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Fossil Plants from the Union Chapel Mine, Alabama David L 153 Buta, R. J., Rindsberg, A. K., and Kopaska-Merkel, D. C., eds., 2005, Pennsylvanian Footprints in the Black Warrior Basin of Ala- bama. Alabama Paleontological Society Monograph no. 1. FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UNION CHAPEL MINE, ALABAMA DAVID L. DILCHER1, TERRY A. LOTT1 and BRIAN J. AXSMITH2 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7800, USA. 2Department of Biological Sciences, LSCB 124, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA. ABSTRACT: The vertebrate tracks of the Union Chapel Mine are associated with a rich Early Pennsylvanian impression/compression and petrified flora. The flora appears to be dominated by arborescent lycopods (Lepidodendrales) including bark impressions of Lepidophloios and Lepidodendron. Lepidodendralean reproductive structures include intact cones (Lepidostrobus) and isolated cone scales (Lepidostrobophyllum). Several examples of lepidodendralean de- tached leaves (Lepidophylloides) have been recovered. Additional non-seed-bearing plants are represented by numerous arborescent horsetail (sphenophyte) remains including pith and stem casts of Calamites, a cone of Calamostachys and leafy stems (Asterophyllites charaeformis). Seed plants such as the pteridosperm foliage genera Sphenopteris and Neuralethopteris are common at the Union Chapel locality. Seed plant reproductive structures include excellently- preserved specimens of the pteridosperm seed Trigonocarpus ampulliforme, and the pollen organ Whittleseya elegans. The fine preservation and high degree of articulation of the Union Chapel plants indicates that they were not transported far before burial. This suggests that the trackmaking animals were living in, or at least visiting, tidal influenced environments. This paleoecological setting stands in sharp contrast to the extensive late Paleozoic (Early Permian) vertebrate track sites of the Hueco Formation in New Mexico, which are associated with a walchian conifer-dominated plant community. Numerous illustrations of the fossil plants are included in this chapter to document the nature of the flora associated with the tracks presented elsewhere in this volume. INTRODUCTION swamps of coastal lowlands that accumulated fine- grained silts from floods (Gastaldo, 1990) forming mud The fossil plants preserved with the trackways in flats. In these wet areas many species of land plants the Union Chapel Mine of Walker County, Alabama shed their various organs such as cones, seeds or large present an opportunity to associate plants and animals branches, and these were dispersed in a forest or swamp, in a unique taphonomic setting. The animals that wan- much as plant organs are dispersed today. Major groups dered among the plants living on or near these Pennsyl- represented in the Early Pennsylvanian include the ly- vanian age mud flats are of great interest. However, the copods, sphenopsids, ferns, seed ferns and cordaites. plants also have an interesting and unique story to tell Examples of these major groups are still living today about the life in this place and time. It is with this need except for the seed ferns and the cordaites (which may to present a record of the abundant plant material asso- be considered only very distantly related to conifers to- ciated with the trackways that we document the floristic day). Most of this flora consists of long extinct swamp elements present in these Lower Pennsylvanian sedi- inhabiting trees. As various organs were shed, they fell ments. adjacent to the parent plants, onto the mud or into the The plants of the Union Chapel Mine occur in the shallow water of the swamp. As trees died their branches Lower Pennsylvanian, Pottsville Formation. Joseph and stems dropped to the forest floor. Some have a Wood (1963) described a Pottsville flora, the Stanley natural hollow cavity (Calamites) while the stems of Cemetery Flora, from west central Indiana. These two lycophytes and most seed plants lack a hollow cavity. floras contain similar elements indicating that floristic With the subsequent decay of plant material and infilling elements extended from one North American coal basin of sediment, a cast is formed (Gastaldo et al., 1989). to another. During the Early Pennsylvanian a large Some of the trees had special tissues and morphological Northern Hemisphere land mass, Laurasia, consisted of features to facilitate their life in the swamp environment much of North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. Low (Phillips et al., 1976). and swampy areas extended from the American mid- Plant megafossils from the Alabama coal fields are west into western Europe. Consequently, certain spe- noted in Bunbury (1846), Lyell (1846a, b), Lesquereux cies of land plants that make up the famous Carbonifer- (1879, 1880, 1884, 1888), McCalley (1896, 1900), ous coal swamp forests are found in Asia, Europe, and White (1900, 1943), Smith (1903), Rothrock (1949), North America. Changes in species composition in these Mamay (1955), Read and Mamay (1964), Metzger floras occurred throughout the Carboniferous (1965), Gastaldo (1984, 1985, 1988, 1990), Gastaldo (DiMichele and Phillips, 1995). and Boersma (1983a, b), Gillespie and Rheams (1985), Carboniferous basins contained peat-accumulating and Lacefield (2000). Similar Pennsylvanian plants from 154 ¡ £ ¥ § © ¥ $ % ' * $ , % / % 0 ¡ 3 4 6 4 % 6 8 4 3 % : = % ? : 3 % = , % ? 4 % A A : = % : ¥ § C D D § 6 D G ¡ ¥ § H A 4 J ¥ § C D D § 6 D G ¡ * § ¡ § N O P Q R T R O V R X T V Y [ \ ] O Y ^ \ ` H % : 3 % : c © N O P Q R T R O V R X T V T d T e Y ^ \ ` H % : 3 % : c © N O P Q R T P g ] T Q T h ] Y X Q [ Q V \ h j H % : 3 % : c l m = % 3 % : c © o h P Q R Q T P h Q h , © N O P Q R T P g p ] ] T Q R O h Q V ^ O X ` O R Q \ ` ¥ = % J t u 8 w N O P Q R T h ^ X T d \ h , ¡ x N O P Q R T h ^ X T d \ h , £ x N O P Q R T h ^ X T d T P g p ] ] \ ` ? ` Y z \ h j £ : c : l u : 4 % : x 4 J H C m C ¥ ¥ ¡ G C ¡ * § ¡ § | p X Q V } T R O V R X T V , w A : = % : § ' C H § ¡ ¥ § H 4 J * ¡ ¥ ¡ / C ¡ * § ¡ § o h ^ O X T P g p ] ] Q ^ O h [ g Y X Y O T X ` Q h j H % : 3 % : c l m % , , % : 4 4 % : x Y ] Y ` Q ^ O h h \ [ T Q Q £ : c : w Y ] Y ` Q ^ O h \ V R \ ] Y ^ \ h H % : 3 % : c w Y ] Y ` Q ^ O h } T O P P O X ^ Q § c $ 8 % w Y ] Y ` T h ^ Y [ g p h , © A A : = % : / § D ' ¥ ¥ H ¡ ¥ § H A § G C D H § G / H A ¡ ¥ § u § G C D H o ] O ^ g T P ^ O X Q h e Y ] Q R Y £ 8 J © A H u § 6 § G C D H | P g O V T P ^ O X Q h O ] O } Y V h j £ : c : l H % : 3 % : c © | P g O V T P ^ O X Q h P T ^ ^ h e Q ] ] O Y j D $ % l m = = £ % : 4 © N p } Q V T P ^ O X Q h g T O V Q V } g Y \ h Q j £ : c : l u % w A 6 § ' G § G C D H p [ ] T P ^ O X Q h , © O \ X Y ] O ^ g T P ^ O X Q h P T [ Y g T V ^ Y h j $ % l m 8 3 % % © O \ X Y ] O ^ g T P ^ O X Q h d Q T X ` Q h j ¥ % 8 % : % 8 l m 8 3 % % A / C H * § G C D H § G / H p O ] T p ] T V , © g Q ^ ^ ] O h O p Y O ] O } Y V h 6 % 3 % : : J © T ] [ T h P O X ` \ ` , © X Q } T V T [ Y X P \ h Y ` P \ ] ] Q T X ` O ¥ % 8 % : % 8 © X Q } T V T [ Y X P \ h , © Y X P T ] Q ^ g O h , © A * G D ¡ C ¡ ¥ § H o X ^ Q h Q Y , © T X R Y Q [ Y X P T V , © T X R Y Q ^ O h , © 155 elsewhere in the United States were listed by Newberry All of these plants reproduced by spores, some of which (1853), Lesquereux (1866), Noe (1925), Janssen (1939), may have been dispersed in the shallow water of the Langford (1958), Canright (1959), Wood (1963), Darrah swamp. Medullosa, a seed fern up to 30 feet tall, may (1969), Gillespie and Crawford (1985), Gillespie et al. have had Neuralethopteris foliage, bore Trigonocarpus (1978, 1989), and Goubet et al. (2000). Comparative seeds and Whittleseya pollen organs. Other seed ferns studies with the European flora are found in Schlotheim may have been shorter or even vine-like plants. An early (1820), Sternberg (1820-1838), Brongniart (1822, 1828, conifer-like fossil plant is represented by Cordaites. 1828-1834, 1849, 1881), Martius (1822), Lindley and In this chapter we present as complete a description Hutton (1831-1833), Goeppert (1844), Unger (1850), of the flora and illustrate each of these genera and/or Ettingshausen (1854), Goldenberg (1857), Geinitz species. It is important to remember that each individual (1862), Boulay (1876), Stur (1877), Kidston (1889, plant usually falls into many pieces and each of the pieces 1894), Cremer (1893), Potonié (1897-1899), Nathorst is given a separate form generic name. Thus many differ- (1914), Hirmer (1927), Crookall (1955, 1966), Laveine ent names go together to make up one individual plant. (1967), Remy and Remy (1977), Josten (1991), and Kvacek and Straková (1997). This is one of the few Family LEPIDODENDRACEAE documented impression/compression megafloral assem- Genus LEPIDODENDRON Sternberg, 1820 blages from Alabama.
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