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MICHEV T., BOEV Z., KAMBOUROVA N. 2011. The new Red List of Bulgarian : does the number of endangered species increase? National Scientific Conference “Man and the Universe”, 06-08.10.2011, City of Smolian, Bulgaria, a report.

THE NEW RED LIST OF BULGARIAN BIRDS: DOES THE NUMBER OF ENDANGERED BIRD SPECIES INCREASE?

Tanyo MICHEV 1, Zlatozar BOEV 2, Nevena KAMBOUROVA 3

st Abstract. Since the composition of the 1 Red List of the birds in Bulgaria (BOJEW ,

MITSCHEW 1980) over 30 years have passed during which the conservation status of the birds has gone through considerable changes. The new Red list contains 155 bird species from the following categories: Regionally Extinct (REX) – 10; Critically Endangered (CR) – 32; Endangered (EN) – 45; Vulnerable (VU) – 53; Near to Threatened (NT) – 2; Local Concern (LC) – 7; Data Deficient (DD) – 6. The number of the endangered species has increased up from 28.2% to 38.1%. The speed of the growing up process is 0.89 %/year or 0.69 species/year. The conclusion is that conservation efforts have to be basically directed to species from the category “Critically Endangered”.

Almost half of the birds in the new Red List are conventional Tertiary relicts. The relicts are eight time less numerous – just about 6.45% of the species. Among them the species which inhabit mountain-hill landscapes predominate.

The predominant part of the species belongs to 5 types of . The largest number of the species (1/3 or 31.6 %) inhabits wetlands in the inner part of the country. Forests take 2nd place with 38 species (or 24.5 %) and rocky habitats and caves rank third place with 23 species (or 14.8 %).

Twenty-three zoogeographical types are presented in the new Red List proving the all- embracing process of the impoverishment of the recent Bulgarian avifauna. The birds of Paleactic distribution are the most numerous zoogeographical type, presented by 48 species,

1 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2, Yurii Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; e-mail: [email protected] 2 National Museum of Natural History - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1, Blvd. Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 3 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research 3 - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2, Yurii Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; e-mail: [email protected] followed by the Holarctic, European, Cosmopolitian, Turkestanian-Mediterranean and Old World types (10-11 species each). The Palearctic type is the most numerous also within each separate conservation category. In Bulgaria as a whole the birds are most endangered in comparison with Greece and Romania.

Introduction st The 1 Red List of Bulgarian ornithofauna was published by BOJEW , MITSCHEW (1980). It contains 100 species which are grouped in three categories: extinct, endangered and rare. In the subsequently published “Red Data Book of People’s Republic of Bulgaria” (BOTEV ,

PESHEV 1985) each species is presented with a short article, a map and a drawing. Since the publishing of the 1st Red List 30 years have passed during which the conservation status of the birds of the Bulgarian ornithofauna has gone through considerable changes. The tracing and analysis of these changes are the aims of the present article. The new Red List was given to professional ornithologists and experienced amateurs who have prepared specialized articles for particular species. The upcoming event is their release as a separate volume from the 2nd edition of the three-volume “Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria”.

Methods

When the 1st Red List was prepared the categories in it were not consistent with the categories of IUCN which were adopted subsequently. That sort of difference in the assessment of conservation status, to a certain extent, bothered the objective comparison with: 1) the present new Red List; and 2) the bird species status in neighboring countries of Bulgaria or from different parts of species range. The new Red List presented here follows the categories of IUCN and corresponds to their application in the other countries. The Latin and Bulgarian names of the birds and their arrangement follow the recommendation of the Bulgarian National Rarities Committee (BUNARCO 2009).

2 Results

st In the 1 Red List of Bulgaria (B OJEW , MITSCHEW 1980) 100 bird species are included out of all 354 species, established at that time. They represent 28.2 % from the species composition of the Bulgarian ornithofauna.

The new Red List contains 155 bird species ( see Appendix) or 38.1 % of all 406 species reported for Bulgaria nowadays (BUNARCO 2009). Their belonging to different taxa (orders) is represented in Table 1. Obviously, the most endangered are two groups of orders: diurnal birds of prey (, ) and water birds (Podicipediformes, Ciconiiformes, , and ). The as main hunting object is also with quite unfavorable conservation status.

The species from the new Red List are assigned to 7 IUCN categories (Table 2). The proportion between the separate categories is represented on Fig. 1. The most numerous category is “Vulnerable”, followed by “Endangered”, Critically Endangered (CR) and s. o. The number of species in the new Red List is decreasing with the increasing of the threat degree (Fig. 2). As could be seen also from this figure, thirty-two species from the category “Critically Endangered” are closest to the boundary of extinction as breeding species in Bulgaria. Depending on the character and efficiency of the measures which will be taken for their conservation in the next years these species will either “cross” the red line (and will be put in category “Regionally Extinct”) or they will be returned to more slightly threatened category. With this conclusion we direct the attention of the nature conservation community in the country exactly to this group (“Critically Endangered”) where the conservation efforts have to be concentrated.

The “Critically Endangered” category as well as the other categories is distinguished by some distinctive characteristics which are considered further down.

Different categories own some characteristics which are considered further down.

Regionally Extinct Species (REX)

Ten species from 5 orders are listed in this category. They do not breed on the territory of the country for many years. Three species are globally threatened (Table 3) and their names are written in bold type. Two species (Tetrao tetrix and Phasianus colchicus ) are resident and the probability for recovery of their breeding population is insignificant without human intervention. Conversely, all reasons for their present unfavorable conservation status are of

3 local character and these reasons are subject to influence in the bound of the country. All the other species nowadays are found incidentally on the territory of the country or more regularly during the migration and winter time. Some of the species try to breed again or even there are records for successful breeding ( Aegypius monachus and Pelecanus onocrotalus ). The probability of the Common ( Grus grus ) to return as breeding species increase a lot with the restoration of Dragomansko Blato after long years of semi-drain condition. There is also a potential possibility for the recovering of Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus ) thanks to the elaboration of European and national nature conservation projects for its reintroduction in parts of its former range in the country.

Critically Threatened Species (CR)

In this category 32 species from 11 orders are listed (Table 4). is represented with large number of species (8) and after them comes (5 species). Almost one- third of the species are globally threatened. In the table the species names of globally threatened birds are written out in bold type. This category is situated very close to the red line which marks the critical boundary of extinction (Fig. 1) and has a key and crucial role for the future of Bulgarian ornithofauna. In this category there are five species which are on the edge of survival as breeding birds in the country: Aquila heliaca, Falco naumanni, Falco vespertinus, Falco cherrug and Otis tarda. For three of them (Aquila heliaca , Falco cherrug and Falco vespertinus ) nowadays there are projects for recovering of their populations.

Endangered Species (EN)

In this category there are 45 species from 14 orders (Table 5). Charadriiformes is represented with a largest number of species (9) and after that comes Anseriformes (6) and Passeriformes (6). Here there is only one globally threatened species (Oxyura leucocephala ). Despite the nature conservation efforts one species ( Neophron percnopterus ) has fast decreasing population and there is a real risk to disappear as a breeding bird from the territory of Bulgaria. This necessitates its moving to the previous category of critically threatened species.

Vulnerable Species (VU)

Fifty three species of the new Red List belong to this category (Table 6). Here the and raptors are represented with the largest number of species. Four bird species (given in bold type) are globally threatened.

Near to Threatened Species (NT)

4 In this category there are two species: Rallus aquaticus of Gruiformes and Corvus corax of Passeriformes.

Species with Local Concern (LC)

Seven species are listed in this category. Again the largest number of species falls into Charadriiformes (Table 7).

Data Deficient Species (DD) Insufficiently studied are 6 species or 1.5 % from Bulgarian ornithofauna (Table 8). There is one globally threatened species: Marmaronetta angustirostris from Anseriformes (its name is in bold type).

Excluded species from the First Red List

st Eight species presented in the 1 Red List (BOJEW , MITSCHEW 1980) are not listed in the new Red List (Table 9). One of them is Great ( Phalacrocorax carbo ) – it is not included in the New Red List due to the considerable increase of its number during the breeding season, migration and winter. The other seven species breed occasionally ( Asio flammeus ) or they are rarely wintering and migration species.

Other changes in conservation status of Bulgarian ornithofauna during the considered period

Because of the differences between the categories used in both red lists we can make the comparison only regarding the category “Regionally Extinct Species” (species which are extinct as breeding in Bulgaria). The comparison shows that in spite of the same number of species there is a difference in species composition. Instead of ( Gallinago gallinago ) and Pygmy ( Glaucidium passerinum ) in the new Red List are listed two other species – Red-crested Pochard (Netta rufina ) and Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus ).

The Common Snipe has fallen away from this category because it began to breed again in the country after the recovering of Dragomansko Blato (IANKOV 2007). In the past it occurred regularly there (REISER 1894). The Pygmy Owl has fallen away from this category because vital breeding populations in the central part of the Balkan Mountains, Rila Mountain, South

Pirin and the Rhodopes (IANKOV 2007) were found. In this category Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus ) is included which in the past bred in Dobrudzha near the Village of Dubravino, st Varna District (B OEV 1962) but by indistinct reasons this species was not listed in the 1 Red List of Bulgaria.

5 The Red-crested Pochard is included in the new Red List in the considered category, because it does not breed on the territory of the country any longer. The species is also listed in the

Red Data Book of Romania (BOTNARIUK , TATOLE , EDS 2005) as “endangered species”.

Despite that White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) and Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus) are found occasionally to breed in Bulgaria (SIMEONOV et al. 2001; МARIN et al. 1993) because of the still casual character of their breeding, these two species are still considered to be regionally extinct.

Discussion

Conditionally we can compare the group of the endangered species from the 1st Red List

(BOJEW , MITSCHEW 1980) – 57 species with the combined group of “critically endangered” (CR) and “endangered” (EN) – generally 77 species from the new Red List. The increase is with 20 species that can indicate raised anthropogenic pressure on the Bulgarian ornithofauna. Comparing with 1980 there is an increase of 26 % that for the whole period amounts to average speed of growing of about 0.89 %/year. This means that every year 0.69 species is added to the list of the endangered species in the country or every 1.45 year (at every 17.4 months) one bird species from the Bulgarian has been found to be critically endangered.

The fossil record indicate that the conventional Tertiary relicts in the country should relate to recent representatives of 17 genera: Accipiter, Gyps, Circaetus, Porzana, Actitis, Galerida, Lullula, Erithacus, Regulus, Sturnus, Pyrrhula, Parus, Carduelis, Fringilla, Coccothraustes,

Loxia and Melanocorypha (BOEV 2002, 2007; BOEV et al. 2007) which are recorded on the territory of the country in the pre-glacial times. From them representatives of 6 genera are included in the new Red List which number 10 species ( see Appendix). If towards the Tertiary (sub-) Mediterranean ecological complex we also add the known from the Neogene

(MLÍKOVSKÝ 1996) 38 genera from other countries on the Balkan Peninsula or (Aegypius, Alectoris, Anas, Aquila, Ardea, Ardeola, Botaurus, , Bubo, Buteo, Ciconia, Columba, Corvus, Cygnus, Egretta, Eremophila, Falco, Gypaetus, Hieraaetus, Ixobrychus, Larus, Neophron, Nycticorax, Otis, Pernis, Pelecanus, Phalacrocorax, Phasianus, Platalea, Plegadis, Podiceps, Recurvirostra, Sitta, Sylvia, Tachybaptus, Tadorna, Tetrao and Tetrax ), it becomes clearly that exactly the species from these genera represent the main part of the new Red List of Bulgaria. Thus, to the 10 species mentioned before we have to add other 66 species which belong to the 38 genera listed above. In this way the number of Tertiary relicts in Bulgarian ornithofauna amount to at least 76 species or 49.03 % from the composition of all endangered bird species in the Red List of the country. This fact has its own explanation,

6 first of all with geological past of the country. During the glacials in the Pleistocene vast areas of the Balkan Peninsula and the country (especially the southern parts) represented refugia for thermophilic Tertiary (Neogene) avifauna. A large part of its composition survived during the Pleistocene and although partly with substitute composition most of the birds’ genera inhabiting Bulgarian lands during the ,pre-glacial time, survived till nowadays. The observed tendency of modifying and warming of the climate during the recent years (“globally warming”) obviously is not in condition to assist the staying of this group of birds and the reasons for the decreasing of its representatives have to be categorized as anthropogenic. Thus, considering the composition of the new Red List we can conclude that as a whole currently the faunistic elements with more “southern” origin, even though more numerous, are seriously endangered in the country.

One hundred and sixty bird species (BOEV 2006; BOEV et al. 2007) are found in the Pleistocene localities in Bulgaria. They represent 39.4 % of the present-day ornithofauna of the country. In the group of Pleistocene relicts in the country according to TYRBERG (1991) the following 7 species from the new Red List are included: Eremophila alpestris, Pyrrhocorax graculus, Tichodroma muraria, Columba livia, Buteo rufinus, Aquila heliaca and Anthropoides virgo. In the group of “cold-loving elements” (“boreal”) which survived in the fauna of Europe from the early and middle Pleistocene MOURER -CHAIVIRÉ (1993) concerned Tetrao urogallus, Lyrurus (=Tetrao ) tetrix, Lagopus lagopus, L. mutus, Tetrastes spp., Nyctea scandiaca (= Bubo scandiacus ) and Pyrrhocorax graculus. According to BERON (1969) Picoides tridactylus and Turdus torquatus are species with arctic-alpine distribution – inheritance from the glacials of the Pleistocene. The first one is also included in the new Red List. Thus Pleistocene relicts (10 species from the current list) represent 6.45 %. From them 4 species are in the category “Endangered” (Tetrao urogallus, Tetrtastes bonasia, Columba livia и Picoides tridactylus ) – all of them inhabit mountains; 4 species belong to the category “Vulnerable” ( Eremophila alpestris, Pyrrhocorax graculus, Tichodroma muraria and Buteo rufinus ) – all of them also inhabit mountains and hillside landscapes; 1 species belongs to the category “Critically Endangered” ( Aquila heliaca ) and 1 species is extinct (Anthropoides virgo ).

From the conservation point of view it is important to trace out the distribution of species from different categories in the new Red List by their nesting types. For this purpose we used the categorization of TUCKER & EVANS (1997) consistent with The EU Habitat

7 Directive (Table 10). The species were grouped under the most general habitat types because a more detailed distribution is quite large and may be a subject of another article. One may see from the table that the predominant part of the species belongs to 5 habitat types. The largest number of the species (1/3 or 31.6 %) inhabits wetlands in the inner part of the country. Forests take second place with 38 species (or 24.5 %%) and rocky habitats and caves rank third place with 23 species (or 14.8 %).

An other aspect of the new Red List is the species ranking according to their zoogeographical type of distribution (Table 11). We have used the classification of Voous (1960) and its applying for Bulgarian ornithofauna by SIMEONOV & MICHEV (1990), BOEV (1997) and BOEV

ET AL ; (2007). As one may see the most numerous zoogeographical type in the new Red List is the Palearctic type, presented by 48 species, followed by Holarctic, European, Cosmopolitian, Turkestanian-Mediterranean and Old World (with 10-11 species). The Palearctic type is the most numerous type also in each separate category. The other types are presented by small numbers of species.

Definite interest represents the comparison between the number of species in the new Red List of Bulgaria and the number of species in the Red Books of Romania and Greece (Table 12). Comparing the territories of the three countries the data show unfavorable condition of the Bulgarian birds. Thus in Bulgaria there are over 1.397 species on every 1000 km 2 while in Greece they are almost two times less (0.757) and in Romania – over four times less (0.343). These data should be taken into consideration regarding the territorial conservation of birds, as well as all other conservation measures. There are objective preconditions for the last mentioned. Across the territory of Bulgaria the boundaries of breeding range of 73 species pass over. Through the country the southern boundary of the range for 37 species pass over, for 30 species – the northern boundary, for 3 species – the western one and for 3 species – the eastern boundary (BOEV 1997). Thus, only regarding the ornithogeographic reasons, the biodiversity of the Bulgarian birds is several times more threatened which imposes the acceptance of adequate measures for its conservation.

Conclusion

In the new Red List of birds in Bulgaria 155 species are distributed in 7 categories as follows: Regionally Extinct (REX) – 10; Critically Endangered (CR) – 32; Endangered (EN) – 45; Vulnerable (VU) – 53; Near to Threatened (NT) – 2; Local Concern (LC) – 7; Data Deficient (DD) – 6. The number of species under threat increased from 28.2 % to 38.1 % in comparison with the second half of the past century (the end of 1970-s). The conservation efforts have to

8 be directed basically towards the species from the category “Critically Endangered”. These species need the elaboration and urgent implementation of particular plans for their conservation in the country. For the 30-year period (1979-2009) the number of endangered bird species in the country has increased with ¼. The speed of the increasing process is 0.7 species/year.

Almost half (49.03 %) of the composition of the new Red List of threatened birds in the country belong to the conditionally accepted as Tertiary relicts in the present-day Bulgarian ornithofauna. The Pleistocene relicts are eight times less – hardly 6.45 % from the species. Among them the species which inhabit mountain-hill landscapes predominate. This fact has a practical meaning – the efforts of territorial nature conservation of birds regarding the conservation of glacial relicts, would have more significant success if they are exactly directed in the semi-mountain and mountain regions.

The predominant part of the species in the new Red List belongs to 5 habitat types. The largest number of the species (1/3 or 31.6 %) inhabits wetlands in the inner part of the country. Forests take second place with 38 species (or 24.5 %) and rocky habitats and caves rank third place with 23 species (or 14.8%).

Twenty-three zoogeographical types are presented in the new Red List proving the all- embracing process of the impoverishment of the recent Bulgarian avifauna. The most numerous zoogeographical type in the new Red List is the Palearctic type, presented by 48 species, followed by Holarctic, European, Cosmopolitian, Turkestanian-Mediterranean and Old World (with 10-11 species). The Palearctic type is the most numerous type also in each separate conservation category. The other types are presented by small numbers of species.

In Bulgaria as a whole the birds are most threatened in comparison with Greece and Romania. In Bulgaria on every 1000 km 2 occur over 1.397 species while in Greece they are almost two times less (0.757) and in Romania – over four times less (0.343). Regarding ornithogeographic reasons the biodiversity of Bulgarian birds is several times more threatened which imposes the acceptance of adequate measures for its conservation.

References

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9 BOEV N. 1962. Données sur l’étendue de l’aire d’habitat estivale de certaines espèces d’oiseaux en Bulgarie. – Bulletin de L’Institut de Zoologie et Musée, Sofia, 11 : 31-46. [in Bulgarian, French summary].

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BOEV Z. 2006. Pleistocene avifaunas of Bulgaria: a brief review. – Historia naturalis bulgarica, 17: 95-107.

BOEV Z. 2007. Neogene avifaunas of Bulgaria (a brief review). – In: BAKARDJIEVA , N. ST.

CHANKOVA , B. KRASTANOV AND SV. GATEVA (Compilers). Evolution and – 2007. Union of the Scientists of Bulgaria. 3-rd National Seminar. Proceedings, Sofia, 26-35.

BOEV Z., B. MILCHEV AND V. POPOV . 2007. Fauna, Zoogeography, and Ecology of Birds in Bulgaria. - In: Fet, V., A. Popov (Eds.). and Ecology of Bulgaria. Springer, Dordrecht, 39-84.

BOJEW N., T. MITSCHEW . 1980. Rote Liste der VR Bulgarien. - Der Falke , 27: 245.

BOTEV B., TZ. PESHEV . 1985. Red Data Book of Bulgaria, v. 2, Animals. Publ. House of BAS, C., 183 p. [in Bulgarian, Russian and English summary]

BOTNARIU С N., V. TATOLE (eds). 2005. Cartea rosie a vertebratelor din Romania. Academia Romana, Muzeul national de istorie naturala “Grigore Antipa”, Bucuresti, 260 p (in Romanian).

BUNARCO. 2009. List of the Birds Recorded in Bulgaria. – Acta zoologica bulgarica, 61 (1): 3-26.

HARRISON C. 1975. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of European Birds. Collins, St James`s Place, London, 432 p.

IANKOV P. (ed.). 2007. Atlas of Breeding Birds in Bulgaria. Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds, Conservation Series, Book 10, Sofia, BSPB: 679 p.

KARANDINOS M. (Pr. Leader). 1992. The Red Data Book of Threatened Vertebrates of Greece. Helenic Zoological Society, Hewlett Packard, Athens, 356 p.

MARIN S., ROGEV , A., CHRISTOV , I., SPASOV , M. 1993. New Observations and Nesting of Black Vulture ( Aegypius monachus, L., 1766) in Bulgaria. In: Proceedings of the International symposium on the black vulture in South and adjacent regions, FSZ/BVCF, Palma De Mallorca.

10 MLÍKOVSKÝ J. 1996. Tertiary Avian localities of Europe. - Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geologica. Univerzita Karlova. Praha, 39 (1995): 519-852.

MOURER -CHAIVIRÉ , C. 1993. The Pleistocene avifaunas of Europe. – Archaeofauna , 2 : 53-66.

SIMEONOV P., T. MICHEV , G. DOBLER , A. CRIVELLI . 2001. White Pelicans breeding in Bulgaria. - British Birds, 94 : 390-392.

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In: SIMEONOV S., T. MICHEV , D. NANKINOV . The Fauna of Bulgaria, vol. 20, Aves. Part I. Publ. House of BAS, C., 33-36 (in Bulg., Engl. summ.)

TUCKER , G. M., M.I. EVANS . 1997. Habitats for Birds in Europe: a conservation strategy for the wider environment. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series no. 6), 465 p.

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VOOUS , K. 1960. Atlas van de Europese Vogels. Elsevier, Amsterdam,& Brussel.

Новият Червен списък на птиците в България : увеличава ли се броят на застрашените видове птици ?

Таню МИЧЕВ , Златозар БОЕВ , Невена КАМБУРОВА

(Резюме )

От съставянето на първия Червен списък на птиците в България (BOJEW , MITSCHEW 1980) са изминали над 30 години , през които природозащитният им статус е претърпял значителни промени . В статията е представен новия Червен списък , който съдържа 155 вида птици : Regionally Extinct (REX) – 10; Critically Endangered (CR) – 32; Endangered (EN) – 45; Vulnerable (VU) – 53; Near to Threatened (NT) – 2; Local Concern (LC) – 7; Data Deficient (DD) – 6. Броят на видовете под заплаха е нараснал от 28,2 % на 38,1 %. Скоростта на процеса на нарастване е 0,89 %/год . или 0,69 вида /год . Заключава се , че природозащитните усилия следва да бъдат насочени приоритетно към видовете от категорията „Critically Endangered”. Почти половината от видовете птици в Червения списък са терциерни реликти . Плейстоценските реликти са осем пъти по -малко – едва 6,45 % от видовете . Сред тях преобладават видовете , които обитават планинско -хълмистите ландшафти . Опазването

11 на глациалните реликти би имало по -значим успех , ако бъде насочено приоритетно в планинските райони на страната . Преобладаващата част от видовете са в 5 типа местообитания . Най -много ( близо 1/3 или 31,6 %) от видовете са във влажните зони от вътрешността на страната . Във влажните зони и горите се съхраняват над половината от застрашените видове птици в България . В новия Червен списък попадат видове от 23 зоогеографски типа . Това доказва , че процесът на оредяване на птиците в страната е всеобхватен . Преобладаващата част от видовете принадлежат към палеарктичния зоогеографски тип , представен с 48 вида , следван от холарктичния , европейския , космополитния , туркестано -медитеранския и Стария свят ( представени с по 10-11 вида ). В България като цяло птиците са най -застрашени в сравнение с Гърция и Румъния .

Appendix List of the bird species of the 1st Red List (the left column) and the new Red List (the right column) in alphabetical (in the first column)

12 First Red List of Bulgaria 1980 New Red List of Bulgaria 2009 Species ЕX EN R Species REX CR EN VU NT Accipiter brevipes (Severtzov, 1850) EN Accipiter brevipes (Severtzov, 1850) VU Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN agricola Jerdon, 1845 EN Acrocephalus melanopogon (Temminck, 1823) Acrocephalus paludicola (Vieillot, 1817) Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus, 1758) R Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Aegypius monachus (Linnaeus, 1766) ЕX Aegypius monachus (Linnaeus, 1766) REX Alectoris chukar (Gray, 1830) EN Alectoris graeca (Meisner, 1804) EN Anas querquedula Linnaeus, 1758 VU Anas strepera Linnaeus, 1758 EN Anas strepera Linnaeus, 1758 CR anser (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Anser erythropus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Anser erythropus (Linnaeus, 1758) CR Anthropoides virgo (Linnaeus, 1758) ЕX Grus virgo (Linnaeus, 1758) REX Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758) R Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811 R Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811 CR Aquila heliaca Savigni, 1809 EN Aquila heliaca Savigni, 1809 CR Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, 1833 R Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, 1833 EN Aquila pomarina Brehm, 1831 EN Aquila pomarina Brehm, 1831 VU Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 VU Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1758 EN Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1758 EN Asio flammeus (Pontopiddan, 1763) R Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli, 1769) EN Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Aythya nyroca (Gueldenstaedt, 1770) EN Aythya nyroca (Gueldenstaedt, 1770) VU Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Branta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769) EN Branta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769) VU Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1827) EN Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1827) VU Calandrella brachydactyla (Leisler, 1814) VU Carduelis spinus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Cercotrichas galactotes (Temminck, 1820) Cettia cetti (Temminck, 1820) EN Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758 R Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758 CR Charadrius dubius (Scopoli, 1786) VU Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas, 1811) EN Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas, 1811) VU Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758) CR Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin, 1788) EN Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin, 1788) VU Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766) R Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766) CR Circus macrourus (Gmelin, 1770) R Circus macrourus (Gmelin, 1770) REX Circus pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758) R Circus pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Clamator glandarius (Linnaeus, 1758) CR Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 EN Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758 EN Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758 EN Coracias garrulus Linnaeus, 1758 VU Corvus corax Linnaeus, 1758 NT Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Cygnus columbianus (Ord, 1815) CR Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Cygnus olor (Gmelin, 1789) EN Cygnus olor (Gmelin, 1789) VU Dendrocopos leucotos (Bechstein, 1803) R Dendrocopos leucotos (Bechstein, 1803) EN Dryocopus martius (Linnaeus, 1758) R Dryocopus martius (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Egretta alba (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 CR Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Emberiza cia Linnaeus, 1766 Eremophila alpestris (Linnaeus, 1758) VU

14 Falco biarmicus Temminck, 1825 R Falco biarmicus Temminck, 1825 CR Falco cherrug Gray, 1834 EN Falco cherrug Gray, 1834 CR Falco eleonorae Gene, 1839 EN Falco naumanni Fleischer, 1811 EN Falco naumanni Fleischer, 1811 CR Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 EN Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 EN Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758 EN Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758 VU Falco vespertinus Linnaeus, 1766 R Falco vespertinus Linnaeus, 1766 CR Ficedula albicollis (Temminck, 1815) CR Ficedula hypoleuca (Pallas, 1764) Ficedula parva (Bechstein, 1794) VU Gallinago media (Latham, 1787) R Ficedula semitorquata VU Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758) ЕX Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758) CR Gavia arctica Linnaeus, 1758 R Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) EN Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) CR Glareola nordmanni Fischer, 1843 CR Glareola pratincola (Linnaeus, 1766) EN Glareola pratincola (Linnaeus, 1766) EN Glaucidium passerinum (Linnaeus, 1758) ЕX Glaucidium passerinum (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758) ЕX Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758) REX Gypaetus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) ЕX Gypaetus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) REX Gyps fulvus (Hablizl, 1783) EN Gyps fulvus (Hablizl, 1783) EN Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758 EN Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758 CR Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788) EN Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788) VU Hieraaetus fasciatus (Vieillot, 1822) R Hieraaetus fasciatus ( Vieillot, 1822) CR Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Hydroprogne tshegrava (Lepechin, 1770) R Hippolais icterina (Vieillot, 1817) VU Hippolais olivetorum (Strickland, 1837) VU Ixobrychus minutus (Linnaeus, 1766) EN Lanius excubitor Linnaeus, 1758 CR Larus genei (Breme, 1839) R

15 Lanius nubicus Lichtenstein, 1823 VU Larus melanocephalus Temminck, 1820 Larus melanocephalus Temminck, 1820 R VU Larus ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) R Larus ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) EN Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Locustella fluviatilis (, 1810) VU Locustella naevia Marmaronetta angustirostris (Menetries, 1832) R Marmaronetta angustirostris (Menetries, 1832) Melanocorypha calandra (Linnaeus, 1766) EN Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) EN Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) VU Milvus milvus (Linnaeus, 1758) R Milvus milvus (Linnaeus, 1758) CR Monticola solitarius (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Netta rufina (Pallas, 1773) R Netta rufina (Pallas, 1773) REX Numenius tenuirostris Vieillot, 1817 CR Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Oenanthe pleschanka (Lepechin, 1771) EN Otis tarda Linnaeus, 1758 EN Otis tarda Linnaeus, 1758 CR Oxyura leucocephala (Scopoli, 1769) R Oxyura leucocephala (Scopoli, 1769) EN Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) () EN Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) CR Panurus biarmicus (Linnaeus, 1758) R Panurus biarmicus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832 EN Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832 CR Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758 ЕX Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758 REX Pernis apivorus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Pernis apivorus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1761) EN Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1761) VU Phalacrocorax pygmeus (Pallas, 1773) EN Phalacrocorax pygmeus (Pallas, 1773) EN Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758 EN Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758 REX Phoenicopterus roseus Pallas, 1811 R Phoenicurus phoenicurus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Phylloscopus orientalis Brehm, 1855 Picoides tridactylus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Picoides tridactylus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN

16 Picus canus Gmelin, 1788 EN Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 EN Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 CR Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) EN Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) CR Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert, 1783) R Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert, 1783) EN Podiceps nigricollis Brehm, 1831 EN Podiceps nigricollis Brehm, 1831 CR Porzana parva (Scopoli, 1769) EN Porzana porzana (Linnaeus, 1766) EN Porzana pusilla (Pallas, 1766) CR Prunella collaris (Scopoli, 1769) VU Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827) EN Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linnaeus, 1766) VU Rallus aquaticus NT Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus, 1758 R Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus, 1758 EN Remiz pendulinus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758 R Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758 EN Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus, 1758) R Sitta neumayer Michahellis, 1830 VU Sterna albifrons (Pallas, 1784) EN Sternula albifrons (Pallas, 1764) EN Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 EN Sterna sandvicensis Latham, 1787 EN Strix uralensis Pallas, 1771 R Strix uralensis Pallas, 1771 EN Sturnus roseus (Linnaeus, 1758) R Sturnus roseus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Sylvia borin (Boddaert, 1783) EN Sylvia crassirostris Cretzschmar, 1826 VU Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764) VU Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) EN Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) CR Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758) VU Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus 1758 ЕX Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus 1758 REX Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, 1758 EN Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, 1758 EN Tetrastes bonasia (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Tetrastes bonasia (Linnaeus, 1758) Tetrax tetrax (Linnaeus, 1758) ЕX Tetrax tetrax (Linnaeus, 1758) REX

17 Tichodroma muraria (Linnaeus, 1766) VU Tringa ochropus Linnaeus, 1758 EN Tringa ochropus Linnaeus, 1758 EN Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) R Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) CR Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) R Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) VU Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus, 1758) 100 9 57 34 155 10 32 45 53 2 Category EX EN R Категория REX CR EN VU NT

18

Table 1 Taxonomic orders, arranged according to their representativeness in the New Red List

Species BG RDB % Accipitriformes 28 25 89,3 Podicipediformes 5 4 80,0 Ciconiiformes 15 12 80,0 Falconiformes 9 7 77,8 Galliformes 8 6 75,0 Gruiformes 11 8 72,7 Pelecaniformes 6 4 66,7 Columbiformes 6 2 50,0 Cuculiformes 2 1 50,0 Strigiformes 10 5 50,0 Anseriformes 36 15 41,7 10 4 40,0 3 1 33,3 Charadriiformes 82 26 31,7 Passeriformes 158 34 21,5 6 1 16,7 Gaviiformes 4 Phoenicopteriformes 1 Pterocliformes 1 1 Apodiformes 4 Total 406 155 38,2

Table 2 Taxonomic orders, arranged according to their representativeness in different categories of the New Red List Species REX CR EN VU NT LC DD Accipitriformes 3 6 6 10 Ciconiiformes 3 4 5 Podicipediformes 1 1 2 Falconiformes 4 2 1 Galliformes 2 3 1 Gruiformes 3 2 2 1 Pelecaniformes 1 1 1 1 Cuculiformes 1 Strigiformes 2 3 Anseriformes 1 4 3 6 1 Piciformes 3 1 Columbiformes 2 Procellariiformes 1 Charadriiformes 8 9 4 1 4 Passeriformes 2 6 18 1 2 5 Coraciiformes 1 Apodiformes Caprimulgiformes Gaviiformes Phoenicopteriformes Pterocliformes Total 10 32 45 53 2 7 6

Table 3 Regionally Extinct Species (REX) № Species Order № Species Order Aegypius 1 Netta rufina Anseriformes 6 monachus Accipitriformes Pelecanus Circus 2 onocrotalus Pelecaniformes 7 macrourus Accipitriformes 3 Tetrao tetrix Galliformes 8 Grus grus Gruiformes Phasianus Anthropoides 4 colchicus Galliformes 9 virgo Gruiformes 5 Gypaetus barbatus Accipitriformes 10 Tetrax tetrax Gruiformes

Table 4 Critically Endangered Species (CR) № Species Order № Species Order 1 Platalea leucorodia Ciconiiformes 17 Falco vespertinus Falconiformes 2 Cygnus columbianus Anseriformes 18 Falco biarmicus Falconiformes 3 Anser erythropus Anseriformes 19 Falco cherrug Falconiformes 4 Tadorna ferruginea Anseriformes 20 Porzana pusilla Gruiformes 5 Anas strepera Anseriformes 21 Otis tarda Gruiformes Haematopus 6 Pelecanus crispus Pelecaniformes 22 ostralegus Charadriiformes 7 Podiceps nigricollis Podicipediformes 23 Glareola nordmanni Charadriiformes Charadrius 8 Ardea alba Ciconiiformes 24 alexandrinus Charadriiformes 9 Plegadis falcinellus Ciconiiformes 25 Gallinago gallinago Charadriiformes Numenius 10 Milvus milvus Accipitriformes 26 tenuirostris Charadriiformes 11 Circus cyaneus Accipitriformes 27 Tringa totanus Charadriiformes 12 Aquila clanga Accipitriformes 28 Sterna nilotica Charadriiformes 13 Aquila heliaca Accipitriformes 29 Chlidonias niger Charadriiformes 14 Hieraaetus fasciatus Accipitriformes 30 Clamator glandarius Cuculiformes 15 Pandion haliaetus Accipitriformes 31 Ficedula albicollis Passeriformes 16 Falco naumanni Falconiformes 32 Lanius excubitor Passeriformes

Table 5

20 Endangered Species (EN) № Species Order № Species Order 1 Cygnus cygnus Anseriformes 24 Himantopus himantopus Charadriiformes 2 Anser anser Anseriformes 25 Recurvirostra avosetta Charadriiformes 3 Oxyura leucocephala Anseriformes 26 Glareola pratincola Charadriiformes 4 Tetrao urogallus Galliformes 27 Scolopax rusticola Charadriiformes 5 Alectoris chukar Galliformes 28 Tringa ochropus Charadriiformes 6 Alectoris graeca Galliformes 29 Larus ridibundus Charadriiformes 7 Podiceps grisegena Podicipediformes 30 Sterna sandvicensis Charadriiformes 8 Puffinus yelkouan Procellariiformes 31 Sterna hirundo Charadriiformes Phalacrocorax 9 pygmeus Pelecaniformes 32 Sternula albifrons Charadriiformes 10 Botaurus stellaris Ciconiiformes 33 Columba livia Columbiformes 11 Ixobrychus minutus Ciconiiformes 34 Columba oenas Columbiformes 12 Ardeola ralloides Ciconiiformes 35 Glaucidium passerinum Strigiformes 13 Ardea purpurea Ciconiiformes 36 Strix uralensis Strigiformes Neophron 14 percnopterus Accipitriformes 37 Picus canus Piciformes 15 Gyps fulvus Accipitriformes 38 Dendrocopos leucotos Piciformes 16 Circus aeruginosus Accipitriformes 39 Picoides tridactylus Piciformes Melanocorypha 17 Accipiter gentilis Accipitriformes 40 calandra Passeriformes 18 Accipiter nisus Accipitriformes 41 Oenanthe pleschanka Passeriformes 19 Aquila nipalensis Accipitriformes 42 Cettia cetti Passeriformes 20 Falco eleonorae Falconiformes 43 Acrocephalus agricola Passeriformes 21 Falco peregrinus Falconiformes 44 Sylvia borin Passeriformes 22 Porzana porzana Gruiformes 45 Panurus biarmicus Passeriformes 23 Porzana parva Gruiformes

Table 6 (VU) № Species Order № Species Order 1 Cygnus olor Anseriformes 28 Charadrius dubius Charadriiformes 2 Branta ruficollis Anseriformes 29 Larus melanocephalus Charadriiformes 3 Tadorna Tadorna Anseriformes 30 Chlidonias hybridus Charadriiformes 4 Anas querquedula Anseriformes 31 Tyto alba Strigiformes 5 Aythya ferina Anseriformes 32 Bubo bubo Strigiformes 6 Aythya nyroca Anseriformes 33 Aegolius funereus Strigiformes 7 Tachybaptus ruficollis Podicipediformes 34 Coracias garrulus Coraciiformes 8 Podiceps cristatus Podicipediformes 35 Dryocopus martius Piciformes Phalacrocorax Calandrella 9 aristotelis Pelecaniformes 36 brachydactyla Passeriformes 10 Nycticorax nycticorax Ciconiiformes 37 Eremophila alpestris Passeriformes

21 11 Egretta garzetta Ciconiiformes 38 Prunella collaris Passeriformes 12 Ardea cinerea Ciconiiformes 39 Phoenicurus phoenicurus Passeriformes 13 Ciconia nigra Ciconiiformes 40 Monticola solitarius Passeriformes 14 Ciconia ciconia Ciconiiformes 41 Locustella fluviatilis Passeriformes 15 Pernis apivorus Accipitriformes 42 Hippolais icterina Passeriformes 16 Milvus migrans Accipitriformes 43 Hippolais olivetorum Passeriformes 17 Haliaeetus albicilla Accipitriformes 44 Sylvia hortensis Passeriformes 18 Circaetus gallicus Accipitriformes 45 Ficedula parva Passeriformes 19 Circus pygargus Accipitriformes 46 Ficedula semitorquata Passeriformes 20 Accipiter brevipes Accipitriformes 47 Sitta neumayer Passeriformes 21 Buteo rufinus Accipitriformes 48 Tichodroma muraria Passeriformes 22 Aquila pomarina Accipitriformes 49 Remiz pendulinus Passeriformes 23 Aquila chrysaetos Accipitriformes 50 Lanius nubicus Passeriformes 24 Hieraaetus pennatus Accipitriformes 51 Pyrrhocorax graculus Passeriformes 25 Falco subbuteo Falconiformes 52 Sturnus roseus Passeriformes 26 Crex crex Gruiformes 53 Carduelis spinus Passeriformes 27 Burhinus oedicnemus Charadriiformes

Table 7 Species with Local Concern (LC) № Species Order № Species Order 1 Tetrastes bonasia Galliformes 5 Actitis hypoleucos Charadriiformes Phylloscopus 2 Vanellus vanellus Charadriiformes 6 orientalis Passeriformes 3 Limosa limosa Charadriiformes 7 Emberiza cia Passeriformes 4 Tringa stagnatilis Charadriiformes

Table 8 Data Deficient Species (DD) № Species Order № Species Order Marmaronetta Acrocephalus 1 angustirostris Anseriformes 4 melanopogon Passeriformes Acrocephalus 2 Cercotrichas galactotes Passeriformes 5 paludicola Passeriformes 3 Locustella naevia Passeriformes 6 Ficedula hypoleuca Passeriformes

Table 9 First Red List’s species excluded from the New Red List № Species Order № Species Order Gallinago 1 Somateria mollissima Anseriformes 5 media Charadriiformes Hydroprogne 2 Gavia arctica Gaviiformes 6 tshegrava Charadriiformes 3 Phalacrocorax carbo Pelecaniformes 7 Larus genei Charadriiformes

22 4 Phoenicopterus roseus Phoenicopteriformes 8 Asio flammeus Charadriiformes

Table 10 Number of New Red List’s bird species in different habitats of the EU Habitat Directive

Category EX CR EN VU NT LC DD Total % Inland wetlands 2 11 14 16 1 1 4 49 31,6 Forests 3 4 11 17 0 2 1 38 24,5 Rocky habitats and caves 1 4 7 9 1 1 0 23 14,8 Coastal habitats 2 6 8 2 0 3 0 21 13,5 Agricultural habitats 2 7 4 6 0 0 0 19 12,3 Grassland habitats 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 1,9 Boreal mountain habitats 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0,6 Marine habitats 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0,6 Total 10 32 45 53 2 7 6 155 100,0

Table 11. Distribution of the new Red List’s bird species by zoogeographical types (according to Voous, 1960)

Zoogeographical Type RDL REX CR EN VU NT LC DD Palearctic 48 2 5 16 20 1 4 Holarctic 11 4 3 2 1 1 European 11 2 2 4 1 2 Cosmopolitian 11 5 4 2 Turkestanian-Mediterranean 10 1 4 4 1 Old World 10 1 4 1 4 Mediterranean 8 3 4 1 Indo-Africanian 7 1 4 2 Sarmatian 5 1 1 1 1 1 Paleoxeric 5 2 2 1 Paleomontane 4 1 3 European-Turkestanian 4 1 2 1 Siberian-Canadian 3 2 1 Etiopian 3 2 1 Turkestanian 2 1 1 Transpalearctic 2 1 1 Siberian 2 1 1 Paleoxeromontane 2 1 1 North Atlantic 2 1 1 Mongolian-Tibetian 2 1 1 Unknown 1 1 Mongolian 1 1

23 Arctic 1 1 Всичко 155 10 32 45 53 2 7 6

Table 12 Comparison of quantitative composition of the species from the New Red List of birds in Bulgaria with the Red Data Books of Romania and Greece

Category Territory RE CR EN VU NT LC DD Rare Total Species Country (km 2) /1000 km 2 Greece 131 990 6 25 23 26 20 100 0.757 (Karandinos, 1992) Romania 238 391 4 21 21 36 82 0.343 (Botnariu с, Tatole, 2005) Bulgaria 110 910 10 32 45 53 2 7 6 155 1.397 (present paper)

Fig. 1 Relative proportions of the conservation categories in the New Red List of birds in Bulgaria

6% 5% 4% 1% 21%

34%

29%

Regionally Extinct Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near to Threatened Local Concern Data Deficient

Fig. 2 Degree of the Threat to Bulgarian Birds

24 Degree of the Threat to Bulgarian Birds 406 450 330 400 350 300 250 200 150 53 45 32 100 10 0 50 0 All BG Protected Vulnerable Endangered Critically Regionally Extinct Species Endangered Extinct

Threat Degree

Zoogeographical Type BG RDL REX CR EN VU NT LC DD Palearctic 48 2 5 16 20 1 4 Holarctic 11 4 3 2 1 1 European 11 2 2 4 1 2 Cosmopolitian 11 5 4 2 Turkestanian- Mediterranean 10 1 4 4 1 Old World 10 1 4 1 4 Mediterranean 8 3 4 1 Indo-Africanian 7 1 4 2 Sarmatian 5 1 1 1 1 1 Paleoxeric 5 2 2 1 Paleomontane 4 1 3 European- Turkestanian 4 1 2 1 Siberian-Canadian 3 2 1 Ethiopian 3 2 1 Turkestanian 2 1 1 Transpalearctic 2 1 1 Siberian 2 1 1 Paleoxeromontane 2 1 1 North Atlantic 2 1 1 Mongolian-Tibetan 2 1 1 Unknown 1 1 Mongolian 1 1

25 Arctic 1 1 Всичко 155 10 32 45 53 2 7 6

26