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Han River • About 70% of Korea Is Mountainous Area • Short and Steep Rivers • Extreme Flow Variation in the Year

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Han River • About 70% of Korea Is Mountainous Area • Short and Steep Rivers • Extreme Flow Variation in the Year Typhoon Committee Roving Seminar Lao DPR, 4-6 Nov., 2015 Topic C: River and Urban Flood Forecasting and Mitigation (C-1) River Flood Forecasting System Mitigation in Korea Nov. 4, 2015 Dong-ryul Lee Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology Contents 1 Introduction 2 Flood Forecasting System 3 Flood Hazard Map & Inundation Information 4 Structural measures for Flood prevention 2 1 Introduction 3 Major 4 Rivers in South Korea Geographical Characteristics Han River • About 70% of Korea is mountainous area • Short and steep rivers • Extreme flow variation in the year Geum River Nakdong River Yeongsan River 4 Precipitation of Korea Annual precipitation Flood damage • Typhoon and heavy rainfall • 1,341 mm (1.5 times of global - Abnormal flood due to average) climate variation Seasonal distribution - 100.5 mm/hr, 870mm/day (2002, TY Rusa) • From June through August • Amount of damage - 2/3 of annual precipitation - 2.4 billion USD (’02 ~ ’06) 5 Historical Flood Damages Imjin river basin flood (1999) Gangwon-do region flood (2002) • Cause : Heavy rainfall • Cause : Typhoon Rusa • Period : 31 Jul. ~ 3 Aug. • Rain fall : 897.5 mm • Rain fall : 784.2 mm • Death : 126 people • Death : 19 people • Victims : 22,920 house/72,660 people • Victims : 4,776 house/14,729 people • Property : 2.2 billion USD • Flood area : 26,103 ha 6 Historical Flood Damages Nakdong river basin flood (2003) Seoul flood(2011) • Cause : Typhoon Maemi • Cause : Heavy rainfall • Rain fall : 471 mm • Rain fall : 587 mm • Victims : 400 house/1,500 people • Death : 49 people • Property : 4.2 billion USD • Property : 100 million USD • Inundation due to several levee breaks • Overtopping/landslide in Nakdong river 7 Countermeasures for flood damage prevention • River improvement works(levee, • Flood forecasting and warning dredging, widening of channel) system • Flood control facilities (dam, • Land use and Floodplain detention basin) management(hazard map) • Flood control capacity • Flood insurance enhancement(floodway, floodwall, emergency spillway) Structural Non-structural Flood damage mitigation 8 2 Flood Forecasting System 9 FCO (Flood Control Offices) in Korea Total Basin Area 99,827 ㎢ Han River FCO Nakdong River FCO Han River FCO Since 1974 Since 1987 41,465 ㎢ Geum River FCO Since 1990 Geum River FCO 13,264 ㎢ Seomjin River FCO Seomjin River FCO Since 1990 Yeongsan River FCO Yeongsan River FCO Nakdong River FCO (Merged into Since 1991 15,164 ㎢ Youngsan River 29,934 ㎢ FCO in 2005) 10 History of FFS(Flood Forecasting System) in Korea • The Han River was selected as a pilot river basin for 1968 automated flood forecast system at the 1st Typhoon Committee Conference in Dec. 1968. • Han River FCO was established and flood forecasting, 1974 warning system got started. 1987 • Nakdong River FCO was established. 1990 • Geum and Sumjin River FCO • Yeongsan River FCO (Sumjin River FCO was merged into 1991 Yeongsan River in 2005) 11 History of FFS(Flood Forecasting System) in Korea 1993~ • Development of FFS for Seven Major Medium Rivers 1997 2000 • Installation of the first Rainfall Radar at Imjin River 2002~ • Setting up Rainfall Radar Master Plan for Flood Forecasting 2004 • Development of Tributary FFS in Urban Area 2005 • Formation of River Information Center in Han River 2009~ • Installation of Six S-band Dual-Pol Rainfall Radars 2016 • Development of Flash Flood Forecasting System 12 National Framework for Flood Management MOLIT Central Disaster and (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure Safety Countermeasures and Transportation) Headquarters (CDSCH) report Inform Hydrometric station Data Flood Control Office Dissemination • Water level stage Collection Provincial Disaster and • Rainfall(TM, Radar) Safety Countermeasures Headquarters • Hydrologic data collection Authorization Local Disaster and • Estimation of dam inflow Safety Countermeasures Dam Operation: Headquarters 1) K-water • Calculation of stream flow 2) Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power • Flood forecast Dam related agencies • Dam inflow, stage • Issue flood warning • Dam release Mass media & SNS 13 Process of Flood Forecast 14 Process of Flood Forecast Data Acquisition and Analysis Dissemination Transmission Flood Forecasting Model (Internet, Fax, SNS) Flood Flood Forecast Observation Flood Forecast Warning Dissemination Rainfall, Flood Flow Issue Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Water Level & Peak time Flood Watch Headquarters Issue Radar Control Flood Mass media Rainfall Dam Release Warning Dam Inflow, SNS and Release and River information Level Display System 15 Telemetering Rainfall and Water Level Stations Rainfall stations (599) Water level stations (570) • Rainfall stations : 99,720 km2/599 stations ≈ 166 km2/station • Denser than WMO suggestion (10~20 km2/station in urban area, 5,750 km2/station in flatland area for TM measurement) 16 Telemetering Rainfall and Water Level Stations Rainfall stations (599) 17 Telemetering Rainfall and Water Level Stations Water stage stations (571) 18 Flood Forecasting Model Meteorological and Hydrological data Flood Forecasting Model Hydrologic Hydraulic Model Model Flood Forecasting & Warning Issue 19 The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project (4MRRP): 2008~2013 Vision and Objectives Response to Climate Change Balanced Reviving Coexistence development of Nature & and Green Rivers for a Human Growth New Korea Remodeling of National Land 20 The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project (4MRRP): 2008~2013 Securing Water River-Oriented 5 Core Protecting against Community Tasks of Flooding Development 4MRRP Creating Public Improving Water Spaces for Quality & Residents Restoring Ecology Flood Levee Dredging Weir New Dam Retention Reinforcement 460 mil. m3 16 2 Res. 620 km 2 21 Flood Forecasting Model Modification • Cross section changes 4 MRRP The New • New Hydraulic Facilities Flood Existing • New Calibration of old parameters Forecasting Model • Model applicability improvement Model Hydrologic model Hydraulic model • Adjustment of basin area and channel • Modification of cross section data for length Han and Geum river models • New technique for effective rainfall • New hydraulic model for Nakdong and assessment Yeongsan and Sumjin river models • Modification of parameters for basin, • Numerical model improvement and channel and reservoir routing development to reflect new facilities 22 Flood Forecasting Model Hydrologic model River Han Nakdong Geum Yeongsan Basin Area (km2) 27,652 23,384 9,912 3,468 No. of Basin 236 192 78 32 No. of Channel 275 280 268 69 Hydraulic model River Han Nakdong Geum Yeongsan Channel length 316 km 332 km 130 km 143 km (main stream) Cross Section 1,695 1,387 462 651 Branch 11 7 1 2 23 Hydrologic Model Average Basin area (km2) Adjustment of basin area and River Previous Present channel length Han 921.7 117.2 • Storage function method Nakdong 205.1 122.4 - Basin area : 10 ~ 3,000 km2 Geum 145.8 127.1 - Channel length : 10 ~ 200 km Yeongsan 150.8 108.4 No. of Divided Channel • Adjusted area and length River Previous Present - Maximum area : 300 km2 Han 23 275 - Maximum length : 30 km Nakdong 84 280 • Geological and hydrological Geum 60 168 homogeneity for subbasins Yeongsan 22 69 24 Hydrologic Model (Han river) Previous (~2011) Present (2012) • 30 basins/27,562 km2 • 236 basins/27,562 km2 25 Hydrologic Model Effective rainfall • SCS method - CN (runoff curve number ) - Previous : step wise value 100 CN = 4.2CN /(10-0.058CN ) CN = 70.0 CN = 23CN /(10+0.13CN ) - Present : continuous function I II II II III II II 80 • Addition of Green-Ampt model 60 Parameter assessment 40 2 • Hydrologic models CN=min[100, (-0.2469+0.02R 5-0.00004643R 5 )(CNIII-CNI)+CNI] - Storage function, muskingum and curve number, CN [-] 20 AMC-I AMC-II AMC-III Unit hydrograph methods 0 • Geological data assessment 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 5-day antecedent rainfall, R [mm] • Optimal value for each method 5 26 Hydraulic Model Improvement of FLDWAV model Previous model • Only orifice flow • Not stable for 4MRRP structures Modified model • Weir flow equations added • Appropriate equations for various Roller gate Rising sector gate flow conditions Truss lift gate Flap gate Orifice Partially Orifice Weir 27 Hydraulic Model Downstream BC forecasting • 3 estuarine barrages - Nakdong, Geum and Yeongsan rivers Vinitial = V1 + V2 = F(h1) • Reservoir routing needed • Unified model developed Vmid= V1 + V2 + V3 = QinΔt+ Vinitial Vfinal= Vmid - QinΔt 28 Hydraulic Model Flood retention reservoir Function in FLDWAV model Han and Yeongsan river model Bifurcation Ara canal and west Nakdong river Controlled by gates Applying negative lateral flow 29 Flood Forecasting Results Flood forecasting and model verification Over 50 times during 2010-2012 Very reasonable and accurate results, appropriate flood warning issues Forecasting result (Mokgye, Han river) Forecasting result (Mareuk, Yeongsan river) 30 43 Flood Warning Stations 31 Hydrologic Observation in Han river Basin Major river basin within HRFCO Division Area(km2) Length(km) Korea 38,554 Total 11,937 South Korea 28,738 imjin River Korea 35,770 Han River South Korea 25,954 10,586 Korea 8,138 Limjin River South Korea 3,186 Han River Ansung River 1,656 938 Others 1,128 413 HRFCO Operation of Hydrological Observatory Water Level Rainfall Radar Ansung River 124 147 3 Limjin River Stage Observatory Rainfall Observatory Radar Biselsan Radar Sobaeksan Radar Data Collection for Flood Analysis Data Transmission in real time Real time transmission of observation data every 10 minute Applying VHF, CDMA, Wireless communication,
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