The 8th Hydro Asia 2014
Introduction to Geum River Basin
2014. 7. 21
Kwansue JUNG
Department of Civil Engineering Chungnam National University
1 Contents
1. Climate Change
2. Introduction to Geum River Basin
3. Flood Control in Geum River Basin
4. Water Supply in Geum River Basin
5. Environmental and Ecological Survey in Geum River
Basin
6. Governance in Geum River Basin
2 1. Climate Change
3 Contents
1-1. Climate Change Impacts in Global Scale
1-2. Climate Change Impacts in Korean peninsula
1-3. Adaptive Measures to Climate Change
4 1-1. Climate Change Impacts in Global Scale
The Current Global Climate Change (IPCC) Global Mean Temp. (0.7oC↑)
Global Mean Sea level (15cm↑)
Over the last Snow melting in the North Pole 150 years
Over the last 1,000 years,
CO2 has risen from 280ppm up to 370ppm 1979 2005
5 1-1. Climate Change Impacts in Global Scale
Sea Surface Temperature Variation from July 1997 to July 1998
by courtesy of Jean-Louis Fellous, COSPAR
Sea surface temperature variation from July 1997 to July 1998 as observed by the ATSER radiometer on-board the European satellite ERS-2
6 1-1. Climate Change Impacts in Global Scale
Emission of GHG : Driving Force of Climate Change
Greenhouse Gases(GHG)
7 1-1. Climate Change Impacts in Global Scale
The Consequences of Global Warming
8 1-1. Climate Change Impacts in Global Scale
The Outlook of Global Climate Change in the end of 21C
In the end of 21C
o In the end of < Temp. 6.4 C ↑) > 21C
In the future after 100 years
• CO2, 370ppm up to 700ppm • Temp. increased +4.2oC • Mean sea level 0.59m↑ • Snow melting 100% in the North Pole
• Localized heavy rain, Typhoon intensity ↑ 9 1-1. Climate Change Impacts in Global Scale
Global Warming Projection in 2100
Year 2100?
Year 2000
Year 1900
10 1-2. Climate Change Impacts in Korean peninsula
General characteristics ①
Not Exceptional in Korea Over the past 100 years • Temp. 1.5oC↑, sea level 22cm↑ • Yearly rain. 7％↑, Rainfall intensity 18％ ↑
Mean Temp. Days of 100mm/d for the past 30 yrs Variation (days)
11 1-2. Climate Change Impacts in Korean peninsula
General characteristics ②
Climate Change : Temperate monsoon à semitropical • Change in ecosystem (fish) due to global warming
Ratio into semi- Region tropical forests south 34.99% Mid-west 16.18% plants Mid-east 3.16% north 3.11% fishes East-west sea Semi-tropical
※ KEI (2003)
12 1-2. Climate Change Impacts in Korean peninsula
GImenpearcatls c ohna rWacateri sStyicstse ③m
13 1-2. Climate Change Impacts in Korean peninsula
Flood & Drought (polarization in water resources)
• During the last 10yrs(’99~’08), the localized rainfall over 100mm/d increased 1.4 times more than the past 10 yrs(’70~’80) • Over the last 100 yrs(1908~2007), drought frequency 16 times↑, 2 year continuous severe drought frequency 7 times↑
14 1977-1986 Daily Precipitation 12 1987-1996 • ‘77～’86 : two distinctive modal pattern, 1997-2006 )
m 10 the amount of rain similar m (
량 8 수
강 • ‘87～’06 : the difference bet. Two modes 6 균 Small, the precip. of 1st period increased 평 4 일
2
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D M월o별nth
14 1-2. Climate Change Impacts in Korean peninsula
Flood & Drought
7yrs 7yrs 5yrs 6yrs 6yrs
• 5~7 year drought frequency since 1970
• the yearly precipitation clearly increased 15 1-2. Climate Change Impacts in Korean peninsula
Flood
(Flood Outlook) the localized rainfall frequency over 100mm/d increase 2.7 times • Extreme event over 1,000mm/d ↑ * the existed daily max. rainfall : 870mm(Typhoon RUSA in ’02) • Flood protection capacity of the existed banks designed with 100 year return period flood ↓ ½
Korea Peninsula
Earth Simulator → two huge typhoon simultaneously
16 1-2. Climate Change Impacts in Korean peninsula
Drought
(Drought & Water Shortage Outlook) the number of drought occurrence↑ 3.4 times
• Stream discharge ↓ 5.7% during drought season, severe water shortage
* Nakdong 2.4%(↓), Guem 13.3%(↓), Youngsan 10.8%(↓) in 2060
* Reason : The yearly rainfall will increase, however evaporation will increase due to temperature increase
• With current water demand maintained, 3.3billion ㎥ of water shortage in 2060
17 1-2. Climate Change Impacts in Korean peninsula
Socio-environmental Impacts
Putting people at high risk of death due to like developing dengue fever, high temp.
18 1-2. Climate Change Impacts in Korean peninsula
Socio-environmental Impacts
• Deforestation on Amazon Basin
desertification 19 1-3. Adaptive Measures to Climate Change
Two Pitfalls of Avoid
To deny some evidence of To provide too alarmistic prediction of climate evolution climate evolution/change (in particular extreme events)
☞ Need for a balanced vision to address issues in a serious manner
20 1-3. Adaptive Measures to Climate Change
Strategy
Counter-Measures for Climate Change
Mitigation Measures ● Multiple measures
● Effective& Efficient Adaptation Measures Adaptation Programme - Risk Assessment - Facility Ex) Dike, Dam, Discharge, Infiltration trench, … Regional Development Ex) Land use regulation, Building restriction, Circle levee, … Crisis Management Ex) Flood Hazard Map, Real-time information, TEC-Force, … Monitoring Ex) River Information, Planning, Revision of plan, …
21 1-3. Adaptive Measures to Climate Change
Four Adaption Measures of K-water
1) Enhancing Reservoir Operation Tech. with Improving the Accuracy of Rain & Stream Flow Forecast
2) Flood control capacity improvement project of the existed dams in terms of hydrological stability
3) Development of Drought Early Warning System
4) Four River Restoration project (4RRP) for of the existed dams in terms of hydrological stability
22 1-3. Adaptive Measures to Climate Change
Four Adaption Measures of K-water
1) Enhancing Reservoir Operation Tech. with Improving the Accuracy of Rain & Stream Flow Forecast
[ Improving the Accuracy of Rain Forecast ]
11 Rain Radars Quantitative Numerical Forecast
[ Improving the Accuracy of Stream Flow Forecast ]
• Developing the Distributed Rainfall-Runoff Model based on Rain Radar • Developing the Optimal Reservoir Joint Operation System for Water Supply and Flood Control 23 1-3. Adaptive Measures to Climate Change
Four Adaption Measures of K-water
1) Enhancing Reservoir Operation Tech. with Improving the Accuracy of Rain & Stream Flow Forecast
Adaptive Reservoir Operation according to Flow Forecast
Mitigation of Flood Damage
24 1-3. Adaptive Measures to Climate Change
Four Adaption Measures of K-water
2) Flood control capacity improvement project of the existed dams in terms of hydrological stability
ü The PMP of dam basin ↑compared to design value design
547mm 424mm
272mm
Imha dam Ange dam Kangrung (’02 RUSA) 25 1-3. Adaptive Measures to Climate Change
Four Adaption Measures of K-water
2) Flood control capacity improvement project of the existed dams in terms of hydrological stability
Type1. tunnel type spillway
<소양강댐> Ty
Type3. gate installation Type4. parapet wall
26 1-3. Adaptive Measures to Climate Change
Four Adaption Measures of K-water
3) Development of Drought Early Warning System
27 1-3. Adaptive Measures to Climate Change
Four Adaption Measures of K-water
4) Four River Restoration project (4RRP) for Dam Weir Flood Retention Res. of the existed dams in terms of hydrological stability Han Riv.
Ipo
Object Yeoju
Gangcheon Preparation Re- Geum Riv. Youngju dam for modeling Guemnam Andong-Imha Sangju connection Climate of National Guemgang Nakdan Weir Buyeo Gumi Change Land Nakdong Riv. Chilgok Bohyeon dam Gangjeong Seomjin Riv. Dalseong
Balanced Hapcheon Coexistence Damyang of Nature Development & Green Haman and Human Seungchon Growth Juksan Hwasun Youngsan Riv. 28 2. Introduction to Geum River Basin
29 Contents
2-1. Introduction of Geum River Basin
2-2. Population and Tourism
2-3. Topographic Characteristics
2-4. Climate and Weather
2-5. Hydrological Observation
2-6. Hydrological Characteristics
30 2.1 Introduction of Geum River Basin
Introduction
§ Basin Area : 9,914㎢
§ Main stream length : 401㎞
§ Average Annual Precipitation:1,256㎜
Main stream of Geum
31 2.2 Population and Tourism
§ Geum River Basin includes Deajeon Province, North Chungcheong Province and South Chungcheong Province. § Population in Geum River Basin is about 4.8 % of total population.
River Basin 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Overall 48,571,380 48,769,819 48,978,272 49,255,339 49,526,708 49,759,365 50,501,696 50,720,279
Geum River 5,925,082 5,931,885 5,952,048 5,990,592 6,044,594 6,077,126 6,151,340 6,203,610 Basin
32 2.3 Population and Tourism
Improvement of life quality § Creation of new areas for leisure activities - Auto Camp Grounds - Total Length : 301㎞ for Bike Road § Eco river park
33 2.4 Topographic Characteristics
Land year farmland forest land site etc
Use 2005 2,322(24%) 6,206(62%) 631.4(6%) 798.6(8%)
80~10 slope total <10 10~20 20~40 40~60 60~80 100< 0
Geum 9,959 2,795 1,618 3,003 1,833 590 105 14 river Land (100.0) (28.1) (16.2) (30.2) (18.4) (5.9) (1.1) (0.1) (%) Land use waters Slope urbanization Up bare ground marsh 4,210 653 584 1,365 1,098 418 81 11 grashland stream forest paddy field Down 5,749 2,142 1,034 1,639 735 172 24 3
Basin Basin Basin Average Highest Area Maintenanc Average River Basin Density Frequency Elevation Elevation (km2) e Constant Slope (%) (L/L2) (1/L2) (m) (EL.m) (L2/L) Overall 109,413 1.99 2.84 0.50 191.0 26.46 1,945.5 - Geum River 9,914 2.51 4.86 0.40 223.9 32.20 1,611.2
① Basin Density = River length/Unit area ② Basin Frequency = Number of river/ Unit area ③ Basin Maintenance Constant = Area /Total River Length 34 2.5 Climate and Weather
§ Continental climate in winter and the oceanic climate in summer.
Average Temperature (℃) Average Precipitation (㎜) Basin 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Overall 13.1 12.8 12.9 12.6 12.3 1,445.1 1,027.8 1,269.8 1,484.4 1,664.7 Geum River 12.9 12.7 12.6 12.4 12.0 1,578.4 902.5 1,117.1 1,490.7 1,716.2 Basin ) ) m ℃ ( m e ( r n u t o i a t r a e t i p p i m c e e t r e p g e a g r a e r v e A v A
Han Nakdong Geum Seomjin Yeongsan Jeju Han Nakdong Geum Seomjin Yeongsan Jeju Basin Basin 35 2.6 Hydrological Observation
§ 172 Telemetering hydrological stations are located in Geum river Basin
(W.L.: 101, Precipitation: 71)
§ From 2008, 100% Telemetering hydrologic observatory have used for complete real-time data collection system
§ Real-time data generation and analysis of data for every 10 minutes are provided to users
36 2.6 Hydrological Observation
김원, 김치영(2006) 수문관측 자동화 기술, 한국수자원학회논문집, 39(2), pp.36-42 37 2.7 Hydrological Characteristics
§ Annual mean precipitation : 1,130.7㎜
§ Flood season : June~Sept.
300
250 )
m 64% of annual m ( 200 n o i precipitation t a t i p i 150 c e r p
y l h
t 100 n o M 50
0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month 38 2.7 Hydrological Characteristics
§ Annual mean runoff : 7 billion ㎥
§ Runoff ratio : 58.3%
12000
10000 ) 8000 ㎥ n o i l l i 6000 m ( f f o n u 4000 R
2000
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month
39 2.7 Hydrological Characteristics
- Upstream : flow discharge is small, slope is large, flow rate is very fast - Midstream : flow discharge is larger than upstream, slope is gentle, flow rate is very fast, exist back marsh and flood plains
- Downstream : river width is very large, flow discharge is very large, large deposition, exist delta 40 3. Flood Control in Geum River Basin
41 Contents
3-1. Introduction
3-2. Flood control methods
3-3. Structural Methods
3-4. Non-structural Methods
42 3-1 Introduction
Total flood damage is $14 billion in South Korea from 2000 to 2010. As shown in a flood damage map and a table, the Geum river is less- damaged in comparison with other river basins because of geomorphologic effect and the moving route of typhoon. Damage amount in the Geum River Basin is about19% of total national sum.
43 3-1 Introduction
Area in red circle is areas prone to floods due to their low elevations. And area in blue circle is areas prone to floods due to low rate of river improvements and torrential rain upstream of Geum River
44 3-1 Introduction
Inundation area in the Geum River Basin is 10,985.5 ha Severe inundation was occurred in 2005 and 2011 in the Geum River Basin
45 3-2 Flood Control Methods
Dam Design flood Gate Dam operation rule River improvement Dam and weir joint operation rule Weir
Estuary Dredging rule
Flood Control Methods in the Geum River Basin
46 3-3 Structural Methods
lBenefits of Daecheng Dam -Flood control : 250 million m3 -Water supply : 1.65 billion m3 -Hydropower Generation : 2.40 GWh/yr lProject Cost : 155.7 billion won lProject period : 1975.3~1980.12 lSalient Feature §Main Dam -Type: Combined Type (Concrete Gravity and Earth Core Rock fill Dam) -Storage Capacity : 1.49 billion m3 -Crest Length : 495 m Dae-cheong Dam -Height above Foundation : 16.7 m • First multipurpose dam constructed in 1980 • Location: 50 km upstream from the Geum river • Daecheong = Daejeon city + Cheongju city
47 3-3 Structural Methods
lDam -Height : 70.0 m -Length : 498.0 m -Volume : 2.225 Mm3 -Dam crest elevation : EL. 268.5 m lPower Generation -Installed capacity : 24,400 kW -Annual energy output: 198.5 GWh -Rated head : 147.1 m/46 m -Maximum turbine discharge : 17.5 CMS lReservoir -Flood water level : EL. 265.5 m Yong-dam Dam -Normal high water level : EL. 263.5 m • This dam was constructed in 2001 at upstream -Restricted water level : EL. 261.5 m • Location: Upstream of Deacheong dam -Low water level : EL. 288.5 m • Purpose: To supply water to Jeonju area about -Gross storage capacity : 815 Mm3 3 500 Mm3 of water per year solving water deficit -Effective storage capacity : 672 Mm Flood control capacity : 137 Mm3 problem. 48 3-3 Structural Methods
lSejong Weir -Storage Capacity : 5.7 million m3 -Crest Length : 348 m -Height : 2.8 m
< Sejong Weir>
lGongju Weir -Storage Capacity : 15.5 million m3 -Crest Length : 280 m -Height : 7.0 m
< Gongju Weir>
lBaekje Weir -Storage Capacity : 24.2 million m3 -Crest Length : 311 m -Height : 7.2 m
< Beakje Weir> 49 3-3 Structural Methods
There are 22,112 Flood gates in the Geum River
50 3-3 Structural Methods
51 3-3 Structural Methods
Four River Project in Korea
Dam Weir Flood Retention Res. Ø Five key objectives of 4 river project • Securing abundant water resources Han Riv.
Ipo to combat water scarcity Yeoju • Implementing comprehensive flood Gangcheon control measures Geum Riv. Youngju dam
Guemnam Andong-Imha Sangju connection • Improving water quality and restoring Guemgang Nakdan Weir Buyeo Gumi river ecosystems Nakdong Riv.
Chilgok Bohyeon dam • Creating multipurpose spaces for Gangjeong Seomjin Riv. Dalseong local residents Hapcheon Damyang • Regional development centered on Haman Seungchon the rivers. Juksan Hwasun
Youngsan Riv.
52 3-3 Structural Methods
Total length of a bank in the Geum River Basin is 663 km. 60.3 % of the bank improvement has completed. 21.4% of banks needs to be reinforced. There are 299 drainage facilities of the Geum River Basin (drainage capacity is 173 m3/min).
53 3-4 Non-Structural Methods
http://www.ecs.umass.edu/waterresources/ papers/papers/Ryu-etal.2003.EWRI-Conf- Proc.001084.pdf
54 3-4 Non-Structural Methods
Design floods are hypothetical floods used for planning and management. A design flood is defined by its probability of occurrence. It represents a flood which has a particular probability of occurring in any one year. They are set by national government or local government. The tables below show the design flood of the Geum River Basin.
55 4. Water Supply in Geum River Basin
56 Contents
4-1. Water Usage
4-2. Water Supply Facilities
4-3. Water Supply between Watersheds
4-4. Instream Flow
4-5. Ground Water
57 4-1. Water Usage
To establish a long-term water supply plan To establish a stable water allocation policy To provide comprehensive information related to water resources
58 4-1. Water Usage ) r a e y / 3 m 0 0 0 , 0 0 1 ( e g a s u
r e t a
W Industrial Residential Agricultural
Effective rainfall Precipitation
• In 2011(19.5 million m3/y), the residential water usage sharply increased in comparison with 1965(16.9 million m3/y). • In 1995, the water usage reached maximum amount that is 24.8 million m3/y. 59 4-1. Water Usage
Han river
Nak-dong river
Geum river ) 3 m
0 Seom-jin river 0 0 ,
0 Young-san river 0 1 (
e Jeju g a s u
r e t a W
Year 60 4-2. Water Supply Facilities
• Dams (Multi-purpose dam, Hydroelectric dam, Water supply dam, agricultural dam(>10,000,000 )) are classified. • Water supply facilities and agricultural water facilities (reservoirs, pumping stations, drainage water plant, pool, catchment culverts, etc.) are located along the river.
Multi-purpose Hydroelectric Water supply River Basin Agricultural dam dam dam dam
All 16 14 18 29
Han River 3 9 2 6
Nakdong River 6(▲1) 3(▲1) 13(▲2) 3
Geum River 4 1 - 13 Seomjin and Yeongsan 3 1 3 7 River 61 4-3. Water Supply between Watersheds
62 4-4. Instream Flow
Moore, M. (2004). Perception and interpretations of environmental flows and implications for future water resource management - A survey study, Master thesis, Linkőping University, Sweden
63 4-4. Instream Flow
Ø Purpose of the designated instream flow • To maintain the functions and status of a river. • To maintain the water quality and the ecological system. • To preserve the stream scenery. • To prevent salt water intrusion and the estuary blockage. • To preserve the intake and the river facilities. • To maintain the ground water level.
64 4-5. Ground Water
Ø Developable quantity of ground water in Korea: 1.085 billion ㎥/y • Approximately 35.9% is utilized according to the survey implemented in 2011 ) ) s s / / 3 3 m m 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 ( ( e e g g a a s s u u
r r e e t t a a w w
d d n n u u o o r r G G Han river Nak-dong Geum river Seom-jin Yeong- river river san river Jeju Watershed year
65 5. Environmental and Ecological survey in Geum River Basin
66 Contents
5-1. Water Quality Monitoring
5-2. Water Quality and Eco-system
5-3. River Environmental Improvement
67 5-1 Water Quality Monitoring
At 2011 year, the number of point of water quality monitoring network in Geum watershed is 900 that consist of ground water(460point), stream water(186 point), agricultural water(192point), reservoir water(41point), piped waters(9 point) and drainage canals(12point)
Piped waters Drainage 1% canals 1% Stream 21% Reservoir Ground water 5% 51% Agriculture 21%
Etc. Water shed Total Stream Reservoir Agriculture Ground water Piped waters Drainage canals
Geum 900 186 41 192 460 9 12
68 5-1 Water Quality Monitoring
Stream Water Ground Water Grade of Ecosystem Protection Quality Quality
69 5-2 Water Quality and EcoSystem
Minnow
Tridentiger B.
Swiri
Microphysogobio Y.
Long-nosed barbel
Goby minnow
Zacco koreanus
Mileo
Acheilognathus Y.
Skin carp
Pseudopungtungia N.
Striped shinner
Sarcocheilichthys V.W.
Slender bitterling
Korea piscivorous chub
Crucian carp
Lksookimia koreensis Etc .
Relative richness index(%)
70 5-2 Water Quality and EcoSystem
71 5-2 Water Quality and EcoSystem
72 5-3 River Environmental Improvement
To improve the river environment, many studies have been performed. Integrated Water Resource Management System can be analyzed with the interaction between hydrologic DB and environmental DB
73 5-3 River Environmental Improvement
In the Geum river, many activities such as dredging the riverbed, reinforcing the revetment and so on, are performed to improve the environmental and ecological situations along the river.
74 6. Governance in Geum River Basin
75 6-1. Cooperative Governance
• MOLIT(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport)
• ME(Ministry of Environment)
Government
NGO Kwater
Governance
Academic Company expert
76 6-2. Cooperative Governance in Geum river basin
Deficit of social support upstream of the watershed
Water quality problems downstream of the watershed
Gover Communication deficit for the systematic watershed management plan
nment Requirement of policy for sustainable development of watershed
NGO Kwater
Academi Company c expert Integrated management of Geum river basin
To establish Geum river watershed center
Watershed Community
Preparation of the measures for Environmental and ecological problems 77 Speaker
Kwansue Jung (Ph. D.) Ø Current position • Professor, Department of Civil Engineering(1997~) • Director, International Water Resources Research Institute in Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea Ø Education • Ph. D. and M.S. Degree, in Water Resources Engineering, University Of Arizona, Tucson, AZ(August 1987 ~ May 1993) Ø Achievements • 8 Awards(President's Award, Korean Government (3/22/2011) and so on.) • 12 Professional Affiliations(International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research and so on.) • 65 Research Report, 66 Journals • Proceedings : 17(International), 105(Domestic)
78 Thank you for your kind attention!
79