DOCSLIB.ORG

Table Ofcontents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Table ofContents DEDICATION 1 INTRODUCTION 5 Part I: From the Spanish conquest to Carolus Linnaeus 9 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 9 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION, AN OVERVIEW, ALONG WITH SOME GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 25 Overview 26 Geology 27 Climate 2g Vegetation 29 Coastal communities 29 Mangrove, lagoon, and riverine formations Forests and woodlands ^ Savannas ^ Natural Environmental Factors Causing Loss Of Biodiversity ^3 Antillean Orchid Diversity ^ ORCHIDS IN THE WORLD OF THE INDIGENOUS TRIBES AND DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF THE SPANISH CONQUEST 35 COURTLY CIRCLES AND OLD AND NEW WORLD INSTITUTIONS FOR NATURAL KNOWLEDGE The ‘Scientific Revolution 38 Early Italian institutions 38 Spanish precursors 39 The city of Leiden’sHortus Academicus 39 The Baconian method 40 Aristocatic Italian Academies 41 Leopoldina - The German Academy of Sciences 42 The Royal Society of London for the Improving of Natural Knowledge 45 The Jardin du Roiand the Parisian Academie Royale des Sciences 47 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences 50 The Russian Academy of Sciences 50 The Spanish Royal Academy of Medicine and Natural Science 51 Scandinavian Science Academies 52 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 53 The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 54 The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters 54 The Science Academy of Lisbon 54 The Royal Irish Academy 55 New academies in central and eastern Europe during the early nineteenth century 55 The Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning 56 The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 56 The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters 56 The Austrian Academy of Sciences 57 LEARNED INSTITUTIONS AND FIRST EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE ANTILLES DURING THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES 57 Combermere School 58 Codrington College 58 Harrison College 59 Wolmer's 59 St. Jago High School 60 Rusea's High School 60 EARLY BOTANICAL GARDENS AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES IN THE CARIBBEAN 60 Jardin Royal des Plantes (Port-au-Prince) 60 The Cercle des Philadelphes 61 The Royal Botanical Garden in Martinique 61 The Botanic Garden of Saint Vincent 61 Lansdown Guilding 62 Alexander Anderson 63 The Society for the Encouragement of Natural History and (Barbados) Useful Arts 63 The Bath Botanical Garden 63 The Sociedad Patriötica de La Habana 64 The Botanic Garden of Christiansted and the West Indian Institute 64 Julius von Röhr 64 BOTANICAL PIONEERS OF THE 1 7th CENTURY 65 Jean-Baptiste de Tertre 66 William Hughes, the American Physitian 67 Henry Barham and his Hortus Americanus 68 The chocolate connection (the era of Sir Hans Sloane) 69 James Harlow 71 Arthur Rawdon 71 James Reed 71 William Sherard 72 The orchids of Sir Hans Sloane 74 Foundation of the British Museum 77 Queen Mary’s Gardener and Royal Professor 78 The orchids of Leonard Plukenet 80 Paradisus Batavus 80 The King’s Botanist 81 Guy Crescent Fagon 81 Denis Joncquet 81 Orchids in the works of Charles Plunder 85 Johannes Burman 85 Priest and Engineer: Jean-Baptiste Labat 90 THE 1 8th CENTURY AND THE COMING OF AGE OF BOTANY 93 Waiting for Linnaeus 96 The Bahamas' first naturalist 97 Orchids in Catesby’s Natural History 100 William Houstoun and Kew’s first neo-tropical Orchid 102 Peter Collinson 102 John Martyn 102 Phillip Miller 102 Mary Delany 105 Jean-Baptiste Rene Poupee-Desportes 106 The last of the ‘Polynomials’ 107 Patrick Browne’s orchids 108 The Flora Leydensis Prodomus 110 Carl Nilsson Linnaeus 112 Part II: From the Age of Reason to Spain’s ‘Ominous Decade’ 115 SPURIOUS CHARACTERS 116 Lorenz Wenceslas Kerckhove 118 Olaus Kjoeping 119 Friedrich Wilhelm Nascher 119 Isidore Charles Sigismond Nee 120 Stanislas Henri de la Ramie 120 Edouard Sylvie 120 Gaston Louis Thibaudin 121 Charles Louis Auguste Wallerton 122 THE AGE OF REASON 122 John Bartram 124 Schönbrunn’s Imperial Collector 125 Orchids in the work of Nikolaus von Jacquin 127 Julius von Röhr (bis) 131 Christian Georg Andreas Oldendorp 132 The Linnean Dissertations 133 Carl Gustaf Sandmark 133 Gabriel Elmgren 133 William Wright 134 Philibert Commerson 135 Sir Joseph Banks 136 Henri de Ponthieu 138 The Richard-Dinasty 138 The great Olof Swartz 141 The West Indian orchids of Olof Swartz 151 REVOLT, REVOLUTION AND TRANSITION - 1776-1837 153 The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) 153 The French Revolution (1789-1799) 155 The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) 157 The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) 159 The Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814) 159 Europe after the Congress of Vienna of 1815 161 SUPPORTING ACTORS IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE 18TH CENTURY (IN ORDER OF APPEARANCE) 163 Francis Masson 164 Francis Goldney 165 Thomas Dancer 165 Johann Wilhelm Crudy 166 Arthur Broughton 166 Samuel Fahlberg 168 Alexander Anderson 170 Paul Erdmann Isert 171 Bengt Anders Euphrasen 173 Hans West 174 James Edward Smith 176 Muriel Barrington 177 Claude Terrasson 177 William Bligh 177 Doctor Pflug 178 Pierre-Antoine Poiteau 178 Richard Anthony Salisbury 179 Nicolas-Thomas Baudin and Anselme Riedle 180 Andre Pierre Ledru 182 Felix Louis L'Herminier and Ferdinand Joseph L’Herminier 183 John Ryan 183 Michael-Etienne Descqurtilz andJean-Theodore Descourtilz 184 Spanish expeditions in the Era of Enlightenment 185 The expedition of Martin de Sesse and Jose Estevez to Cuba and Puerto Rico (1794-1799) 186 The Royal Commission to Guantanamo (1796-1802) 188 The journeys of Humboldt and Bonpland to Cuba (1800-1801; 1804) 192 Carl Ludwig Willdenow 193 Carl Sigismund Kunth 193 THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY 194 WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER AND HIS COLLECTORS 194 James Wiles 196 Christopher Smith 197 Henry Distin 198 Eduard Freiherr von Schack (‘Baron de Schack’) 199 Charles Sandbach Parker 200 Rev. James Waters 201 Johan Eric Forsström 201 Edward Nathaniel Bancroft 202 John Lunan 203 William Hamilton 203 Nicaise Augustin Desvaux 204 Francois Richard de Tussac 204 Carlo Luigi Giuseppe Bertero 204 The Loddiges Nurseries 208 Mr. Miller 210 John Henry Lance 210 Ralph Woodford and David Lockhart: the foundation of the Botanic Gardens and Herbarium in Trinidad 211 Etienne Marie Denisse 214 Franz Wilhelm Sieber and his collectors 216 Franz Kohaut 216 Franz Wrbna 216 MINOR COLLECTORS DURING THE FIRST TWO DECADES OF THE CENTURY 217 Peder Eggert Benzon 217 Albert Heinrich Riise 217 Peter Ravn 218 Christian Krauss 219 Georges Guerrard Samuel Perrottet 219 Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link and Christoph Friedrich Otto 220 Jacob Webbe Tobin 220 THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF HAVANA 222 Mariano Espinosa 222 Alejandro Ramirez 222 Jose Antonio de la Ossa 222 Ramön Dionisio de la Sagra y Peris 222 Achille Richard 224 Pedro Alejandro Auber 224 Auguste Plee,‘naturaliste voyageur du Rot 225 OTHER ACTORS IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 226 George Don 226 Eduard Friedrich Poeppig 227 James Macrae 229 Hans Baltazar Hornbeck 229 Dr. James MacFadyen 230 Lansdown Guilding 231 Charles Mackenzie 233 Heinrich Wydler 233 Benedict Pawlowitsch Jäger 234 Carl August Ehrenberg 234 Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk 235 Auguste Salle 237 Captain Robert Shuttleworth Sutton and Sir Charles Lemon 238 James Dottin Maycock 238 Friedrich Ernst Ludwig Fischer 239 Swainson 239 Franz Andreas Bauer 240 Dr. Thomas Nicholson 241 Dr. John Imray 241 John Cambell Lees 242 Part III: The Golden Age of Antillean Orchidology 245 TIMES OF CHANGE 245 Political and social changes during the first two thirds of the 19th century 245 Great Britain 246 France 246 Spain 247 The Netherlands 248 Scandinavia 248 The West Indies and the abolition of slavery 249 The development of modern orchidology 250 Robert Brown 250 John Lindley 251 Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach 251 Robert Allen Rolfe 251 Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward 252 COLLECTORS AND BOTANISTS IN THE ANTILLES (1835-1850) 253 George Ure Skinner 253 James Read 254 Jean Jules Linden 254 Nicolas Funck 255 Auguste Boniface Ghiesbreght 255 Louis Joseph Schlim 255 Dr. Gilbert Macnab 257 Anders Sandoe Orsted 258 George Beauchamp Knowles and Frederic Westcott 259 Domingo de Goicuria 259 Carl Friedrich Eduard Otto 260 Johannes Christoph Gundlach 261 Adolph Steinheil 261 Madame Rivoire 262 Beaupertuis 262 Friedrich Ernst Leibold 262 John Stevens Henslow 262 J. Hoskin 263 A. W. Lane 263 Karl Theodor Hartweg 264 Hendrik Johannes Krebs 265 William Purdie 266 The Moravian Brotherhood 267 Johann Christian Breutel 267 Heinrich Rudolf Wullschlaegel 268 Adolphe Wilhelm Bernhard Uhde 269 Edward Bradford 270 Nathaniel Wilson 271 Carl Julius Mayerhoff 273 Christian Jacob Wolle 274 Victor Theophile Gibollet 274 Richard Chandler Alexander Prior 274 Ferdinand Ignatius Xavier Rugel 275 Sir Joseph Paxton 276 THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 277 Charles Darwin and his theories on evolution 277 COLLECTORS AND BOTANISTS IN THE ANTILLES (1850-1870) 279 Hippolyte Pierre Maze 279 A Beau 279 Edmond Placide Duchassaing de Fontbressin 279 Minor collectors in the early 1850s 280 Charles Salle 280 Segretain 280 Louis Alexandre Prenleloup 280 Robert Guppy 280 Bernhard Friedrich Blauner 280 Charles Paulus Belanger 281 Franz Josst 282 Theodore Stanley Heneken 283 Jose Blain y Cervantes 283 Francisco Adolfo Sauvalle 284 Charles Wright 284 Hermann Crueger 287 Carl Wilhelm Leopold Krug 288 William Thomas March 289 William Cooper 289 Robert Mackenzie Cross 290 Henry Prestoe 290 August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach 290 Ludwig Hahn 292 Heinrich Wawra Ritter von Fernsee 293 Charles Home 293 Agustin Stahl 293 Antoine Düss 294 Axel Theodor von Goes 296 Pierre Tranquile Husnot 296 Louis Picarda 296 LOCAL SCIENCE IN
Recommended publications
  • 8364 Licensed Charities As of 3/10/2020 MICS 24404 MICS 52720 T

    8364 Licensed Charities As of 3/10/2020 MICS 24404 MICS 52720 T

    8364 Licensed Charities as of 3/10/2020 MICS 24404 MICS 52720 T. Rowe Price Program for Charitable Giving, Inc. The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust USA, Inc. 100 E. Pratt St 25283 Cabot Road, Ste. 101 Baltimore MD 21202 Laguna Hills CA 92653 Phone: (410)345-3457 Phone: (949)305-3785 Expiration Date: 10/31/2020 Expiration Date: 10/31/2020 MICS 52752 MICS 60851 1 For 2 Education Foundation 1 Michigan for the Global Majority 4337 E. Grand River, Ste. 198 1920 Scotten St. Howell MI 48843 Detroit MI 48209 Phone: (425)299-4484 Phone: (313)338-9397 Expiration Date: 07/31/2020 Expiration Date: 07/31/2020 MICS 46501 MICS 60769 1 Voice Can Help 10 Thousand Windows, Inc. 3290 Palm Aire Drive 348 N Canyons Pkwy Rochester Hills MI 48309 Livermore CA 94551 Phone: (248)703-3088 Phone: (571)263-2035 Expiration Date: 07/31/2021 Expiration Date: 03/31/2020 MICS 56240 MICS 10978 10/40 Connections, Inc. 100 Black Men of Greater Detroit, Inc 2120 Northgate Park Lane Suite 400 Attn: Donald Ferguson Chattanooga TN 37415 1432 Oakmont Ct. Phone: (423)468-4871 Lake Orion MI 48362 Expiration Date: 07/31/2020 Phone: (313)874-4811 Expiration Date: 07/31/2020 MICS 25388 MICS 43928 100 Club of Saginaw County 100 Women Strong, Inc. 5195 Hampton Place 2807 S. State Street Saginaw MI 48604 Saint Joseph MI 49085 Phone: (989)790-3900 Phone: (888)982-1400 Expiration Date: 07/31/2020 Expiration Date: 07/31/2020 MICS 58897 MICS 60079 1888 Message Study Committee, Inc.
  • Landmarks Preservation Commission March 24, 2009, Designation List 411 LP-2311 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN MUSEUM

    Landmarks Preservation Commission March 24, 2009, Designation List 411 LP-2311 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN MUSEUM

    Landmarks Preservation Commission March 24, 2009, Designation List 411 LP-2311 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN MUSEUM (now LIBRARY) BUILDING, FOUNTAIN OF LIFE, and TULIP TREE ALLEE, Watson Drive and Garden Way, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, the Bronx; Museum Building designed 1896, built 1898-1901, Robert W. Gibson, architect; Fountain 1901-05, Carl (Charles) E. Tefft, sculptor, Gibson, architect; Allee planted 1903-11. Landmark Site: Borough of the Bronx Tax Map 3272, Lot 1 in part, consisting of the property bounded by a line that corresponds to the outermost edges of the rear (eastern) portion of the original 1898-1901 Museum (now Library) Building (excluding the International Plant Science Center, Harriet Barnes Pratt Library Wing, and Jeannette Kittredge Watson Science and Education Building), the southernmost edge of the original Museum (now Library) Building (excluding the Annex) and a line extending southwesterly to Garden Way, the eastern curbline of Garden Way to a point on a line extending southwesterly from the northernmost edge of the original Museum (now Library) Building, and northeasterly along said line and the northernmost edge of the original Museum (now Library) Building, to the point of beginning. On October 28, 2008, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing on the proposed designation as a Landmark of the New York Botanical Garden Museum (now Library) Building, Fountain of Life, and Tulip Tree Allee and the proposed designation of the related Landmark Site (Item No. 5). The hearing had been duly advertised in accordance with the provisions of law. Six people spoke in favor of designation, including representatives of the New York Botanical Garden, Municipal Art Society of New York, Historic Districts Council, Metropolitan Chapter of the Victorian Society in America, and New York Landmarks Conservancy.
  • Archival Afterlives: Life, Death, and Knowledge-Making in Early Modern British Scienti C and Medical Archives

    Archival Afterlives: Life, Death, and Knowledge-Making in Early Modern British Scienti C and Medical Archives

    Archival Afterlives: Life, Death, and Knowledge-Making in Early Modern British Scienti!"c and Medical Archives Kohn Centre The Royal Society 2 June 2015 Conference Description: Early modern naturalists collected, generated, and shared massive amounts of paper. Inspired by calls for the wholesale reform of natural philosophy and schooled in humanist note-taking practices, they generated correspondence, reading notes (in margins, on scraps, in notebooks), experimental and observational reports, and drafts (rough, partial, fair) of treatises intended for circulation in manuscript or further replication in print. If naturalists claimed all knowledge as their province, natural philosophy was a paper empire. In our own day, naturalists’ materials, ensconced in archives, libraries, and (occasionally) private hands, are now the foundation of a history of science that has taken a material turn towards paper, ink, pen, and !"ling systems as technologies of communication, information management, and knowledge production. Recently, the creation of such papers, and their originators’ organization of them and intentions for them have received much attention. The lives archives lived after their creators’ deaths have been explored less often. The posthumous fortunes of archives are crucial both to their survival as historical sources today and to their use as scienti!"c sources in the past. How did (often) disorderly collections of paper come to be “the archives of the Scienti!"c Revolution”? The proposed conference considers the histories of these papers from the early modern past to the digital present, including collections of material initially assembled by Samuel Hartlib, John Ray, Francis Willughby, Isaac Newton, Hans Sloane, Martin Lister, Edward Lhwyd, Robert Hooke, and Théodore de Mayerne.
  • JOURNAL of the AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC. July 1966 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

    JOURNAL of the AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC. July 1966 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

    ~GAZ.NE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC. July 1966 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1600 BLA DENSBURG ROA D, N O RT H EAST / W ASHIN GTON, D. c. 20002 Fo r United H orticulture *** to accum ula te, inaease, and disseminate horticultural information Editorial Committee Directors T erms Expi?'i71 g 1966 FRANCIS DE V OS, Cha irman J. H AROLD CLARKE J O H N L. CREECH Washingtoll FREDERIC P. LEE FREDERIC P. LEE Maryland CARLTON P. LEES CO~ R A D B. LI NK Massachusetts R USSELL J. S EIBERT FREnERICK C . M EYER Pennsylvan ia D ONALD WATSON WILBUR H. YOUNGMAN H awaii T erms Ex pi?'ing 1967 MRS. ROBERT L. E MERY, JR. o [ficers Louisiana A. C. HILDRETH PRESIDENT Colorado D AVID L EACH J OH N H . '''' ALKER Pennsylvania A lexand?'ia, Vi?'ginia CHARLES C . MEYER New York F IR ST VICE· PRESIDENT MRS. STANLEY ROWE Ohio F RED C. CALLE Pill e M ountain, Geo?-gia T erms Expi?-ing 1968 F RANCIS DE V OS M aryland SECON D VI CE-PRESIDENT MRS. E LSA U. K NOLL TOM D . T HROCKMORTON California Des ili/oines, I owa V ICTOR RIES Ohio S TEWART D. " ' INN ACTI NG SECRETARY·TREASURER GRACE P. 'WILSON R OBE RT WINTZ Bladensburg, Maryland Illinois The A merican Horticultural Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, July and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects.
  • Alexander Krings Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7612, U.S.A

    Alexander Krings Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7612, U.S.A

    Index of names and types in West Indian Gonolobinae (Apocynace- ae: Asclepiadoideae), including fourteen new lectotypifications, one neotypification, A new name, and A new combination Alexander Krings Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7612, U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT Types and their location of deposit are provided for taxa of subtribe Gonolobinae (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) in the West Indies. The following fourteen taxa are lectotypified: Gonolobus bayatensis Urb., G. broadwayae Schltr., G. ciliatus Schltr., G. dictyopetalus Urb. & Ekman, G. ekmanii Urb., G. nipensis Urb., G. sintenisii Schltr., G. tigrinus Griseb., G. tobagensis Urb., G. variifolius Schltr., Ibatia mollis Griseb., Poicilla costata Urb., Poicilla tamnifolia Griseb., and Poicillopsis crispiflora Urb. Gonolobus grenadensis Schltr. is neotypified. A new name and a new combination in Matelea Aubl. are respectively proposed for Jacaima parvifolia Proctor and J. costata (Urb.) Rendle var. goodfriendii Proctor. RESUMEN Se aportan tipos y su localización de taxa de la subtribu Gonolobinae (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) en las Indias Occidentales. Se lectotipifican los siguientes catorce taxa: Gonolobus bayatensis Urb., G. broadwayae Schltr., G. ciliatus Schltr., G. dictyopetalus Urb. & Ekman, G. ekmanii Urb., G. nipensis Urb., G. sintenisii Schltr., G. tigrinus Griseb., G. tobagensis Urb., G. variifolius Schltr., Ibatia mollis Griseb., Poicilla costata Urb., Poicilla tamnifolia Griseb., y Poicillopsis crispiflora Urb. Se neotipifica Gonolobus grenadensis Schltr. Se propone un nombre y una combinación nueva en Matelea Aubl. para Jacaima parvifolia Proctor y J. costata (Urb.) Rendle var. goodfriendii Proctor respectivamente. INTRODUCTION Subtribe Gonolobinae (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) comprises about fifty species in the West Indies, here defined to include the Greater and Lesser Antilles, the Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, Aruba and the Neth- erland Antilles, and the Cayman Islands.
  • Reporton the Rare Plants of Puerto Rico

    Reporton the Rare Plants of Puerto Rico

    REPORTON THE RARE PLANTS OF PUERTO RICO tii:>. CENTER FOR PLANT CONSERVATION ~ Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis, Missouri July 15, l' 992 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Center for Plant Conservation would like to acknowledge the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the W. Alton Jones Foundation for their generous support of the Center's work in the priority region of Puerto Rico. We would also like to thank all the participants in the task force meetings, without whose information this report would not be possible. Cover: Zanthoxy7um thomasianum is known from several sites in Puerto Rico and the U.S . Virgin Islands. It is a small shrub (2-3 meters) that grows on the banks of cliffs. Threats to this taxon include development, seed consumption by insects, and road erosion. The seeds are difficult to germinate, but Fairchild Tropical Garden in Miami has plants growing as part of the Center for Plant Conservation's .National Collection of Endangered Plants. (Drawing taken from USFWS 1987 Draft Recovery Plan.) REPORT ON THE RARE PLANTS OF PUERTO RICO TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements A. Summary 8. All Puerto Rico\Virgin Islands Species of Conservation Concern Explanation of Attached Lists C. Puerto Rico\Virgin Islands [A] and [8] species D. Blank Taxon Questionnaire E. Data Sources for Puerto Rico\Virgin Islands [A] and [B] species F. Pue~to Rico\Virgin Islands Task Force Invitees G. Reviewers of Puerto Rico\Virgin Islands [A] and [8] Species REPORT ON THE RARE PLANTS OF PUERTO RICO SUMMARY The Center for Plant Conservation (Center) has held two meetings of the Puerto Rlco\Virgin Islands Task Force in Puerto Rico.
  • Natural Selection: Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace

    Natural Selection: Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace

    Search | Glossary | Home << previous | next > > Natural Selection: Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace The genius of Darwin (left), the way in which he suddenly turned all of biology upside down in 1859 with the publication of the Origin of Species , can sometimes give the misleading impression that the theory of evolution sprang from his forehead fully formed without any precedent in scientific history. But as earlier chapters in this history have shown, the raw material for Darwin's theory had been known for decades. Geologists and paleontologists had made a compelling case that life had been on Earth for a long time, that it had changed over that time, and that many species had become extinct. At the same time, embryologists and other naturalists studying living animals in the early 1800s had discovered, sometimes unwittingly, much of the A visit to the Galapagos Islands in 1835 helped Darwin best evidence for Darwin's formulate his ideas on natural selection. He found theory. several species of finch adapted to different environmental niches. The finches also differed in beak shape, food source, and how food was captured. Pre-Darwinian ideas about evolution It was Darwin's genius both to show how all this evidence favored the evolution of species from a common ancestor and to offer a plausible mechanism by which life might evolve. Lamarck and others had promoted evolutionary theories, but in order to explain just how life changed, they depended on speculation. Typically, they claimed that evolution was guided by some long-term trend. Lamarck, for example, thought that life strove over time to rise from simple single-celled forms to complex ones.
  • The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886

    The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886

    The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886 Sascha Nolden, Simon Nathan & Esme Mildenhall Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133H November 2013 Published by the Geoscience Society of New Zealand Inc, 2013 Information on the Society and its publications is given at www.gsnz.org.nz © Copyright Simon Nathan & Sascha Nolden, 2013 Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133H ISBN 978-1-877480-29-4 ISSN 2230-4495 (Online) ISSN 2230-4487 (Print) We gratefully acknowledge financial assistance from the Brian Mason Scientific and Technical Trust which has provided financial support for this project. This document is available as a PDF file that can be downloaded from the Geoscience Society website at: http://www.gsnz.org.nz/information/misc-series-i-49.html Bibliographic Reference Nolden, S.; Nathan, S.; Mildenhall, E. 2013: The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886. Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133H. 219 pages. The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886 CONTENTS Introduction 3 The Sumner Cave controversy Sources of the Haast-Hooker correspondence Transcription and presentation of the letters Acknowledgements References Calendar of Letters 8 Transcriptions of the Haast-Hooker letters 12 Appendix 1: Undated letter (fragment), ca 1867 208 Appendix 2: Obituary for Sir Julius von Haast 209 Appendix 3: Biographical register of names mentioned in the correspondence 213 Figures Figure 1: Photographs
  • Rudolf Schlechter's South

    Rudolf Schlechter's South

    LANKESTERIANA 21(2): 235–268. 2021. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/lank.v21i2.47977 RUDOLF SCHLECHTER’S SOUTH-AMERICAN ORCHIDS V. SCHLECHTER’S “NETWORK”: ECUADOR AND PERU CARLOS OSSENBACH1,2,4 & RUDOLF JENNY3 1Orquideario 25 de mayo, Sabanilla de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica 2Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica 3Jany Renz Herbarium, Swiss Orchid Foundation, Basel, Switzerland 4Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The fifth chapter of the series about Rudolf Schlechter’s South-American orchids introduces us to those botanists and orchid collectors who travelled and worked in Ecuador and Peru and supplied Schlechter with many of the new orchid species he described. As in previous chapters, the biographies and accomplishments of these travellers are preceded by brief geographical and historical outlines for each of these countries. It is worth mentioning that the lives and orchids of such prominent figures in the orchidology of South America as F.C. Lehmann, W. Hennis, E. Bungeroth and E. Ule, who collected in Ecuador and Peru, have already been mentioned in previous chapters and are therefore omitted here. KEYWORDS/PALABRAS CLAVE: biography, biografía, history of botany, historia de la botánica, Orchidaceae ECUADOR. Ecuador is divided geographically into three Over 1000 km west of the coast of Ecuador, we find continental regions: the lowlands along the Pacific coast the archipelago of the Galapagos, of volcanic origin. The known as ‘Costa’, the mountain ranges of the Andes, largest island is Isabela, which is 120 km long. Santo known as the ‘Sierra’, and the eastern lowlands or ‘Ori- Tomás, located on Isabela Island, is the highest peak of ente’, which form part of the Amazon River basin.
  • December 2006

    December 2006

    NEWSLETTER 4 DECEMBER 2006 From the committee of Friends of Belair National Park Friends of Belair National Park will celebrate the 115th birthday of Belair National Park, and the 21st birthday of the Friends, at the Volunteer Centre, Long Gully, in Belair National Park on Tuesday 19th December 2006 at 6 pm. Please bring a large plate of finger food to share (savouries, sandwiches, cakes, fruit, etc) BYO drinks. Tea and coffee provided. Mrs. Beth Pitman has, once again, volunteered to provide the birthday cake. Thank you, Beth. 1 SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING A special general meeting has been called for Saturday 13th January 2006 at 1pm, at Playford Lake, to discuss the concept plan for revegetation of the lake verges as part of the second stage of the upgrade of the entrance precinct. A map of the concept is included in this newsletter. CHRISTMAS BARBECUE. James Crocker, District Ranger, Southern Lofty District invites with pleasure Friends of Belair National Park to a Christmas Barbeque to thank all the Friends of Southern Lofty District parks for their hard work and dedication throughout the year. Venue: Institute Hall, Market Square, Papapinda Road, Old Noarlunga. Date: 5th December 2006. Time: From 5.00pm. ** Please BYO Chair ** RSVP to Gayle/Louise on tel: 8278 0011 by Wednesday 29 November 2006. Please advise of any special dietary requirements. (If you have already advised Jill Salvi that you will be attending, your reply has been included in a group response to Gayle. If not make sure you ring Monday 4th Dec an advise that you only found out about the event after the RSVP date.) EDITORIAL It’s been a busy few months since the last newsletter.
  • Cyperaceae of Puerto Rico. Arturo Gonzalez-Mas Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

    Cyperaceae of Puerto Rico. Arturo Gonzalez-Mas Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1964 Cyperaceae of Puerto Rico. Arturo Gonzalez-mas Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Gonzalez-mas, Arturo, "Cyperaceae of Puerto Rico." (1964). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 912. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/912 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been 64—8802 microfilmed exactly as received GONZALEZ—MAS, Arturo, 1923- CYPERACEAE OF PUERTO RICO. Louisiana State University, Ph.D., 1964 B o ta n y University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan CYPERACEAE OF PUERTO RICO A Dissertation I' Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Botany and Plant Pathology by Arturo Gonzalez-Mas B.S., University of Puerto Rico, 1945 M.S., North Carolina State College, 1952 January, 1964 PLEASE NOTE: Not original copy. Small and unreadable print on some maps. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS, INC. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to Dr. Clair A. Brown for his interest, guidance, and encouragement during the course of this investigation and for his helpful criticism in the preparation of the manuscript and illustrations.
  • The History and Influence of Maria Sibylla Merian's Bird-Eating Tarantula: Circulating Images and the Production of Natural Knowledge

    The History and Influence of Maria Sibylla Merian's Bird-Eating Tarantula: Circulating Images and the Production of Natural Knowledge

    Biology Faculty Publications Biology 2016 The History and Influence of Maria Sibylla Merian's Bird-Eating Tarantula: Circulating Images and the Production of Natural Knowledge Kay Etheridge Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/biofac Part of the Biology Commons, and the Illustration Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Recommended Citation Etheridge, K. "The History and Influence of Maria Sibylla Merian’s Bird-Eating Tarantula: Circulating Images and the Production of Natural Knowledge." Global Scientific Practice in the Age of Revolutions, 1750 – 1850. P. Manning and D. Rood, eds. (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press. 2016). 54-70. This is the publisher's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/biofac/54 This open access book chapter is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The History and Influence of Maria Sibylla Merian's Bird-Eating Tarantula: Circulating Images and the Production of Natural Knowledge Abstract Chapter Summary: A 2009 exhibition at the Fitzwilliam Museum on the confluence of science and the visual arts included a plate from a nineteenth-century encyclopedia owned by Charles Darwin showing a tarantula poised over a dead bird (figure 3.1).1 The genesis of this startling scene was a work by Maria Sibylla Merian (German, 1647–1717), and the history of this image says much about how knowledge of the New World was obtained, and how it was transmitted to the studies and private libraries of Europe, and from there into popular works like Darwin’s encyclopedia.