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Université François – Rabelais De Tours UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS – RABELAIS DE TOURS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE « Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société » ICD THÈSE présentée par: Antoine SERVEL soutenue le: 17 juin 2016 pour obtenir le grade de: Docteur de l’université François – Rabelais de Tours Discipline/ Spécialité: Études anglophones (Civilisation américaine) POLITIQUES IDENTITAIRES LGBTQ ET CAPITALISME HISTOIRES CROISÉES DU MARCHÉ GAY ET DE L’ACTIVISME AUX ÉTATS-UNIS THÈSE dirigée par: GUILBERT, Georges-Claude - PR – UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS RABELAIS TOURS RAPPORTEURS: MARCHE, Guillaume – PR – UNIVERSITÉ PARIS EST CRÉTEIL VAL DE MARNE MICHLIN, Monica – PR – UNIVERSITÉ PAUL VALÉRY MONTPELLIER 3 JURY: GUILBERT, Georges-Claude - PR – UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS RABELAIS TOURS (DIR.) LEMOINE, Xavier - MCF – UNIVERSITÉ PARIS EST MARNE LA VALLÉE MARCHE, Guillaume – PR – UNIVERSITÉ PARIS EST CRÉTEIL VAL DE MARNE MICHLIN, Monica – PR – UNIVERSITÉ PAUL VALÉRY MONTPELLIER 3 SPALDING ANDRÉOLLE, Donna – PR – UNIVERSITÉ DU HAVRE « You better work » RuPaul, 1993. Remerciements Je remercie mon directeur de thèse, Monsieur le Professeur Georges-Claude Guilbert d’avoir accepté de diriger ce travail de recherche et de m’avoir encouragé, relu, et motivé. Merci à Monsieur Xavier Lemoine, Monsieur le Professeur Guillaume Marche, Madame la Professeure Monica Michlin et Madame la Professeure Donna Spalding Andréolle d’avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury, d’avoir lu mon travail et de m’apporter conseils et critiques. Je remercie aussi l’École Doctorale de l’Université François Rabelais, ICD et l’Association Française des Études Américaines de m’avoir alloué des bourses de recherche sans lesquelles ce travail n’aurait jamais pu voir le jour. Je remercie aussi la GLBTQ Historical Society de San Francisco et la Bibliothèque universitaire de Berkley qui m’ont donné accès à de nombreux documents indispensables à la réalisation de ce travail. Je tiens à remercier également Gerard Koskovitch, William Benemann, Lynn Luckow et Ralowe Trinitroluene Ampu qui m’ont aidé à me retrouver dans les nombreux centres d’archives et bibliothèques de la ville. J’ai évidemment une pensée pour mes collègues de la Faculté de Droit. Je remercie aussi mes correcteurs dont Régis et Martine. Je voulais aussi tout particulièrement et avec beaucoup d’émotion remercier mes parents et ma sœur qui m’ont soutenu plus que je ne l’aurais imaginé. Enfin, je pense à mes amis dont la patience, les rires et les moments passés ensembles m’ont permis de terminer ce travail : Véronique, Jessica, Radwanne, Joseph, Stéphane, Sébastien, Richard, Gaetan, Xavier, Élise, Tamsin, Charlotte, Tris, Scott, Émilie, et tous les autres. Me gustaría agradecer a Julio, por el continuo apoyo que me ha brindado. Estuve molesto y gruñón y siempre me tratabas con amabilidad y me dabas comida. Siempre te estaré agradecido! 7 8 Résumé POLTIQUES IDENTITAIRES LGBTQ ET CAPITALISME : HISTOIRES CROISÉES DU MARCHÉ GAY ET DE L’ACTIVISME La communauté lesbienne, gay, bisexuelle et transsexuelle (LGBT) a su devenir incontournable aux États-Unis en très peu de temps. Sur la scène politique, de nombreuses victoires ont transformé la perception des minorités sexuelles qui sont de plus en plus acceptées, ont obtenu le mariage et font partie de la société américaine. Nous nous interrogeons sur les raisons qui ont permis cette évolution si rapide. Nous considérons que c’est le système économique capitaliste qui a favorisé ces changements. La création d’un marché spécifique puis son ouverture au marché mainstream ont transformé le regard porté sur une communauté autrefois ostracisée ou invisible. Nous observons dans ce travail de recherche les bénéfices et les inconvénients d’un activisme par la consommation et les réactions des différents mouvements LGBT et queer qui ont vu le jour au XXe siècle. Mots-clés : homosexualité, LGBT, queer, capitalisme, politique identitaire, marché, consumérisme, classes sociales, minorités raciales, intersectionnalité, discriminations. 9 10 Résumé en anglais LGBTQ IDENTITY POLITICS AND CAPITALISM : THE LOVE-HATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GAY MARKET AND ACTIVISM The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender community has rapidely become part of American Society. It has won many battles—among them the right to get married—which have changed the way sexual minorities are now seen. Gay culture is everywhere in magazines, in Hollywood, on TV, and we can wonder what were the reasons for such an evolution. We consider that the way the community has understood capitalism enabled those changes. From the creation of a market and its recognition by the mainstream, LGBT people are now consumer activists. We analyse in this PhD dissertation the benefits and setbacks of that activism with regards to the different waves of LGBTQ movements in the twentieth century. Key words : homosexuality, LGBT, queer, capitalism, identity politics, market, consumerism, social classes, racial minorities, intersectionnality, discriminations. 11 12 Table des matières : Remerciements ...................................................................................................................7 Résumé .............................................................................................................................. 9 Résumé en anglais ........................................................................................................... 11 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 21 CHAPITRE 1: CAPITALISME ET DROITS CIVIQUES Introduction .................................................................................................................. 33 I. IDENTITÉ GAY ET CAPITALISME....................................................................... 35 A. LIBÉRALISME ET LIBERTÉS INDIVIDUELLES .................................................. 35 B. CAPITALISME ET CRÉATION IDENTITAIRE ..................................................... 36 C. IDENTITÉ, SUBCULTURE ET CAPITAL .............................................................. 40 1. Le coming out: rite de passage entre deux mondes ................................................ 41 2. Subculture et communauté (gay) : quelques notes théoriques ................................ 42 3. Produits gays ........................................................................................................ 46 4. Négociation identitaire et pouvoir subculturel ....................................................... 50 II. UN HISTORIQUE DU MARCHÉ GAY ................................................................... 55 A. ÉCONOMIE DU PLACARD, 1940-1969.................................................................. 55 1. Le prix du secret.................................................................................................... 55 2. Des messages crypto-gays ..................................................................................... 57 3. Bars, communautés et mouvement gay .................................................................. 59 B. LE MARCHÉ GAY SORT DU PLACARD : 1969-1980 ........................................... 63 1. Les émeutes de Stonewall ...................................................................................... 63 2. Territorialisation du marché ................................................................................. 65 3. Harvey Milk et David Goodstein ........................................................................... 68 4. L’homosexualisation de l’Amérique ...................................................................... 71 C. SIDA ET ÉCONOMIE COMMUNAUTAIRE : 1980-1990 ....................................... 74 1. Découverte de la crise dans un contexte politique difficile ..................................... 75 2. L’économie du SIDA : les mouvements se rassemblent .......................................... 76 3. Visibilité et culture ................................................................................................ 80 4. Des conséquences sur le marché gay ..................................................................... 81 13 D. L’AVÈNEMENT DU MARCHÉ GAY : 1990-2000 ................................................. 84 1. Les principales organisations gays ........................................................................ 84 2. Évolution de la presse gay ..................................................................................... 89 3. Des études de marché prometteuses ...................................................................... 91 4. Le marché s’intéresse aux gays ............................................................................. 95 E. UN POUVOIR ÉCONOMIQUE ASSURÉ : 2000-2010 ............................................ 99 1. Fusions des médias gays ....................................................................................... 99 2. La révolution télévisée ........................................................................................ 101 3. Crise économique et image gay ........................................................................... 102 4. Mariages ............................................................................................................. 106 a. Une histoire du mariage................................................................................... 106 b. Obtenir le mariage ........................................................................................... 109 5. Le marketing gay................................................................................................
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