Kasungu District Socio Economic Profile

Republic of Malawi

KASUNGU DISTRICT SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE

Kamuzu Academy Borehole

Tobacco

Kasungu Hill

Education

JULY 2006 – June 2009 Price: K 2,000.00

Republic of Malawi

KASUNGU DISTRICT

SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE

JULY 2007

Some of the DEC members that worked on the SEP. Standing from left: Chiwanda (DCWSO), Akidu (GDO Police), Msikuwanga (Parks Manager), Dakamau (DC), Panyanja (DLO), Khozi (Acting DFO), Nyasulu (DEHO), Late Kambwiri (Data Clerk). Sitting from left: Ngonda (DAC), Banda(DEO), Chingati (Plan Malawi), Nkhoma (DPD Town), Bambe(DPD District), Kalambule (DSWO), Kumikundi (DEM) and Nyirenda (NUNV).

Photo by H. Gautam (IUNV)

ACRONYMS ADC Area Development Committee ADMARC Agriculture Development and Marketing Co-operation AEC Area Executive Committee AFORD Alliance for Democracy APW Association of Progressive Women AS Assembly Secretariat BZDP Border Zone Development Project CBO Community Based Organization CBR Crude Birth Rate CDA/O Community Development Assistant /Officer CDR Crude Death Rate CDSS Community Day Secondary School CHAM Christian Hospital Association of Malawi CO Clerical Officer CPR Contraceptive Prevalence Rate DA District Assembly DDP District Development Plan DDPS District Development Planning System DC District Commissioner DEC District Executive Committee DEMAT Development of Malawi Enterprises Trust DGMH David Gordon Memorial Hospital DPP Democratic Progressive Party EDETA Enterprise Development and Training Agency EPA Extension Planning Area ESCOM Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi FEW Forestry Extension Worker FP Family Planning GVH Group Village Head man/women HIV/AIDS Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IGA Income Generating Activities HEP Household Energy Program HIS Income Household Survey IMR Infant Mortality Rate IUCD Intra-uterine Contraceptive Device LEA Local Education Authority MCP Malawi Congress Party MK Malawi Kwacha MMR Maternal Mortality Rate MOHP Ministry of Health and Population MPTC Malawi Posts and Telecommunications RDP Rural Development Project MRFC Malawi Rural Finance Company MSF Medicine Sans Frontiers MTL Malawi Telecommunication Limited NABW National Association of Business Women

NASME National Association of Small and Medium Enterprise NGO Non-Governmental Organization NSO National Statistical Office SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperation SEDOM Small Enterprise Development of Malawi SEP Socio Economic Profile SS Secondary School TA Traditional Authority TBA Traditional Birth Attendant TFR Total Fertility Rate UDF United Democratic Front UFMR Under-Five Mortality Rate UNDP United National Development Program VDC Village Development Committee VFA Village Forest Area VH Village Head Man/Woman VNRMC Village Natural Resources Management Committee WSM Wildlife Society of Malawi

Acknowledgement

This Kasungu District Socio-Economic Profile {SEP} draws upon work undertaken by the Kasungu District Executive Committee {DEC} based on the data collected from various government departments and NGOs.

The office of the Directorate of planning and Development is, therefore, grateful to the people listed below for their commitment in coming up with this Kasungu District Socio Economic Profile.

Chapter Authors: A. Nkhoma {Director of Planning and Development Kasungu Town Assembly}, F. Ngonda {District Aids Coordinator} S. Banda {District Elections Officer}, C. Kumikundi {District Education Manager}, N.B. Chiwanda {District Water Development Officer}, H. Gautam {IUNV Planning Advisor/ Cluster Manager},F. Khozi {Acting District Forestry Officer}, S. Sande {Programme Unit Manager - Plan Malawi}, Y. Chiwanda {District Community Services Officer}, A. Nyasulu {DEHO }, C. Kaliwo {Director of Public Works}, O. Panyanja {District Labour Officer}, O. Nyirenda {NUNV District Planner}, Mwanza {OC-ESCOM}, Msikuwanga {Parks Manager} G. Akidu {General Duties Officer Police}, H. Sosola {Ass. Director of Finance Development), M. Mdulamizu {District Agriculture Development Officer}, J. Kambwiri(late){Data Entry Clerk}, Saka{Judiciary}, F. Phiri {Meteorological Dept.}, G. Chirwa{NICE}, T.E.W. Chirwa{DOA}.

Special thanks to A.H. Nkhoma for editing the document as well. The District Commissioner, K.D. Dakamau is commended for his encouragement, support, supervision and scrutiny of the document during the entire document preparatory process.

The Assembly is greatly indebted to Messrs Richard Chakhame, Chief Economist Steve Zulu, Data Specialist and Mercy Ngwira Principal Planning Officer from the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development for their support throughout the production of this document.

This Socio Economic Profile has been produced with financial assistance partly from GTZ {MGPDD} and the UNDP through the Decentralization Unit in the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development.

E. K. Bambe {Director of Planning and Development – Kasungu District Assembly}

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS...... i Acknowledgement ...... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS...... iv Introduction...... xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... xv CHAPTER I. GENERAL FEATURES ...... 1 Physical Description ...... 1 1. Location and Size...... 1 2. Drainage...... 2 3. Geology...... 4 4. Soils...... 6 B. ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL STRUCTURES ...... 11 FORMAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES ...... 11 1. Local Government System, Functions, and Structures...... 11 2. Planning and Decision Making Process...... 16 3. Parastatal Organisations ...... 18 4. Non-Governmental Organisations ...... 18 B. Politics...... 22 1. Political Parties ...... 22 C. THE PEOPLE...... 23 1. Tribes...... 23 2. Languages...... 23 3. Culture ...... 24 4. Religion...... 24 5. Traditional Dances...... 24 6. Poverty Incidence ...... 26 CHAPTER II. DEMOGRAPHY AND SETTLEMENT...... 27 1. Population Size and Characteristics ...... 27 CHAPTER III. LAND USE ...... 29 LAND TENURE SYSTEM...... 29 1. Customary Land ...... 29 2. Public Land...... 29 3. Private Lease Hold Land ...... 29 CHAPTER IV. ENVIRONMENT...... 30 1. The Environmental Situation...... 30 i. Inadequate Enforcement of Environmental Legislation ...... 30 ii. Environmental degradation...... 30 iii. Environmental Information...... 30 CHAPTER V. ECONOMY...... 31 A. AGRICULTURE...... 31 1. Crops ...... 31 Cropping Pattern...... 35 Crop Yields ...... 35 Smallholder farming...... 35 Other Agricultural Extension Providers ...... 40 Institutional Set Up...... 42 Agricultural Credits ...... 48 LIVESTOCK ...... 48 a. Livestock Production ...... 49

b. Livestock Services ...... 51 c. Dairy, Meat and Traction/Transport...... 51 d. Major Diseases and their Causes ...... 51 e. Usage of Animal by-Products...... 51 B. FISHERIES ...... 52 C. FORESTRY...... 52 1. State of Forest Cover in Protected Areas ...... 52 2. State of Forest Cover in Customary Land...... 53 CAUSES: ...... 54 a. Agricultural Activities: ...... 54 b. Increasing human population:...... 55 c. Poverty ...... 55 d. Encroachment of Protected Area...... 56 e. Change in Land Use...... 56 Other Pressures...... 56 EFFECTS...... 56 Lack of Fuel Wood...... 56 RESPONSE: ...... 57 Tree Planting ...... 57 Nurseries...... 57 D. MINING ...... 60 E. TRADE, COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY ...... 60 1. Business Types and Sizes: ...... 60 2. Credit Facilities...... 62 3. Extension Services...... 65 F. LABOUR AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING ...... 65 Employment Exchange...... 65 Labour Inspection ...... 66 Wage Complaints ...... 66 Trade Disputes/Strikes ...... 66 Child Labour ...... 66 Causes of Child Labour ...... 66 Child Labour Eliminating Projects...... 67 G. TOURISM ...... 67 Kasungu National Park ...... 67 Accessibility ...... 68 Tourist Attraction...... 68 Wildlife ...... 68 Table 30: Trend of Animals in Kasungu NP...... 68 (i) Solonje Rock Paintings ...... 68 (ii) Iron smelting Kiln ...... 68 (iii) Fortified Village (Linga) ...... 69 (iv) Lifupa dam ...... 69 Existing infrastructure ...... 69 Educational visits...... 72 1. Other Tourist attractions are:...... 73 CHAPTER VI SOCIAL SERVICES...... 77 A. HEALTH ...... 77 Health Facilities...... 78 Mother and Child Health ...... 78

Health Facility ...... 81 Population Served ...... 81 Distribution of Hospital Beds ...... 82 Malaria Prevention and Control ...... 82 1. Health Personnel ...... 82 2. Health Indicators...... 84 3. Family Planning ...... 84 4. Morbidity ...... 84 5. Mortality ...... 85 6. HIV / AIDS ...... 86 NAC Grant Facility...... 87 Partners in HIV/AIDS Programmes...... 88 Treatment Care and Support Voluntary Counseling and Testing ...... 89 Climate Care...... 90 Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) ...... 90 IEC Materials ...... 91 B. Water and Sanitation...... 92 1. Water Supply...... 92 2. The State of Water Resources...... 93 3 State indicator...... 93 4. Borehole ...... 98 5. Hydrology ...... 98 6. Access to Sanitary Latrines ...... 98 7. Methods of Waste Disposal ...... 99 C. EDUCATION...... 99 Primary Education ...... 99 Quality of Primary Education ...... 101 Secondary Education...... 104 Quality of Education...... 105 Quality and Access ...... 106 Quality and Access ...... 107 D. Community Development and Social Welfare...... 109 1. COMMUNITY SERVICES ...... 109 1.1 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT...... 109 (A) Overall Goal ...... 109 (B) Programme...... 110 CHALLENGES ...... 113 FUNCTIONAL LITERACY PROGRAMME ...... 113 Challenges...... 114 Community Capacity Building Programme ...... 114 Challenges...... 114 Community Mobilization Programme...... 115 2. SOCIAL WELFARE ...... 115 Children Services...... 115 Probation and After Care ...... 116 Family Welfare...... 116 Department of Youth...... 117 Problems Faced By the Youth ...... 118 Programmes and Activities ...... 118 CHAPTER VII. INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES ...... 121

A. Road...... 121 Road Network...... 121 Type of surface ...... 121 B. Bridges ...... 124 C. Transport...... 124 D. Communication ...... 125 1. Postal Services: ...... 125 2. Telephone Network...... 126 3. Cellular Network ...... 127 4. Radio Network ...... 128 5. National Publications ...... 128 6. Internet Services...... 128 7. Other Services...... 128 E. Power / Energy ...... 128 CUSTOMERS CONNECTED...... 129 PROJECTS IN PROGRESS (MALAWI RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROJECTS- MAREP)...... 129 FUTURE MAREP PROJECTS ...... 129 ESCOM PROJECTS-PERI URBAN ...... 130 CHAPTER VIII: SECURITY SERVICES ...... 131 A. CRIME...... 131 COMMUNITY SERVICE DEPARTMENT: ...... 140 PROGRAMMES / ACTIVITIES...... 140 Chapter IX: Objectives and Strategies for Development...... 142 A. National Development Objectives ...... 142 Vision 2020 states that: ...... 142 Prioritised District Development Issues ...... 142 DEVELOPMENT ISSUES, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ...... 143

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Type of dominant Soil texture and type of topography by TA ...... 6 Table 2: Number of Villages and Village Development Committees, by TA ...... 12 Table 3: A. MPs, their constituencies and political parties...... 13 Table 3: B. Traditional Authorities {TAs} and their Sub Traditional Authorities{STAs} ...... 13 Table 3: C. MAJOR CHIEFTENCY DYNAMICS SINCE AUGUST 2003 ...... 14 Table 4: Non – Governmental Organisations Operating In Kasungu...... 19 Table 5: Population Distribution and Growth Rates, by TA/STA...... 27 Table 6: Area (sq. km) and 1998, 1987 Population Densities by TA ...... 28 Table 7: The Major Land Use ...... 29 Table 8: Trend of Crops Cultivated In Hacteres 2004/05 – 2006/07...... 32 Table 9: Horticulture production...... 32 Table 10: Rain fall...... 35 Table 11: Land Holding Size Distribution (as %ge of the total)...... 35 Table 12: Area Under Tobacco Farming (ha) by TAs ...... 36 Table 13a: Tobacco Price for Three Season ...... 36 Table 13b: Labour Saving Technologies ...... 36 Table 13c: Disasters...... 36 Table 14a: Household Landholdings, by percent...... 38

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Table 14b: Soil and water conservation...... 38 Table 14c: Soil Fertility Improvement...... 39 Table 14d: Rain Harvest...... 39 Table 14e: Conservation farming...... 39 Table 14f: Land holding per EPA...... 39 Table 15a: Farming Families per EPA...... 40 Table 15b: Other Extension Services Providers in Kasungu ...... 40 Table 16: Irrigation activities by District ...... 41 Table 17: Bua – Dwangwa Drought Mitigation Project 2006 – 2007...... 42 Table18: Type of Agriculture Markets in EPAs by TA ...... 44 Table 19a: Agriculture Produce Prices ...... 45 Table 19b: Food Security...... 46 Table 19c: Input uptake ...... 47 Table 19d: Livestock common diseases in the district...... 49 Table 19e: Type of livestock facility in the district ...... 49 Table 19f: Livestock Production...... 50 Table 20: Number of households and hectare of land Encroached Between 1997 and 2004...... 53 Table 21: Forest Cover by TA [Ha] ...... 54 Table 22: Tobacco Grown By Small Holder Farmer ...... 55 Table 23: Fire Wood Utilization by Limbe Leaf ...... 56 Table 24 : Response Indicator: Reforestation/Afforestation...... 57 Table 25: Tree nurseries 1999 - 2004...... 58 Table 26: Forestry Extension Staffing Levels ...... 59 Table 27: Name and Grade of Trading Centres...... 61 TABLE 28: Names of Lending Organisations operating in Kasungu District and their primary Clients...... 62 TABLE 29: Other Commercial Activities ...... 63 Table 30: Trend of Animals in Kasungu NP...... 72 Table 31: Visitors Statistics...... 72 Table 32: Health Facility by Operating Agency...... 77 Table 33: Distribution Of Health Facility by TA ...... 79 Table 34: Projected Populations Served by Each Health Facility ...... 81 Table 35: Facility, Ownership, No of Beds, Percentage Proportion of Beds ...... 82 Table 36: Type of Health Personnel by TA ...... 83 Table 37: District Ratio, Standard or National Ratios by Type of Health Personnel ..84 Table 38a: Health indicators ...... 84 Table 38 b: Main diseases Kasungu District...... 85 Table 39: Leading causes of admission to surgical and medical wards...... 85 Table 40: Leading cause of inpatient death 2004/05 FY...... 85 TABLE 41: Per capital Grant disbursement by region and for Kasungu (2005)...... 88 TABLE 42: Number of CBOs Which are registered and have benefited...... 88 TABLE 43:HIV/AIDS Prevalence rate...... 89 TABLE 44: Water Discharge (In Cubic Metres/S)...... 93 TABLE 45: State Indicators River Water Level in Metres…………………………….. 88 Table 46: Ground Water Levels/Metres ...... 95 Table 47: Water Resource Status...... 96 Table 48: Primary School Enrolment, Number of Teachers and Physical Facilities in Primary Schools 2005...... 100 Table 49: Primary Enrolment and Distribution of Teachers by Zone, 2005...... 101

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Table 50: No of Schools, Classrooms, Teachers Houses and Furniture by Zone ...102 Table 51: Enrolment in Secondary Schools 2005...... 104 Table 52: Quality and Access in secondary schools 2005...... 106 Table 53: Need Gap Analysis Secondary Education ...... 106 Table 54: Quality and Access ...... 107 Table 55: Number of Groups per TA/STA and Beneficiaries by Gender...... 111 Table 56: Number of Literacy Classes per TA/STA Instructor and Beneficiaries by Gender...... 113 Table 57: No.Of Community Based Child Care Centres As At June 2005...... 116 Table 58: No. of CBOs/Support Groups by T.A/STA As At June 2005...... 117 Table 59: Registered No. of out of School Youth Club Per T.A ...... 119 Table 60: Roads in Kasungu District...... 121 Table 61: Kasungu Road Network...... 124 Table 62: Number and type of Bridges, by location on type of road ...... 124 Table 63: Type and number of crime in Kasungu District...... 131 Table 64a: Types of Security Services Available {Police and Fire}...... 135 Table 64b: Number and Names of Security Companies Operating In Kasungu ...... 135 Table 65: Police Staffing Level ...... 136 Table 66: Offence Committed By the Youth Ranging From 15 – 30 Years from January – June 2005 at Kasungu Police Station ...... 136 Table 67: Personnel...... 139 Table 68: Courts Distribution ...... 139 Table 69: Situation Analysis - District Development Plan Framework {DDPF} ...... 143

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1: Location of Kasungu District ...... 1 Map 2: Topography and Drainage of Kasungu District ...... 3 Map 3: Topography of Kasungu District...... 3 Map 4: Geology Map of Kasungu District ...... 4 Map 5: Geomorphology of Kasungu District ...... 5 Map 6: Soil Map of Kasungu District...... 7 Map 7: Climate Map of Kasungu District...... 9 Map 8: Biotic Community Map of Kasungu District...... 10 Map 9: Traditional Authorities of Kasungu District …………………………...…...15 MAP 10: Wards of Kasungu ...... 17 Map 11: Agricultural Potential Map of Kasungu District...... 33 Map 12: Land use and Vegetation in Kasungu District ………………………………..34 Map 13: Extension Planning Areas in Kasungu District...... 43 Map 14: Service Centers of Kasungu District …………………………………………. 58 Map 15: Health Facilities in Kasungu District...... 80 Map 16: Distribution of Education Facilities in Kasungu ...... 108 Map 17: Distribution of Postal Services in Kasungu ...... 127

LIST OF PHOTOS

Photo 1: Kasungu District Topography ...... 2 Photo 2: Rusa River...... 2 Photo 3: Basaltic rocks 10 km from Kasungu Town mined for Road Surfacing ...... 5

Photo 4: Kasungu District Assembly Secretariat ...... 11 Photo 5: Tobacco farm in TA Lukwa...... 38 Photo 6: Santhe Trading Center ...... 63 Photo 7: Lifupa Dam ...... 69 Photo 8: Lifupa Lodge………………………………………………………….…………..70 Photo 9: Elephants In Kasungu National Park ………………………………………….65 Photo 10: Education Visit at the Park ...... 73 Photo 11: Kamuzu Academy ...... 74 Photo 12: Kachere tree (where Kamuzu Banda attended his early school)...... 74 Photo 13: Kamuzu Banda’s residence at the base of Kasungu Hill...... 75 Photo 14: Kasungu District Hospital ...... 77 Photo 15: Inside the District Hospital ...... 81 Photo 16: One of the sources of community water in Kasungu District ...... 92 Photo 17: Mwalawanyenje CDSS Kasungu Town ...... 109 Photo 18: Chitete Literacy class in session ...... 114 Photo 19: Tarmac Road to Mchinji M 18 near Santhe ...... 121 Photo 20: Typical public transport on rural road ...... 125 Photo 21: Santhe Post Office ...... 126

LIST OF GRAPHS

Graph 1: Trend of forest cover in Kasungu...... 54 Graph 2: Tobacco Grown By Small Holder Farmer ...... 55 Graph 3: Response Indicator: Reforestation/Afforestation...... 58 Graph 4: Trend of Nursery Ownership since 1999 by Categories ...... 59 GRAPH 5: Leading Causes of inpatient deaths in Kasungu 2004/05 ...... 86 GRAPH 6: HIV prevalence rate in Kasungu 2004/05...... 87 Graph 7: Water Discharge ...... 94 GRAPH 8: Chart Showing Primary School Enrolment by Sex by Zone 2005 ...... 102 GRAPH 9: Chart Showing Secondary School Enrolment by Sex by Zone, 2005 ....105 Graph 10: Cases Registered 2001 - 2005 ...... 132

Introduction

Vision 2020 reflects the long-term aspirations of Malawians and forms the basis for short and medium-term policies and strategies. It defines national goals, policies and strategies that will help government, the private sector and society in general improve development management.

Pursuant to the aspirations of the people of Malawi as contained in the Malawi Vision 2020, the Government of Malawi launched the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy in April, 2002. Its main objective was to reduce poverty through the empowerment of the poor and conversion of the long-term aspirations of the Malawi Vision 2020 into the medium term frame work. Upon analysing the causes of poverty, the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper [MPRSP] pointed out poverty in the country is caused by a number of factors of which many are constraints on the social and economic productivity of land, labour, capital and technology, leading to reduced value of money.

However, after three years of implementation, it has been observed that both social and economic indicators have not improved. For instance, poverty is still rampant with 52.4% of the population living below poverty line [NSO, IHS 2004-05]. The country is still food insecure and there has been little investment in economic infrastructure. In addition, it has also been noted that main macro economic indicators have remained unsatisfactory with the increase of domestic debt stock as a major setback.

A review of the strategy also showed that policies to address strategic objective of the promotion of sustainable pro-poor growth the first greatly emphasised pillar in the MPSR are insufficient to achieve a sustained and robust high economic growth of at least 6% required to reduce poverty by half by the year 2015 as it did not encompass all the crucial productive sectors of the economy. This has led to the birth of a new strategy called the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy based on the past lessons and

xi experiences in the implementation of the MPRS while taking into consideration the current political, economic and social developments in the country. Furthermore, it has also been aligned to the existing key sectoral strategies and policies from both private and public stakeholder institutions.

The MGDS is a product of a highly consultative and participatory process that identified specific strategies and focus actions that will be pursued and implemented in the medium-term in order to attain the aspirations of the nation. The MGDS’ overall goal is to achieve sustainable economic growth and wealth creation in order to bring about the well-being for all Malawians and make Malawi a hunger free nation. The strategy recognizes that without growth, there will be little chance of reducing and the gains made to date on the MPRS could be reversed.

The strategy seeks to transform Malawi from a predominantly importing and consuming nation to being a predominantly producing and exporting nation, and gradually emerging as an industrial country capable of transforming agriculture primary commodities and other raw materials to processed products.

Unlike MPRS which had four pillars, the MGDS is centred on five themes namely, Sustainable Economic Growth, Social Protection, Social Development, Infrastructure Development and Good Governance.

Furthermore, 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Malawi enshrines Local Governments as Key to national development and good governance. As a way of consolidating Democracy, Malawi government made a swift decision in 1994 to pursue a decentralization approach widely known as devolution. A decentralisation policy was accordingly approved in 1998 which is backed by the Local Government Act of December, 1998.

The Decentralisation Policy provides for the establishment of Local Authorities as the basis and a framework for the devolution of functions,

xii responsibilities, powers and resources to District Assemblies. It is a deliberate effort as enshrined in the Constitution of Malawi for ensuring citizen participation in local governance and development process. The objectives of the policy are:

a) To create a democratic environment and institutions in Malawi for governance and development of the local level, which facilitate the participation of the grassroots in decision making; b) To eliminate dual administration (field administration and local government) of the district level with the aim of making delivery of public services more efficient and cost effective;

c) To promote accountability and good governance at the local level in order to help government reduce poverty; and

d) To mobilise the masses for socio-economic development at the local level.

With the National Decentralisation Policy in place the Local government is comprised of District Assemblies mandated to discharge a wide range of functions and responsibilities including the provision essential social services such as Education, Health and other related services. Besides, there is increased recognition that decentralization will not be sustainable unless there is meaningful economic development in Local Assemblies. This is so because with high levels of poverty, livelihoods of ordinary people are unlikely to improve unless viable income and employment opportunities are created within the local economies. Furthermore improved local level economic development shall enable Local Authorities to generate adequate revenues for its development programmes and effective service delivery.

In view of these responsibilities and functions of district assemblies, the Kasungu DEC as the technical arm of Kasungu District Assembly formed a task force to produce the profile of the social and economic status of the

xiii district the efforts of which are documented in Kasungu District Socio- Economic Profile. The purpose of this profile is to give a snapshot of the socio-economic situation in Kasungu as a basis for all development activities to be undertaken in Kasungu with an emphasis on assisting in the identification of priority areas of development needs. The users of this SEP are District Planners, NGOs, academicians, Politicians, Members of Kasungu District Assembly, Assembly donors and all stake holders in developmental activities of Kasungu District.

Kiswell David Dakamau District Commissioner

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Kasungu District with a population of 480659 people and annual growth rate of 3.6%, according to the 1998 Population and Housing Census, with over 60% of the population living below the poverty line, faces enormous challenges in its development endeavors. This poverty appears in the form of food insecurity, lack of viable income generating activities, poor health, poor housing, lack of basic and productive assets and poor social and psychological status.

In order to highlight the social and economic status of the people of Kasungu District, the District through DEC formed a SEP production task force which worked very hard to come up with this document, the Kasungu District Socio-Economic Profile.

Chapter 1 of this profile highlights the physical geographical features of Kasungu, the local politics including its administrative structure and finally it describes the people’s beliefs, tribes and languages.

Chapters II, III and IV describe the population and settlement, land use and the environment of Kasungu.

Kasungu’s economy derived from Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry, Mining, Commerce and Industry, Employment and Tourism is described in Chapter V of this Socio-Economic profile.

Chapters VI and VII describe the Social services available in Kasungu and the infrastructure respectively and lastly, Chapter VIII highlights security and judiciary services.

Kasungu District Executive Committee with funding from GTZ (MGPDD) developed this profile also to provide the necessary information for the production of the situation analysis which serves as the foundation for the formulation of the District Development Planning Framework and the production of the District Development Plan.

Kiswell David Dakamau DISTRICT COMMISSIONER.

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CHAPTER I. GENERAL FEATURES

Physical Description

1. Location and Size Kasungu District is located in the Central Region of the Republic of Malawi as shown in Map 1 below. It is bordered by Zambia in the West and Mchinji, Dowa and Lilongwe in the South, Mzimba in the North, Nkhotakota and Ntchisi in the East . It is the only district in Malawi sharing more district boundaries with other areas. The district head quarters is approximately 127 km from Lilongwe, the Capital City of Malawi.

The total area of the district is 7878 square kilometres making up 8.4% of the total land area of Malawi, which is 94276 sq. km.

Map 1: Location of Kasungu District

1. Topography

The district is predominantly flat (see Photo 1). Most important landforms include the Kasungu National Park, the Mchezi, Chimaliro and Kasungu hill with the highest peak (1272 m above sea level) in the District. (see Map 5) .

Photo 1: Kasungu District Topography

2. Drainage

The following rivers drain the lakeshore plain zones: The main rivers are Bua and Dwangwa. Rusa (Photo 2), Lingadzi, Milenje, Luwelezi and Lupache are secondary rivers. All these rivers drain their water into Lake Malawi.

Photo 2: Rusa River

The relief of the District ranges from 800m above sea level to 1600 m above sea level. The highest peak in the District is 1272m above sea level. See Map Topography and Drainage

Map 2: Topography and Drainage of Kasungu District

Map 3: Topography of Kasungu District

Source: National Atlas of Malawi

3. Geology

Map 4: Geology Map of Kasungu District

Source: National Atlas of Malawi

Map 4 shows the Geology in Kasungu District.

A wide variety of different rocks and sediments are found in Kasungu District. The Geological History of Kasungu District ranges from early to late Precambrian with granitic complexes in Basement Complex to Tertiary to recent Sediments in the lake shore area.

Most of the District is underlain by metamorphic rocks of sedimentary and igneous origins known collectively as the Malawi Basement Complex. The most abundant rocks are foliated biotide and hornblende. Quarzites form bands within the gneisses in the District.

In the Karoo System (Permian Triassic) conglomerates and sandstones are found {see map 4}.

Photo 3: Basaltic rocks 10 km from Kasungu Town mined for Road Surfacing

Madala

There are three main landforms in the District: Plains, Rift valley Scarp Zone and Hill Zones. Most of the land has been formed to plains with some remaining hill zones. In the east and north east of the District we find the Rift valley scarp zones. (see Map 5 below)

Map 5: Geomorphology of Kasungu District

Source: National Atlas of Malawi

4. Soils

The district is dominated by ferralic and chronic cumbisols that are well drained, course to medium texture, reddish in colour. Sandy clay loam and pure sandy soils are very dominant in Kasungu North and North West areas while reddish soils are dominant in Kasungu East areas. The soil ph ranges from 5.5 - 6.5.

4.1 Soil Types and topography

Kasungu district has a variety of soil types and topography as detailed below:

Table 1: Type of dominant Soil texture and type of topography by TA

TRADITIONAL SOIL TEXTURE TYPE OF TOPOGRAPHY AUTHORITY Chisikwa Reddish brown Katondo Moderate to gentle slopes soils Kaluluma/Chisemphere/ Sandy loam soils with little Very gentle slopes and moderate Mnyanja patches of Katondo gentle slopes Chulu/Chisinga/Mphomwa Sandy loam Gentle slopes Kaomba/Mwase/Mawawa/ Sandy loam Gentle to moderate slopes Lukwa Wimbe/Chilowamatambe Loamy soils with a lot of Gentle to moderate slopes reddish brown Katondo Kapelula Clay loam soils with a lot of Moderate to steep slopes Katondo Santhe Sandy loamy Very gentle slopes Njombwa Loamy sandy soils with a Gentle to moderate slopes little of Katondo Source: Agriculture Department

The main type of soil in the District are as shown in Map 6:

- Latosols - Lithosols - Gleys

Map 6: Soil Map of Kasungu District

Source: National Atlas of Malawi

5. CLIMATE

Source: National Atlas of Malawi

Kasungu has only one full time meteorological station located at the Aerodrome next to Kasungu Teachers Training College. It was opened in the year 1983.

It is equipped to measure, Temperature, rainfall, sunshine hours, Relative Humidity, Wind speed and direction and evaporation. The station doesn’t have pollution monitoring equipment and barometer for air pressure.

Rainfall is also measured at subsidiary stations located at twenty-nine Agricultural institutions.

These subsidiary stations are not submitting data to Kasungu Meteorological station being a collection centre due to communication problems, such as telephone and transport.

TEMPERATURE

Kasungu experiences a cool to warm tropical climate. The annual temperature in the district ranges from 12ºc - 30º c.

High temperatures are usually attained in the months of September and October, while the months of May to July attain low temperature.

SUNSHINE

The monthly average sunshine hours for Kasungu ranges from 4.1 to 11.1. The district has, therefore, potential for solar power.

WIND

The district experiences strong winds from April and gusting from June to December.

The winds are usually south easterly caused by high pressure cells over the Indian ocean.

RAINFAL

Kasungu experiences good rainfall. The main problem is variations in the onset and distribution pattern for example 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 rainfall seasons have experienced erratic rains affecting most areas with dry spells. During this period only the south west and areas bordering Kasungu National Park had received rainfall first which had been steady to the end of the season.

The starting season for rainfall is 05 December and ends at 30 th March. Rainfall is high during the month of December, January and February in the district.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

The monthly relative humidity ranges from 40% to 83%. Kasungu experiences high relative humidity from December since rainfall start during this period.

EVAPORATION

Evaporation is high in the District during the months of September and October likewise temperatures are also high during the same months.

Map 7: Climate Map of Kasungu District a. Mean annual Rainfall

b. Temperature - Mean annual Maximum in degrees Celsius

c. Temperature – Mean annual Minimum in degrees Celsius

Source: National Atlas of Malawi

5 VEGETATION

Savanna Woodland mainly brachystegia woodland with grassland (shown in Map 9) is the most dominant type of vegetation in Kasungu mostly evident in Kasungu National Park. In some areas the vegetation is interspersed with montane grassland which provides habitat for diverse fauna like birds, hares and snakes.

Map 8: Biotic Community Map of Kasungu District

Source: National Atlas of Malawi

B. ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL STRUCTURES

1. FORMAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES

A. Local Government System, Functions, and Structures

Kasungu District Assembly is a statutory body established under the Local Government Act cap. 22.02 of the Laws of Malawi. It is headed by a chairperson selected from among the 39 elected members of Assembly each representing a ward. Membership also includes 5 appointed Members of the Assembly representing special Interest Groups, 30 chiefs and 9 Members of Parliament. A District Commissioner (DC) who is the Controlling Officer, heads the Assembly Secretariat supported by professional heads of government departments.

Photo 4: Kasungu District Assembly Secretariat

The District Assembly is mandated to pass by-laws to govern its operation, as well as, to raise funds for carrying out its functions under the Local Government Act (LGS). Among the functions of the assembly are:

• Making policies and decisions on local government and development. • Consolidating and promoting local democratic institutions and participation. • Promoting infrastructure, economic and social development through the formulation, approval and execution of a District Development Plan. • Mobilising resources for development. • Maintaining peace and security in conjunction with the Police and other law enforcement agencies. • Passing by-laws for good governance.

The Act allows the Assembly to manage and maintain postal services, dispensaries, home craft centres, markets, rest houses and roads and bridges within its area of jurisdiction, in addition, the act empowers the Assembly to borrow or lend money, levy rates on land or property, taxes and fees, maintain and manage disposal and

11 treatment of waste and establish, maintain and manage markets, market buildings and premises.

District Executive Committee/Assembly Secretariat (DEC/AS)

This is composed of all Heads of Departments and NGO partners in the district performing its role as the technical advisory body to the DA.

Area Development Committee (ADCs)

This is a representative of all VDCs under a Traditional Authority with a membership of 10 to 15 members chaired by an elected member and supervised by a chief of the area. The ADCs are charged with the mobilization of community resources and the determination of development interventions in the area. There are 30 ADCs in the district.

Area Executive Committees (AECs)

The Area Executive Committees are represented by extension workers of government agencies and NGOs operating in Traditional Areas. It is the technical arm at the area level responsible for advising the ADCs on all aspects of local development.

Village Development Committees (VDCs)

This is a representative body from a group of villages responsible for identifying needs and facilitating planning and development in local communities. There are 3808 VDCs in the entire district.

Table 2: Number of Villages and Village Development Committees, by TA ADC Number of VDC’s Number of Villages 1 Chulu 22 157 2 Mphomwa 14 120 3 Chisinga 20 115 4 Kaluluma 15 125 5 Chisikwa 4 45 6 Chisemphere 15 109 7 Muyanja 24 156 8 Simulembe 25 186 9 Kaomba 50 256 10 Lukwa 27 170 11 Mwase 93 300 12 Mawawe 9 66 13 Kaphaizi 9 40 14 Mangwazu 11 55 15 Chilowamatambe 19 108 16 Chambwe 18 96 17 Simdemba 7 67 18 Kawamba 28 125

19 Nthunduwala 20 89 20 Njombwa 18 146 21 Kapelula 3 260 22 Wimbe 32 258 23 Santhe 57 304 24 Chaima 27 119 25 Chidzuma 21 132 26 Nyaza 18 93 27 Mdunga 11 91 28 Kapichira 10 84 29 Chitanthamapiri No demarcation 30 Chinyama No demarcation Totals 610 3804

Source: District Assembly (2005)

The District has 9 members of parliament, 14 Traditional Authorities and sixteen Sub Traditional Authorities. And out of 14 Traditional Authorities there are Three Senior Traditional Authorities: Senior Chief Kaomba, Senior Chief Chulu and Senior Chief Lukwa as seen in table 3 below.

Table 3: A. MPs, their constituencies and political parties. NAME OF M.P NAME OF CONSTITUENCY POLITICAL PARTY NO 1 Hon. R.P. Sithole Kasungu North North East Independent 2 Hon. A.M. Chimphamba Kasungu North East MCP 3 Hon. K.P. Ngwembe Kasungu South East MCP 4 Hon. C.Y. Jimu Kasungu Central MCP 5 Hon. S.J. Gulule Kasungu West MCP 6 Hon. Situsi Nkhoma Kasungu South MCP 7 Hon. Mtenje Jere Kasungu North West MCP 8 Hon. Shawa Kasungu North DPP 9 Hon. B.A. Chipiringu Kasungu East MCP

Table 3: B. Traditional Authorities {TAs} and their Sub Traditional Authorities{STAs} NO NAME OF TA NAME OF STA CONSTITUENCY 1 Chief Kaluluma 1. S.T.A. Chisikwa N 2. S.T.A. Mnyanja NNE 2 Senior Chief Lukwa 1. S.T.A. Mangwazu W 2. S.T.A. Kaphaizi W 3. S.T.A. Simndemba W 4. S.T.A. Mawawa W 3 Chief Santhe 1. S.T.A. Chaima S 2. S.T.A. Nyaza S 4 Chief Chilowamatambe 1. S.T.A. Chambwe SE 5 Chief Kawamba 1. S.T.A. Nthunduwala W 6 Chief Kapelula 1. Mdunga NE 2. Kapichira NE

7 Chief Wimbe 1. Chitanthamapiri E 2. Chinyama E 8 Senior Chief Chulu 1. S.T.A. Chisinga NW 2. S.T.A. Mphomwa NW 9 Chief Simlemba NNE 10 Senior Chief Kaomba C 11 T.A. Chisemphere N 12 Chief Mwase W 13 T.A. Njombwa SE 14 T.A. Chidzuma S

Table 3: C. MAJOR CHIEFTENCY DYNAMICS SINCE AUGUST 2003 NO PREVIOUS STATUS CURRENT STATUS REASONS 1 TA. Lukwa Senior Chief Lukwa Elevated 2 TA. Chulu Senior Chief Chulu Elevated 3 STA. Chisemphere under TA. T.A. Chisemphere Elevated Kaluluma 4 STA. Njombwa under Snr. Chief T.A. Njombwa Elevated Kaomba 5 TA. Simulemba T.A. Simulemba Installed due to the death of predecessor 6 STA. Chidzuma under TA. Santhe T.A. Chidzuma Elevated 7 GVH. Mdunga under TA. Kapelula S.T.A. Mdunga Elevated 8 GVH. Kapichila under TA. Kapelula S.T.A. Kapichila Elevated 9 GVH. Citanthamapiri under TA. S.T.A. Chitanthamapiri Elevated Wimbe 10 GVH. Chinyama under TA. Wimbe S.T.A. Chinyama Elevated 11 STA. Chisinga S.T.A. Chisinga Installed due to the death of predecessor 12 STA. Nyaza S.T.A. Nyaza Installed due to the death of predecessor 13 TA. Wimbe Acting TA due to the death of predecessor 14 STA. Chisikwa Acting STA due to the death of predecessor

From August 2003 the number of TAs. and STAs rose from 25 to 30 out of whom only two are women namely TA Kawamba and STA Chisinga.

Six out of fourteen TAs do not have STAs under them, amongst whom TAs Simulemba and Mwase who also zhave the largest rural surface areas and population.

NB. Boundaries for STAs Chinyama and Chitanthamapiri under TA Wimbe have not yet been demarcated rendering planning by ADCs and VDCs a problem.

Map 9: Traditional Authorities of Kasungu District

15 b. Planning and Decision Making Process

Planning and decision-making processes are anchored on the Local Government Act of 1998 and on the District Development Planning System (DDPS). The former provides the legal basis while the latter lays the system for operationalizing the process of a district-focused, people-centred, bottom-up, and participatory approach to planning and development. This system emphasizes, under this strategy, to make the district the focal point for development, as opposed to central planning, and to advocate the strengthening of local institutional capacities for planning and managing development at the local level. As such, development committees have been revitalised to enhance community ownership and promote popular participation from the grassroots to the district level.

There are 39 wards in Kasungu District as shown in ward map 10.

16 Legend 1. Lisitu 2. Matenje MAP 10: Wards of Kasungu 3. Mpepa 4. Lovjwa 5. Nthembwe 6. Chimaliro 7. Khomawekha 8. Chamakala 10: Ward Map of Kasungu District 9. Mpeni 10. Mafomba 11. Mthabuwa 12. Ndonda I 13. Ndonda II 14. Mbongozi 15. Kambira 16. Nthimba 17. Livwezi 18. Nchenzi 19. Kachokolo 20. Matambe 21. Chibophi 22. Mziza 23. Kasungu Chipala 24. Kafukule 25. Mponda 26. Lingadzi 27. Kalindi 28. Chilanga 29. Chidzenje 30. Linyangwa 31. Misozi 32. Chinkhata 33. Chipiri 34. Chilima 35. Chiyanjaweni 36. Sandu 37. Nsanama 38. Chigodi 39. Mwalawanyenje

b. National Government Sectors

Almost all Ministries/Departments have offices at the district level carrying out their respective functions and mandates. Ministries not represented at the district level have their activities

17 implemented through the Office of the District Commissioner. Nevertheless, all activities of ministries/ departments are channelled through the District Executive Committee (DEC) with the DC coordinating and overseeing the said activities.

The following are the Ministries/Departments with offices at the district level:

• Ministry of Health and Population • Ministry of Agriculture • Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development • Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs • Ministry of Commerce and Industry • Ministry of Education, Science and Technology • Ministry of Home Affairs • Ministry of Justice • Ministry of Finance • Ministry of Transport and Public Works • Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training • Ministry of Information and Tourism • Ministry of Sports, Youth and Culture • Ministry of Gender and Community Services • Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development c. Parastatal Organisations

Statutory Corporations are represented at district level and they include the following:

• Agriculture Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC) • Small Enterprise Development of Malawi (SEDOM) • Malawi Telecommunication Limited (MTL) • Malawi Postal Corporation (MPC) • Central Region Water Board (MRWB) • Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM) • Malawi Housing Cooperation (MHC) • Malawi Rural Finance Company (MRFC) • Malawi Electoral Commission (MEC)

d. Non-Governmental Organisations

There are several NGOs operating in the district helping communities in the fields of Education, Agriculture, Environment, Health, Credit, Relief and Rehabilitation, Democracy, good Governance and human rights. Among the said organizations which have a very significant presence are:

Table 4: Non – Governmental Organisations Operating In Kasungu NAME OF FIELD OF IMPACT / PHASE NGO SPECIALIZATION WORKIN OUT G AREA DATE Plan Malawi • Child centred TA Kaluluma, Open • Community development STAs Chisinga, • Food Security Chisikwa, • Environmental Management Chisemphere and • Education Mnyanja • Water and sanitation • HIV/AIDS

Malawi • Food Security(Sustainable TA Simulemba 2009 Entrepris Livelihood) e Zone Associati TAs Chulu and 2006 on • Relief operation in Kaluluma (MALEZA) partnership with WFP

2006 • Integrated Functional TA Wimbe Literacy for Sustainable Social Economic Empowerment for Poverty Reduction in partnership with Ministry of Gender

Catholic • Food Security (Small scale TA Njombwa open Develop Irrigation Farming) ment • HIV/AIDS Commiss • Relief operation ion in • Food Security Improvement Malawi through economic {CADEC diversification. OM} in partners hip with Catholic Relief Services {CRS} and Comitato Internazi onale per lo Sviluppo

19 Dei Popoli (CISP)

MACRO • HIV AIDS (VCT) Whole District Open services NAPHAM in • HIV/AIDS focusing on Whole District 2006 partners outreach education, pre-test Renewable hip with and follow up counselling, Plan group therapy sessions, Malawi child care sessions, IGA

Action • Health and nutrition TAs Simulemba 2006 Against Education And Santhe Renewable Hunger(AAH) • Food utilization • Disaster preparedness • Relief operation • Water and Sanitation

Banja La • Reproductive Health Boma and Peripheral 2006 Mtsogolo • HIV/AIDS area Renewable

World Vision • Education TA Kapelula and STAs 2008 Internatio • Water and Sanitation Mdunga Renewable nal • Food Security and Kapichira • Health and part of TA Wimbe • Environmental Conservation • Micro Economic Empowerment • HIV/AIDS European • Road construction and Whole District 2010 Union Rehabilitation (GOM/E • Treadle Pump Irrigation U) • Environmental Management IGPWP • Education • Community water Supply

National • Agriculture Improvement Whole District 2005 Associati • Micro Economic Promotion on for • HIV/AIDS smallhol der Farmer (NASMF

20 AM)

National • Civic Education in Gender, Whole District 2009 Initiative Food Security, for Civic Environmental Educatio Management, HIV/AIDS, n (NICE) Democracy and good governance Education

NASME • Micro Economic Whole District open Empowerment

Nkhumano • Orphan Care TA. Kaluluma open Chovwan • Home based Care o • HIV/AIDS

Livingstonia • Relief aid North of Dwangwa open Synod • Education River

MANASO • HIV/AIDS Whole District open

Total Land Care • Water and Sanitation Dwangwa area 2006 • Food Security Renewable • Environmental Conservation

21 Save the Children • Reduced new HIV infections TA. Kawamba 2006 (Bridge through: Advocacy, Renewable project) Community Mobilisation, Capacity Building, Interpersonal Communication and Mass Media Malawi Red Cross • Community Based Health TA. Chilowamatambe 2006 {Netherlands} Care and Part of TA. Renewable • Community water Supply Wimbe through Borehole Drilling

Malawi Red Cross • Community water Supply TA. Santhe and STAs 2006 {Spain} through Borehole Drilling Nyaza and Chaima Renewable • Small scale irrigation through treadle pumps

Building with Books • Education through schools Snr. Chief Kaomba Open {USA} construction with prospects of scaling up to other TAs

B. Politics

1. Political Parties

There are four main political parties in Kasungu District, namely, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) which is the ruling party, the Malawi Congress Party (MCP), the United Democratic Front (UDF), and the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD).

Since the on set of multi party government in 1994, when it comes to representation in the parliament, MCP has dominated while UDF and AFORD have lost the support they had in North West and North / North North East respectively as evidenced by the out come of May, 2004 presidential and parliamentary elections. On the other hand the newly formed Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) which is also a ruling party is becoming popular and has an MP already though it was formed after the May 2004 presidential and parliamentary elections.

Parties representation in Parliament at district level is as follows: MCP has 7 MPs, DPP has 1 MP for Kasungu North who was initially elected as an Independent MP and there is 1 MP who declared himself Independent from MCP for Kasungu North North East.

There are nine constituencies in the district which have constituency committees that assist the Member of Parliament in running the affairs of Constituency development.

Eight out of thirty TAs and STAs namely TAs Mwase, Lukwa, Kawamba and STAs Nthunduwala, Mangwazu, Mawawa, Simdemba and Kaphaizi are located in the West Constituency which requires a critical thought if developmental projects are allocated based on constituencies. This implies that the remaining twenty-two TAs and STAs are located within eight constituencies giving an average of close to three TAs per Constituency. It is also worth noting that East Constituency which covers the entire Wimbe area can be better targeted based on wards and Constituency since the newly elevated STAs Chinyama and Chitanthamapiri under Wimbe do not have clear boundaries.

C. THE PEOPLE

1. Tribes

There are two main ethnic groups: Chewas and a mixture of Ngonis and Tumbukas. Chewas are mainly found in the west, central, south and east of Kasungu. A mixture of Ngonis and Tumbukas is mainly found in the north and north east of Kasungu in TAs Kaluluma and Simulemba.

Apart from what is there in the history of the Chewas as originating from Katanga region, there were also internal migrations from within the country especially after Lilongwe was declared a capital city. Some of the Chewas who were reallocated from Lilongwe came as far as Kasungu, mainly in the southern part to settle among the already established fellow Chewas.

On the other hand the Ngonis are known to have migrated from South Africa’s Zulu land fleeing from wars waged by Shaka Zulu among other reasons. While trekking in Nyasaland now Malawi, through intermarriages and wars they happened to have trekked with the Tumbukas and Tongas to as far as southern Mzimba and north and north east of Kasungu.

The above migration pattern has been predominant only that in recent times it is done voluntarily in search of fertile land for cultivation and space for settlement.

2. Languages

About 80% of the total population are Chewas and 16% mixture of Tumbukas and Ngonis while the Yaos and other minor tribes represent 4%. Languges spoken in the districts are mainly Chichewa and Chitumbuka where as some few people speak Yao and Chinyanja.

It is, however, worth noting that tumbuka and not ngoni is the predominant language spoken in the north of Kasungu while in the north east, TA Simulemba, there is a blend of tumbuka and chewa languages and the rest of the District is dominated by Chewa language.

23 3. Culture

Culturally the majority of the people in the district follow matrilineal system of marriage, where by a husband lives in a wife’s home. However, this system is phasing out gradually and patrilineal system of marriage is gaining ground. Patrilineal system has been predominant in the north and north east where there is a blend of tumbukas and ngonis. In fact most people combine these two systems in this way: When it comes to chieftainship matrilineal is followed where by nephew takes over. And for the deceased estate the patrilineal is followed where by the son takes over the estate.

As stated above chieftainship is handed over from uncle to nephew or niece except in Ngoni culture areas where the son takes over.

4. Religion

Christianity is the main religion in the district. Approximately 92,4 % of the people are Christians, while 3,6 % Moslems, the remaining 4 % practice other forms of religious beliefs. Main Christian denominations are: Seventh Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Church of Central African Presbyterian, (Nkhoma and Livingstonia Synods), Abraham, Anglican, Church of Christ, New Apostolic Faith, Living Waters, Methodists, Assemblies of God, Jehovas Witnesses, African Jacob, The last Church and Cavalry Family.

5. Traditional Dances

Kasungu District has several traditional dances performed at different occasions by different tribes. Dances performed include the following: Gulewamkulu, Vimbuza, Chimdidi, Chimtali, Mganda, Dusha, Ingoma, Kamchoma and Chisamba.

• Gulewamkulu

Gulewamkulu is performed mainly by the Chewa any time of the year during funerals and other entertainment occasions.

During funerals gulewamkulu dance is performed for the deceased chiefs and other members of the cult as a belief and honour to the deceased. Gulewamkulu is also performed during the initiation ceremonies mainly for the young men and also for any person who happens to trespass their cult. The dance is also performed to entertain the public during different occasions. One of the well known gulewamkulu cult is that of TA. Njombwa. Activities, beliefs and initiations for gulewamkulu are confidential unless one joins the cult.

24 • Chisamba

Chisamba is performed together with gulewamkulu mainly for initiation of young women. Only old women perform Chisamba dance mainly in areas of chewa tribe. The dance is also performed to entertain the public during different occasions.

• Vimbuza

Vimbuza dance is performed mainly in the north of the district among the tumbuka and ngoni by both men and women.

Vimbuza is a result of being possessed with ancestral or evil spirits. The dance is mainly performed as a process of relieving the possessed person of the ancestral or evil spirits. The possessed person can either be healed or turn into a traditional healer.

As a public performance, at the beating of the drums a once possessed person responds by dancing.

The dance under traditional set up is performed during the night under moon light. Performances are common during or soon after harvesting period that is to say between May and October.

• Chimdidi

Chimdidi is mainly performed in the central part of the district by elderly women mainly for public entertainment.

• Chimtali Chimtali is performed during wedding ceremonies by women of all ages especially among the chewas.

• Mganda It is performed by men and boys of all tribes in the district mainly for general celebrations. It is a physical dance and dancers associate themselves with smartly decollated military attire. It is very well performed at Lojwa and Kamdidi amongst other areas.

• Dusha It is mostly performed in central of Kasungu for public entertainment by young energetic women as it is associated with massive body shaking .

• Ingoma It is performed in the north and north east. It was originally a ngoni dance performed mostly during wars but with the end of tribal wars it has turned into a public entertainment performance.

25 • Kamchoma It is mostly performed in south of Kasungu for public entertainment by young energetic women as it is associated with massive body shaking just like Dusha.

6. Poverty Incidence

According to the 1998 Integrated Household Survey where about 48,9% of the people in Kasungu were living below the poverty line. Amongst all Districts, Kasungu poverty incidence is one of the lowest in Malawi, while the average in Malawi is 64.3%.

26 CHAPTER II. DEMOGRAPHY AND SETTLEMENT

1. Population Size and Characteristics

According to the 1998 Population and Housing Census, Kasungu District has a total population of 480,659, which is about 4.9% of the national population.

The average annual population growth rate is estimated at 3.6%, higher than the population growth rate in the country of 2% (see Table 3). .

Table 5: Population Distribution and Growth Rates, by TA/STA Traditional Authority Population 1998 Population 1987 Percentage Distribution 1998 Kaluluma 29823 21603 6.2 STA Simlemba 23241 7678 4.8 STA M’nyanja 19346 16682 4.0 STA Chisikwa 4636 3390 1.0 Kaomba 31943 20185 6.6 Lukwa 26397 31709 5.5 STA Kawamba 40537 25725 8.4 STA Njombwa 24539 12459 5.1 STA Chilowamatambe 30196 20275 6.3 Chulu 43327 28262 9.0 Santhe 64544 48632 13.4 Wimbe 73954 52883 15.4 Kapelula 21866 14096 4.5 Mwase 18171 - 3.8 Kasungu NP 654 364 0.1 Kasungu Town Ship 27754 11591 5.8 Kasungu 480659 323453 100 Source: 1998 Population and Housing Census

The highest populated Traditional Authorities are Wimbe and Santhe each with a population of about 15.4% and 13.4% respectively of the District, while Chisikwa is the least populated Traditional Authority (1.0%).

Population Density

The population density in Kasungu District was 61 persons per sq.km in 1998 as shown in Table below. This represents a 48% increase over the 1987 level (41 persons per sq. km). However, it is lower than the Central Region (114) and National level (105). Kasungu District has the highest annual inter censal growth rate (3.6%) in the country (Malawi 2.0%).

27 There are more females than males living in the district. In most of the areas, the presence of women dominated that of men with the male to female ration pegged at 51.56%.

The population age distribution of Kasungu District shows that about 18 % of the population is under the age of five years.

Table 6: Area (sq. km) and 1998, 1987 Population Densities by TA Traditional Authority Area Sq. Km Density 1998 1987 Growth rate % Kaluluma 606 49 36 3.3 STA Simlemba 251 93 62 6.7 STA M’nyanja 109 178 153 2.7 STA Chisikwa 91 51 37 0.4 Kaomba 303 105 67 5.6 Lukwa 554 48 57 6.6 STA Kawamba 583 70 44 8.0 STA Njombwa 308 80 40 -0.9 STA Chilowamatambe 304 99 67 3.3 Chulu 515 84 55 3.2 Santhe 624 103 78 5.0 Wimbe 894 83 59 8.4 Kapelula 334 66 42 6.9 Mwase - - - - Kasungu NP 2367 6 - -1.3 Kasungu Town Ship 36 771 322 5.2 Total 7878 61 41 5.1

1. Fertility Birth Rate

The crude birth rate (CBR) is defined as the number of births in a given year per 1000 people in a population. For Kasungu District, the CBR in 1998 was estimated at 46.3 births per 1,000 people. This rate is higher than the national average of 37.9 births per 1,000 people.

2. Total Fertility Rate

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman is expected to have by the time she completes her reproductive life. According to the 1987 Population Census, each woman in the district would bear an average of 7 children for the duration of her reproductive life. The national average is lower at 4.8 children per woman.

3. Death Rate

The crude death rate (CDR) is defined as the number of deaths in a given year in a population. In 1987, the CDR was placed at 18 deaths per 1,000 population. The infant mortality rate (IMR) was 93 / 1,000 live births and under five mortality rate was 207 deaths per

28 CHAPTER III. LAND USE

LAND TENURE SYSTEM

Most of the land in Kasungu is under customary ownership. This is owned and controlled by chiefs. Public facilities are on public land which includes National Parks, Forest reserves, roads, Air port and public buildings.

There are three main categories of land tenure systems in the district namely customary public and private lease hold land.

1. Customary Land

This land belongs to the people and is held in trust and administered by traditional authorities. The pressure on customary Land area has increased encroachment of the national parks and forest reserves.

2. Public Land

Public land is that land which Government sets aside through appropriate legislation for specific reasons like national development, security and Tourism. This type of land in the district is used for forests reserve, roads and public plots.

3. Private Lease Hold Land

This is land formally leased from customary. Land under this category which includes private estates must be leased for up to 99 Years.

LAND USE SYSTEM

Table 7: The Major Land Use LAND USE LAND AREA (HA) % OF TOTAL CATEGORY DISTRICT Estates 162574 20.6 Smallholder farmers 162332 20.61 Kasungu National Park 231600 29.4 Forest (protected area) 15000 1.9 Settlement (Infrastructure) 216294 27.46 TOTAL 787800 100% Source Agriculture and Forestry department 2005

For designated major land use see map 14.

CHAPTER IV. ENVIRONMENT

1. The Environmental Situation

Currently Kasungu district is experiencing serious environment and natural resource problems. The underlying cause is high population density that is overly dependent on agricultural production mostly involving poor husbandry techniques. In the 1970s and 80s Kasungu experienced vast opening of tobacco estates which resulted in reduction in forestry cover.

The district faces many environmental problems, the major ones being:

i. Inadequate Enforcement of Environmental Legislation Legislation has been difficult to be fully enforced mostly due to: - Shortage of staff in various departments - Transport problems - Lack of awareness for both local communities and front line staff.

ii. Environmental degradation

Environmental degradation is greatly a result of: - Heavy deforestation which has left many areas bare - High levels of soil erosion resulting in siltation of rivers but also low soil fertility.

iii. Environmental Information Many institutions do not have proper data management systems. Circulation of environmental publications is very poor Environmental awareness campaigns are rarely conducted in the district.

More information can be obtained from the Kasungu State of Environment Report(2004).

CHAPTER V. ECONOMY

A. AGRICULTURE

Introduction

Agriculture is the major sector in the District, which provides work for most of the people in Kasungu. Over 80 % of the people work in agriculture. Kasungu District has a total of 174,277 Farm families, with an average land holding size of about 1.9 ha. The total area of Kasungu district is 787,800 ha of which 324,906 ha(41.2%) under Customary / Estate is arable land. The total customary land is 162332 ha (20.6%) and the rest falls under Kasungu National Park and Estate sector (see Map 12, page 31) . Kasungu District is divided into Six Extension planning Areas (EPA) namely Chulu, Kaluluma, Kasungu Chipala, Chamama, Lisasadzi and Santhe (see Map 13, page 36).

1. Crops

The major crops grown are Maize, Tobacco, Groundnuts, Cassava and Sweet Potato. In the season 2006/07 maize covers almost 41.1 % of the total farmland and burley tobacco covers 10.2 %. Other crops grown include beans, millet, paprika, sunflower, sorghum and rice.

Table 8a. shows the list of major crops grown in Kasungu, Table 8b shows the trend of general crops cultivated in (ha) 2004 – 2005 to 2006 – 2007 season.

In addition Kasungu District has a wide variety of Horticulture products such as Tangerines, Mangos. Horticulture products are shown in Table 9 below.

Table 8: Trend of Crops Cultivated In Hectares 2004/05 – 2006/07 a. Production (tones), yield (ha) per crop grown Area cultivated (Ha) Production (tonne) Crops 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 All Maize 116,038 129,154 133,651 111,391 131,312 309,598 All G/nuts 21,157 20,061 23,424 9,791 9,185 21,930 All Pulses (Beans) 32,323 30,705 33,062 17,571 9,222 15,983 Burley 18,375 15,106 13,125 9,367,598 7,928,843 12,327,792 NDDF 50 10 588 12,680 2,220 383,241 Cassava 5,882 7,113 9,150 94,936 96,721 157,893 Sweet Potato 4,835 5,355 7,181 51,217 48,825 95,343 All Rice 317 269 291 213 162 327 Source: Agriculture Production Estimates Final Figures 2006/07 b. Area planted per crop grown and percent of land planted with type of crops Crops Area cultivated (Ha) Percent of land planted with type of crop planted 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 All Maize 116,038 129,154 133,651 35.7 39.8 41.1 All G/nuts 21,157 20,061 23,424 6.5 6.2 7.2 All Pulses 32,323 30,705 33,062 9.9 9.5 10.2 Burley 18,375 15,106 13,125 5.7 4.6 4.0 NDDF 50 10 588 0.02 0.003 0.2 Flue Tobacco 2,213 0 2,228 0.7 0 0.7 Cassava 5,882 7,113 9,150 1.8 2.2 2.8 Sweet Potato 4,835 5,355 7,181 1.5 1.6 2.2 Paprika 820 142 464 0.3 0.04 0.1 Cotton 20 116 152 0.006 0.04 0.05 Finger Millet 1,518 1,221 1,339 0.5 0.4 0.4 Sorghum 54 39 46 0.02 0.01 0.01 Potato 1,041 656 523 0.3 0.2 0.2 All Rice 317 269 291 0.1 0.08 0.09 Sun Air Tobacco 0 0 81 0 0 0.02 Source: Agriculture Production Estimates 2006/07

Table 9: Horticulture production Crops 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 Farmers Area Farmers Area Farmers Area Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Tomatoes 6,038 210.0 6,788 264.0 8,243 304.0 Cabbage 1,022 165.0 1,684 170.0 2,115 177.0 Onion 1,908 37.0 2,356 69.0 2,116 20.0 Oranges 4,009 182400 Trees 4,069 183039 Trees 4,231 198037 Trees Banana 5,317 3995.0 5,381 3995.0 6,013 4432.0 Tangerines 1,183 4090 Trees 1,293 4334 Trees 1,583 6431 Trees Guavas 2,018 15362 Trees 2,351 15772 Trees 3,216 38095 Trees Pawpaw 10,026 4036 Trees 10,148 4280 11,203 4484 Source: Agriculture Production Estimates Final Report 2006/07

For agricultural potentials in Kasungu District see Map 11 below.

Map 11: Agricultural Potential Map of Kasungu District

Source: National Atlas of Malawi

Map 12: Land use and Vegetation in Kasungu District

Cropping Pattern Kasungu district like any other district in Malawi receive unimodal type of rainfall, which starts in October and ends in March. All the crops are largely grown during this period. However, some farmers also grow winter season crops such as maize, beans, tomatoes, irish potatoes and vegetables under irrigation using different types of technologies.

Table 10: Rain fall Month 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 Amount of Rain days Amount of Rain-days Amount of Rain days rainfall rainfall rainfall October 3.6 9 2.8 5 4.5 5 November 51.3 18 26.3 17 98.5 23 December 293.3 20 93.2 21 231.3 23 January 190.4 21 159.7 21 351.6 23 February 133.0 19 109.9 21 210.6 23 March 88.3 21 192.6 21 113.4 23 April 3.1 6 67.1 20 5.9 8 May 1.1 3 3.4 7 District 771.5 43 655.9 47 1015.8 39 Source: District Data Bank

The most common source of labour under smallholder farming is the family labour and most commonly used tool is the hand hoe. Quite a few farmers have ox-carts, work oxen and ploughs. For winter production tools used are treadle pumps and the usual watering cans.

Crop Yields Yields are below the potential average for most of the crops. This is due to lack of improved varieties of seed, high cost of fertilizers, low use of manure, poor cultural practices, erratic rainfall, inadequate irrigation personnel and resources and low pest and disease management. Fruit production is also done in all EPA’s. However, the main fruit production EPA’s is Chamama with bananas and citrus fruits being the major species.

Smallholder farming Smallholder farming covers 162,332 ha which is 50 % of the total arable land. The total number of farm families for the district is 174,277. This gives an estimated average land holding size of 1.9 ha though with little variation amongst the EPA’s

About 51.4% of farm families own land which is less than 1.0 ha and only 2.1% have land over 3 ha (see table 10 below).

Table 11: Land Holding Size Distribution (as %ge of the total) Holding Size (ha) Farm Families % 0.5 22.1 0.5 – 1.0 29.3 1.1 – 1.5 17.0 1.6 – 2.0 13.1 2.1 – 2.5 11.0 2.6 – 3.0 5.4 3.0 2.1 Source: Agriculture office 2006/07

Crops commonly grown by smallholder farmers are Maize, tobacco, cassava, sweet potato, Soya beans, groundnuts, sorghum, paprika, millet, ground beans, rice, common beans, citrus fruits, vegetables and irish potato.

Tobacco plays a big role in the District as cash crop.

Table 12: Area Under Tobacco Farming (ha) by TAs Traditional Authority Tobacco Area (Ha) Smallholder Estates (Ha) 2006/07 2006/07 TA Kaluluma 1461 16257 TA Chulu 1298 14632 TA Kaomba 1355 30889 TA Lukwa 2419 24386 TA Wimbe 5972 48772 TA Santhe 3517 27638

Source: Agriculture Office Production Estimates Reports 2006/2007 Season. Trend of area has gone down in 2006/07 because of poor marketing prices offered at Auction holdings Limited.

Table 13a: Tobacco Price for Three Season

TOBACCO TYPE GROWING SEASONS

2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007

BURLEY $1.04 $2.20

NDDF $0.60 $2.00

FLUE $1.40 $1.85

SUN AIR $1.80

Source: Agriculture Office Production Estimates Reports 2004/2005 Season. This Season 2006 – 2007 tobacco prices were better than the past two years.

Table 13b: Labour Saving Technologies

Farm Oxenixation Tractor Hire Scheme Mechanisation 2005/06 2006/07 2005/06 2006/07 Technologies Area M F Area M F Area M F Area M F Ploughing 200.1 935 97 210.5 1020 99 102.0 31 0 218.0 1120 1101 Riding 56.0 34 7 61.0 42 13 27.0 5 0 64.0 57 21 Harrowing 27.0 5 0 30.0 16 0 Herbicides 4 2 0 5.0 5 0

Table 13c: Disasters

Type of Disaster 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 Crops Area Crops Area Crops Area affected affected affected affected affected affected

Floods/Hailstorm Maize 27989.9 Maize 62.6 Tobacco 7064.4 Burley 4.0 G/nuts 3099.0 G/nuts 4.0 Beans 5657.1 Beans 5.0 Army Worm Maize 2025.7 Maize 6.0 Leaf Rollers Maize Maize 4.0

Kasungu District has over the years experienced an increase in the number of Estates opened. There are 13 381 registered estates. TA Wimbe has the highest number of about 2555 registered estates representing 19% of the total area covered by estates.

Photo 5: Tobacco farm in TA Lukwa

Out of 174,277 Farm families, 77.4% are Male-headed households and 22.6% are Female-headed households as shown in table 14.

Table 14a: Household Landholdings, by percent Holding Size (in ha.) Male-Headed Female-Headed Total (%) Households (%) Households (%) Less than 0.5 10 5 15 0.5 to 0.99 15 10 25 1.0 to 1.99 25 15 40 2.0 and above 16 4 20 Total 100 % Source: Agriculture Office 2006 - 2007

Table 14b: Soil and water conservation Type 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 Area NO OF Area NO OF Area NO OF under the FARMERS under the FARMERS under the FARMERS practice practice practice Marker 43.77 2404 969.0 1846 1336 13951 ridges Vertiver 31.6 388 168.8 132 25.7 1433 grass Vertiver 3.44 327 0 0 5.21 361 nurseries Box 103.9 595 386.5 550 1232.3 5132 ridges 38

Table 14c: Soil Fertility Improvement Type of technology Area under the technology 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 Manure application 702.4 2238.9 1207.4 Agro-forestry 60.2 117.2 217.7 Crop residue management 20.2 89.9 409.0 Improvement 40.4 8.8

Table 14d: Rain Harvest Type of technology Number of Male Female Number of Male Female technology technology Under ground tanks 1 12 18 0 0 0 Above tanks 1 8 12 0 0 0 Infiltration 140 568 174

Table 14e: Conservation farming Type of 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 technology Area Farmers Area Farmers Area Farmers covered involved covered involved Covered involved Zero tillage 0 0 0 0 6.4 68 Pit planting 0 0 0 0 0 0 Use of herbicides 18.6 38 0 0 12.6 81.

Table 14f: Land holding per EPA EPA Gross area Area under Area under Estate arable Smallholder estate smallholder land arable and Arable Non Arable Non Arable Non Wet Dry Wet Dry arable arable arable land land land land Chulu 43320 12630 11500 4800 14400 2800 2180 10250 2120 7100 Kaluluma 86920 22630 12900 10100 36100 6800 4100 15600 6000 18950 Chipala 90900 18100 34300 4759 23000 3502 2800 31500 4180 18820 Chamama 75540 23460 29300 4800 25300 7100 3000 12601 6899 20000 Lisasadzi 86122 17828 18158 1457 38615 10100 6118 15600 2000 10902 Santhe 65000 9300 28900 2900 21115 1925 1415 7200 2045 8800

AGRICULTURE EXTENSION

The ratio of AEDO (Agriculture Extension Development Officer ) to farming family stands at 1:2300. This is too high because the recommended ratio is 1:700.

Extension workers disseminate required technologies through campaign meeting field days, on farm demonstrations, Farmer Training sessions, Field visits and displays etc. Extension staff are refreshed through the Residential Training Centre and during fortnightly training session in Day Training Centres. These are:

Lisasadzi RTC Chulu Day Training Centre Kaluluma Day Training Centre Kasungu/ Chipala Day Training Centre Lisasadzi Day Training Centre 39

Santhe Day Training Centre

The district has the following farming families as per Extension Planning Area (EPA)

Table 15a: Farming Families per EPA EPA N0 of FARMING FAMILIES 2005 - 2006 FARMING FAMILIES 2006 – 2007 sections Male Female Totals Male Female Totals Headed Headed Headed Headed 1 Chulu 6 12,709 4,948 17,657 13,005 4,739 17,744 2 Kaluluma 13 21,292 8,535 29,827 24,158 9,205 33,363 3 Kasungu/Chipala 10 24,812 9,029 33,841 30,363 9,112 39,475 4 Chamama 10 27,280 8,045 35,325 30,523 8,894 39,417 5 Lisasadzi 6 15,210 6,518 21,728 21,543 433 21,976 6 Santhe 7 16,835 5,052 21,887 15,267 7,035 22,302 TOTAL 52 118,138 42,127 160,265 134,859 39,418 174,277 Source: District Data Bank

Agriculture Farm Families 2006/2007 Farm families have gone up by 8.04% compared to last season. The district is underway re-demarcate sections from 52 to 95 in all EPAs.

Other Agricultural Extension Providers Apart from the Ministry of Agriculture and irrigation, there are other organizations that provide extension services to farmers in the district. The table below provides the details.

Table 15b: Other Extension Services Providers in Kasungu Name of NGO Operating Areas Objectives Main Componets Plan Malawi Kasungu N. Food security and Small Scale substainable livelihood Agro Forestry Bean Seed multiplication & marketing Poultry Farming Small Scale irrigation

Total Land Care Kasungu Chipala Eliminating Child Labour Small Scale Santhe irrigation Lisasadzi Agroforestry Danish Church Aid Chamama, Household income and food Poultry Lisasadzi security Soil fertility K/Chipala improvement European Union Throughout the Improving Food Security Small scale district irrigation Agroforestry Red cross Society Santhe Improve winter crop Treadle Pump production irrigation HIV and Aids Kasungu Community Throughout the Improving food security & Provision of SACCO district household income loans to smallholder farmers NASFAM Lisasadzi Improve food security and Provision of Chamama increase farmers access to farm input loans Chulu marketing 40

Chipala ARET Throughout the Improving tobacco quality Training district tobacco farmers in tobacco crop management. CADECOM Lisasadzi Improving food Security Small scale Kaluluma irrigation World Vision Malawi Chamama Improving food security Small scale irrigation Provision of farm input loans MALEZA/COOPI Throughout the Improving food security Small scale district irrigation Land O Lakes Kasungu N Food security & household Provision of income dairy loans Action Against Hunger Kasungu North Improving food security Livelihood activities Harvest Help Kasungu North Improving food security Livelihood activities Micro Loan Foundation Throughout the Improving food security & Give small soft district household income loans

IRRIGATION

The district has a great potential of irrigation development due to the availability of potential rivers such as Bua, Dwangwa and Rusa. There are also small rivers and dambos potential for irrigation development system of irrigation used by farmers include: use of treadle pumps, motorized pumps, river diversion, rescued moisture and watering cans.

Wherever possible, farmers are organized into groups to facilitate irrigation activities implementation.

Table 16: Irrigation activities by District Type of Irrigation Number of Items Number of Farm Families Area Cultivated 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 Treadle Pumps 3,435 1,929 7,891 3,435 3,966 9,240 687.0 625.2 1175.0 Motorised Pumps 41 13 51 123 228 4,507 17.5 26.3 576.8 Water Cans 2,514 3,200 4,600 120 233 25.0 11.5 Gravity Fed (Sites) 21 33 31 102 178 790 8.2 10.2 62.8 River impounding 72 356 1,000 13.3 34.6 100.0 Drip Dam Residual moisture 7,703 761.1

2006-2007 MOTORISED AND TREADLE PUMPS IN THE DISTRICT DISTRIBUTED TO NINE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT

Table 17: Bua – Dwangwa Drought Mitigation Project 2006 – 2007 Technology Irrigation Area Irrigated Beneficiaries equipments (Ha) Male Female Total Treadle pumps 1,438 274.0 4,140 1,569 5,709 Motorised pumps 32 558.4 2,876 1,284 4,160 Total 7,016 2,853 9,869

Source: District Data Bank

2. Institutional Set Up

Agricultural extension services are delivered through Kasungu District Agriculture Development Office, which is under Kasungu ADD. The District Agriculture Development Office covers the whole administration boundaries of Kasungu district. It is divided into six above mentioned EPA’s. The EPA’s are further divided into 52 sections, which are manned by the frontline staff at Technical Officer Grade. This forms the direct link between the whole agricultural structure and the farmers.

Below are the offices from RDP, EPA to Section at community level

RDP Headquarters

District Agriculture Development Officer Assistant District Agriculture Development Officer RDP Subject Matter Specialists Crop Production Officer Extension Officer Veterinary Officer Land Resource & Conservation Officer Irrigation Officer Planning Officer Support services

EPAs: Agriculture Extension Development Coordinator Land Resource & Conservation Officer Assistant Veterinary Officer

SECTION: Agriculture Extension Development Officer (AEDOs)

Map 13: Extension Planning Areas in Kasungu District

3. Agriculture Markets

Smallholder farmers sell their farm produce in markets operated by the district Assembly and ADMARC. In addition, some private traders or intermediate buyers (vendors) also open small markets where crops such as tobacco, maize and paprika are sold. In total the district has six ADMARC markets and 20 other local markets ref. Table 14 below.

Table18: Type of Agriculture Markets in EPAs by TA

EPA Traditional Authority Name of Market Type of Market Chulu Senior Chief Chulu Chulu Admarc Chulu Local Matenje Market

Chisinga Mpepa Admarc Mpepa Local Mpepa Market

Mphomwa Kantuwale Admarc Mphomwa Local Lisitu Market Dwangwa Local Lisitu Market Kaluluma Kaluluma Kaluluma Admarc Kaluluma Local Nkhamenya Mkt Chisemphere Chabvula Local Khomawekha Mk

Mnyanja Chatoloma Admarc Chatoloa Local Mpeni Market

Chisikwa Lojwa Local Lodjwa Market

Simlemba Mthabua Admarc Simlemba Local Mafomba Market Kasungu Chipala Senior Chief Kaomba Kasungu Town Town Assembly Chitete Town Assembly Kasungu Admarc Chizuna Admarc

Senior Chief Lukwa Linyangwa Local Linyangwa Mkt Chidzenje Local Market

Simndemba Local Market

Kaphaizi Kafukule Local Market

Chilowamatambe Matambe Local Market

Chambwe Kapalamila Admarc Chambwe Chibophi Local Market

Chamama Wimbe Wimbe Admarc Wimbe Local Kachokolo Mkt Chamama Admarc Malakatika Admarc Chamama Local Market

Kapelula Mtandila Admarc Ndonda Local Market Mdoni Local Market Lisasadzi Kawamba Kapaladzala ADMARC Kawamba Local Market

Nthunduwala Nthunduwala Local Market

Njombwa Bua Local Market Kasela Local Market Chinkhoma Local Market Kamphulu Local Market Lisasadzi Local Market Malepera Local Market Santhe Santhe Santhe Admarc Santhe Local Chigodi Market Mkhota Local Market Nyaza Katenje Local Market Chaima Chaima Local Market Chizuma Chizuma Local Market

Table 19a: Agriculture Produce Prices Maize Rice Shelled Beans Cassava Sweet potato Tomatoes G/Nuts January 2005 26.67 80.00 65.00 85.71 17.14 22.00 58.83 2006 46.13 100.00 128.75 140.63 25.00 25.00 68.05 February 2005 27.38 80.06 66.00 92.31 17.14 25.00 65.00 2006 54.06 119.23 141.58 149.81 25.49 30.00 64.69 March 2005 22.76 80.00 60.00 88.00 15.48 30.00 55.81 2006 58.11 129.63 151.35 155.40 28.25 23.97 57.37 April 2005 19.95 80.00 67.42 94.74 16.90 30.00 56.48 2006 60.26 120.21 150.36 102.00 30.00 30.00 58.20 May 2005 13.90 80.00 65.73 94.12 18.75 26.47 67.92 2006 60.22 125.00 98.20 100.00 20.00 25.00 65.00 June 2005 15.40 80.00 75.00 94.44 19.38 20.00 70.00 2006 40.12 98.21 97.21 101.01 18.00 20.00 48.00 July 2005 16.32 78.33 76.00 92.66 19.69 25.00 68.57 2006 32.21 80.00 100.00 102.00 18.00 25.00 58.00 August 2005 17.00 80.00 75.00 95.00 16.00 26.00 70.00 2006 26.67 115.00 106.23 104.26 18.20 20.00 40.00 September 2005 22.00 80.00 75.00 100.00 20.00 30.00 75.00 2006 22.50 110.00 95.85 92.47 18.52 25.00 48.27 October 2005 35.00 85.00 77.00 100.00 24.00 35.00 68.00 2006 27.18 100.00 125.50 121.10 18.21 25.00 68.19 November 2005 37.50 81.66 85.00 100.00 24.00 22.00 52.00 2006 25.00 100.00 120.00 110.00 20.00 30.00 60.00 December 2005 41.19 85.00 91.50 105.00 25.00 58.00 2006 20.00 110.00 120.00 120.00 25.00 30.00 62.00

Table 19b: Food Security Month 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 Farm Families % of Farm Families % of Farm Families Farm families without farm families without farm families without families food families food families food without without food food July 152950 6108 4.0 160265 25174 15.7 174277 18299 10.5 August 152950 7512 5.0 160265 33645 21.0 174277 21436 12.3 September 152950 12403 8.1 160265 43427 27.1 174277 28581 16.4 October 152950 22238 14.0 160265 63038 39.3 174277 66748 38.3 November 152950 37495 24.5 160265 83117 52.0 174277 69711 40.0 December 152950 43438 28.4 160265 88466 55.2 174277 78773 45.2 January 152950 45401 29.7 160265 109296 68.2 174277 84524 48.5 February 152950 49658 32.5 160265 113857 71.8 174277 92958 53.3 March 152950 52892 34.6 160265 116145 72.5 174277 42698 24.5 April 152950 16826 11.0 160265 51445 32.1 174277 17602 10.1 May 152950 16519 10.8 160265 43592 27.2 174277 14291 8.2 June 152950 15043 9.8 160265 36380 22.7 174277 5851 3.4

NB: most of the farmers buy inputs from shops in town and in trading centers. The main input suppliers are:

FARM INPUT SUPPLIES IN THE DISTRICT:

1. Farmers World 2. Rab Processors 3. Norsk Hydro 4. Agro Dealers 5. PTC 6. Hardware Shops 7. NASFAM 8. Admarc 9. ATC 10. Crop Save 11. Chipiku 12. Akonda Trading 13. Trans Globe 14. METRO

Table 19c: Input uptake

Mode Cash (mt) Credit (mt) Free (mt) Subsidy (TIP) 50 kgs bags

2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 23:21:0+s 929.5 391.7 14.2 388.1 22.0 21,970 72,380 74,850 Urea 1602.9 276.9 20.45 314.8 33.0 21,970 65,299 76,000 CAN 919.8 389.6 14.95 707.9 25.0 28,777 26,480 D Compound 377.5 112.2 3.05 111.4 110.0 47,572 26,360 SD 304.3 75.1 0 70.6 15.0 Hybrid 54.8 42.8 40.5 0.05 58,315 OVP 439,400 209,514 58,315

2. Agricultural Credits

Major credit institutions involved in agriculture are:

• Malawi Rural Finance Company (MRFC) • NBS Bank • Sacco • Tobacco Control Commission (TCC) • SG 2000 Project (Sasakawa) • OIBM • National Bank • Standard Bank • NASFAM • Micro Loan Foundation Project • MARDEF • FINCA

These institutions provide agricultural credit inputs such as seed, fertilizers and chemicals.

6. LIVESTOCK

a. Population Livestock plays an important role as source of income, proteins, manure and draught power. Livestock is also a source of food security where by it is sold or exchanged for food in critical periods of food shortage. While livestock management is normally traditional, stall feeding and breeding programmes have been emphasized and encouraged as evidenced by the introduction of Boer goat, Black Australorp (Mikolongwe Chicken), Brahman cattle and the guinea fowl which become very popular in the district.

Major livestock classes produced in the district are: Cattle, sheep, goats, Pigs, poultry and Rabbits.

LIVESTOCK CENSUS FOR THE YEAR 2006/2007 FOR KASUNGU DISTRICT

Table 19d: Livestock common diseases in the district 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 Type of livestock Affected Affected Treated Died Affected Treated Died Affected Treated Died East cost Cattle 74 31 43 11 11 4 fever Black quarter Cattle 40 0 40 16 0 16 2 0 2 Tuberculosis Cattle 79 0 79 Babesiosis Cattle 128 114 0 African Pigs 13 0 13 5 0 1 swine fever Worms Pigs 27139 0 11801 Newcastle Poultry 8249 0 0 29591 0 29591 Gumboro Poultry 77000 55311 0 Coccidiosis Poultry 31249 29415 1722

Table 19e: Type of livestock facility in the district 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 Type of Total Operation Total Operation Total Operation facility Dip tanks 12 0 12 1 12 2 Slaughter 5 5 4 5 5 5 slabs Crush 0 Milk 4 0 4 4 4 4 bulking Veterinary 4 4 4 station

(a) Livestock Production

Table 19f: Livestock Production Type of livestock 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 Number Number Number Number Number Number farm of farm of farm of families livestock families livestock families livestock Cattle 471 41366 479 44805 511 47453 Goats 600 61467 714 66477 801 88376 Sheep 351 4671 355 5205 376 7484 Chickens 401 276111 555 363096 601 462092 Rabbits 176 9033 189 9316 181 11496 Cats 1341 1691 1202 1824 1277 2716 Pigs 1381 21300 1390 24605 1466 28951 Donkeys 50 72 50 84 50 96 Ducks 540 9400 557 9730 607 13588 Doves 791 47963 797 39444 1001 51017 Broilers 279 21977 441 35001 600 37096 Layers 397 3742 269 5417 411 9699 Guinea Bowl 1011 13724 1054 15640 1782 26585 Guinea Pigs 162 711 162 741 178 899 Black Australlop 704 56443 716 71010 840 69799 Turkeys 128 266 128 281 128 564 Dairy Cattle 41 63 41 57 41 102

b. Livestock Services

The Department of Animal Health and Industry provides technical support and veterinary services to the livestock industry. Some of which are dipping of dogs, conducting artificial Insemination, slaughter slabs, crushes and veterinary clinic.

c. Dairy, Meat and Traction/Transport

Dairy Dairy production is quite minimal in the District. This situation is brought about by the lack of sources for dairy breeds.

Meat Most of the livestock are local breed and this is an indication that they are kept for meat production. However, local breed is characterized by low productivity, hence inadequate livestock products on the market.

Traction / Transport Traction is done by very few people as indicated that only 5292 oxen are registered. Most of these are used to pull oxcarts and ploughs.

d. Major Diseases and their Causes

Theileriosis, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, Helminthiasis, Foot and Mouth, Tuberculosis, Black quarter, New Castle, African swine fever and fowl Pox are the major livestock diseases. While these diseases and ensure the proper quality of livestock and livestock products. Viruses, bacteria, and parasites are the main causes of livestock diseases. While these may lead to low production and reduction in animal population, appropriate measures were instituted to remedy the situation and ensure the proper quality of livestock and other by-products coming from the districts. e. Usage of Animal by-Products

Animal by-products are utilized for other uses or to produce other products. Hides and skins are used to manufacture leather products while feathers are employed in the making of pillows and cushions. Horns are make into traditional claws and manure is applied into the soil as fertilizer to improve fertility. These animal by- products are widely used by every farmer mainly in agricultural production, if not sold for cash

B. FISHERIES Most major water bodies i.e. rivers and dams of Kasungu District are sources for medium scale fish supply for both household and for sell at the market. Although many rivers are not perennial Bua, Rusa, Dwangwa and Lingadzi continue to hold water in pools until mid or late in the dry season. This characteristic makes these water bodies to offer many types of fish species e.g. Chambo, Matemba, Milamba, Nthachi, Mbaba etc.

Traditionally local people in Kasungu have used the fish basket (Mono) to catch fish. This method let the fish populations / species to survive until very recently in spite of continuous off-take. However, as an influx of experienced fishermen from Lake Malawi continue to flock in, most people have learned to use the hook, katupe (Tephrosia volgelii) and nets. Fishing, mainly in the rivers is done almost though out the year but the pick season is from January to July.

River fishing within the district accounts for 25 % of all the fish sold in the local markets, about 5% comes from Zambia and the rest is from Lake Malawi.

C. FORESTRY

Naturally, the whole of Kasungu was thickly covered under Savannah woodland. However due to human activities like settlements, agriculture and high demand on wood as well as wood products the land has gradually lost almost 90% of its forest cover. Presently, forests can only be found in protected areas.

In Kasungu, there are two forest reserves, the first one is Chimaliro (gazetted) in T.A Kaluluma and the second is Chawa (un-gazette) in TA Simlemba. These forest reserves cover an area of 17200 Ha representing 6.7% cover of the whole district. These reserves as other types of protected areas serve as catchment areas for Dwangwa, Chawa and Mthira Rivers. Kasungu is also blessed with Kasungu National Park, which has an area of 3216 Km 2

Forests on customary land are owned by chiefs, who also protect natural forest by demarcating portions of their land to be conserved and utilized by the local communities surrounding them. These portions are called Village Forest Areas and in Kasungu, there are 183 Village Forest Areas covering an area of about 915.5 hectares. Some natural forest are located on lease land in estates, which are involved in commercial farming e.g. KFCTA (presently KTFT) has 29000 Ha of natural forest which is in the process of being handed over to the Traditional Authorities.

1. State of Forest Cover in Protected Areas

Kasungu has three main protected sites, Kasungu National Park, Chimaliro Forest Reserve and Chawa Proposed Forest Reserve. The state of Chimaliro

forest reserve is not very bad because of the co-management program-taking place there. Deforestation was experienced in 1998 and 2004. During 2004, over 100 trees were cut by two people who wanted to open a garden and the other one wanted to sell firewood to tobacco farmers.

Encroachment is very high at Chawa where over 54 families are now living in the reserve. People have opened Tobacco and maize gardens. Money has been allocated through Sustainable Forest Management And improved Livelihoods Project to start soon in and around the reserve.

At Kasungu National Park, deforestation is taking place mostly along the buffer zone and on the Zambian side. Some firewood is also coming from Chulu area.

Table 20: Number of households and hectare of land Encroached Between 1997 and 2004 YEAR Households Area (in Ha) 1997 9 23 1998 21 36 1999 32 50 2000 53 64 2004 54 64.05 Source; District Agriculture Office 2004

2. State of Forest Cover in Customary Land

Due to human activities such as farming, Charcoal and firewood selling, complimented by the rapid growth of Township, forest cover in Kasungu is on the decline. The trend of the graph shows that since 1976, Forest cover has been declining. This was more serious during 1993 to 1996 when the forests in the customary land were handed over to traditional authorities.

The situation is much worse in TA Chulu, Wimbe, Lukwa, and Chilowamatambe compared to TAs Kaomba, Santhe and Kaluluma. In general, the situation is bad in all TAs.

From 1995, there has been stability in the decline of Forest cover due to the establishment of Non Governmental Organizations, sensitisation and interpretation of the Forest Act and Policy.

Table 21: Forest Cover by TA [Ha] Year Kalulum Wimbe Chulu Kaomba Santhe Chilowa Lukwa a 1989 2895 2208 1650 2880 2415 1917 1613 1990 2905 2213 1652 2882 2124 1917 1613 1991 2925 2214 1654 2882 2124 1917 1620 1992 2925 2219 1654 2882 2001 1803 1620 1993 2705 2000 1400 2400 2001 1803 1504 1994 2350 1920 1205 2100 2001 1820 1504 1995 2200 1300 1100 2100 2010 1820 1422 1996 2201 1302 1102 2108 2010 1742 1416 1997 2220 1305 1115 2110 2020 1742 1300 1998 2230 1400 1120 2020 1942 1300

Graph 1: Trend of forest cover in Kasungu

3500

3000 Kaluluma 2500 Wimbe

2000 Chulu Kaomba 1500 Santhe 1000 Chilowa 500 Lukwa

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

Source; District Forestry Office 2004

CAUSES: Deforestation and Forest degradation have been major causes in the decline of forest cover in Kasungu district. In Kasungu, deforestation is inevitable due to Agricultural activities that are firewood demanding in nature. There has been deforestation and it will be there as long as the main contributing factors are not ched. The main contributing factors are as follows;

a. Agricultural Activities:

Kasungu District has experienced an influx in the number of Estates opened over the years. To date a total of 13381 registered estates have been opened. TA Wimbe has the highest number of up to 2555 Ha representing 19% of the total land covered by estates. 51

Tobacco farming require a lot of firewood per annum. Press Agriculture alone, now Limbe Leaf uses approximately 33m 3 of firewood to cure one hectare of flue cured tobacco and yet their target per annum is 3,400 Ha. This means that about 112,200m 3 of firewood is required every year for the Company. In fact, Limbe Leaf, the Company that bought Press Agriculture, used 130,000m 3 of firewood and 670,000 poles during the 2003/2004 farming season and 141,000m 3 for 2004/2005 growing season.

The amount of fuel wood required for the District can also be determined by the amount of tobacco grown by smallholder farmers in the District. From 1999 to 2003, tobacco grown by smallholder farmers increased as shown in the table. The mount of firewood used increased in the same ratios. Flue cured tobacco grown by Smallholder farmers

Table 22: Tobacco Grown By Small Holder Farmer YEAR/TYPE OF 1999/2000 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 TOBACCO NDDF 239705 207099 292917 930450 BURLEY 11589682 20162161 10649870 11296649 ORIENTAL 1360 680

Graph 2: Tobacco Grown By Small Holder Farmer

25000000 20000000 NDDF 15000000 BURLEY 10000000 5000000 ORIENTAL 0 1999/2000 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003

b. Increasing human population:

An increase in human population has resulted in a rise in deforestation and forest degradation leading into reduced forest cover. As the pressure increases, the capacity of the forest resource to supply products and resources in a sustainable manner is threatened.

c. Poverty Most rural people in the District cannot afford alternative sources of energy to fuel-wood. Furthermore one of the poor peoples’ strategies for survival is to sell forest products in order to obtain cash for purchasing basic needs and accessing services.

d. Encroachment of Protected Area

Encroachment of Forest Reserves by surrounding communities was experienced between 1998 and 2004 at Chimaliro Forest Reserves. Clearing trees for agriculture was the main cause at Chimaliro while at Chawa, people have built huts in the Reserve. A total of 115 huts have already been built to date.

e. Change in Land Use

Change in land use has also been a major contributing factor in deforestation in the District. This includes all the activities that convert Forest areas to gardens, residential and industrial sites. In Kasungu Urban Kapalankhwazi Plantation that belonged to Malawi Housing has been demarcated for residential plots. Houses have been built where forests used to be. One of the sites that have been cleared for settlement is the area extending from Oilcom to Nguluyanawambe and from Oilcom to Chankhanga River on Mzuzu road.

Other Pressures Other pressures include frequent uncontrolled fires, which damage the forest. This problem not only affects the indigenous forest but also seriously affected are the plantations of exotic trees. Information from KTFT shows that they experienced fires on their eucalyptus plantation almost every year. Nevertheless, termites also cause damage on blue gum plantations and livestock this state of affairs is counterproductive to reforestation programmes.

EFFECTS

Lack of Fuel Wood

Due to reduced forest cover caused by deforestation and forest degradation, forest resources are very scares in the District. Today some of the Tobacco Estates buy firewood for curing from Viphya. All firewood used by Limbe Leaf last year was collected from there. The table bellow shows the amount collected.

Table 23: Fire Wood Utilization by Limbe Leaf

Year Firewood/m 3 2003 130000 2004 141000 Source; Limbe Leaf

RESPONSE :

Tree Planting

Planting of indigenous and fast growing exotic trees by different categories of people has been on an increase to improve forest cover. Village Natural Resources Management Committees, Estates and Smallholder farmers are the main partners in the reforestation programme. From 1997 to 2004, 17211860 tree seedlings have been planted in the District.

The graph and table bellow show the trend of tree planting. Estates have planted more trees since the Department of Forestry stopped selling of indigenous firewood in the country in 1997 –new Forest Act-. On the other hand, Village Natural Resources Management Committees increased their activities from 2002 with the coming of Malawi Social Action Fund, and other Non governmental Organizations that participate in tree planting programme through Village Natural Resources Management Committees.

Table 24 : Response Indicator: Reforestation/Afforestation Year SHF ESTATES VNRMC SCHOOLS GVT WOMEN OTHERS APTNESS GROUPS 1997 391600 606062 124839 46127 663765 33813 1998 347564 1349158 238157 99951 351013 376623 1999 600320 230783 335350 46200 88740 226690 2000 600320 262649 232524 47630 1900 25884 244045 2001 402682 951260 312268 67578 4180 31509 2002 447245 367826 763483 63525 2350 245907 2003 429864 300099 1757305 129103 161 470366 356152 2004 254996 126378 1621045 84047 34951 120998 294875 2005 295334 273594 2677183 62376 101436 868000 Source: DFO

Nurseries

In order to readdress the problem of deforestation and forest degradation, 11485 nursery owners have participated in tree seedling raising in the District. Some of trees were raised for sell and others to be planted by nursery owners.

Table 25: Tree nurseries 1999 - 2004 Tree nursery owner Year 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 VNRMC 436 379 197 199 167 114 Schools 55 147 122 107 98 69 Estate 137 119 203 133 109 117 SHF 1977 1855 830 844 1077 998 Religious 4 32 13 20 15 11 GVT 1 1 2 2 1 0 NGO’s 2 2 2 0 6 7 Clubs 652 3 3 6 0 0 W/Club 63 86 12 18 16 16

Graph 3: Response Indicator: Reforestation/Afforestation

Graph 4: Trend of Nursery Ownership since 1999 by Categories

2500

2000 2004 2003 1500 2002 1000 2001 2000 500 1999

’s MC tate O lub R SHF GVT G C Es ligious N Clubs Schools e W/ VN R

Projects: New projects have been carried out in the District by different organizations and sponsored different donors to improve the situation here in Kasungu. SINCE 1998, 14 projects have been implemented. Malawi Action Fund and EU/Malawi Government have been the biggest donors to these projects. In addition to planting, these donors and project have dedicated themselves to empowering and sensitizing the communities on the dangers of deforestation. Table bellow shows the nature and type of information activities.

Forestry Extension : In order to reduce the rate of deforestation and forest degradation, about 56 Extension officers are working in the district, facilitating planting programs, sensitizing communities on the dangers of deforestation and community empowerment. The number of extension workers is just too small for Kasungu.

Table 26: Forestry Extension Staffing Levels

Year Number of Staff Number of Types of Types of Methods used people people extension reached reached messages Subject Front matter Line specialist Staff Communities To plant trees, Meetings, Chiefs, Political conserve and Videos, posters, Leaders, utilize the trees field days, pupils, sustainably. Training, tours, Religious visits, 1999 3 27 37876 Leaders, Estate Demonstrations owners Communities To plant trees, Meetings,

Chiefs, Political conserve and Videos, posters, Leaders, utilize the trees field days, pupils, sustainably Training, tours, Religious visits, Leaders, Estate Demonstrations owners 2000 4 27 41407 Communities To plant trees, Meetings, Chiefs, Political conserve and Videos, posters, Leaders, utilize the trees field days, pupils, sustainably Training, tours, Religious visits, Leaders, Estate Demonstrations 2001 5 29 46163 owners Communities To plant trees, Meetings, Chiefs, Political conserve and Videos, posters, Leaders, utilize the trees field days, pupils, sustainably Training, tours, Religious visits, Leaders, Estate Demonstrations 2002 5 26 61574 owners Communities To plant trees, Meetings, Chiefs, Political conserve and Videos, posters, Leaders, utilize the trees field days, pupils, sustainably Training, tours, Religious visits, Leaders, Estate Demonstrations 2003 6 46 35074 owners

Source: District Office 2005

D. MINING

Low magnesia marble bodies northeast of Kasungu at Chikoa and Livwezi have drill-indicated reserves of approximately 10.8 MT of marble suitable for cement manufacture.

A private company is operating there known as Shayona cement factory.

E. TRADE, COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY

1. Business Types and Sizes:

- Business in the district is dominated by medium and small-scale enterprises. There are very few large-scale enterprises like Shayona Cement Company. Most business involves trading activities with little being done to promote manufacturing sector.

- There are over 2500 registered retailers in the district and about 75 wholesalers. - Malawians own most retail shops but most wholesalers are owned by Malawians of Asian origins. - There are also some chain stores like Peoples, Metro, Chipiku, PEP Stores, Bata Shoe Co., Southern Bottlers, and Arkay Plastics. - The district has almost all Fuel selling companies (BP Malawi, Petroda, Caltex, Mobil and Total). - There are some Tanzanian Traders dealing in dry fish in the central market. - Most of the vendors in the Districts have Registered with the Registrar of Companies.

There are also other types of Enterprises in Kasungu District.

- Farming ; mostly tobacco as cash crop and maize as a food crop.

- Vending ; (clothes, food, farm produce), these follow daily or weekly markets commonly known as periodical { Kabwandile}.

- Bakeries; there is one medium-scale owned by a Malawian (Chitimba Bakery). There are 12 small-scale Bakeries in the District: (1 at Wimbe T.C, 3 at Nkhamenya T.C, 5 in Town, 2 at Chatoloma, and 1at Mtunthama).

- Carpentry and Joinery ; this is another Industry which has got a boom. There are 14 carpentry shops in Kasungu Town, 3 at Wimbe T.C, 4 at Santhe T.C, 3 at Nkhamenya, 1 at Dwangwa T.C and 2 at Bua T.C. (Most of these just make Sofas and Coffins).

- Garages ; almost all garages are not registered and therefore not graded. (Kasungu town 15, Wimbe T.C 3, Santhe T.C 3, Chipoza T.C 1, Chamama T.C 2, Mtunthama T.C 3, Mphomwa T.C 1, Suza T.C 1, Simlemba T.C 1.)

TABLE 27: Name and Grade of Trading Centres. Grade Name of Trading Centre A Kasungu

B Wimbe, Santhe, Chipoza

C Chamama, Chatoloma, Kayesa Dwangwa, Mtunthama, Nkhamenya

D Bua, Chisemphere, Kapuya, Kasera, Kasalira, Linyangwa, Lojwa, Mpasadzi, Mphepo, Mphomwa, Suza, Mkhota, Chitete, John Sick, Juma.

Grade Name of Trading Centre

E Chambalekani, Gogode, Green Corner, Kalenga, Kaluluma, Malepera, Mkanakhoti, Mafumbizi, Ndonda1 (Kapelula), Ndonda 2, Ngwata, Ofesi, Mtafya, Kamphulu, Kapawala, Kaphaizi, Simlemba.

Note : These Trading Centres were graded long time ago; some of them have deteriorated so much while some of them have grown very fast in terms of infrastructure development like Chinkhoma which is still ungraded up to now yet it is growing very fast.

Banking Institutions, in Kasungu District. - Kasungu Community SACCO - National Bank of Malawi. - Stanbic Bank. - New Building Society Bank. - Opportunity International Bank - Malawi Savings Bank

2. Credit Facilities

There are several specialized lending institutions operating in the district. The credit windows, available ranges from the extension of cash loans for business expansion and procurement of farm inputs to the provision of actual goods and materials.

TABLE 28: Names of Lending Organisations operating in Kasungu District and their primary Clients.

ORGANIZATION PRIMARY CLIENTS SEX -FINCA . Entrepreneurs Female -Pride Malawi . Entrepreneurs Female -Kasungu Community Sacco . Farmers Male -MRFC . Farmers Male -NABW . Entrepreneurs Female -CISP (Cadecom) . Entrepreneurs Female -NBS Bank . Entrepreneurs Male / Female -Stanbic Bank . Entrepreneurs Male / Female -National Bank of Malawi. . Entrepreneurs Male / Female. -Opportunity International Bank . Entrepreneurs Male / Female of Malawi -Malawi Savings Bank . Entrepreneurs Male / Female.

Banking facilities in the District. - Loans - Overdrafts.

Interests rates, currently (October 2005) are at 27 % base rate on loans from the Banks but fluctuates according to security provided and also varies from one Bank to another. Most of these lending institutions have got a repayment period ranging from 3 months to 24 months.

TABLE 29: Other Commercial Activities

COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES - Number of Estates 3,381 (These are more than 10 Ha each) - Number of Garages 30 - Number of Bars/Taverns 45 - Restaurants 30 - Rest houses 43 -Maize mills 148 Electricity 11 Diesel. *Chaima 1, Lodjwa 2, Ofesi 1, Mtafya 1, Mkhota 2, Chisinga 2 Ngwata 2.

The number of maize mills is mostly likely to increase with communities benefiting from MASAF under SSP.

Photo 6: Santhe Trading Center

Map 14: Service Centers of Kasungu District

3. Extension Services

Extension services are provided by both public and private organizations, such as, the Department of Community Services, Department of Commerce and Industry, Action Aid, and Small Enterprises and Development of Malawi (SEDOM). Services provided include advisory / technical assistance, community mobilization, and conduct of basic courses on credit/loan management, business management skills, bee keeping, poultry raising, farm management, piggery and bamboo furniture making, soil conservation, forestation, health education.

F. LABOUR AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING

Introduction

Labour is one of the government departments in the district which regulate minimum standard of employment with the purpose of ensuring equity necessary for enhancing industrial peace, accelerated economic growth and social justice.

The department runs the following activities:

- Employment exchange - Workers Compensation - Settlement of wage complaints - Conducting Labour Inspection - Settling trade disputes (strikes) - Advising employers and employees on Labour issues - Presiding over Joint Consultation Committee elections at workplace and train them - Monitoring child Labour projects - Prosecuting employers who valuate labour laws - processing pensions of pensioners from Zimbabwe and Zambia

Employment Exchange

In employment exchange the following activities are carried out:

- Registration of job seekers - Registration of vacancies from employers - Vacancy placement

In 2004 – 2005 job seekers who registered for employment were 4, 825 (3, 250 men and 1, 575 women). During this period 1, 305 vacancies were notified out of this figure 1, 200 were from Agricultural sector since most of the people in Kasungu depend on tobacco as main cash crop.

Labour Inspection

Labour Inspection is done to enforce the laws, ensure compliance with legal provisions and also identify defects in the law as a means to initiate the process of defining an appropriate response for the future.

As a result, workplaces will be more healthy and productive benefiting workers and employers providing essential conditions for industrial peace and eventually economic stability. The District has more tobacco establishments than other sectors where labour inspectors go for inspection. These are:

- Estates/farms - 8626 - National Government sectors - 16 - Non – Government Organizations - 14

During the period covered, 63 Labour Inspections were done and 102 follow-ups on wage complaints were conducted to employers who defaulted to pay wages to their employees.

Wage Complaints

This section deals with complaints on non payment of wages, overtime, terminal benefits, claim of unfair dismissal and sexual harassment at work.

In 2003 to 2005, 2,195 were registered. Most of these cases were on non payment of wages and were from tobacco estates.

Trade Disputes/Strikes In accordance with labour laws employees are free to go on strike after following procedures. During the period, 2003 to 2005 eight strikes were reported out of which six were from tobacco estates and two from Shayona cement factory.

Child Labour

ILO estimates show that there are some 250 million children between the age of 5 and 14 years who are in economic activity in developing countries alone. For 120 million of them, engage in work a fulltime activity. The remainder combines work with schooling or other non-economic activities (ILO Report)

Causes of Child Labour

In Kasungu Child labour is mainly a result of: poverty, marriage separation, HIV/aids pandemic, orphan hood and big families

Child labour deprives the child the right for education, health and normal development to adult hood and even their lives. In society where child labour is rampart. The live hood of having a big number of illiterate children is bigger than where child labour does not exist. This can lead into society having many illiterate people if child labour is not checked.

Child labour and education are mutually exclusive issues. Most of the National Ethics that one needs for his/her political development are learnt at school. Children engaged in child labour are denied the opportunity for learning such national ethics. Such children can neither make good future political leaders nor good citizens of their country.

Child Labour Eliminating Projects

Currently there are two projects which are combating child labour. These are:

ICLEP – Integrated Child Labour Project (Chief Kaomba and Mwase)

UNICEF project (Chilowamatambe)

G. TOURISM

For international as well as local tourists, scenic beauty and wildlife remain the major tourism attractions that Malawi has to offer. Kasungu National Park is the only well developed tourism facility in Kasungu.

Kasungu National Park Kasungu National Park is the second largest National Park in Malawi and lies between 12º55´S and 33º08´ E of the Central African region and in west central Malawi consisting an area of 2316 Km 2. It is situated in the western part of the district, 59km from Kasungu Boma and forms part of international boundary with Zambia. The eastern boundary runs entirely in Malawi and the adjacent communities include, STA Chisinga, Senior Chief Chulu, TA Mwase, Senior Chief Lukwa, STA Kaphaizi, STA Mangwazu, STA Mawawa, TA Kawamba and STA Nthunduwala. Its altitude is about 100m above sea level.

The Park primarily consists of Brachystegia/Julbernadia Woodland and is a home to a variety of large mammals’ species including elephants, hippos, buffaloes, lions, zebra, sported hyenas and warthogs. Over 300 bird species are found in the Park.

The park covers a flat to gently rolling landscape that has a 0.5 to 2.0 per cent slope down from west to east. The generally flat relief is broken only by several prominent inselbergs; Wang’ombe rumen, Miondwe, Black Rock, and Singwe hills.

Accessibility There is one access point for motor vehicles – at Lisitu gate on the southern boundary. The distance from Lilongwe to the park entrance is 158km. However there is a grass surfaced airfield at Lifupa usable by light air craft

Tourist Attraction

Wildlife The Park is home to about three hundred elephants. Zebra, buffalo, puku, eland and many other antelope species share the park with them, as well as predators such as hyena, lion and leopard. Unfortunately the population of game has been declining due to poaching, see Table 1 below.

Table 30: Trend of Animals in Kasungu NP YEAR SPP Eleph Buffal Roan Sable Elan Zebr Warth Duike H.Bees 1973 1523 - 115 315 15 346 138 62 615 1989 697 1414 303 235 49 308 417 357 441 1995 391 327 97 141 - 85 135 51 108 2003 233 860 294 189 149 263 125 157 268 Source: Parks and Wildlife Office

Apart from wildlife, the Park has got special interesting places with some historical background such as:

(i) Solonje Rock Paintings

Historical geometric rock paintings have been preserved in the park. Some paintings occur at two cave sites in the Solonje Hills. There is a small rock shelter that contains one painting on Matungulu Hill.

(ii) Iron smelting Kiln

There are two well iron smelting furnaces or kilns. One is near Miondwe hill, and the other near the upper Dwangwa. Iron smelting took place at many sites within the park when the area supported human settlement. The remains of several other kilns testify to this.

(iii) Fortified Village (Linga)

The remains of three fortified villages have been designated special interest sites. They are located by the lower Dwangwa, Lingadzi, and south of Dwakome Hill.

(iv) Lifupa dam

In the centre of the park is a 1.4km long lake – Lifupa Dam ( see photo7 ) – the favoured haunt of over 80 resident and noisy, hippos. The lake has been opened to sport fishing.

PHOTO 7: LIFUPA DAM

Photo 1

Part of the 1.4km Length of the Lake-Lifupa Dam Showing the Noisy Hippos Basking In the Sun as Others Move Around

Existing infrastructure

The internal roads system measures about 440km when properly maintained. Most of them are used only for management purposes. About 120km are negotiable by private cars. Other infrastructures include airfield, dam, signposts and buildings.

Right on the edge of the lake Lifupa there is a lodge which offers excellent accommodation. The place offers visitors excellent facilities. Sixteen rondavels with small private balconies overlook the lake. ( See photo 8 .) Around the Lodge area most often elephants can be seen when they come down to drink (see photo 9 )

PHOTO 8: LIFUPA LODGE

PHOTO 9: ELEPHANTS IN KASUNGU NATIONAL PARK

A Heard of Elephants Browsing On The Way To Lifupa Dam to Quench Away The Thirsty

Table 31 shows the visitors statistics for Kasungu National Park. Most of the visitors come during the dry season, June to October. July and August are the peak seasons for visitors of Kasungu National Park.

Table 31: Visitors Statistics Year Month Subtotal Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Chld Adult Educn Official Total 1991 179 94 194 218 218 168 467 703 339 325 301 407 132 N/A N/A 97 3542 1992 212 175 183 363 293 245 476 631 404 450 136 229 273 820 1026 129 5645 1993 284 76 106 327 N/A N/A N/A 295 210 242 165 240 109 732 1783 242 4811 1994 118 46 101 267 157 137 345 379 169 239 162 298 206 1221 1090 230 5165 1995 119 18 62 105 26 72 203 112 98 58 56 249 122 1573 987 43 3903 1996 97 48 77 100 137 178 285 295 210 242 165 240 276 1609 1633 884 4402 1997 98 48 135 89 104 159 311 332 159 176 187 281 103 1503 1155 91 3251 1998 119 80 75 284 164 118 217 381 103 224 132 251 271 1464 3415 3413 8553 1999 106 87 88 128 114 102 271 200 174 184 194 215 307 1437 2575 907 5226 2000 105 89 83 198 136 241 351 211 243 218 210 205 122 641 760 102 3915 2001 93 123 118 139 118 152 191 181 141 170 131 159 346 1432 2250 318 4346 2002 80 86 192 170 109 165 194 151 204 141 129 200 298 1571 1680 1066 4615 2003 73 91 109 123 94 132 220 257 321 320 121 155 178 956 800 602 2536 2004 186 69 107 124 147 116 217 257 138 163 92 71 208 1043 2464 42 3757 2005 98 12 8 38 54 64 104 200 118 80 61 51 140 1627 2096 551 4414

Number of Visitors for Kasungu National Park was high in the late 1980s and in the beginning of the 1990s. In the year 2004 the number of paying visitors moved down to only 1043 and 84 in 2005 as can be seen from Table 2 below.

Educational visits

Apart from recreational, scientific, natural and historical values, Kasungu National Park provides facilities for educational purposes. These facilities include free entry at the gate and free accommodation to registered wildlife clubs. Educational visits are open from April to December every year. Photo 10 below shows some students who visited the Park standing at the Youth hostel. Our Youth Hostel accommodates 50 pupils.

Communities bordering the eastern side of the park enjoy the benefits of conservation. 30 village natural resource groups have been formed to take part in small scale harvest of some resources like mushroom, thatch grass, caterpillars and fruits.

Photo 10: Education Visit at the Park

Apart from the Kasungu National Park there are a few interesting points to visit.

1. Other Tourist attractions are:

- the Kamuzu Academy (see picture 11) and near the Academy the - Kachere tree (see picuture 12) - and the Kamuzu Banda residence (Ngulu ya nawambe) along Kasungu National Park road(see photo 13)

Photo 11: Kamuzu Academy

Photo 12: Kachere tree (where Kamuzu Banda attended his early school)

Photo 13: Kamuzu Banda’s residence at the base of Kasungu Hill.

Kamuzu Banda’s Residence -Ngulu Ya Nawambe

It is, however, worth noting that Kamuzu’s residence is not yet open to the general public as a tourist facility. The facility is still consulting pertaining to its potential use.

A number of issues affect the preservation and conservation of natural resources. The following are the major setbacks as far as wildlife conservation is concerned in Kasungu National Park.

Poaching –this has taken its toll in the recent years. The numbers as well as species diversity of wildlife have subsequently gone down.

Encroachment -huge areas of land have been illegally cultivated. Every growing season has seen two or three hectares of land being lost to cultivation. This has drastically reduced the carrying capacity of the land squeezing the animals out of the park. Issues of human animal conflict have therefore been increased. 74 Human animal conflict -this has increased of late. A number of factors may have been playing a role in this. Cases of this nature are very high during the growing season especially when farm crops are due maturity and furthermore even after harvest. Construction of an electric fence may go a long way to reduce this problem. About 13km has been fenced. If there is no 75

extension in the construction of the fence, the situation may worsen since elephants may get out but it will be difficult to drive them back into the park since certain parts will be left open.

Road network -the road network is not good. Certain areas are inaccessible in certain periods of the year. Bridges too require to be maintained. This has a negative impact to tourism. Even the road from Kasungu Township to Lifupa Lodge is not surfaced. It requires maintenance.

Water -this is very critical especially during the dry season. All the nine camps inside the park face huge shortages of water when the pools they drink from dry. There is need for construction of boreholes in all the camps.

Health -the park is very hand capped in this regard. There are no health personnel in the park. It is quite hard to save life in such cases. One has to travel 72km to get to Lifupa and a further 62km from Lifupa to get to Kasungu District Hospital.

CHAPTER VI SOCIAL SERVICES

A. HEALTH

There are about 22 major health facilities in the district, of which one is a district hospital owned by the Ministry of Health. Two are rural hospitals. Nkhamenya Hospital is owned by CHAM and Kaluluma Rural Hospital is owned by Ministry of Health. There are 14 Health Centres; one of them is run by farmers Association of Kasungu (Linyangwa H/C). Kasungu has a total of 10 dispensaries of which 4 are private owned dispensaries by Limbe Leaf Company and one clinic for Banja La Mtsogolo. There are also four Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres in the district. These are Nkhamenya Hospital, St Andrew Health Centre Kasalika Rehabilitation Centre and Santhe Health Centre. Details of which are given in the table below:

Photo 14: Kasungu District Hospital

Table 32: Health Facility by Operating Agency Facility Type Total MOHP MOHP/LG CHAM PRIVATE Dispensary 10 4 2 0 4 District Hospital 1 1 0 0 0 Rural Hospital 2 1 0 1 0 Health Centre 14 8 2 3 1 Clinic 2 0 0 0 2 Growth monitoring centre 8 8 0 0 0 Grand Total 37 14 4 4 6 Source: District Hospital 2005

Health Facilities The following are the services provided in the 21 facilities given above: - Maternity and Child Health services - Curative services - Rehabilitation services - Family Planning services - Hygiene and Sanitation - Capacity building - Voluntary Counselling and Testing Services

Mother and Child Health Kasungu District has 34 static and 156 outreach clinics where under five immunization services are offered. Antenatal care coverage is very low because there are only 24 outreach clinics in Kasungu where antenatal care services are done. Kasungu District Hospital operates all integrated services on daily basis.

According to Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports, 54% of children under the age of one year were fully immunized in 2004/05 while 9% of pregnant women in Kasungu managed to attend an antenatal clinic during their first trimester.

Table 33: Distribution Of Health Facility by TA No Traditional Authority Growth Health U/5 Dispensaries Health Hospital Monitoring Post Clinics Centres Centre 1 Senior Chief Lukwa 0 7 5 0 1 0 2 TA Wimbe 0 17 13 0 2 0 3 TA Simlemba 2 11 9 0 1 0 4 TA Kaluluma 0 8 9 0 0 2 5 Senior Chief Chulu 0 6 5 0 1 0 6 TA Santhe 2 5 4 0 2 0 7 TA Chilowamatambe 0 6 5 1 0 0 8 Senior Chief Kaomba 1 22 5 1 0 1 9 STA Chisikwa 0 3 2 1 0 0 10 STA Chisinga 0 14 11 1 0 0 11 STA Mphomwa 0 5 4 1 0 0 12 STA Chaima 0 4 3 0 0 0 13 STA Nthunduwala 0 7 8 0 0 0 14 TA Njombwa 1 10 10 1 1 0 15 TA Chisimphere 0 4 5 0 0 0 16 TA Chidzuma 0 4 3 0 0 0 17 STA Chambwe 0 3 2 0 0 0 18 STA Nyaza 0 3 4 0 0 0 19 TA Kawamba 0 6 6 0 0 0 20 STA Kaphaizi 1 2 1 0 0 0 21 STA Mangwazu 0 1 O 0 0 0 22 STA M`nyanja 1 15 14 8 9 3 23 STA Chitanthamapiri 0 4 3 0 0 0 24 STA Mdunga 0 4 4 0 0 0 25 STA Kapichira 0 4 3 0 0 0 26 STA Sindemba 0 3 1 0 0 0 27 TA Mwase 0 - - - - - 28 STA Chinyama 0 - - - - - 29 STA Mawawa 0 - - - - - Source: District Hospital 2005

Map 15: Health Facilities in Kasungu District

Table 34: Projected Populations Served by Each Health Facility

Health Facility Population Served Bua Dispensary 31078 Chamwavi Dispensary 27096 Chulu Health Centre 32224 Kaluluma Rural Hospital 47238 Kamboni Health Centre 24693 Kapelula Health Centre 38600 Kasungu District Hospital 92841 Kawamba health Centre 20096 Mkhota Health Centre 19339 Mtunthama Health Centre 25682 Newa Health Centre 5290 Nkhamenya Hospital 5848 Santhe Health Centre 32471 Simlemba Health Centre 52589 Wimbe Health Centre 48850 Chisinga Dispensary 13217 Linyangwa Dispensary 20787 KTFT Dispensary 15335 Gogode Health Centre 13434 Ofesi Dispensary 13219 Khola health centre 22950 St. Andrews 6046 Total 608917 Source: District Hospital 2005/06 (NSO)

Photo 15: Inside the District Hospital

Distribution of Hospital Beds

The district has a total of 354 beds in all facilities. This number is inadequate considering the high morbidity rate. The population to bed ratio is 1: 1,720 and the highest proportion of beds is in Kasungu Town.

Table 35: Facility, Ownership, No of Beds, Percentage Proportion of Beds Name of Facility Ownership Number of Beds Percentage Proportion of Beds Bua Dispensary MOH 0 0 Chamwavi Dispensary MOH 0 0 Chulu Health Centre MOH 8 2 Dwangwa Dispensary LG 0 0 Kaluluma Rural Hospital MOH 15 4 Kamboni Health Centre MOH 10 3 Kapelula Health Centre MOH 8 2 Kasungu District Hospital MOH 182 51 Kawamba health Centre LG 6 2 Mkhota Health Centre MOH 7 2 Mpepa Dispensary MOH 0 0 Mtunthama Health MOH 5 1 Newa Health centre CHAM 5 1 Nkhamenya Hospital CHAM 70 20 Santhe Health Centre MOH 12 3 Simlemba Health Centre MOH 10 3 Wimbe Health Centre LG 6 2 Linyangwa Dispensary PRIVATE 0 2 KTFT/Mziza H/ Centre CHAM 5 1 Gogode Health Centre MOH 0 0 Ofesi Dispensary LG 0 0 Khola Health centre MOH 5 1 St. Andrews Health Centre CHAM 25 1

Malaria Prevention and Control

Malaria prevention is done at facility and community levels through Insecticide treated nets. At facility nets are sold to pregnant women and under five children at MK50.00 and at community they are sold at MK100.00 each. At present the coverage for nets per households in Kasungu is 33%.

1. Health Personnel The District has a total of 285 public health personnel, out of whom 165 are based in the community, working as Health Surveillance Assistants (HAS).

Table 36: Type of Health Personnel by TA

TA MD CO MA RN NT ERN CN PA LA DA EHO EHT HAS TA Lukwa 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 TA Wimbe 0 2 1 0 2 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 TA Kapelula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 TA Simlemba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 TA Kaluluma 0 0 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 TA Chulu 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 TA Santhe 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 TA 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Chalowamatambe TA Kaomba 0 10 4 10 10 22 2 3 2 2 6 3 22 STA Chinyama 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 STA Chisikwa 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 STA Chisinga 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 STA Mphomwa 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 STA Simdemba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 STA Chaima 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 STA 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Nthunduwala STA Njombwa 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 STA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Chitanthamapiri STA Mdungu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 STA Kapichira 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 STA Chisimphere 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 STA Kawamba 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 STA Mnyanja 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 STA Kaphaizi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 STA Mangwazu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Totals 0 10 13 10 10 49 2 3 2 2 6 4 165 Source: District Hospital 2005

MD - Medical Doctor PA - Pharmacy Assistant CO - Clinical Officer LA - Lab Assistant MA - Medical Assistant DA - Dental Assistant RN - Registered Nurse EHO - Environmental Health Office ERN - Enrolled Nurse EHT - Environmental Health Technician CN - Community Nurse H S A - Health Surveillance Assistance NT- Nurse Technician

The current number of health personnel is grossly inadequate to effectively respond to the demand for health services in the district. This is indicated by the number and ratio of public personnel to population which exceeds that of standard or even national averages.

Table 37: District Ratio, Standard or National Ratios by Type of Health Personnel

Type of Health Personnel District Ratio Standard or National Ratios Medical Doctor 1:500,000 1:25,000 Clinical Officer 1:53,000 1:10,000 Medical Assistant 1:59,000 1:5,000 Registered Nurse 1:61,000 1:10,00 Enrolled Nurse 1:14,000 1:10,000 Community Health Nurse 1:264,000 NA Pharmacy Assistant 1:500,000 NA Lab Assistant 1:264,000 NA Dental Assistant 1:176,000 NA Environmental Health Office 1:132,000 1: 50,000 Environmental Health Technician 1:152,000 1:10,000 Health Surveillance Assistance 1:3,000 1: 2,000 Source: District Hospital 2005

2. Health Indicators

Compared to national figures it can be observed from the vital health indicators that the overall health status of the district is bad.

Table 38a: Health indicators

Indicator Kasungu Malawi Infant Mortality Rate 93/1000 live birth 113/1,000 live birth Under five Mortality Rate 207/1000 live birth 203 /1,000 Maternal mortality rate 1006/100,000 1800/100,000 Crude death rate 18 / 1000 persons 41/1,000 Life expectancy females 49 years 47 years Life expectancy males 53 years 49 years Source: District Health Office 2005

3. Family Planning

The contraceptive prevalence rate for Kasungu in 2004/05 fiscal year was 27% and percentage of new family planning acceptors of WCBAS was 8%. Most women prefer Depo provera method of family planning (97%).

4. Morbidity

Malaria is the leading cause of OPD attendance a total of 138873 reported main diseases cases of clinical malaria representing 34% of all reported disease cases.

Table 38 b: Main diseases Kasungu District RANK DISEASE NUMBER OF NEW CASES 2004/05 1 Malaria 138,873 2 Upper respiratory infections 31,676 3 Acute eye infections 19,582 4 Other skin conditions 17,791 5 Oral conditions 10,759 6 U/5 diarrhoeal diseases ( non bloody ) 8,870 7 Dysentery 3,408 8 Anaemia 2,762 9 Sexually transmitted infections 2,266 10 Malnutrition 1,306 11 Meningococcal meningitis 269 Source: District Hospital 2005

Malaria is the leading cause of hospital admission (48%) as shown in table 38b above.

Table 39: Leading causes of admission to surgical and medical wards RANK DIAGNOSIS NUMBER OF ADMISSIONS 1 Malaria 2492 2 Emergency Obstertic Complications 1326 3 Tuberculosis 654 4 Pnumonia 594 5 Malnutrition 420 6 Diarrhoea 392 Source: District Hospital 2005

5. Mortality

The leading cause of inpatient deaths for the period January to June 2005 was U/5 Pneumonia. For more details on inpatient deaths see table given below.

Table 40: Leading cause of inpatient death 2004/05 FY DEATH RATE RANK DIAGNOSIS ADMISSIONS DEATHS (deaths per 1000 admissions) 1 U/5 Pneumonia 594 151 254 2 Malnutrition 420 60 143 3 Tuberculosis 654 80 122 4 Malaria 2,492 248 100 5 Diarrhoea 392 64 100 6 Anaemia 170 13 77 Source: District Hospital 2005

GRAPH 5: Leading Causes of inpatient deaths in Kasungu 2004/05

Leading causes of inpatient death in Kasungu 2004/05

9 % Pneum onia 1 3 % 3 2 % M alnutrition Tuberculosis D iarrhoea 1 3 % M ala ria 1 5 % 1 8 % Anaem ia

6. HIV / AIDS

From July 2004 to June 2005 4673 people came for voluntary testing. During this period 1060 new cases were confirmed HIV positive, which represents an HIV prevalence rate of 23%.

HIV prevalence rate is high is females 29% while in males it is 17% . By June 30 th 2005, 641 HIV persons were already put on ARVs therapy .

Coordination

The district has a committee which oversee all the HIV/Aids issues in the district called District AIDS Coordinating Committee (DACC) which is a subcommittee of District Executive Committee (DEC). The DACC has the following technical subcommittees: Orphan care, Home Based Care, Faith Based Committee, Youth committee, Prevention, workplace and Proposal Review Committee.

Under DACC, there is a Community AIDS Coordinating Committee (CACC) which operates per Traditional Authority. It operates with similar structure to DACC. This committee reports its activities also to Area Executive Committee (AEC) and Area Development Committee (ADC). Under CAC, THERE IS Village Aids Committee (vac) which operates at village level.

GRAPH 6: HIV prevalence rate in Kasungu 2004/05

VCT HIV SEROSTATUS

5000 4673 4500 4000 3500 3000 2452 ATTENDANCE 2500 2221 HIV POSITIVE 2000

ATTENDANCE 1500 1060 1000 638 422 500 0 MALE FEMALE TOTAL SEX

Source: Kasungu DAC

DACC is able to access funds through the system of umbrella organization (in case of Kasungu is PLAN Malawi) which is used to support community as a way of mitigating the effect of the pandemic. This arrangement is, however, temporary as the responsibility would be given to the Assemblies after capacity building. The committee is also mandated to approve, supervise, monitor and assist CBOs which seek support from the facility. It also carries out community mobilization and HIV/AIDS awareness.

NAC Grant Facility

The programme of interventions covers different priority areas such as:

- Advocacy and Prevention - Capacity Building - Treatment, Care and Support - Impact mitigation - Monitoring and Evaluation - Coordination

TABLE 41: Per capital Grant disbursement by region and for Kasungu (2005)

Total amount Population 2005 Disbursement per disbursed (MK) (Est) capital(Malawi Kwacha) Northern Region 253,925,664 1,467,575 173 Central Region 316,488, 427 5,177,965 61 Southern Region 374,793,163 5,695,630 66 Kasungu 42,707,895 608,917 70 TOTAL 945,207,254 12,341,170 77 Source: National AIDS Commission (2005)

It can be seen that Kasungu district is significantly doing fine in terms of absorption of the NAC Grant Facility per capital (ie MK70 per capital) slightly less than the average of MK77 per capital.

TABLE 42: Number of CBOs Which are registered and have benefited Name Number of CBO Registered Number of CBO Benefited Home Based Care 7 Orphan Care 27 Youth Clubs 78 12 Support Organization 9 Post Test Club PLWA 9 1 TOTAL 56

There is still uneven distribution of support in the district and currently only 60% of the wards have benefited from the NAC Grant Facility to a tune of K22,333,797.50 (including DACC coordination activities) ie up to September 2005.

Partners in HIV/AIDS Programmes

There are several organizations which are working in the district in the field of HIV/AIDS. The following are some of them:

- PLAN Malawi - World Vision Malawi - Malawi BRIDGE Project (Save the Children) - COOP, MALEZA - Banja La Mtsogolo - MACRO - NAPHAM - Action Against Hunger

- Malawi Red Cross - Youth Friendly Services - MANET Plus

Treatment Care and Support Voluntary Counseling and Testing

There are 8 sites in the district which are providing Counseling and Testing services - Kasungu District Hospital - MACRO Branch (Kasungu) - Kaluluma Rural Hospital - Santhe Health Centre - Mtunthama VCT Centre - Estate 81 Clinic - Nkhamenya Catholic Hospital - Chulu Health Centre 88

There are other sites which are proposed as sites for expansion such as:

- Kamboni Health Centre - Bua - Lojwa - Kapelula

There are programmes in the district to extend the services through the outreach facility. VCT coverage is less than 15%

TABLE 43:HIV/AIDS Prevalence rate

(a) HIV/AIDS Cases by Years for Kasungu District Assembly

Case 1998 2000 2001 Increase % 2000-2001 HIV/ Adult 21,236 23,471 25,633 9.2 New AIDS Cases 1,687 1,852 1,960 5.8 New AIDS Death 1,432 1,711 1,873 9.5 HIV in Children 667 1,084 1,362 25.6 New Pediatric HIV Cases 424 516 843 63,4 New Pediatric HIV Cases 369 540 752 39.5 Pediatric Death 452 529 617 11.2 TOTAL 26,267 29,703 33,040 11.2

Source: National AIDS Commission (2005)

(b) Analysis of results from National Sentinel Surveillance collected in 2001

Indicator Value Low High National Adult Prevalence (15-49 144% 12% 17% Yrs) Number of infected adult 760,000 630,000 910,000 Number of infected adult women 440,000 370,000 530,000 Urban adult prevalence 23% 19% 28% Number of infected urban adult 240,000 200,000 290,000 Rural adult prevalence 12.4% 10% 15% Number of infected rural adults 530,000 440,000 640,000 Number of infected children (0.14 80,000 60,000 90,000 yrs) Number of infected over age 50 60,000 50,000 70,000 TOTAL HIV POPULATION 900,000 750,000 1,080,000 Source NAC(2005)

It can be deduced from the two tables that prevalence rate for the district has stabilized around 12% with HIV and adult individuals of 21,000 people. This is attributed to a lot of awareness campaigns which are being carried out in the district. However, there is need to intensify the campaign bearing in mind the vastness of the district.

Climate Care

Kasungu District Hospital is the only site providing Anti-retroviral Therapy in the district in a population of over 21,000 people living with the virus. It started providing the services in January 2005 and currently over 461 patients are accessing the services.

There is an urgent demand for the services to be scaled up bearing in mind the vastness of the area of the district

ART Survival rate: TB/HIV Positive rate: 60.1%

Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)

The district Hospital also provides the services of prevention of mother to child transmission.

In 2004, it was expected that normally 10% of HIV and pregnant women would receive ARV prophylaxis however only 2.3% were reached in 2004 from 2% reached in 2003.

There is also need for the services to be scaled up so that more people benefits. So far 64 pregnant women have received Nevirapine dose between October to June 2005.

Promotion of safe sex practices:

IEC Materials

The following are some of the materials which are distributed freely: - PSI Pakachere - VCT Booklet - ARV Booklet - NAC Calendars - Youth Alert Magazine.

B. Water and Sanitation

1. Water Supply

Water resources in Kasungu District comprises of ground water and surface water. The surface water is found in natural water drains and bodies. Surface water resources comprise network of river systems and man made reservoirs.

Water resources in Kasungu include boreholes, wells, streams, springs and dambos. In rural areas most people draw water from unprotected wells, rivers and a small percentage from boreholes. Piped water is available from minority urban dwellers (Kasungu Town on commercial basis). The distribution of water points in Kasungu is uneven most of the boreholes are found in Kasungu North while the hot areas are Santhe, Nthunduwala, Kawamba, Chaima, Chizuma, Wimbe and Simulemba.

The ratio of water points to number of households is far beyond acceptable limits. Major causes of inadequate infrastructure for safe water supply are lack of resources, vandalism, poor operation and maintenance programs. Access to safe water is considerably affected as shown in Table below. About 80% of households in Kasungu take 20 to 40 minutes and 20% take over 40 minutes to walk to a water point.

Photo 16: One of the sources of community water in Kasungu District

2. The State of Water Resources The hydrology and hydrogeology of Kasungu is classified as a good one, in the sense that the area has little ran-off and this characteristic has made ground water level high and constant and as a result of this, the hydrogeology of Kasungu is always positive.

The district water development office has established about 12 hydrological stations in all major Rivers; from where data from discharge and state of water level is collected. In these stations the automatic water level recorders have been installed to do the recording of the rise and fall of water in the rivers. The manual gauge plate has also been installed in these stations. There is an employee to do the water level recording manually. The district has also dams, which are used for irrigation, water supply, fish farming and animal drinking points

3 State indicator

WATER DISCHARGE (IN CUBIC METRES/S) Data from rivers in the district assist the department of ground water and other stakeholders in the district in the project planning and the development of water resources. Table below show the annual flow for the rivers in the district.

TABLE 44: Water Discharge (In Cubic Metres/S) RIVER CATCHMENT 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Dwangwa 6.C.1 211.14 221.33 163.04 174.23 192.1 201.33 Mpasadzi 6.C.5 26.77 30.14 21.14 19.39 21.33 31.73 Lingazi 6.B.2 95.43 100.36 143.64 144.04 102.1 153.09 Milenje 6.D.1 2.18 2.74 2.83 3.01 1.22 1.43 Luwelezi 6.D.5 8.82 10.22 9.94 9.99 8.93 10.63 Milenje 6.D.11 1.38 2.22 1.74 1.53 1.84 2.93 Bua 5.D.2A 336.15 313.01 299.07 222.41 26.94 300.74 Bua 5.D.2B 203.22 199.62 214.22 200.94 200.51 223.01 Bua 5.D.1 269.83 303.14 299.01 274.01 194.04 300.14 Lupachi 6.D.7 7.06 7.96 8.13 7.89 9.32 10.14 Rusa 5.F.1 76.22 69.82 84.62 77.02 83 71.31 Mtiti 5.D.3 4.55 3.99 5.03 4.22 7.94 79.02

Graph 7: Water Discharge Dwangwa Mpasadzi 10000 Lingadzi 1000 Milenje 100 10 Luweledzi Depth 1 Milenje Bua Bua Bua Mtiti Bua Rusa RIVER Dwang Lingazi Milenje Luwele Milenje Bua Lupachi Mpasad River Bua Lupachi Graph 7: Water Discharge

Source: District Water Supply Office

State: The above data is the annual water discharge and surface run off from 1998- 2003. The water discharge in all rivers has fluctuating while the run-off keep on increasing.

Cause: In most cases, deforestation and poor farming methods contribute to the effect of river discharge. This kind of deforestation in the riverbanks and catchments areas has badly affected the stream flows. Every year in the months of October, November and December, some rivers like Mpasadzi, Mtiti, Milenje, Dwangwa, Rusa and even Bua experience zero flow.

In the year 2003 rainfall was high and this made most of the rivers to have their discharge raised. In the same year Mtiti experienced heavy flood in the month of March and the bridge was washed away to down stream. The flood was estimated to 898.741 Cubic meters per second (898.741 CU/S)

Pressure: The office of ground water is falling to provide information to the stakeholders in time.

Response : New equipment is being bought to provide enough data for the district in time.

Mitigation: The office need to have more equipment and trained personnel for monitoring water level in the district.

TABLE 45: STATE INDICATORS RIVER WATER LEVEL IN METRES. RIVER CATCHMENT 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Dwangwa 6.C.1 2.41 2.06 1.88 1.79 1.81 2.02 Mpasadzi 6.C.5 1.46 1.22 0.94 0.78 0.62 0.71 Lingazi 6.B.2 1.43 1.57 1.49 1.51 1.5 1.61 Milenje 6.D.1 0.77 0.78 0.8 0.72 0.61 0.81 Luwelezi 6.D.5 0.79 0.81 0.75 0.74 0.64 0.77

Milenje 6.D.11 0.84 0.73 0.73 0.69 0.71 0.8 Bua 5.D.2A 2.67 2.44 2.52 2.42 2.36 2.41 Bua 5.D.2B 2.35 2.26 2.07 2.03 2 2.17 Bua 5.D.1 2.07 1.94 2 1.99 1.91 2.09 Lupachi 6.D.7 0.79 0.66 0.69 0.74 0.71 0.76 Rusa 5.F.1 2.61 2.14 2.11 2 1.93 2.01 Mtiti 5.D.3 0.57 0.52 0.49 0.51 0.63 1.06

The table clearly indicates that deforestation is indeed an effect to water levels. Lingazi river 6.B.2, Luwelezi river 6.D.5 and Lupachi river 6.D.7 have their water levels rising every year. These rivers pass through Kasungu national park, Chimaliro forest reserve and Dwambazi forest Reserve respectively while the rest of the rivers, which pass though the heavily agricultural areas that are poorly deforested, have their water levels decreasing every year and these are also the rivers that dry up in around October, November and Even December yearly

Table 46: Ground Water Levels/Metres B/H NO. DONOR AVERAGE DEPTH in TA B/H NO WORKING INVOLVED m KALULUMA 388 373 Government/PLAN 40 KAPELULA 109 99 Government 45 SANTHE 93 88 Government/EU 40 WIMBE 82 68 Government 50 KAOMBA 83 97 Various 40 LUKWA 48 42 Government 40 CHISEMPERE 47 40 Government/Plan 40 M'NYANJA 90 77 Government/Plan 45 CHILUWA MATAMBE 44 36 Government 40 CHISIKWA 35 23 Government 45 NJOMBWA 33 26 Government/EU 40 SIMLEMBA 30 20 Government/UNICEF 40 CHIDZUMA 16 15 Government/EU 45 KAWAMBA 15 13 Government/EU 45 CHISINGA 20 16 Government 40 MAWAWA 17 11 Government 40 CHAMBWE 13 8 Government 45 MPHOMWA 12 13 Government 45 CHAIMA 12 8 Government 40 KAPHAIZI 12 7 Government 45 MANGWAZU 11 7 Government 40 MTHUNDUWALA 6 5 Government 40 CHULU 34 25 Government 45 TOTAL 1250 1117 Source: Kasungu District Water Development Office 2003

Table 47: Water Resource Status

WATER RESOURCES STATUS IN KASUNGU 2005

No LOCATION (TA) BOREHOLE STATUS AND COVERAGE SHALLOW WELLS STATUS AND COVERAGE RECOMMENDED AREAS FOR OTHER WATER PROJECTS APART FROM BOREHOLES TOTAL NUMBER NUMBER NOT WORKING TOTAL NUMBER NUMBER NOT WORKING DAM CONSTRUCTION GRAVITY FED RURAL WATER SU 1 Chisinga 20 4 14 14 Dams Not Applicable 2 Mawawa 17 11 Not Applicable Not Applicable 3 Chambwe 13 5 7 7 Not Applicable Not Applicable 4 Mphomwa 15 8 3 3 Not Applicable Not Applicable 5 Kaphaizi 19 9 4 4 Not Applicable Not Applicable 6 Chaima 18 8 2 2 Not Applicable Not Applicable 7 Mangwazu 14 6 10 10 Not Applicable Not Applicable 8 Chulu 38 12 15 15 Dams Not Applicable 9 Nthunduwala 8 5 Not Applicable Not Applicable 10 Kaluluma 405 147 103 103 Not Applicable Not Applicable 11 Santhe 103 39 20 20 Not Applicable Not Applicable 12 Kapelula 112 72 Dams GFRWSS 13 Wimbe 101 47 Dams GFRWSS 14 Chisemphere 63 17 130 130 Dams GFRWSS 15 Chisikwa 24 9 2 2 Dams GFRWSS 16 Kaomba 127 34 16 16 Not Applicable Not Applicable 17 Kawamba 17 10 27 27 Not Applicable Not Applicable 18 Lukwa 51 14 17 17 Not Applicable Not Applicable 19 Mnyanja 106 39 120 120 Dams Not Applicable 20 Chilowamatambe 48 22 57 57 Dams Not Applicable 21 Njombwa 43 19 104 104 Dams Not Applicable 22 Simlemba 36 21 17 17 Dams Not Applicable 23 Chidzuma 18 10 Dams Not Applicable 24 Nyaza 13 6 10 10 Not Applicable Not Applicable 25 Mwase 42 18 22 22 Not Applicable Not Applicable 26 Simndemba 22 10 Not Applicable Not Applicable TOTALS 1493 602 700 700 Source: Kasungu District Water Development Office 2005

Government with some NGO’s like World vision, Plan Malawi, Unicef, Eu and Masaf has constructed a number of boreholes in the district.

From about 12.5% of the boreholes drilled are not working and the water level is also high. The drilling average depth for Kasungu is about 40 meters and the aquifer is high up to 35 meters.

In some areas, for examples Wimbe, Chamama and Kapelula the borehole drilling goes up to 50 metres to find adequate borehole yield this is so because the area has a geographical gradient that attracts more run-off and aquifers in these areas do not recharge accordingly, as quantities of rain water flows away into the streams to the lake.

The estimated Run-off of Chamama, Wimbe, and Kapelula catchments is averaged on 634.66 Millimeters/catchment/ year. Compared to the rest of catchments in the districts that are found in flat areas, which is averaged on 87.26 millimeters /catchment/ year

The rural piped water points is the ideal water resource for the community to be using time to time in these areas.

In such areas dam construction projects are other important projects to be considered. Dams will help to harvest the run-off and improve the water resources of the area, so that occupants of these can get enough water for irrigation, fish farming, and even domestic animal drinking points.

4. Borehole Bore hole maintenance, sitting and drilling remains a challenge in the department of water. Lack of spare parts adversely affects the routine maintenance of boreholes. It also takes a long time to have borehole drilling experts as they are found in Lilongwe. There is also lack of coordination between some NGOs and the department of water in boreholes drilling. There is inadequate consultations in the sitting of these boreholes making it difficult to have the data of boreholes in the district.

5. Hydrology The hydrology has not been spared as the automatic water level recorders are not working and the only solution is using the manual ones which produce inconsistence data. The high rate of deforestation also promotes the lowering of water levels in the dams and the rivers. It also causes the lowering of water discharge in the rivers. This is due to the fact that the rate of run-off is high in the bare ground than on the covered ones.

6. Access to Sanitary Latrines Most households in the town (85%) have water system toilets. These town toilets have independent sewage system which are constructed within the plot. Once they are full, the Malawi housing Cooperation or Town Assembly are contacted to drain the sewage. Almost all rural households use pit latrines.

7. Methods of Waste Disposal Most households use open pits and gardens to dispose off their waste.

C. EDUCATION

The educational system in Kasungu comprises primary, secondary and teacher training.

Primary Education

There are 15 educational zones in Kasungu District as shown in table below, with a total of 318 primary schools. The total enrolment (2005) is 183,219 of which 91,037 are boys, representing 49.7 %, while 92,182 are girls, representing 50.3 percent.

Table 48: Primary School Enrolment, Number of Teachers and Physical Facilities in Primary Schools 2005 Zone STD1 STD2 STD3 STD4 STD 5 STD7 STD8 TOTAL BY TOTAL Kasungu STD6 SEX BOTH B G B G B G B G B G G G B G B G B G Chaima 1480 1678 926 1031 955 975 697 666 459 437 361 333 289 231 212 182 5379 5533 10912 Chamama 1238 1229 924 941 876 831 639 576 469 426 4674 278 270 226 278 167 5076 4674 9750 Chamwabvi 1173 1289 970 1055 808 912 678 693 548 562 383 410 295 308 297 286 5152 5515 10667 Chankhanga 2103 2154 1456 1512 1517 1488 1098 1240 882 841 672 771 510 550 535 434 8773 8990 17763 Kalolo 1666 1686 1324 1267 1129 1098 965 985 669 684 513 503 427 373 415 368 7108 6964 14072 Kasasanya 2075 2496 1269 1390 1182 1217 879 984 691 724 7951 528 395 338 438 274 7444 7951 15395 Linyangwa 868 949 627 656 565 574 531 494 365 419 327 309 241 237 180 160 3704 3798 7502 Malepera 1301 1364 899 973 758 723 680 650 435 454 367 349 251 189 247 159 4938 4861 9799 Mkanakhoti 1822 1870 1291 1310 1161 989 926 913 792 686 603 533 478 368 506 353 7569 7022 14591 Mpasazi 1533 1741 903 971 910 891 744 785 627 643 6120 405 371 359 380 325 5892 6120 12012 Nkhamenya 1595 1541 1239 1253 1061 1039 1001 920 813 844 7368 705 595 548 572 518 7603 7368 14971 Sankhula 1609 1774 1190 1321 1050 1141 890 859 666 744 518 466 395 346 326 254 6644 6905 13549 Santhe 1447 1577 985 1016 867 876 658 748 487 542 5653 426 270 286 223 182 5292 5653 10945 Suza 1561 1766 1062 1250 997 1092 809 876 532 546 429 361 337 327 290 212 6017 6430 12447 Zyalambe 1221 1335 893 874 782 726 466 510 380 370 285 242 200 180 219 161 4446 4398 8844 TOTAL 22692 24449 15948 16820 14618 14572 11661 11899 8815 8922 6860 6619 5324 4866 5119 4036 91037 92182 183219 Source: District Education Office 2005

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Quality of Primary Education

As shown in table above, the number of pupils enrolled in primary Schools is quite high. However the quality of education being offered leaves a lot to be desired. This is due to a number of factors notably poor and inadequate physical infrastructure, inadequate teaching and learning materials. This has in turn led to a high level of absenteeism and eventual dropout from school among pupils Table 36 below).

Table 49: Primary Enrolment and Distribution of Teachers by Zone, 2005 Zone No of Enrolment No of Teachers Distribution/Shortfall of Schools Teachers Boys Girls Total Qualified Unqual. Total Req/T S/Surp T/P/Ratio Chaima 20 5379 5533 10912 68 32 100 212 -112 109 Chamama 16 5076 4674 9750 69 28 97 180 -83 101 Chamwabvi 21 5152 5515 10667 92 38 130 214 -84 82 Chankhanga 20 8773 8990 17763 341 76 417 323 +94 43 Kalolo 23 7108 6964 14072 156 43 199 269 -70 71 Kasasanya 25 7444 7951 15395 139 51 190 301 -111 81 Linyangwa 13 3704 3798 7502 59 30 89 146 -57 84 Malepera 19 4938 4861 9799 59 31 90 194 -104 109 Mkanakhoti 31 7569 7022 14591 148 52 200 296 -96 73 Mpasazi 22 5892 6120 12012 100 44 144 237 -93 83 Nkhamenya 25 7603 7368 14971 231 30 261 251 +10 57 Sankhula 26 6644 6905 13549 104 53 157 262 -105 86 Santhe 19 5292 5653 10945 87 33 120 211 -91 91 Suza 19 6017 6430 12447 102 45 147 224 -77 85 Zyalambe 19 4446 4398 8844 65 26 91 167 -76 97 Total 318 91037 92182 183219 1820 612 2432 3487 -971 74 Source: District Education Office Kasungu 2005

There were 2432 Teachers in the District. This puts the Teacher/Pupil Ratio at 1:74. The Qualified Teachers/Pupil Ratio is 1:101. The total number of permanent teachers houses is 541 which leaves a shortfall of 1891. The pupil/desk ration is 21:1 while the total number of permanent classrooms is 909. Given the recommended pupil/classrooms ratio of 60:1, the available permanent classrooms are very inadequate (see Table 37 below)

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Table 50: No of Schools, Classrooms, Teachers Houses and Furniture by Zone

Buildings Furniture No of Zone Classrooms T/Houses Pupils Furniture Teachers Furniture Schools Perm Temp Perm Temp Desks Bench Table Chairs

Chaima 20 65 23 34 33 407 05 06 04 Chamama 16 56 32 33 32 372 10 08 16 Chamwabvi 21 64 40 49 17 269 0 19 26 Chankhanga 20 97 17 56 14 897 98 56 412 Kalolo 23 80 26 48 20 515 40 45 25 Kasasanya 25 56 43 27 59 609 56 13 07 Linyangwa 13 63 22 32 60 334 0 08 07 Malepera 19 49 24 24 39 301 192 19 15 Mkanakhoti 31 59 35 24 63 443 02 25 25 Mpasazi 22 50 45 37 47 900 0 22 18 Nkhamenya 25 73 46 49 51 1484 29 43 94 Sankhula 26 34 59 25 34 191 250 53 09 Santhe 19 57 33 35 23 514 09 24 57 Suza 19 52 45 43 19 770 05 18 15 Zyalambe 19 54 24 25 22 877 11 17 15 Total 318 909 512 541 533 8883 707 376 755 Source: District Education Office Kasungu 2005

GRAPH 8: Chart Showing Primary School Enrolment by Sex by Zone 2005

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GRAPH 8: Chart Showing Primary School Enrolment by Sex by Zone 2005

10000

9000

8000

7000

6000 TOTAL BOYS TOTAL GIRLS 5000

Enrolment 4000

3000

2000

1000

i a v a o a e b g ya ra l he b m a n n e t w ep an Suza am Kalol S Chai al Mpasazi al Kasungu M Sankhu Zy Chamama Kasasa Linyangwa Mkanakhoti Cham Chankha Nkhamenya Zone

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Secondary Education Kasungu District has 4 conventional Secondary Schools. Three are government owned (Kasungu, Chayamba, and Santhe), while the third is Nkhamenya Girls, which is grant aided ie owned by Roman catholic.

There are also 37 Community Day Secondary Schools (C.D.S.S) and 15 Private Secondary Schools including the prestigious Kamuzu Academy.

Table 51: Enrolment in Secondary Schools 2005

Secondary School Total Location by No of Zone Schools Boys Girls Chaima 1 38 16 54

Chamama 2 132 92 224

Chamwabvi 3 164 99 263

Chankhanga 7 1271 873 2144

Kalolo 1 90 75 165

Kasasanya 3 455 284 739

Linyangwa 1 111 75 186

Malepera 3 206 119 325

Mkanakhoti 3 180 125 305

Mpasazi 3 312 200 512

Nkhamenya 5 374 751 1125

Sankhula 3 259 165 424

Santhe 3 362 261 623

Suza 2 242 107 349

Zyalambe 1 55 38 93

Total 41 4251 3280 7531 Source: District Education Office 2005

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GRAPH 9: Chart Showing Secondary School Enrolment by Sex by Zone, 2005

1,400

1,200

1,000

800 Secondary School Boys Secondary School Girls

Enrolment 600

400

200

i a a v o zi la m ga the be am n pera sanya e enya Suza Kalol pasa San lam Chai a M am a Mal Sankhu Zy Cham Kas Linyangwa Mkanakhoti ChamwabChankha Nkh Zone

Access and Coverage

Only about 27% of Primary School leavers gain access to Post Primary institutions. Form I places therefore are very limited. Attempts however are being made to give equal opportunities to both boys and girls. To this effect, selection to C.D.S.S is currently at 50% boys, 50% girls. The biggest challenge is to increase the number of secondary schools and also to reduce dropouts to minimum levels (see Table 39 below )

Quality of Education As in Primary Schools, the quality of education being offered in Secondary schools is poor. This is so due to a number of factors including inadequate and poor physical facilities and the large number of unqualified teachers especially in the C.D.S.S.

1 05

Table 52: Quality and Access in secondary schools 2005

Location by Inadequate qualified Inadequate Inadequate school and Zone teachers desks classrooms (pupil / teacher ratio) (pupil / desk (pupil / classroom ratio) ratio) Chaima 2 0 42 Chamama 18 2 43 Chamwabvi 17 3 60 Chankhanga 30 5 73 Kalolo 15 2 50 Kasasanya 28 14 68 Linyangwa 18 10 48 Malepera 15 3 19 Mkanakhoti 17 20 43 Mpasazi 27 3 54 Nkhamenya 24 3 60 Sankhula 27 13 62 Santhe 24 2 42 Suza 18 0 62 19 0 38 Zyalambe

Source: School Returns 2005

Table 53: Need Gap Analysis Secondary Education

Quality and Access Gov. Indicators Norm GAP:PIF/District PIF Goal Qualified teachers Teacher/Pupil ratio 60:1 - 41 101:1 Desks and Chairs Pupil/Desk ratio 21:1 2:1 - 19 Schools/classrooms Pupil / classroom ratio 174:1 60:1 - 114 Latrines and safe potable Pupil / latrines ratio water Boys 77:1 Boys Boys - 52 Girls 75:1 25:1 Girls - 65 Girls 10:1 Teachers houses Teacher/house ratio 1:1 - 2 3:1

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Table 54: Quality and Access

Quality and Gov. Norm Indicators Access PIF Goal GAP:PIF/District Pupil / qualified teacher Qualified teachers 50:1 - 40 ratio 90:1

Pupil / desk ratio Desks 1:1 - 5 6:1

Pupil / classroom ratio Schools / classrooms 50:1 - 6 56:1 Pupil / latrines ratio Latrines and safe Boys 36:1 Boys 25:1 Boys – 11 potable water Girls 22:1 Girls 10:1 Girls - 12

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Map 16: Distribution of Education Facilities in Kasungu

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Photo 17: Mwalawanyenje CDSS Kasungu Town

D. Community Development and Social Welfare

1. COMMUNITY SERVICES

There are two main departments in the sector these are Community Development and Social Welfare. The overall mandate of the sector is to socio- economically empower women, men, girls and boys faced with enormous challenges that prevent them from moving out of poverty trap.

1.1 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

(A) Overall Goal

The department has various programmes whose main goal is to create a conducive environment for the members of the community to enable them to recognize their abilities to identify their problems, learn, adopt and manage new skills and available resources that will assist them raise their standards of living through active participation in the development processes.

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Specifically, the department has the following objectives.

• To help people free themselves from traditional beliefs and practices which block enterprises and innovation and to foster a sense of responsibility for the whole community’s welfare. • To assist people to understand material and social needs of the members of their families and households and to make use of their human and maternal resources to raise domestic living standards. • To help people recognize community needs and to form groups which can plan and carry out joint projects of communal interest using local resources and services. • To promote a greater sense of national consciousness so that communities will be able to see their place in National Development. • To prepare people for increased responsibility within the local government structure.

(B) Programme

1. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES PROGRAMME

Improving social economic status of vulnerable women and men is one of the ways of poverty reduction amongst individuals. Hence the department implements the Economic Activities Programme. The programme deals with formation of self formed groups. These groups are trained, monitored and linked to financial lending institutions.

Refer table 1 below for groups formed under the department.

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Table 55: Number of Groups per TA/STA and Beneficiaries by Gender

NO TA/STA TYPE OF GROUPS NO.OF NO.OF RECOVERY NO.OF BENEFICIARIES GROUPS RATE GROUPS FUNDED NOT FUNDED M F MF T M F T - NA 1 Kawamba - 3 9 12 77 95 177 - “ 12 2 Kaomba - 5 13 18 38 285 233 3 100% 18 3 Mphomwa - 8 7 15 496 146 195 - NA 12 4 Wimbe - - 46 46 184 295 479 - - 46 5 C/Matambe 1 17 - 18 60 174 234 - - 18 6 Chambwe - - 4 4 25 35 60 - NA 4 7 Kaluluma - 9 13 22 86 215 301 - - 22 8 Chisikwa - - 2 2 19 7 26 - - 2 9 Lukwa 1 1 17 19 105 180 285 - - 19 10 Kaphaizi - 1 5 6 35 50 85 - - 6 11 Chisemphere - 1 10 11 49 98 147 - 100% 11 12 Simlemba 2 - 30 32 179 269 448 3 NA 29 13 Kapelula 4 12 6 22 45 75 120 - “ 22 14 Kapichira 2 4 - 6 20 60 80 - “ 6 15 Mdunga 6 8 2 16 60 80 140 - “ 16 16 Njombwa - 1 12 13 77 92 169 - “ 13 17 Nthunduwala - 1 5 5 49 42 91 - “ 6 18 Mwase - 2 23 25 108 217 325 - “ 23 19 Santhe - 4 32 36 168 346 594 - “ 46 20 Chidzuma - 10 10 58 82 140 - “ 10

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NO TA/STA TYPE OF GROUPS NO.OF NO.OF RECOVERY NO.OF BENEFICIARIES GROUPS RATE GROUPS FUNDED NOT FUNDED 21 Nyaza - - 8 8 52 60 112 - “ 8

22 Chaima 1 1 10 12 69 99 168 - “ 12

23 Mnyanja 2 8 7 17 70 168 238 - “ 17

24 Chinyama 1 - - 1 15 - 15 - “ 1

25 chitanthamapiri - - 2 2 20 7 27 - “ 2

TOTALS 20 86 273 379 2164 5340 5340 6 100% 373

Source: Gender and Community Services 2005

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CHALLENGES

There are only few financial lending institutions in the district leading to few groups accessing loans. Tough lending conditions by lending institutions for example high interest rates, weekly or fortnightly loan repayments and delayed loan disbursements. Lastly unstable markets for some products produced by entrepreneurs.

These challenges will be tackled by lobbying for more lending institutions, good lending conditions and facilitate market identification.

11. FUNCTIONAL LITERACY PROGRAMME

Literacy is a prerequisite to achieve national development. As such reduction of illiteracy is very crucial to achieve optimum development. This is the reason that has made the department implement literacy programme. The programme involves training of literacy committees and instructors and opening literacy classes. In terms of classes opened in Kasungu refer table 11. below.

Table 56: Number of Literacy Classes per TA/STA Instructor and Beneficiaries by Gender

NO TA/STA NO.OF FUNCTIONAL NO.OF CLASSES LITERACY BENEFICIARIES INSTRUCTORS MALE FEMALE TOTAL M F T 1 Santhe 16 9 7 16 78 254 332 2 Simlemba 09 4 2 06 16 069 085 3 Mphomwa 09 7 2 09 25 087 112 4 Chilowamatambe 10 6 4 10 15 086 101 5 Chulu 11 7 4 11 17 122 139 6 Njombwa 09 6 3 09 18 100 118 7 Kapelula 11 8 3 11 20 086 106 8 Wimbe 30 20 10 30 456 1344 1809 9 Kawamba 11 6 5 11 18 111 129 10 Chaima 04 1 3 04 04 036 040 11 Chisinga 10 9 1 10 30 101 131 12 Kaomba 9 4 5 09 07 121 128 13 Mwase 8 6 2 08 06 068 074 14 Lukwa 8 5 3 08 06 068 074 Totals 152 95 64 152 705 2653 3378

Source: Gender and Community Services 2005

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Photo 18: Chitete Literacy class in session

Challenges

- Few men joining literacy classes due to shyness. - In frequent re-refresher courses and supervision for instructors. - High instructor drop outs due to low honorarium.

To Tackle the Problems the following has been planned:

- Conduct literacy campaign in all villages , lobby for more funding to assembly for supervision re-fresher courses and increase in honorarium.

Community Capacity Building Programme

Capacity building of local human resources is the hub for successful development at community level, this programme provides support to all development activities at community level. This is in the sense that training courses are conducted for various members of the community and their leaders as a means of encouraging them to become aware of the social-economic development needs and opportunities in their areas in order to continue self-reliance and community participation.

The main objective of this programme is therefore to increase leadership and management skills amongst members of the community for sustainability of community projects.

Challenges Low coverage in both areas and course content due to financial limitation as training period is usually short.

The challenges are being tackled by lobbying for more resources from the assembly.

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Community Mobilization Programme

It is only well informed community that is able to make informed decisions about issues affecting it. The major work in this programme focus much on motivation and encouragement of communities to identify and initiate self help community construction projects. The programme deploys community sensitization meetings and person to person discussions to have the communities become well informed at the issue at hand.

Usually participatory techniques are used with an intention of empowering communities to initiate, participate in and benefit from their own local development endeavours. These participatory techniques could be PRA and RRP.

Under the programme enormous community micro projects are initiated, implemented and completed. These community projects could be aided or unaided self help ones. Examples of such community self help projects are school blocks, teachers houses, roads and bridges, safe water points, post agencies and sanitary facilities. Refer table 3 and 4 below for aided and unaided community self help projects for Kasungu.

2. SOCIAL WELFARE

The department’s mandate is to provide safety nets to those who are in difficult situations including the vulnerable groups in the society such as orphans, elderly, destitutes and people with physical disabilities. It covers a wide range of activities that aim at encouraging families and communities to play an active role in assisting and promoting the welfare of the disadvantaged.

The department therefore has the following programmes whose overall goal is to provide social, economic and psychological support to the vulnerable and people at risk of deprivation.

Children Services

The programme aims at ensuring survival growth, protection and development of children from 0-8 years. Therefore in liaison with relevant stakeholders and communities, Early Childhood Development activities are provided. The aim is to equip caregivers with skills on key and family care practices and to harmonise delivery of such services to children. The department therefore, has the following activities under this programme.

- Establishment of Community Based Child care centres (CBCCs) - Training of CBCC committee and caregivers

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Table 57: No.Of Community Based Child Care Centres As At June 2005

NO T.A/STA NO.OF CBCC NO.OF CHILDREN TOTAL MALE FEMALE 1 Kaluluma 15 537 499 1036 2 Mwase 16 529 680 1209 3 Mnyanja 16 444 470 914 4 Chisemphere 8 389 422 811 5 Nyaza 3 166 149 315 6 Chisikwa 2 114 142 256 TOTAL 60 2179 2362 4541 Source: Gender and Community Services 2005

The other activity is that of child protection from all forms of abuse including child labour. The department has the following activities.

Probation and After Care

The aim of this programme is to protect the dignity, integrity and welfare of children who are in conflict with the law and facilitate their integration and acceptance back into communities. The following are the activities under this programme:-

- Working with court, police and prisons on issues of juvenile justice especially on socio-economic aspects of juvenile offenders. - Coordination and networking with communities on issues of juvenile justice at community level.

Family Welfare

The programme aims at providing social, psychological and short term material support to individuals, families on a number of family problems such as matrimonial, adoption, destitute and orphans. The services are offered directly by the office and support groups/ community based organizations to which the department provides technical support especially on issues of orphan care.

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Table 58: No. of CBOs/Support Groups by T.A/STA As At June 2005 NO T.A/STA NUMBER 1 Kaluluma 6 2 Kaomba 15 3 Mnyanja 10 4 Simlemba 9 5 Mwase 4 6 Wimbe 4 7 Njombwa 2 8 Santhe 9 9 Mphomwa 3 10 Kawamba 2 TOTAL 64 Source: Gender and Community Services 2005

(i) EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT

Due to HIV/AIDS the number of orphans is on the increase. Currently there are over 25,000 orphans in the district. Assessment of their needs shows that most of them lack basic things such as food and shelter. While such needs are met by local community support groups, the departments assists very needy orphans and other vulnerable children with educational support (fees) so that they complete secondary education. During 2005 school year 43 such orphans were assisted. The demand is very high and it will continue to rise.

(ii) REHABILITATION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

The services offered include:-

- Registration and vocational counseling to people with disabilities. - Referral of such cases to appropriate agencies for specialized services e.g vocational training.

By 2003 the department had 350 registered people with various disabilities.

Department of Youth

The Department of Youth in the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture is mandated to offer services which would develop the full potential of the Youth and promote their active participation in personal and National Development.

With the above as a Mission Statement, the Youth Department has long term and specific objectives:

Long Term Objectives

To enhance the quality of life of youth by addressing pertinent issues affecting them

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Specific Objectives

To promote sustainable livelihood and reduce youth unemployment by equipping the youth with entrepreneurial Skills and credit facilities To reduce unplanned teen pregnancies, abortions, and early marriages To reduce sexually Transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS To promote gender equality To reduce substance abuse To promote sports and positive cultural activities

Problems Faced By the Youth

Youth in Kasungu face a lot of Socio-Economic Problems among them are listed below:

1. Unemployment Poverty HIV/AIDS Drug and Alcohol abuse Teen pregnancies Abortions Lack of recreational facilities Lack of information Lack of quality education Environmental degradation Lack of parental support and guidance

NOTE: Listed not according to priority or importance

Programmes and Activities

Youth in Malawi is defined as all young people female and male from the age of 14 to 25 years. However it is recognized that youth is not only a chronological definition but also a term commonly used to describe roles in society ascribed to the young hence then young people under 14 and over 25 years are accommodated depending on their social and economic circumstances.

In trying to overcome the above listed problems, the youth themselves and the youth department have initiated a few intervention.

1. YOUTH CLUBS

The department carries its mandate through well organized youth groups called Youth Clubs. Youth Clubs act like hub for the department in discharging its duties. Although this is the case, the district has very few registered youth clubs.

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Table 59: Registered No. of out of School Youth Club Per T.A

T.A No. of Registered Clubs Kaluluma 13 Simlemba 4 Chulu 8 Mphomwa 4 Kaphaizi 3 Mwase 4 Kaomba 10 Lukwa 3 Kapelula 3 Wimbe 6 Chilowamatambe 4 Njombwa 3 Kawamba 8 Santhe 6 Source: District Data Bank

2. YOUTH CENTRES / RESOURCE CENTRES

Each TA is supposed to have one TA Based Youth Centre however at present, the district has only two under graded Youth Centers at Chulu and Kaluluma. These centers are a source of information and counseling to the Youths.

3. VOCATIONAL SKILLS CENTRES

Vocational Skills could be the appropriate and affordable alternative to reduce the problem of unemployment among the youth in the district. The district has only four such centers which are under construction.

4. PEER EDUCATION

Peer Education provides a favourable environment for interaction on sensitive sexual and Reproductive Health issues including HIV/AIDS among the Youth. The district has only 160 trainees Peer Education from 14 Traditional Authorities which means that some TAs have not even a single trained Peer Educator.

5. COUNSELLING SERVICES

The department offers supportive counselling rather than professional through trained Youth Community Based Counselors. With the increase of HIV/AIDS infection among the Youth the Counselling Services aims at reducing the impact of HIV/AIDS and promoting positive behaviour change among the Youths. This is done through the formation of HIV/AIDS Post Test Clubs. The District at present has 25 volunteer Youth Community Counsellors.

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6. FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES

The district has 39 trained Youth Community Based Distribution Agents (YCBDA) based in traditional Authorities Kaomba, Njombwa, Lukwa and Chulu. These YCBDA provide information and contraceptives to the communities.

NOTE: Almost all of the above activities are donor funded and are under either SRP Project or YPD Project by UNICEF.

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CHAPTER VII. INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES

A. Road

Road Network Kasungu District has an extensive road network in service, albeit many areas still have accessibility problems especially during the wet season due to bad conditions or lack of roads. There are two bitumen roads passing through the district; the Lilongwe – Mzuzu road (M1) and Nkhotakota – Mchinji road (M18), which are class I roads and are in good condition all the year covering 223 km. (see photo 17 below)

Photo 19: Tarmac road to Mchinji M 18 near Santhe

Other roads that are graced with bitumen surface are town roads in the urban centre of the district and partial stretches of S 114 and S 117 inside the township. S 114 extends to Kasungu National Park and is the only gravel road from Nguluyanawambe. Old M 18 is partially class I with bitumen surface up to Chiwengo village entrance gate but the rest remains earth road up to junction with the new M18 at Msulira.

The rest of the roads are earth roads which are either rehabilitated or in poor condition for lack of routine maintenance due to lack of funds.

Table 60: Roads in Kasungu District Name of Road Classification Type of Length Number of bridges Main=1 surface (km) along each road Secondary=2 District=3 Bitumen=1 Tertiary=4 Gravel=2 Undesignated=5 Earth=3 M 001 Jenda – Kasungu 1 86.7 7 M 001 Kasungu – Bua 1 29.1 3 Bridge M 018 Bua (Ntchisi 1 35 boundary) – Kasungu

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Name of Road Classification Type of Length Number of bridges Main=1 surface (km) along each road Secondary=2 District=3 Bitumen=1 Tertiary=4 Gravel=2 Undesignated=5 Earth=3 M 018 Chinkhoma – 1 60 Mkomachilolo (Mchinji) Old M 018 Msulira – Chiwengo 3 23 0 Old M 018 Chiwengo - 1 7 0 Gundani S 084 Jcn. M001 – 1 4.9 0 through town to Oilcom S 113 Nkhamenya – 3 14.2 1 Kachinda S 113 Boundary – M001 3 N.A. S 114 Kabrunguti (Jcn. M 1 2.6 1 001) – Nguluyanawambe S 114 Ngulyanawambe – 2 34 2 National Park Gate S 114 National Park Gate 2 21 – Lifupa Lodge S 117 Oilcom (Jcn. M001) 1 1 0 – Jcn. S114 S 117 Jcn. S114 – 3 16 2 Kamphulu S 117 Santhe – Mkhota 18 5 S 118 Linga – 3 53.0 13 Nthunduwala T 323 Kachinda – 3 75.0 4 Kasungu Prison T 324 Mphomwa – 3 11.1 0 Kamtuwale T 325 Nkhako – 3 35.1 1 Mkanakhoti (Jcn. T 328) T 327 Chisemphere – 3 10.8 0 Mabulabo (Boundary Mzimba) T 328 Chatoloma 3 75.3 Dwangwa Chasato (Jcn. 0 New M –018) T 329 Chamama – 3 5.2 0 Kalenga T 332 Kapichira (Ndonda) 3 40.1 2 – chima T 337 Bua – Kasera (Jcn. 3 12 3 M018) T 337 Kasera – Malepera 3 15 4 T 338 Chiwengo – 3 6.1 0 Bwanali T 339 Bua – Chitenje 3 15.6 2 D 76 Chimaliro Forest 3 7.8 1 (Jcn. M001) Ntchawaka D 77 Nkhamenya (Jcn. 3 2.5 1 M001) – Kajosi 122

Name of Road Classification Type of Length Number of bridges Main=1 surface (km) along each road Secondary=2 District=3 Bitumen=1 Tertiary=4 Gravel=2 Undesignated=5 Earth=3 D 78 Chatoloma – 3 25.0 0 James (Jcn. T 323) D 79 Chisemphere – 3 9.6 4 Mkweu D 80 Maira (Jcn. T 328) 3 25.4 2 – Dwangwa D 81 Suza – Gogode 3 11.6 0 D 83 Prison (Jcn. M001) 1/2 1.5 0 – Aerodrome D 83 Aerdrome – ADD 1 3.9 1 Staff houses D 83 Add staff houses – 1 1.3 0 (Jcn. S084) Chankhanga D 85 Changaluwa – 3 10.4 2 Misozi PR 4 Ofesi (Jcn. D80) – 3 18.3 Mpasadzi no bridge, Chimbwadzi (Jcn 2 M1) UD 1 Chilowa – Kadifula 3 9.0 1 UD 2 Boma – chisamba 3 8.7 1 UD 3 Mneni – Nkhakama 3 10.0 3 UD 4 Nthunduwala – 3 10.8 1 Kalanga UD 5 Nkhamenya – 3 8.7 1 Kakwale UD 6 Chamama – 3 12.5 0 Mthawira UD 7 Mtondo Kachitsa 3 8.0 1 (Jcn. T 338) UD 8 Kaphaizi – Kadwala 3 11.0 0 UD 9 Nkhamenya- 3 23.0 3 Chisinga UD 10 Chilanga – Jcn. T 3 3.0 0 338 UD 11 Mkanakhoti - 3 3.5 0 Chikomambuzi UD 12 (Jcn. M 18) Katenje 3 5 0 – Mndewe UD 13 Chambwe – 3 5 0 Mayala UD 14 Carmel – Quarry 3 5.4 0 (Jcn. S117) UD 15 Mazi – Miyowe 3 4 1 UD 16 Nkhamenya – 3 5.3 2 Mpasadzi UD 17 Ndponda - Mdoni 3 12 1

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Road Designation key: M - Main road S - Secondary road T - Tertiary D - District UD - Undesignated

Table 61: Kasungu Road Network Type of Road Length per km Network in % Bitumen surfaced roads 229.1 km 23.6 % Gravel roads 55 km 5.7 % Earth roads 684.8 km 70.7 % Total 968.9 km 100 % Source: District Data Bank

B. Bridges

There are 71 bridges in Kasungu. Some are made of reinforced concrete decks, while others are timber – decked (td). There is only one Bailey bridge and there are two drifts still in use on other roads.

Table 62: Number and type of Bridges, by location on type of road Location R.C. Bridges T.D. Bailey I.B. Drifts Tota Bridges Bridges l Main roads 11 11 Secondary 4 16 1 21 roads Tertiary roads 4 11 1 1 1 18 District roads 10 3 13 Feeder roads 4 2 4 10 Totals 33 29 1 8 2 73 Source: District Data Bank

C. Transport

Minibus services are the main mode of transport between major destinations and Kasungu by road. Numerous minibuses operate between Kasungu and Lilongwe or Mzuzu and Mchinji in spite of big capacity buses owned by Shire Bus Lines Limited and other private businessmen. There are also various pick – ups plying their trade on some routes to a number of local destinations in the district.

Kasungu is a high agricultural productivity area as a whole, but public transport services are inadequate especially to various parts of the rural areas due to poor road conditions or lack of proper road infrastructure. There are many areas that are accessible only by village tracks that have no maintenance at all. Some of these tracks are eventually proposed for construction. Pick ups (popularly known as Matola in vernacular) are common in routes that are either density populated or have no buses at all and tend to be favourable to people travelling.

Kasungu has an aerodrome with a bituminised runway. Small private aircraft use it at times when they have some business in Kasungu i.e. tourist visits to Kasungu National Park.

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Boats and Canoes can be found to cross big rivers such as Bua, Rusa and Dwangwa during the wet season especially at Santhe and Mkhota where there are no bridges. Oxcarts are predominantly used by smallholder farmers for personal business.

Photo 20: Typical public transport on rural road

D. Communication

1. Postal Services: Kasungu Districts has 7 post offices and 4 postal agencies.

Post Offices: Kasungu Main Office, Nkhamanga, Chisemplure, Mthunthama, Chilowamambe, Santhe, Mkhota. 122

Postal Agencies: Bua, Chulu, Mpepa, Mthabua.

See Map 17: Distribution of Postal Services in Kasungu District

Services Rendered: - Sales of postal stamps stationery, Postal orders and money order. - Payments and Issues of Postal and money orders

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- Acceptance and delivery of postal ordinary letters, parcels, registers, express mail services*, bills, telegrams. - Agency services and Banks, collection of telephone bills*

(* express mail, telephone bills are conducted at Kasungu Town)

2. Telephone Network

There is one manual telephone exchange Chisemphere/Nkhamenya in the district and 1 automatic exchange in Kasungu town, with a capacity of 600 connections. 550 are actual connections at the moment. In addition Kasungu has 30 private paying telephone bureaus. There are 14 public booths/phones in use. The telephone exchanges and outside network are to be upgraded.

Photo 21: Santhe Post Office

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Map 17: Distribution of Postal Services in Kasungu

3. Cellular Network

Kasungu has a cellular Network. It is operated by Telecom Network Malawi and Celtel Malawi. It works in Kasungu town, Nkhamenya, Santhe, Njombwa, Simulemba, Chilowamatambe, Lukwa, Kasungu National Park , Mwase, Kaomba and in Mtunthama.

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4. Radio Network

Kasungu District only receives Radio three and Radio two - MBC. There are also other private radios such as Zodiac, Trans World and Radio Maria. In general radio reception is very poor in Kasungu.

5. National Publications

The District gets two daily newspapers: Nation & Daily Times. There are also weekly newspapers such as Sunday Times, Week end Nation, Malawi News and Guardian News paper.

6. Internet Services

It is possible to get all Internet providers operating in Malawi, but because of the poor Telephone network it works slowly.

7. Other Services The Police station in Kasungu, the Department of Parks and Wildlife, Department of Water, Press Agriculture, Ministry of Health are using Radio for communication. TV Malawi reception is very poor since the district has no signal transmitter.

E. Power / Energy

Power is generated in the southern region at the hydroelectric power stations namely, Nkhula A&B, Tedzani 1,2&3 and Kapichira.The power is transmitted through 132kilovolts overhead line grid up to Chintheche via Golomoti , Salima and Nkhotakota.

Main power source is through Grid line 66kilovolts overhead line from Nkhotakhota to Mtunthama. Alternative power supplies are from Lilongwe via Mponela and Madisi , and from Lilongwe via Namitete, Kamwendo and Kapiri.Both lines are at 33kilovolts.

At Mtunthama the 66kilovolts grid terminate into a 7.5 mega volt amperes step down Transformer 66/33kilovolts. Five (5) over head lines at 33kilovolts (distribution lines) emerge from this transformer.

• 1st line supply Mtunthama. • 2nd line supplies Malomo T/C. • 3rd line supply Santhe, Mkhota and part of Mchinji District. • 4th line supply Kasungu Boma , Nkhamenya , Chatoloma, Mpomwa, Chilanga , Bua, Mwimba Research, Kawamba ,Chikhoma ,Lisasadzi and Lisandwa. • 5th line supply Wimbe, press estates and Shayona Cement Factory. The first 33kv line at Mtunthama terminates in to a 11kilo volt amperes step down 33/11kilovolts

Transfomer.2 overhead lines at 11kilovolts emerge from this transformer.

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1st line supply Kamuzu Academy main school and senior staff houses. 2nd line supply Mtunthama t/c Mphonongo v/ge and Kamuzu Academy main dam.

The 4 th 33kv line from Mtunthama to Kasungu terminate into a 2 kilo volt ampere 33/11kilo volts step down transformer.3 lines at 11kilo volts emergy from this transformer. 1st line supply part of Kasungu t/c, Kavunguti, Kulima house, Nguluyanawambe and Linga t/c.

2nd line supply main Kasungu t/c , Kasungu District Hospital,ADD Offices and houses, TTC, Prison, Suza,D.C`s offices and Press estates.

3rd line supply Belele , Chitete , Johnsiski , Kasalika plots ,Gundani, Chimbuna, Chayamba, Chiphaso,Chiwengo, Nkako and press estates.

CUSTOMERS CONNECTED.

Total number of ESCOM Customers in the District is 3, 741. - Single phase customers (shops, residential houses, hawkers) is 3520 Customers. - Three phase customers (maize mills, estates, pumps) is 206 Customers . - Maximum Demand customers (factories, Bakeries, schools and Major pumps) 15 Customer .

ESCOM Kasungu office connects new customers at an average of 30 customers per month. A total number of 25 new applications are received on average per month . Several customers apply for electricity but the initial wiring costs for material such as wires, Conduits, circuit breakers and main switch(elcb) are expensive , hence many have no access to electricity.

PROJECTS IN PROGRESS (MALAWI RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROJECTS- MAREP).

Under this project there is a 33kilovolts line to Chulu which is under construction. The line is almost 45% completed. The work has been delayed due materials. Chulu and Nkhamenya both were under MAREP 4.

MAREP 5 will start this financial year (2005-2006) if funds will be available. 2 places were identified by ministry of energy and mining.

1- Chamama t/c- this will require constructing a 33kilovolts line from Wimbe t/c thru Kalenga. Some Trading Centres will benefit from this line(Total distance=18km).

2- Chisinga t/c –this will require constructing a 33kilovolts line from Chulu line at chizinga t/off.

FUTURE MAREP PROJECTS Simulemba and some trading canters between Chatoloma will benefit. Ministry of energy and Mining are the key players in approving the sites and ESCOM gives some inputs.

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ESCOM PROJECTS-PERI URBAN These are projects initiated after carrying out surveys and there is potential. Escom construct lines at its cost.2 places have been proposed this financial year (2005/2006).

1-supply to Nkhamenya Trading centre across the bridge near filling station. Residential houses, 2 secondary schools, rest houses and filling station will benefit.

2- Supply to Nthambalala area in the town assembly. Most residential houses will benefit from this project.

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CHAPTER VIII: SECURITY SERVICES

A. CRIME

The general trend of crime in Kasungu District can be appreciated from Table 1 and figure 1 below:

Table 63: Type and number of crime in Kasungu District Type of crime 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Homicide 22 38 21 11 17 Rape 9 4 19 15 8 Defilement 17 18 27 28 37 Indecent Assault 19 16 15 13 5 Armed Robbery 16 17 3 11 2 Rob/ Violence 91 124 132 84 76 B.I.B.C.F. Therein 99 105 69 84 71 House breaking/ theft 57 76 77 66 78 B . Theft 151 113 137 142 148 Theft of Motor vehicle 1 5 7 3 3 Theft of cattle 18 29 44 56 37 Theft of bicycle 60 191 126 73 76 Theft by public servant 4 1 36 9 1 General theft 407 828 777 736 545 H/Harm 11 10 16 12 13 U/Wounding 124 198 360 316 236 A.O.A.B. Harm 46 58 120 127 91 Common Assault 123 128 218 116 140 Arson 23 34 29 33 26 Other Criminal Offences 313 304 473 385 340 TOTALS 1611 2297 2706 2320 1950

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Graph 10: Cases Registered 2001 - 2005

Bar graph comparing number of cases registerd in the years.2001 - 2005 at Kasungu Police Station

900 800 700 600 500 400 300

Number registered Number 200 100 0 B.I.B.B. Theft/ A.O.A. O/CR. Homici Defile I/Assa A/Rob R/Viol HB/Th B/ Theft of Theft of Theft of G/Thef G/ U/Wo C/assa Rape C. P.Serva B Arson Offence de ment ult bery ence eft Theft M.V cattle bicycle t Harm unding ult therein nt Harm s

2001 22 9 17 19 16 91 99 57 151 1 18 60 4 407 11 124 46 123 23 313 2002 38 4 18 16 17 124 105 76 113 5 29 191 1 828 10 198 58 128 34 304 2003 21 19 27 15 3 132 69 77 137 7 44 126 36 777 16 360 120 218 29 473 2004 11 15 28 13 11 84 84 66 142 3 56 73 9 736 12 316 127 116 33 385 2005 17 8 37 5 2 76 71 78 148 3 37 76 1 545 13 236 91 140 26 340 Cases

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TABLE 64: CASES REGISTERED 2001 - 2005 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

18 18 - 30 30 18 18 - 30 30 18 18 - 30 30 18 18 - 30 30 18 18 - 30

TYPE OF OFFENCE M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M Homicide 0 0 20 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 6 0 2 0 18 0 1 0 0 0 9 1 1 0 0 0 10 0 7 0 Rape 3 0 5 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 12 0 0 0 3 0 8 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 2 Defilement 9 0 6 0 2 0 12 0 4 0 2 0 7 0 15 0 5 0 8 0 12 0 8 0 6 0 30 0 1 I/Assault 7 0 12 0 1 0 4 0 8 0 4 0 5 0 7 0 3 0 3 0 7 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 2 A/ Robbery 5 0 10 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 Robbery /Violence 20 0 56 0 9 0 24 0 6 1 20 0 4 0 84 0 7 0 18 0 42 0 24 0 16 0 52 0 6 4 1 B.I.B.C.F 3 0 81 0 8 0 5 0 9 0 7 0 9 0 51 0 6 0 14 0 35 0 30 0 11 0 32 0 20 3 Hb/Theft 13 0 34 0 6 0 16 0 2 0 9 0 2 0 36 0 21 0 26 0 24 0 16 0 16 0 22 0 28 0 7 B/Theft 30 0 102 0 6 0 23 0 4 0 32 0 3 0 58 0 41 0 62 0 61 0 18 0 63 0 45 0 32 5 7 Theft/ Mv 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Theft From Mv 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Theft Of Cattle 0 0 15 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 24 0 14 0 0 0 16 0 21 0 0 0 17 0 18 9 Theft Of Bicy 6 0 37 0 18 0 11 0 4 0 18 0 9 0 43 0 61 0 3 0 39 0 7 0 0 0 26 0 49 2 Theft P. Srvant 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 18 0 14 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 Theft By Servant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 General Theft 23 5 139 7 20 1 32 8 3 0 208 12 3 8 228 0 113 4 257 40 118 2 367 36 122 7 259 4 126 6 8 1 0 1 4 G/ Harm 1 0 5 3 2 0 2 0 6 1 2 0 6 1 5 2 2 0 4 0 6 1 1 0 7 0 5 0 1 U/ Wounding 67 5 31 0 21 0 68 8 3 2 40 0 1 17 94 3 41 0 108 43 71 8 18 0 88 6 73 4 61 4 1 2 A.O.A.B. Harm 2 0 19 2 23 0 22 1 1 0 6 3 8 3 27 0 13 0 84 2 28 0 15 0 47 1 35 0 0 8 5 C/Assault 78 5 27 3 9 1 83 4 2 0 10 0 8 7 101 0 6 0 67 3 56 1 0 0 84 0 14 3 16 9 9 Arson 0 0 19 3 1 1 0 2 5 5 1 4 0 20 1 3 0 2 0 26 2 5 1 1 0 19 1 4 3 Others 12 6 127 2 54 6 22 8 1 3 67 0 2 6 141 4 101 8 99 6 129 9 59 2 86 5 169 2 53 4 1 3 3 4 5 Source: Kasungu Police Station

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SECURITY SERVICES FACILITIES

Kasungu Police Station has two motor vehicles runners, two motor cycles and twelve pedal bicycles. There are also three cells and capacity is seven each cell.

There are 16 Police Units under Kasungu Police Station and these are:

1. Chimaliro Police Unit under T/A Kaluluma. It has one operational base radio 2. Mtunthama Police Unit under T/A Wimbe. It has one operational base radio 3. Nkhakama Police Unit Under S.T.A Chisikwa 4. Nkhamenya Police Unit under T/A Kaluluma 5. Bua Police Unit under T/A Njombwa. It has base radio 6. Chigodi Police Unit under S.T.A Chidzuma. It has base radio 7. Kamboni Police Unit Under S.T.A Mthunduwala 8. Chisinga Police Unit under S.T.A Chisinga. It has one operational base radio 9. Wimbe Police Unit under T/A Wimbe 10. Ndonda Police Unit under T/A Kapelula. It has one operational base radio. 11. Mthabua Police Unit under T/A Simlemba. It has operational base radio. 12. Chamama Police Unit under T/A Wimbe 13. Lifupa Police Unit under Senior Chief Lukwa. It has operational base radio. 14. Chulu Police Unit under Senior Chief Chulu 15. Chigumba Police Unit under T/A Wimbe. 16. Chambwe police unit under STA Chambwe.

Types of Security Services Available {Police and Fire}

1. Malawi Police Service 2. Fire Brigade

Number and Names of Security Companies Operating In Kasungu

1. Securricor Malawi Limited 2. Gray Security Company 3. Lions Security Company 4. Changu Security Company

Kasungu Police Station has a total number of 128 Police Officers at the parent station. 94 officers are men and 34 are women. It also has 16 Police Units and its strength is 67 Police Officers, 64 officers are men and 3 are women. Kasungu Police Station has two Road blocks. Below is a table which shows numbers of officers in various departments.

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Kasungu district has a population of 480, 659 according to 1998 Population and Housing Census and the ratio for Police officers to the general public is 1: 2478.

Table 65: Police Staffing Level Male Female Total Officer –In Charge 1 1 Station Officer 1 1 General Duties Officer 1 1 Administration 4 3 7 Traffic 5 3 8 C.I.D. 7 2 9 Prosecution 6 3 9 Signals 2 3 5 Records 1 2 3 Community Policing 3 5 8 Research and Planning 2 2 General Duties 59 15 74 Total 92 36 128

Table 66: Offence Committed By the Youth Ranging From 15 – 30 Years from January – June 2005 at Kasungu Police Station

TYPES OF OFFENCE AREA/ T/A/ LOCATION NUMBER OF CASES Murder Kasungu township T/A Kaomba T/A Lukwa T/A Wimbe 2 T/A Chulu 1 T/A Chilowamatambe T/A Njombwa T/A Kaluluma T/A Santhe/ Chisinga 2 S.T.A Chisinga T/A Kapelula T/A Simlemba S.T.A Chisikwa S.T.A Chintamapiri S.T.A Mdunga S.T.A Simdemba Bua Trading Center 1 Linyangwa/ Lifupa 1

Rape Kasungu township T/A Kaomba T/A Lukwa T/A Wimbe T/A Chulu T/A Chilowamatambe T/A Njombwa T/A Kaluluma T/A Santhe S.T.A Chisinga T/A Kapelula T/A Simlemba 136

S.T.A Chisikwa S.T.A Chintamapiri S.T.A Mdunga S.T.A Simdemba S.T.A Mphomwa 1

Defilement T/A Simlemba S.T.A Chisikwa S.T.A Chintamapiri S.T.A Mdunga Defilement Santhe Trading Center 1 Estate 47 1 Mwase 1 Kapelula 1 Estate 38 1

TYPES OF OFFENCE AREA/ T/A/ LOCATION NUMBER OF CASES Robbery with Violence Kasungu township 4 T/A Kaomba T/A Lukwa T/A Wimbe T/A Chulu T/A Chilowamatambe T/A Njombwa T/A Kaluluma T/A Santhe/ Santhe Trading 1 Center S.T.A Chisinga T/A Kapelula T/A Simlemba S.T.A Chisikwa S.T.A Chintamapiri S.T.A Mdunga S.T.A Simdemba

B.I.B.C.F. Therein Kasungu township 5 T/A Kaomba T/A Lukwa Santhe Trading Center 1 Dwangwa Trading Center 1 Linyangwa 1

Common Assault Kasungu township 5 T/A Kaomba T/A Lukwa T/A Wimbe T/A Chulu T/A Chilowamatambe T/A Njombwa T/A Kaluluma/ Nkhamenya 1 Trading Center T/A Santhe S.T.A Chisinga Chamama Trading Center 1 House Breaking/ Theft Kasungu township 3 T/A Kaomba 1 T/A Lukwa T/A Wimbe T/A Chulu 1

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T/A Chilowamatambe T/A Njombwa T/A Kaluluma/ Nkhamenya 1 Trading Center

General Theft Kasungu township 46 T/A Kaomba 4 T/A Lukwa 1 T/A Wimbe 3 T/A Chulu T/A Chilowamatambe T/A Njombwa T/A Kaluluma/ Nkhamenya 1 Trading Center Chatoloma Trading Center 1 Chisemphere Trading Center 1 Lifupa/ Linyangwa 1 Mwase 3 Bua Trading center 1

Theft of bicycle Kasungu township 5 T/A Kaomba T/A Lukwa T/A Wimbe Santhe 2 Chinkhoma Trading 1

Unlawful wounding Kasungu township 5 T/A Kaomba 2 T/A Lukwa 1 T/A Wimbe 1 Santhe 2 T/A Mwase 2 Kaluluma 1 T/A Chulu 1

Malicious Damage Kasungu township 6 T/A Kaomba 1 T/A Lukwa T/A Wimbe 1 Santhe 2 T/A Mwase 1 Kaluluma 1 Chamama

Arson Simlemba 1

G/Harm Simlemba 1

Breaking / Theft Estate 40 1 Chigodi/ Santhe 2

Theft of cattle T.A Kaomba 3 S.T.A Chisikwa 2

A.O.A.B Kasungu township 4 T/A Kaomba 1 T/A Lukwa T/A Wimbe 1 138

Santhe T/A Mwase Kaluluma 3 T.A Simlemba 3 S.T.A Kapichira 1 S.T.A Chisemphere 2

JUDICARY & MAGISTRATE COURT

The Magistrate Court is supposed to have 1 Magistrate and 2 Court Clerks each court. As of now, there are 8 Magistrate and 11 Court Clerks 9Judicial support staff )

The district has one Second Grade Magistrate and 12 support staff

Table 67: Personnel

COURT COM SGM TAM LC SCO CO CJO Fam District 2 2 1 2 1 Chilanga 1 1 1 Mziza Kachokolo 1 1 Matenje 1 1 Nthembwe 1 1 Chigodi 1 1 Chilowamatambe Ndonda Misozi

FGM : First Grade Magistrate SGM : Second Grade Magistrate LC : Law Clark SCO : Senior Clerical Officer CO : Clerical Officer CJO : Community Justice Officer

Table 68: Courts Distribution

Court Traditional Authority Fam Kaomba Chilanga Kaomba Mziza Njombwa Kachokolo Wimbe Matenje Chulu Nthembwe Kaluluma Mthabua Simlemba Chigodi Santhe Chilowamatambe Chilowamatambe Ndonda Kapelula Misozi Kawamba

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COMMUNITY SERVICE DEPARTMENT:

The introduction of Community Service as an alternative to custodial sentence in Malawi has been a welcome development. Apart from involving the general public in the operation of criminal justice, this system of encouraging non-custodial sentences has the secondary but equally important, effect of reducing the number of prisoners and, therefore, easing overcrowding in our prisons. It also has the beneficial effect of redressing, through useful community work performed by the offenders the harm done to victims of crime.

Over the years there has developed in Malawi a culture in which imprisonment has been regarded as the only credible form of penal sanction. This comes from the belief that if there is no imprisonment, then justice has not been done. There is need, therefore, for the public to be sensitized on the advantages derived not only from community service, but also from other types of non-custodial sanctions.

Community service is an order of the court whereby as an alternative to being sent to prison or being fined, an offender is sentenced to perform unpaid public work for a specific number of hours as reparation and atonement for an offence committed against society . The sentence is given only to offenders who have committed offences regarded as non-serious and which normally attract a short prison for which is twelve months or less, and where the offender is not expected to pause a risk to the community. Persons who commit serious offences such as robbery rape or any violent offences, may not be considered for this type of sentence.

PROGRAMMES / ACTIVITIES

The department of community and Juvenile Justice provides the following

Capacity Building

The office plans organises conducts different trainings for different stakeholders, Teachers, Medical Staff, Extension Workers, Churches, Muslim Society, Politicians , Police and NGOs.

Public awareness

Through sensitisation campaigns, the public is now conversant with the community service concept hence paring away fears they had at the same time reducing resistance.

Prison Decongestion

Star tics show that about 130 offenders in Kasungu have passed through community service orders.

Knowledge Increase Pertaining to Legal Issues

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The general public has been helped to understand legal issues pertaining to court procedures a regards the sentencing of accused persons.

Training programmes were tailed to contain element of sentencing and placement process. This topic helped stakeholders who were lay on basics

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Chapter IX: Objectives and Strategies for Development

A. National Development Objectives

The Government of Malawi has set its goal towards poverty alleviation, especially among the rural people. The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP) provides a framework for formulation, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of Poverty interventions. Through the PAP, Government intends to achieve poverty

• Adequate food • Good shelter and housing • Gainful employment • An ability to read and write • Access to clean water • Good health and social facilities • Access to and ownership of land • Adequate incomes, and • Access to credit facilities

Vision 2020 states that:

The vision 2020 reflects the long-term aspirations of Malawians and form the basis for short and medium-term policies and strategies. The vision 2020 states that:

“By the year 2020, Malawi as a God-fearing nation will be secure, democratically mature, environmentally sustainable, self-reliant with equal opportunities and active participation by all, having social services, vibrant cultural and religious values and being a technologically driven middle income country.”

The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP):

The PRSP is an integrated approach for articulation policies, programmes, and projects in a participatory manner and reorient the strategies for poverty focus. The strategy will utilise and integrate the PAP, Vision 2020, and other development initiatives being carried out in the country by government and the civil society into the planning process.

The biggest challenge for the government is to provide a conducive environment for designing PRSP and prioritise strategies for alleviating poverty.

Prioritised District Development Issues

The District Assembly has identified 12 development issues from a thorough situational analysis conducted to the district. The issues raised provide the basis for the district development objectives leading to the formulation of the District Development Plan. The following are the development issues in order of priority in Kasungu District:

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DEVELOPMENT ISSUES, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES The following are development issues, causes, objectives and strategies identified in the conduct of the socio-economic profile and situational analysis:

Table 69: Situation Analysis - District Development Plan Framework {DDPF} No. ISSUE CAUSES DEVELOPMENT IMMEDIATE STRATEGIES OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE 1. Food Insecurity. 1. Soil infertility - To increase food 1. Improve soil and - Promote use of manure. 2. High farm input security at water conservation - Promotion of soil and water conservation costs household level. 2. Lobby for low priced practices. 3. Poor crop storage farm inputs - Lobby for adequate, qualified and 4. Declining livestock 3. Improve food storage motivated extension staff production techniques. - Establish more small scale irrigation 5. High farmer/ staff 4. Improve livestock projects. ratio production - Promotion of post harvest crop storage 6. Erratic rainfall 5. Reduce farmer/staff technologies pattern ratio - recommended - Promote provision of affordable livestock 7. Overdependence on 1:500 current feed maize as staple food. 6. Reduce - Promote crop diversification overdependence on - Promote dietary diversification maize. - Increase crop yield per unit area - Promotion of economic food utilization. - Introduce inter cropping methods. 2. Poor access to 1. Non-functioning - To increase 1. To increase number of - Provision of more safe water points safe water water points access to safe functioning water points - Promote regular maintenance of water (62% 2. Inadequate safe water by 5% per 2. Increase number of points inaccessibility) water facilities year. safe water facilities. - Promote supervision during borehole 3. Non compliance to 3. Enforce compliance on drilling. borehole drilling borehole drilling - Provision of training in operation and standards. standards. maintenance of boreholes to Water Point 4. Inadequate number 4. Increase number of Committees. of committees trained committees trained in

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No. ISSUE CAUSES DEVELOPMENT IMMEDIATE STRATEGIES OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE in CBM. CBM. 3. High 1. Deforestation - To reduce 1. Reduce deforestation - Enhance afforestation programs environmental 2. Poor land husbandry environmental from 90% to 60%. - Establish collaborative management of degradation. practices. degradation. 2. Promote land natural resources 3. Shortage of husbandry practices - Intensify soil and water conservation Extension Workers 3. Reduce population practices 4. Population pressure pressure - Intensify environmental education - Intensify use of appropriate technologies in resource utilization - Intensify law enforcement - Promote family planning practices. - Promote use of alternative sources of energy. - Lobby for more Extension Workers - Promote IGA activities.

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No. ISSUE CAUSES DEVELOPMENT IMMEDIATE STRATEGIES OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE 4 High illiteracy 1. Shortage of Primary To Increase literacy 1. To reduce Teac her - Lobby for more Teachers (Illiteracy rate is School Teachers levels by 8% by Pupil ratio to 1:67 - Lobby for expansion of School at 42 %.) (recommended 1-:60 2008. 2. To reduce drop out Feeding Programme against 1:74) rate by 3% - Provision of more class room blocks. 2. High drop out rate 3. To reduce Pupil - Lobby for additional teaching and learning which is at 15%. classrooms ratio to 1:149 materials (text books). 3. Inadequate 4. To reduce Pupil - Promote use of local teaching and classrooms 60:1 T/Book ratio learning materials. current 174:1. 5. To Increase enrolment - Establish make adult learning centres. 4. Inadequate text in adult learning classes - Train more instructors. book/pupil from 173 to 307 by - Create awareness. ratio. 2007. - Provide more Teachers houses. 5. Low Enrolment in 6. To reduce house to - Provide more sanitary and hygiene adult learning classes Teacher ratio to 1:2 facilities. 6. Shortage of 7. To increase sanitation - To provide additional desks. Teachers houses & hygiene facilities. (current 1:3 8. To reduce pupil – desk recommended, 1:1) ratio to 15:1 7. Inadequate sanitary and hygiene Facilities 8. Inadequate Desks (recommended Pupil – Desk Ratio 2:1 against 21:1

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No. ISSUE CAUSES DEVELOPMENT IMMEDIATE STRATEGIES OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE 5. High prevalence 1. Promiscuous To reduce 1. To promote advocacy - Create awareness programmes rate of HIV/AIDS behaviour Prevalence Rate of and behavioural change. - Promote use of condoms (currently at 2. Inconsistent use of HIV/AIDS by 2% by 2. To enhance consistent - To reinforce Laws. 13, 2%) condoms. 2008 use of condoms. - Produce by-Laws 3. Drug and alcohol 3. To enhance adherence - Provide more outreach programmes. abuse. to Laws and by-Laws. - Provide adequate support to CBOs. 4. Unrestricted 4. To promote good exposure to Cultural Practices pornographic materials 5. To increase access to 5. Bad Cultural Voluntary Counselling Practices. and Testing, Prevention 6. Inadequate provision of Mother To Child of Voluntary Transmission and Post Counselling and Exposure Prophylaxis Testing, Prevention of services. Mother To Child 6. Regularise CBOs Transmission and Post Exposure Prophylaxis and ART. 7. Limited interventions awareness programmes in rural areas

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No. ISSUE CAUSES DEVELOPMENT IMMEDIATE STRATEGIES OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

6. Poor road network - Insufficient road - To improve - Increase road - Regular road maintenance. (total network is network accessibility to network to - Public awareness on importance of road furniture 1,367.3 km and only - Poor road strategic points inaccessible areas. - Provide roads to inaccessible areas. 435 km is improved conditions and other places - Improve road - Provide durable road structures which is 32%) - Inadequate road conditions on structures existing network. - Increase supportive road structures 7. Low Household 1. Low prices of - To increase 1. To lobby for - Improve road network Disposable Income farm produce. household farm produce price - Promote high quality farm produce. (MK10.60/day/hh) 2. Poor access to disposable increment. - Creation of satellite towns. marketing income from 2. Improve access - Provision of support to producer/trader agro-based networks. MK10.60/day/hh to marketing associations. 3. Low access to to networks. - Provision of support to establishment of regulated credit finance. MK10.81/day/hh 3. Improve access marketing centres. 4. Low by 2008. to credit and - Facilitation of more micro-finance settings in rural opportunities to auxiliary market areas. employment finance. - Provision of support to establishment of pro- market. 4. Increase access gender Income Generating Activities. -5.Poor production to employment - Support extension of vocational skills training technology opportunities. programs. 5. Improve - Facilitate adoption of cost effective agro-based production production systems. technological - Awareness programs on improved consumptive efficiency behaviour adoption.

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No. ISSUE CAUSES DEVELOPMENT IMMEDIATE STRATEGIES OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

8. High Morbidity and 1.Inadequate - To Reduce 1. To increase - Provide more health facilities. Mortality Rate (Crude health facilities Morbidity and number of health - Lobby for more health workers deaths rate Kasungu 2. Inadequate Mortality Rate. facilities. - To promote outreach clinics (for HIV/AIDS refer to 18/1000 National health workers 2. To increase issue No 5) 41/1000 Infant 3. Inadequate number of health - To provide more medical equipment and drug supply mortality Rate coverage of workers from 52 - Establishment of more Nutrition and Rehabilitation Kasungu 93/1000 Family Planning & to 157 (medical Units. National 113/1000 Outreach Clinics. ass.) - Promotion of preventive methods Maternal Death for 4. High prevalence 3. To increase - Increase public health awareness programmes. Kasungu = of HIV/AIDS coverage and 1006/100,000 5. Inadequate reception of National = medical family planning 1800/100,000 equipment & practices drugs. 4. To reduce 6. High HIV/AIDS Malnutrition rate Prevalence from 13.2% to 11,2%. 5. To increase medical equipment and drug supply. 6. To reduce malnutrition

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No. ISSUE CAUSES DEVELOPMENT IMMEDIATE STRATEGIES OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE 9. High 1. Increase in crime - Reduce insecurity 1. To reduce crime rate - Provision of more security personnel insecurity rate. from 58.2% to - Provision of adequate transport and equipment. 46.7%. - Provision of more police units and posts. - Strengthen and establish more community policing. - Introduction of justice reform programs - Lobby for more judiciary personnel. - Provision of more courts. 10. Child labour 1. Poverty To reduce Child 1. Increase access to -Provide small capital for business and training (currently at 2. Lack of parental Labour by 10%. loans for small entrepreneur ship 44%) care business to guardians. - To provide care and support to Orphans and 3.HIV/AIDS 2. Improve marriage Vulnerable Children (OVC). Pandemic justice delivery system. - Promote family planning methods. 4. Orphan Hood 3. To reduce child - Formation of Child labour committees. 5. Large family size. vulnerability. - Organise child labour campaign programmes. 4. To reduce family sizes 11. Limited Inadequate posts & - To increase - Increase number of - Provision of more postal and telecommunication access to telecommunication access to posts and postal & facilities posts and facilities. telecommunication telecommunication - Lobby for provision of more qualified staff. telecommunic - Inadequate services. facilities - Intensify awareness campaigns. ation services. qualified staff. - Increase number of - Establish community policing. (725 available - Inefficient service qualified staff lines = 683 provision - Improve efficiency in people per - Vandalism of service provision line). telecommunications - Reduce vandalism of equipment telecommunications equipment.

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No. ISSUE CAUSES DEVELOPMENT IMMEDIATE STRATEGIES OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE 12. Poor Radio - Outdated Improve radio 1. Installation of TV - Lobby for installation of transmitters. and equipments and TV reception transmitters. Television - No TV transmitters 2. Install modern radio reception transmitters.

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