Relações Invisíveis Antonio Alves

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Relações Invisíveis Antonio Alves FACULDADE CÁSPER LÍBERO Mestrado em Comunicação CINEMA E QUADRINHOS: RELAÇÕES INVISÍVEIS ANTONIO ALVES RODRIGUES São Paulo 2019 2 ANTONIO ALVES RODRIGUES Cinema e Quadrinhos: Relações Invisíveis Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção de grau de Mestre em Comunicação e Mercado da Faculdade Cásper Líbero. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Simonetta Persichetti SÃO PAULO 2019 3 4 Dedico esta pesquisa à minha querida esposa Laíse e a meus filhos Danilo e Susana, pelo apoio incondicional em todas as horas e pela paciência com noites e finais de semana que passaram sem poder contar comigo para nada que não fossem pequenas aparições de vez em quando. E dedico também à minha amiga Laerte Coutinho, que retrata perfeitamente tudo o que passam os que se dedicam com seriedade a estudos acadêmicos na tira abaixo. AGRADECIMENTOS 5 Agradeço, e muito, à minha orientadora Professora Doutora Simonetta Persichetti, pelas incontáveis horas lendo e relendo meus escritos e me ajudando a encontrar um rumo em meio a um emaranhado de informações nem sempre pertinentes para a realização deste trabalho e também pela paciência em me aguentar nos momentos de dificuldade, muitas vezes, criados por mim mesmo. Agradeço também à Professora Doutora Regina Célia Faria Amaro Giora e ao Professor Doutor Marcelo Santos de Moraes, pela generosidade e colaboração no momento da minha qualificação, indicando caminhos e propondo alternativas que me permitiram enxergar novas possibilidades que contribuíram para engrandecer este trabalho. Agradeço à minha esposa Laíse e aos meus filhos Danilo e Susana, por todo o suporte em todos os momentos para tudo, tudo mesmo. Agradeço também a todos os professores da Faculdade Cásper Líbero, em especial, àqueles cujas aulas me propiciaram momentos de grande aprendizado e convívio: Professora Doutora Ana Luiza Coiro Moraes, Professor Doutor Dimas A. Künsch e novamente ao Professor Doutor Marcelo Santos de Moraes e à Professora Doutora Simonetta Persichetti. Agradeço ainda a meu pai Manuel Rodrigues, que, sem saber o que estava fazendo, apresentou-me às Histórias em Quadrinhos e ao Cinema. RESUMO Este trabalho se insere na linha de pesquisa Produtos Midiáticos: Tecnologia e Mercado do Mestrado em Comunicação da Faculdade Cásper Líbero e tem por objetivo proceder a um mapeamento comparativo das histórias em quadrinhos e do 6 cinema, que apresentam uma trajetória entrelaçada ao longo de sua história, do final do século XIX até os dias de hoje, embora nem sempre isso seja claramente perceptível. Cinema e quadrinhos se influenciaram mutuamente em múltiplas instâncias, ainda que nem sempre tais intersecções ocorram no mesmo modal, ao mesmo tempo ou com a mesma intensidade. Compartilham uma sintaxe visual similar, preexistente a ambos, coincidente em muitos pontos. Ambos existem por causa de avanços tecnológicos que propiciaram sua comercialização em massa. São fruto do trabalho de técnicos, artistas e homens de negócio que quase sempre têm comandado o destino de ambos, por vezes, gerando subprodutos de um, de outro ou dos dois. Cinema e quadrinhos sofreram censura em épocas diferentes, mas com igual teor moralista. E ambos passaram a despertar interesse ao mundo acadêmico eventualmente, em épocas distantes entre si e distintas uma da outra. Cinema e quadrinhos são, antes de tudo, entretenimento. São frutos da Cultura de Massa e por isso são grandes negócios, estando, portanto, sujeitos às leis de oferta e procura. Estão sujeitos também a momentos de crise e têm que se adaptar às mudanças abruptas que acontecem o tempo todo em seus mercados, de forma cada vez mais rápida, desde seus primórdios até a atualidade, quando suas trajetórias parecem próximas de uma possível fusão a partir de uma interdependência cada vez mais evidenciada por dados econômicos, que mostrarei a seguir, e movimentos de aquisição de companhias. O mapeamento comparativo que me proponho apresentar se dará por meio de análises, evidenciando elementos de linguagem, fatos históricos, consequênicias econômicas e demais elementos do cinema e dos quadrinhos em um ordenamento cronológico e temático a partir da determinação de um recorte específico como fio condutor: o mercado de quadrinhos e cinema norte-americano, escolhido por seu volume, sua importância e sua influência sobre todos os demais, ao longo de mais de 100 anos até o momento atual, em que também se tratará das perspectivas do cinema e dos quadrinhos para os anos futuros. Palavras-chave: Comunicação. Imagem. Quadrinhos. Ilustração. Cinema. Entretenimento. Tecnologia. ABSTRACT This work is part of the line of research Media Products: Technology and Market of the Masters Degree in Communication of Faculdade Cásper Líbero and aims to proceed 7 with a comparative mapping of comics and cinema, which present a trajectory intertwined throughout its history, from the late nineteenth century to the present day, although this fact is not always clearly noticeable. Cinema and comics have influenced each other in multiple instances, although such intersections rarely occur in the same modal, at the same time or with the same intensity. They share a similar visual syntax, pre-existing to both, coinciding in many points. Both exist because of technological advances that propitiated their mass marketing. They are the fruit of the work of technicians, artists and businessmen who have almost always commanded the fate of both, sometimes generating by-products of one or the other, or both. Cinema and comics have been censored, at different times, but with equally moralistic intentions. And both became objects of study in the academic world eventually, although in different times and apart from each other. Cinema and comics are, above all, entertainment. They are children of the Mass Culture and therefore are great businesses subjected to the laws of supply and demand. They are also pass through moments of crisis when they have to adapt to the abrupt changes that happen all the time in their markets, sometimes in a rush, since their beginnings to the present day, when their trajectories seem close to a possible merging, judging from an interdependence increasingly evidenced by economic data that I will show following, that result from merging of parent companies. The comparative mapping proposed here will happen through a series of analyzes showing elements of language, historical facts, economic consequences and other elements of cinema and comics in a chronological and thematic ordering from the determination of a specific cut as a guideline: the American industry of both cinema and comics, chosen for its volume, importance and influence exerted on all the others markets, over more than 100 years until the present day, in which we will also deal with the perspectives of cinema and comics for years to come. Keywords: Communication. Image. Comics. Illustration. Movies. Entertainment. Technology. 8 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 .................................................................................................................... 24 Figura 2 .................................................................................................................... 25 Figura 3 .................................................................................................................... 27 Figura 4 .................................................................................................................... 31 Figura 5 .................................................................................................................... 34 Figura 6 .................................................................................................................... 39 Figura 7 .................................................................................................................... 40 Figura 8 .................................................................................................................... 41 Figura 9 .................................................................................................................... 43 Figura 10 .................................................................................................................. 48 Figura 11 .................................................................................................................. 49 Figura 12 .................................................................................................................. 55 Figura 13 .................................................................................................................. 57 Figura 14 .................................................................................................................. 59 Figura 15 .................................................................................................................. 62 Figura 16 .................................................................................................................. 64 Figura 17 .................................................................................................................. 66 Figura 18 .................................................................................................................. 67 Figura 19 .................................................................................................................. 70 Figura 20 .................................................................................................................. 71 Figura 21 .................................................................................................................
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