for the The testing program consisted of: two cases are explained. The effect of using 1% by weight 1) Collecting large bulk sample of surface sand from one cement additive is also examined. -
Effect of Oil Contamination on the Liquefaction Behavior of Sandy Soils S
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:8, No:5, 2014 Effect of Oil Contamination on the Liquefaction Behavior of Sandy Soils S. A. Naeini, M. M. Shojaedin viscosity of the contaminant oil. Khamehchiyan et al. (2007) Abstract—Oil leakage from the pipelines and the tanks carrying [4] carried out the laboratory testing, including Atterberg them, or during oil extraction, could lead to the changes in the limits, compaction, direct shear, uniaxial compression and characteristics and properties of the soil. In this paper, conducting a permeability tests, on clayey and sandy soils such as CL, SM series of experimental cyclic triaxial tests, the effects of oil and SP sampled from the coastal soils. The contaminated contamination on the liquefaction potential of sandy soils is investigated. The studied specimens are prepared by mixing the samples were prepared by mixing the soils with crude oil in Firoozkuh sand with crude oil in 4, 8 and 12 percent by soil dry the amount of 2%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% by dry weight. weight. The results show that the oil contamination up to 8% causes This research noted to some limitations for addition of more an increase in the soil liquefaction resistance and then with increase crude oil to the soil samples. The results indicated a decrease in the contamination, the liquefaction resistance decreases. in strength, permeability, maximum dry density, optimum water content and Atterberg limits. The uncontaminated and Keywords—Cyclic triaxial test, Liquefaction resistance, Oil crude oil-contaminated clay were compared by Habib-ur- contamination, Sandy soil. -
The Effect of Laboratory Compaction on the Shear Behavior of a Highly Plastic Clay After Saturation and Consolidation
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JOINT HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT FHWA/IN/JHRP-79-7 THE EFFECT OF LABORATORY COMPACTION ON THE SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF A HIGHLY PLASTIC CLAY AFTER SATURATION AND CONSOLIDATION J. M. Johnson C. W. Lovell PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANA STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation; Indiana Department of Transportation http://www.archive.org/details/effectoflaboratoOOjohn Interim Report THE EFFECT OF LABORATORY COMPACTION ON THE SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF A HIGHLY PLASTIC CLAY AFTER SATURATION AND CONSOLIDATION TO: H. L. Michael, Director July 11, 1979 Joint Highway Research Project Project: C-36-5M FROM: C. W. Lovell, Research Engineer Joint Highway Research Project File: 6-6-13 Attached is an Interim Report on the HPR Part II Study titled "Improving Embankment Design and Performance". This is Interim Report No. 6 and is titled "The Effect of Laboratory Compaction on the Shear Behavior of a Highly Plastic Clay After Saturation and Consolidation". It is authored by J. M. Johnson and C. W. Lovell of our staff. The report describes the experimental program on the effective stress strength behavior of laboratory compacted St. Croix clay. The effects of compaction water content and effort level were evaluated for the clay after it had been saturated and consolidated under confining pressures simulating various embankment positions. Prediction equations were developed for the effective stress parameters, for the pore pressure parameter at failure, and for the volumetric strain during saturation and consolidation. These equations are largely in terms of the compaction variables. Research on these relation- ships for field compacted soil continues. -
Effect of the Different Energy of Compaction on Subbse Course of Roads Sahar Abd Ali Al-Khafaji Asst
DOI:10.21276/sjeat.2016.1.3.5 Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology ISSN 2415-6272 (Print) Scholars Middle East Publishers ISSN 2415-6264 (Online) Dubai, United Arab Emirates Website: http://scholarsmepub.com/ Research Article Effect of the Different Energy of Compaction on Subbse Course of Roads Sahar Abd Ali Al-Khafaji Asst. Lecturer, Department of civil engineering, college of Engineering, Al Mustaqbal University collage, Babil, Iraq *Corresponding Author: Sahar Abd Ali Al-Khafaji Email: [email protected] Abstract: Compaction of subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of a pavement. It is designed to evenly spread the load of the paving, it compacted with heavy equipment until the material forms a dense layer of interlocking aggregate. To perform well, subbase aggregates must be strong and durable, and must meet very specific graduation requirements. The main aim of this study is finding the effect of changing energy of compaction on the subbase. the sample of subbase is under class B after testing it by sieve analyses test, the physical properties as (specific gravity, elastic limit, plastic limit &max dry density) have been tested, the sample tested under different energy of compaction (modified proctor test and standard proctor test ) and found the effect of energy on (dry density, void ratio, porosity). Keywords: pavement layer, Subbase, compaction energy, standard proctor test. modified procter test. INTRODUCTION scrapped off and after checking that the subbase is still Compaction is defined as the process of in good condition, a new layer can be applied. increasing the density of a material by mechanical Compaction objective increasing the shear strength, means.