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Severe Particulate Pollution in Lanzhou China

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Severe Particulate Pollution in Lanzhou China AQM 2005, 26-30 September 2005, Istanbul, Turkey Severe Air Pollution in Lanzhou China Peter C Chu, Naval Postgraduate School Yuchun Chen and Shihua Lu, Institute of Cold & Arid Environment & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Central China Geography and isobaths 4000 o 46 N 3500 o 44 N Urumqi 3000 S H A N o 42 N T I A N 2500 Dunhuang o 40 N Jiuquan QILIANZhangye River Terim Basin +o o SHAN 2000 38 N Yellow QinghaiHu o 36 N +o 1500 Lanzhou Yellow River o Yangtse River 34 N 1000 QING ZANG PLATEAU o 32 N 500 o 30 N Lhasa Yangtse River 0 o 28 N −500 80o E 85o E 90o E 95o E 100 oE 105 oE 110 oE 115 oE Topography around Langzhou, China Lanzhou – One of the Most Polluted Cites in China LANDSAT-TM imagery representing air pollution on 3 January 2001. Location of observational stations and mean concentrations (mg m-3) Longitude Latitude Site Height (m) Region SO NO TSP E N 2 x St-1 103.84 36.04 25 Chengguan (District-1) 0.08 0.06 0.69 St-2 103.84 36.07 11 Chengguan (District-1) 0.03 0.04 0.57 St-3 103.71 36.08 15 Qilihe (District-3) 0.05 0.05 0.74 St-4 103.63 36.10 22 Xigu (District-2) 0.08 0.06 0.68 St-5 104.09 35.84 4 Yuzhong County 0.01 0.01 0.28 St-6 103.92 36.04 19 Chengguan (District-1) 0.02 0.03 0.56 St-7 103.74 36.10 15 Anning (District-4) 0.04 0.05 0.52 St-8 103.63 36.09 4 Xigu (District-2) 0.06 0.05 0.54 a 50 oN o Junggar M O N G O L I A 45 N Basin BEIJING 40 oN G1 G2 C1 Terim Basin G3 Taklamakan2500m C2 C3 o 35 N 2500m LANZHOU Qinghai−Tibet Plateau o 30 N 1500m 25 oN 20 oN 80oE 90oE 100oE 110oE 120oE 130oE Geography and isobaths (unit: m) b L 1700 H 1800 o 36.15 N 1700 1600 1600 1700 1600 1600 1800 1700 III 1700 1800 4 L H o E IV 7 1700 36.10 N 2100 8 H Baita 1600 1800 3 1600 2 L 1700 II 2200 L 1900 o 2000 I 36.05 N 1 6 2100 1800 1700 1800 2300 1900 2400 1900H H H 36.0oN H Gaolan 2400 103.5oE 103.6oE 103.7oE 103.8oE 103.9oE 104.0oE 0.5 0.25 st−1 st−1 5.0 st−1 0.4 ) ) ) 0.20 4.0 −3 −3 −3 0.3 0.15 3.0 (mg.m (mg.m x 2 0.2 0.10 2.0 SO NO TSP(mg.m 0.1 0.05 1.0 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 0.5 0.25 st−3 st−3 5.0 st−3 0.4 ) ) ) 0.20 4.0 −3 −3 Daily Mean −3 0.3 0.15 3.0 (mg.m (mg.m x Concentration 2 0.2 0.10 2.0 SO NO TSP(mg.m 0.1 0.05 1.0 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 0.5 0.25 st−4 st−4 5.0 st−4 0.4 ) ) ) 0.20 4.0 −3 −3 −3 0.3 0.15 3.0 (mg.m (mg.m x 2 0.2 0.10 2.0 SO NO TSP(mg.m 0.1 0.05 1.0 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 0.5 0.25 st−7 st−7 5.0 st−7 0.4 ) ) ) 0.20 4.0 −3 −3 −3 0.3 0.15 3.0 (mg.m (mg.m x 2 0.2 0.10 2.0 SO NO TSP(mg.m 0.1 0.05 1.0 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001 4.0 4.0 Max st−1 Max st−5 3.5 Mean 3.5 Mean ) 3.0 ) 3.0 −3 −3 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 TSP(mg.m TSP(mg.m 1.0 1.0 Monthly mean(■) 0.5 0.5 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA ● 4.0 4.0 and maximum( ) Max st−2 Max st−6 3.5 Mean 3.5 Mean ) 3.0 ) 3.0 −3 −3 Concentrations 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 TSP(mg.m (mg m-3) TSP(mg.m 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 of TSP at OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 4.0 4.0 Max st−3 Max st−7 3.5 Mean 3.5 Mean ) St-1 to St-8. ) 3.0 3.0 −3 −3 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 TSP(mg.m TSP(mg.m 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 4.0 4.0 Max st−4 Max st−8 3.5 Mean 3.5 Mean ) ) 3.0 3.0 −3 −3 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 TSP(mg.m TSP(mg.m 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001 Air Quality Management ≤Air Pollution Air Quality Air Quality Description and Index Classification Management < 50 I Clean No action is needed. 50-100 II Good No action is needed. 100-200 III1 Low-level Persons should be careful in outdoor pollution activities. III2 200-300 IV1 Mid-level Persons with existing heart or pollution respiratory illnesses are advised to IV2 reduce physical exertion and outdoor activities. >300 V High-level Air pollution is severe; The general pollution public is advised to reduce physical exertion and outdoor activities. 600 st−1 TSP 600 st−5 TSP SO SO 2 2 500 NO 500 NO x x 400 400 300 300 200 200 Monthly mean 100 100 API at St-1 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 600 st−2 TSP 600 st−6 TSP SO SO 2 2 500 NO 500 NO x x to St-8. 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 600 st−3 TSP 600 st−7 TSP SO SO 2 2 500 NO 500 NO x x 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 600 st−4 TSP 600 st−8 TSP SO SO 2 2 500 NO 500 NO x x 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA OND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMA 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001 Dust Storms and (TSP, PM10) in January 2001 January →→SS → S →→ SS → S →→→ SSS 4.0 a #5 7Sts 3.5 3.0 ) −3 2.5 2.0 TSP(mg.m 1.5 1.0 0.5 2 4 6 8 1012141618202224262830 /200 1 2.7 →→ → →→ → →→→ SS S SS S SSS 2.4 b 2.1 ) 1.8 −3 1.5 (mg.m 10 1.2 PM 0.9 0.6 0.3 2 4 6 8 1012141618202224262830 /200 1 Factors Affecting Air Quality • Meteorological Conditions Stable stratification especially Inversion Low Winds Valley Wind • Pollution Sources Mountain-Valley Wind (at Night) Coupled RAMS-NYPACT Model NCEP/EC DPREP ISAN Source Initializati Module Module Data on Topography RAMS HYPACT Land Surface Grads NCAR REVU Graphic V5D Module Model Description • Nonhydrostatic • Multi-grid System: 9 km, 3 km, 1 km • 23 vertical levels, to 50 hPa • 30”- Topography data • Assimilation of observational data • Land surface model • Integration area: 720 km (E-W),540 km (N-S) Centered at 103.8oE, 36.1oN Multi-Grid System Model Integration • Winter Simulation (Dec 2000) • Initial Time: 08 BT, Dec 5, 2000 • Initial Conditions (NCEP Reanalysis) • Lateral Boundary for the Largest Area (Every Six Hours, NCEP Reanalysis) • ∆t: 60 s, 30 s, 10 s Simulated Wind and Temperature Fields at 800 hPa on: (a) 08, (b)14, (c) 20, (d) 02 BT Simulated (v, w) and T in the north-south cross-section across the GaoLanShan Mountain on: (a) 08, (b)14, (c) 20, (d) 02 BT Dust Sources (1000 kg) The Yan Chen in 2000(1000kg) 36.16oN HH17 170 543 6 2700 389 1 0 _ _ _ o 1 18 36.14 N 0 600 85 00 HH 1 810 6 5730 5 15 7 1 8 _ __ _ 50 _ 00 H o 106935 2 25 2 5 1 7410 36.12 N _ _ _ H 1 38 14 14 349 15 8 37 66 63 96 14 7 _ _ _ 0 4 0 15 81 61 14 4 41104 8 50 48 44 377 1 11 36.10oN _ 3 524718 290H 41 22 46 67 19 62 4 0 _ _ 0 8 9 3204015 5 19 66 11 33 3 6 _ 0 0 _ 36.08oN 0 0 3 HH7 6 32 28 11 13 166 3 272 48 23 1 1 33679 98 9 _ _ _ _2 1 55 0 7 16 48 64 13337 25 23 71 121 18 35 22 12 1 _ 1 16 o 7 0 H 36.06 N 00 0 9 112599 91 13 89 18 178 79 172 54 38 76 3 1 _ _ 1 9 18 0 0 13 8 20 3 4 346139130 126 126133 80 42 25 0 0 _ _6 2 00 HH1 36.04oN 19 23 32 240 39 16 106 25 25 9 1382 0 _ H 21 2 40 1 4 75 51 11 541 19 7 00 _ 0 1 9 36.02oN 2200 0 1700 18 22 2 0 23 00 0 18 0 00 9 00 00 9 1 1 36.00oN 103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE ◇ Industrial □ Residential CO Sources (1000 kg) The CO in 2000(1000kg) 36.16oN 1 0 7 HH 0 0 450 11 97 1 0 8240 1 _ _ _ 1 o 8 160 0 36.14 N 0 0 31 0 0 HH 0 25521 287393 3 2 0 7 _ __ _ _ 1 H 36.12oN 5 _635 1 5 1 144_0 22_ 6 H _8 64_402 1 3 190 20 38 55_ 8 4 32020 5 2 21172 3 24 28 20 177 0 1 o _ 17 36.10 N 00 3 318398 39 11 11 8 19 10 15 1 _ _ 2 110248 2 15 13 0 10 2 3 _ 0 _ o 0 36.08 N 3 6 10 15 5 7 53 1 61 27 121 18 15 25 3 _ _ _ _2 2 4 25 27 55280 11 7 14 25 61960 4 0 _ o 16 HH 36.06 N 00 3 387 395 22 6 28 7 58 40 56 16 13 36 1 0 _ _ 17 00 3371 219 14_ 50 59 39 39 48 26 20_ 13 1 6 o 1 HH 36.04 N 80 1 715606 18528256955447 0 _ 1 H 9 0 451 0124107 3 117 62 0 0 _ 2 o 1 18 3 1 0 9 16 18 36.02 N 0 1800 00 00 00 11 103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE ◇ Industrial □ Residential SO2 –Sources in 2000 (1000kg) Topography and isobaths (m), SO2 Source in 2000(1000kg) 36.16oN 1 0 7 0 0 289 18 14 527 0 0 1 _ _ _ 1 o 8 16 0 0 36.14 N 0 0 26 5 0 0 HH 0 873 171503935 11 2 7 _ _ _ _ _ 1 H 36.12oN 132256_ 1 28 7 4 _5 25_ 19 4 H _84 42 141439_ 6 11 40 76 175 345 _63 4 17 734H 88 8 2 87158 13 117 138 1981407 0 4 o _ 17 36.10 N 00 7 26 82 4038 770H 39 63 50 124 26 71 9 _ _ 17 446165 10 12 176 114 4 122 21 6 _ 0 _ o 0 36.08 N 3 HH 6 13 6 161 24 45 _520 8 _740 225 1041 169_ 122_2 219 21 H 20 27 117 239 600131 70 83 153191 67 34 74 45 0 _ o 16 HHH 36.06 N 00 35 280 520 237 50 226 78 513 248556 192 125 83 11 5 _ _ 17 H 0 38 27 76 16 20 11 124 338538 394 452297 208 36 65 0 _ _ 1 6 o 1 HH 36.04 N 80 9 79 160540 76 60 200 119 59 201143 0 _ 1 H 9 1 64 3 13 260 173 39347169 21 0 0 _ 2 o 1 1 36 1 0 18 9 16 18 0 36.02 N 0 00 00 00 0 132 103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE ◇ Industrial □ Residential NOx Sources in 2000 ( 1000 kg) The NOx in 2000(1000kg) 36.16oN 17 170 45 13 1800 59 0 0 _ _ _ o 16 18 36.14 N 0 00 18 3 00 H 1 138 29019449 2015 6 1 8 _ _ _ _ 50 _ 00 H 36.12oN 8 4242 0 15 4 2 1 14 11 1 _ _ _ 1 51 27 15 300 4 5 21 50 109 204 35 7 _ _ _ 0 4 0 95980 5 1 4480 7 59 76 127 787 0 3 36.10oN _ 3 14 109 2318 724H 21 35 28 69 13 40 5 0 _ _ 0 8 10 227904 7 100 65 21 69 12 3 _ 0 0 _ o 0 0 36.08 N 3 H 7 6 83 92 16 33 360 6 528 134 601 1 102 80 158 12 _ _ _ _2 15 50 11 15 65 140 346 75 39 47 102137 38 16 41 26 0 _ o 1 16 36.06 N 7 0 00 0 20 172 361 144 39 133 44 330 139315 111 70 40 6 3 _ _ 1 9 18 0 0 24 19 43 9 11 670301302 223 256191 111 16 36 0 0 _ _6 2 1 o 0 36.04 N 0 5 45 91 308 44 35 164 68 33 11 421 0 _ H 21 0 31 2 8 149 93 22463840 12 00 _ 0 0 21 36.02oN 22 00 0 17 00 18 76 2 0 23 00 0 18 0 00 9 00 0 9 1 0 1 36.00oN 103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE ◇ Industrial □ Residential TSP Concentration at Sta-1 and Sta-8 Simulated (dashed), Observed (Solid) Simulated and Observed 3 SO2 Concentration (mg/m ) on December 25, 2000 0.7 0.6 0.5 观测值 0.4 模拟值 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1# 2# 3# 4# 6# 7# 8# SimulatedSimulated ((⃞),), ObservedObserved ((⃟) NOx 07h Dec 11, 2000 NOx 13 h, Dec 11, 2000 NOx 22h, Dec 11, 2000 NOx 07h, Dec 12, 2000 TSP 13h, Dec 11, 2000 TSP 01h, Dec 12, 2000 TSP 22h, Dec 16, 2000 Conclusions • Severe air pollution is caused by heavy pollution sources • Meteorological conditions take important roles: – Inversion (Stable Stratification) – Valley Winds • RAMS-HYPACT simulates the transport of the pollutants..
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