CLIMATE AND VEGETATION, AN OVERVIEW, ALONG WITH SOME GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 25 Overview 26 Geology 27 Climate 2g Vegetation 29 Coastal communities 29 Mangrove, lagoon, and riverine formations Forests and woodlands ^ Savannas ^ Natural Environmental Factors Causing Loss Of Biodiversity ^3 Antillean Orchid Diversity ^

ORCHIDS IN THE WORLD OF THE INDIGENOUS TRIBES AND DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF THE SPANISH CONQUEST 35 COURTLY CIRCLES AND OLD AND NEW WORLD INSTITUTIONS FOR NATURAL KNOWLEDGE The ‘Scientific Revolution 38 Early Italian institutions 38 Spanish precursors 39 The city of Leiden’sHortus Academicus 39 The Baconian method 40 Aristocatic Italian Academies 41 Leopoldina - The German Academy of Sciences 42 The Royal Society of London for the Improving of Natural Knowledge 45 The Jardin du Roiand the Parisian Academie Royale des Sciences 47

SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences 50 The Russian Academy of Sciences 50 The Spanish Royal Academy of Medicine and Natural Science 51 Scandinavian Science Academies 52 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 53 The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 54 The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters 54 The Science Academy of Lisbon 54 The Royal Irish Academy 55 New academies in central and eastern Europe during the early nineteenth century 55 The Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning 56 The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 56 The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters 56 The Austrian Academy of Sciences 57

LEARNED INSTITUTIONS AND FIRST EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE ANTILLES DURING THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES 57 Combermere School 58 Codrington College 58 Harrison College 59 Wolmer's 59 St. Jago High School 60 Rusea's High School 60

EARLY BOTANICAL GARDENS AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES IN THE CARIBBEAN 60 Jardin Royal des Plantes (Port-au-Prince) 60 The Cercle des Philadelphes 61 The Royal Botanical Garden in Martinique 61 The Botanic Garden of Saint Vincent 61 Lansdown Guilding 62 Alexander Anderson 63 The Society for the Encouragement of Natural History and (Barbados) Useful Arts 63 The Bath Botanical Garden 63 The Sociedad Patriötica de La Habana 64 The Botanic Garden of Christiansted and the West Indian Institute 64 Julius von Röhr 64

BOTANICAL PIONEERS OF THE 1 7th CENTURY 65 Jean-Baptiste de Tertre 66 William Hughes, the American Physitian 67 Henry Barham and his Hortus Americanus 68 The chocolate connection (the era of Sir Hans Sloane) 69 James Harlow 71 Arthur Rawdon 71 James Reed 71 William Sherard 72 The orchids of Sir Hans Sloane 74 Foundation of the British Museum 77 Queen Mary’s Gardener and Royal Professor 78 The orchids of Leonard Plukenet 80 Paradisus Batavus 80 The King’s Botanist 81 Guy Crescent Fagon 81 Denis Joncquet 81 Orchids in the works of Charles Plunder 85 Johannes Burman 85 Priest and Engineer: Jean-Baptiste Labat 90

THE 1 8th CENTURY AND THE COMING OF AGE OF BOTANY 93 Waiting for Linnaeus 96 The Bahamas' first naturalist 97 Orchids in Catesby’s Natural History 100 William Houstoun and Kew’s first neo-tropical Orchid 102 Peter Collinson 102 John Martyn 102 Phillip Miller 102 Mary Delany 105 Jean-Baptiste Rene Poupee-Desportes 106 The last of the ‘Polynomials’ 107 Patrick Browne’s orchids 108 The Flora Leydensis Prodomus 110 Carl Nilsson Linnaeus 112

Part II: From the Age of Reason to Spain’s ‘Ominous Decade’ 115

SPURIOUS CHARACTERS 116 Lorenz Wenceslas Kerckhove 118 Olaus Kjoeping 119 Friedrich Wilhelm Nascher 119 Isidore Charles Sigismond Nee 120 Stanislas Henri de la Ramie 120 Edouard Sylvie 120 Gaston Louis Thibaudin 121 Charles Louis Auguste Wallerton 122

THE AGE OF REASON 122 John Bartram 124 Schönbrunn’s Imperial Collector 125 Orchids in the work of Nikolaus von Jacquin 127 Julius von Röhr (bis) 131 Christian Georg Andreas Oldendorp 132 The Linnean Dissertations 133 Carl Gustaf Sandmark 133 Gabriel Elmgren 133 William Wright 134 Philibert Commerson 135 Sir Joseph Banks 136 Henri de Ponthieu 138 The Richard-Dinasty 138 The great Olof Swartz 141 The West Indian orchids of Olof Swartz 151

REVOLT, REVOLUTION AND TRANSITION - 1776-1837 153 The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) 153 The French Revolution (1789-1799) 155 The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) 157 The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) 159 The Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814) 159 Europe after the Congress of Vienna of 1815 161

SUPPORTING ACTORS IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE 18TH CENTURY (IN ORDER OF APPEARANCE) 163 Francis Masson 164 Francis Goldney 165 Thomas Dancer 165 Johann Wilhelm Crudy 166 Arthur Broughton 166 Samuel Fahlberg 168 Alexander Anderson 170 Paul Erdmann Isert 171 Bengt Anders Euphrasen 173 Hans West 174 James Edward Smith 176 Muriel Barrington 177 Claude Terrasson 177 William Bligh 177 Doctor Pflug 178 Pierre-Antoine Poiteau 178 Richard Anthony Salisbury 179 Nicolas-Thomas Baudin and Anselme Riedle 180 Andre Pierre Ledru 182 Felix Louis L'Herminier and Ferdinand Joseph L’Herminier 183 John Ryan 183 Michael-Etienne Descqurtilz andJean-Theodore Descourtilz 184 Spanish expeditions in the Era of Enlightenment 185 The expedition of Martin de Sesse and Jose Estevez to Cuba and Puerto Rico (1794-1799) 186 The Royal Commission to Guantanamo (1796-1802) 188 The journeys of Humboldt and Bonpland to Cuba (1800-1801; 1804) 192 Carl Ludwig Willdenow 193 Carl Sigismund Kunth 193

THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY 194

WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER AND HIS COLLECTORS 194 James Wiles 196 Christopher Smith 197 Henry Distin 198 Eduard Freiherr von Schack (‘Baron de Schack’) 199 Charles Sandbach Parker 200 Rev. James Waters 201 Johan Eric Forsström 201 Edward Nathaniel Bancroft 202 John Lunan 203 William Hamilton 203 Nicaise Augustin Desvaux 204 Francois Richard de Tussac 204 Carlo Luigi Giuseppe Bertero 204 The Loddiges Nurseries 208 Mr. Miller 210 John Henry Lance 210 Ralph Woodford and David Lockhart: the foundation of the Botanic Gardens and Herbarium in Trinidad 211 Etienne Marie Denisse 214 Franz Wilhelm Sieber and his collectors 216 Franz Kohaut 216 Franz Wrbna 216

MINOR COLLECTORS DURING THE FIRST TWO DECADES OF THE CENTURY 217 Peder Eggert Benzon 217 Albert Heinrich Riise 217 Peter Ravn 218 Christian Krauss 219 Georges Guerrard Samuel Perrottet 219 Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link and Christoph Friedrich Otto 220 Jacob Webbe Tobin 220

THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF HAVANA 222 Mariano Espinosa 222 Alejandro Ramirez 222 Jose Antonio de la Ossa 222 Ramön Dionisio de la Sagra y Peris 222 Achille Richard 224 Pedro Alejandro Auber 224 Auguste Plee,‘naturaliste voyageur du Rot 225 OTHER ACTORS IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 226 George Don 226 Eduard Friedrich Poeppig 227 James Macrae 229 Hans Baltazar Hornbeck 229 Dr. James MacFadyen 230 Lansdown Guilding 231 Charles Mackenzie 233 Heinrich Wydler 233 Benedict Pawlowitsch Jäger 234 Carl August Ehrenberg 234 Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk 235 Auguste Salle 237 Captain Robert Shuttleworth Sutton and Sir Charles Lemon 238 James Dottin Maycock 238 Friedrich Ernst Ludwig Fischer 239 Swainson 239 Franz Andreas Bauer 240 Dr. Thomas Nicholson 241 Dr. John Imray 241 John Cambell Lees 242

Part III: The Golden Age of Antillean Orchidology 245

TIMES OF CHANGE 245 Political and social changes during the first two thirds of the 19th century 245 Great Britain 246 France 246 Spain 247 The Netherlands 248 Scandinavia 248 The West Indies and the abolition of slavery 249 The development of modern orchidology 250 Robert Brown 250 John Lindley 251 Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach 251 Robert Allen Rolfe 251 Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward 252

COLLECTORS AND BOTANISTS IN THE ANTILLES (1835-1850) 253 George Ure Skinner 253 James Read 254 Jean Jules Linden 254 Nicolas Funck 255 Auguste Boniface Ghiesbreght 255 Louis Joseph Schlim 255 Dr. Gilbert Macnab 257 Anders Sandoe Orsted 258 George Beauchamp Knowles and Frederic Westcott 259 Domingo de Goicuria 259 Carl Friedrich Eduard Otto 260 Johannes Christoph Gundlach 261 Adolph Steinheil 261 Madame Rivoire 262 Beaupertuis 262 Friedrich Ernst Leibold 262 John Stevens Henslow 262 J. Hoskin 263 A. W. Lane 263 Karl Theodor Hartweg 264 Hendrik Johannes Krebs 265 William Purdie 266 The Moravian Brotherhood 267 Johann Christian Breutel 267 Heinrich Rudolf Wullschlaegel 268 Adolphe Wilhelm Bernhard Uhde 269 Edward Bradford 270 Nathaniel Wilson 271 Carl Julius Mayerhoff 273 Christian Jacob Wolle 274 Victor Theophile Gibollet 274 Richard Chandler Alexander Prior 274 Ferdinand Ignatius Xavier Rugel 275 Sir Joseph Paxton 276

THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 277 Charles Darwin and his theories on evolution 277

COLLECTORS AND BOTANISTS IN THE ANTILLES (1850-1870) 279 Hippolyte Pierre Maze 279 A Beau 279 Edmond Placide Duchassaing de Fontbressin 279 Minor collectors in the early 1850s 280 Charles Salle 280 Segretain 280 Louis Alexandre Prenleloup 280 Robert Guppy 280 Bernhard Friedrich Blauner 280 Charles Paulus Belanger 281 Franz Josst 282 Theodore Stanley Heneken 283 Jose Blain y Cervantes 283 Francisco Adolfo Sauvalle 284 Charles Wright 284 Hermann Crueger 287 Carl Wilhelm Leopold Krug 288 William Thomas March 289 William Cooper 289 Robert Mackenzie Cross 290 Henry Prestoe 290 August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach 290 Ludwig Hahn 292 Heinrich Wawra Ritter von Fernsee 293 Charles Home 293 Agustin Stahl 293 Antoine Düss 294 Axel Theodor von Goes 296 Pierre Tranquile Husnot 296 Louis Picarda 296

LOCAL SCIENCE IN THE ANTILLES DURING THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY 297 Emilio Auber 299 Fernando Layunta 299 Antonio Blanco Fernandez 299 Francisco de Paula Portuondo 299 Jose Cadenas 299 Felipe Garcia Canizares 299 Nicolas Jose Gutierrez 299

Part IV: The ‘Imperial Era’ 301

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION OF EUROPE: 1870-1914 301 Scandinavia 302 The Netherlands 302 Great Britain 303 France 303 Spain 303 Germany 304 The United States 305

CENTERS OF INFLUENCE: KEW AND BERLIN, NEW YORK, CHICAGO AND WASHINGTON 306 The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew 306 Joseph Dalton Hooker 307 William Thiselton-Dyer 307 Walter Hood Fitch 307 The Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin 307 August Wilhelm Eichler 308 Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler 308 Ignatz Urban (bis) 309 The Smithsonian Institution 309 James Smithson 309 The Missouri Botanical Garden 309 Henry Shaw 309 The New York Botanical Garden 309 Nathaniel Lord Britton 309 The Field Museum of Natural History 310 The United States National Herbarium 310

THE DANISH WEST INDIES DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE CENTURY 310 Baron Heinrich Franz Alexander von Eggers 310 Adolph Toepffer 312 Johannes Eugenius Billow Warming 312 Carl Olaf Ernst Hansen 313 Ove Wilhelm Paulsen 314 Fredrik Christian Emil Borgesen 314 Christen Christiansen Raunkiaer 314 Carl Emil Hansen Ostenfeld 315

COLLECTORS IN THE DUTCH WEST INDIES 315 Willem Frederik Reinier Suringar 316 Aschenberg 317 Isaäc Boldingh 317

BRITISH BOTANISTS AND ORCHID COLLECTORS IN THE ANTILLES, 1870-1914 318 William Munro 318 Sir Henry Alfred Alford Nichols 320 John Frederik Waby 323 George Samuel Jenman 323 John Hinckley Hart 324 Dr. Kirkman Finlay 324 Paulinea McLean 326 Lewis Jones Knight Brace 326 Sir William Robinson 327 Daniel Morris 328 George Syme 329 William Robert Elliott 330 William Harris 331 Mrs. E. Seed-Roberts 333 Alexander Moore 333 Sir Henry Arthur Blake and Lady Edith Blake 334 Walter Elias Broadway 335 C.F. Sullivan 339 William Fawcett and Alfred Barton Rendle 339 Terry Moulton Barrett 341 William Cradwick 341 George A. Ramage 342 Isles Strachan 343 Arthur G.Tillson 343 Frederik DuCane Godman 344 Herbert Huntingdon Smith and George Withheld Smith 345 David Emanuel Watt 346 David W. Alexander 347 Richard Vowell Sherring 347 Charles Alfred Barber 348 William Lunt 349 Eugene John Perron Campbell 349 Joseph Henry Levy 350 L. Dannouse 350 Warwick Harris 350 Ella M. Bryant 350 M. J. Longstaff 351 G. Humphrey Sworder 351 M. Baptiste 351

THE FRENCH CARIBBEAN 352

FRENCH COLLECTORS IN THE ANTILLES, 1870-1914 352 C. Thiebault 352 Captain Bucquet 352 Dr. G. Debeaux 352 Frater Eugene Christ 353 Frater Wolff 353 Frater Franz Xavier 353 Marcellin Mouret 354 Fernand Foureau 355

THE LAST DAYS OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE 356 Domingo Bello y Espinoza 356 Miguel Domingo Fuertes Loren 357 Juan Tomäs Roig y Mesa 358 Manuel Gomez de la Maza y Jimenez 359

THE DE LA SALLE BROTHERS IN CUBA 359 Brother Leon (Joseph Sylvestre Sauget) 360 Brother Sergius 360 Brother Cesare 360

THE RISE OF THE GERMAN REICH 361

GERMAN COLLECTORS AND BOTANISTS 1870-1914 362 Adolfo Ernst 362 Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze 362 August Pendler 364 Louis C. Meyer 365 Friedrich Carl Lehmann 365 Friedrich Richard Adalbert Johow 365 Paul Ernst Emil Sintenis 367 Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper 368 Albrecht Seitz 369 Ernst Hans Ludwig Krause 370 Wilhelm Buch 370 Bernhard Othmer 371 Baron Hans von Türckheim 371

A CHAPTER TO THEMSELVES: IGNATZ URBAN AND ALFRED COGNIAUX 373 Ignatz Urban 373 Alfred Cogniaux 379 Alphonse Goossens 381 Rudolf Schlechter 381

THE CARIBBEAN BECOMES THE AMERICAN MARE NOSTRUM 382

AMERICAN COLLECTORS, BOTANISTS, AND BOTANICAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE CARIBBEAN 1870-1914 383 Abraham Pascal Garber 383 E. H. Day 384 Nathaniel Thayer Kidder 384 Francis Hobart Herrick 384 John Isaiah Northrop and Alice Belle Rich Northrop 384 Joseph Trimble Rothrock 385 Albert Spear Hitchcock 386 Alfred Edmund Ricksecker 387 Leonora Agnes Ricksecker 387 Robert Combs 387 Adolf John August Fredholm 388 Joseph Richmond Churchill 388 B. H. Dutcher 388

FIRST U.S. EXPEDITIONS TO THE CARIBBEAN IN THE EARLY 20™ CENTURY 389 Amos Arthur Heller 389 Guy N. Collins 390 George P. Goll 390 Orator Fuller Cook 390 Robert Fiske Griggs 391 Franklin Sumner Earle 391 Lucien Marcus Underwood 391

THE HARVARD BOTANICAL STATION IN CIENFUEGOS, CUBA 393 Edwin Farnsworth Atkins 393 Oakes Ames 394 Robert Melrose Grey 395 Thomas Barbour 396 Owen Frederick Bryant 397 Hugo Bohnhof 397

THE AGRONOMIC EXPERIMENTAL STATION OF SANTIAGO DE LAS VEGAS, CUBA 398 Robert Greenleaf Leavitt 398 Edwin Luther Sanborn 398 Allen Hiram Curtiss 399 Herman Adolf van Hermann 400 Charles Fuller Baker 401 Otis William Caldwell 402

EXPEDITIONS UNDER THE AUSPICE OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 402 Nathaniel Lord Britton 402 Elizabeth Gertrude Knight 403 Charles Frederick Millspaugh 407 John Francis Cowell 409 Samuel Harbert Hamilton 410 Francis Ernest Lloyd 410 John Adolph Shafer 411 George Valentine Nash 412 Norman Taylor 414 Percy Wilson 416 Charles Stuart Gager 417 Delia West Marble 417 Walter Charles Fishlock 417 James Furman Kemp 418

OTHER AMERICAN COLLECTORS IN THE WEST INDIES 1900-1914 419 Willard Nelson Clute 419 Asa Allen Taylor 419 E. B. Rodman 419 John Robert Johnston 420 Owen O. Miller 420 Charles Louis Pollard 421 William Palmer 421 George Elwood Nichols 422 William Chambers Coker 423 Alexander Este Wight 423 William Ralph Maxon 424 Clara Eaton Cummings 425 Robert Cameron 425 Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka 425 Forrest Shreve 428 Mr. Bernis 429 Joseph A. Crawford 429 Stewardson Brown 429 Otto Emory Jennings 430 Edward Willet Borland Holway 431 Beirne Barrett Brues 432 Horace Branson Cowgill 432 Henry Trask Cowles 432 Joseph Nelson Rose 433 William R. Fitch 433 Paul George Russell 434 Frank Lincoln Stevens 434 William E. Hess 434

Part V: From war to war (1914-1945) 437

THE CARIBBEAN DURING WORLD WAR I 437 The hegemony of the United States 437 The British Caribbean 439 The French islands during the war 440

BOTANISTS AND COLLECTORS IN THE CARIBBEAN DURING WORLD WAR I 441 Dr. EsauJ. Sankeralli 441 James Arthur Harris 441 John V. Lawrence 442 Francisco Ramon Cazanas 442 Gregory A. Durity 442 William George Freeman 443 Robert Orchard Williams 443 Janet Russell Perkins 444 Ellsworth Paine Killip 444 Erik Leonard Ekman 445 Hugh McCullum Curran 447 Miles Haman 448 Paul Bartsch 448 C. S. Rogers 448 Conrad Bartling Doyle 449 Arthur Hombersley 449

OTHER DE LA SALLE BROTHERS IN CUBA DURING AND AFTER THE WAR 449 Brother Agathange (Philippe Lambert) 450 Brother Hioram Jean (Jean Frange Lagorce) 450 Charles T. Ramsden de la Torre 451 Brother Fernando 451 Brother Clemente (Agustin Clement Teteau Monet) 451 Brother Modesto Roca 451

THE POSTWAR YEARS: 1919-1930 451 ‘CREOLE’COLLECTORS: 452 Gonzalo Martinez Forttin 452 Merlino Cremata 452 A. Loustalot 452 Antonio Luna 452 R. A. Farfän 453 Alberto Fors Reyes 453 Iris Margaritta Lily Maxwell 453

EUROPEAN COLLECTORS: 454 Charles Maurel 454 Father Leonard Josef Graf 454 John Bretland Farmer 455 Julius Matz 456 Dr. E. Withycombe 456 Ernest Entwistle Cheesman 456 G. F. Row 456 Alfred Rehder 457 Binar Jensen Valeur 458

AMERICAN COLLECTORS: 459 Dorothy Coker 459 William R. Roland 459 Tracy Elliot Hazen 459 Walter Mendelson 459 William Nowell 460 Emery Clarence Leonard 460 William Louis Abbott 461 George Conrad Bucher 462 Liberty Hyde Bailey 462 Harriet Arabella Nye 463 Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. 463 Mintin Asbury Chrysler Jr. 463 Ernst Edward Dale 464 Kenneth Rowland Boynton 464 James A. Lowell 464 W. Ralph Singleton 465 Henry A. Gleason 465 Melville Thurston Cook 465 Walter Jacob Eyerdam 466 Charles Russell Orcutt 466 John George Jack 467 Elizabeth R. Mitchell 468 Clayton Dissinger Mell 468 Francis Welles Hunnewell 469

PREPARING FOR WORLD WAR II: 1930-1939 469

THE ‘MODERN’ ERA 469 A FRENCH RENAISSANCE 469 Henri Stehle 469 Louis Quentin 472 Joseph Branquec 473 Adrien Questel 474 M. Duhoux 474 Pierre Allorge and Valentine Allorge 474 D. Privault 475 J. Hayot 475 Madame V.Bailliet 475 M. E. Revert 475 Desire Kervegant 475 Pere Jean-Baptiste Delawarde 475 U. de Montaigne 475 Dogue 475 E. Steimetz 475 C. Louis-Joseph 475

OTHER COLLECTORS AND BOTANISTS IN THE CARIBBEAN 1930-1939 476

THE LAST OF THE EUROPEANS 476 Harry Bruins-Lich 476 Arnold von der Porten 476 Noel Yvri Sandwith 477 Harold Edmund Box 477 Wilfred W. Kings - Oxford Univ. Cayman Islands Biological Expedition 478

BOTANISTS AND COLLECTORS IN THE SPANISH ANTILLES 479 Carlos Eugenio Chardön Palacios 479 Leopold Rodriguez 480 Brother Edmundo (Edmond Voisard) 480 Brother Joseph Louis Conrad Kirouac Marie-Victorin 480 F. Gonzalez 482 Ismael Velez 482 Antonio Julian Baldomero Acuna Gale 482 Miguel Canela Läzaro 483 Luis Ariza-Julia 484 Jose Idilio Otero Yanez 484

NORTH AMERICAN BOTANISTS DURING THE LAST DECADE BEFORE THE WAR 484 Harold Martyn Skinner and Harold Robinson 484 Henry D. Barker and William S. Dardeau 484 James Thorp 485 G. C. Rowe 485 David Grandison Fairchild 485 Palemon Howard Dorsett 485 George Proctor Cooper 487 Francis Hahn Sargent 487 George W. Bachman 487 J. Nateson 488 Lyman Bradford Smith 488 Albion Reed Hodgdon 488 Fanny Hope Taylor 488 Vernon Irving Cheadle 488 Walter Hendricks Hodge 489 Harold Archie Senn 490 George H. Pride 490 Frank Edwin Egler 492 Francis Hapgood Elmore 492 William Ernest Seifriz 492 Arthur George Kevorkian 493

THE CARIBBEAN DURING WORLD WAR II: 1940-1945 493 Richard Alden Howard 495 Robert Kenneth Godfrey 503 Ronald Gordon Fennah 504 Jose Perez Carabia 504 Henri Alain Liogier (Brother Alain) 505 Agustin Clement Teteau Monet (Brother Clemente) 507 Rafael Maria Moscoso 507 Leslie Ransselaer Holdridge 507 Conrad Vernon Morton 509 Valentin Montero 511 John Thomas Curtis 511 John Stanley Beard 512

Part VI: The second half of the XX century and the new Millennium 515

THE DAYBREAK OF INDEPENDENCE: 1946-1962 515 Otto Degener 516 C. Bernard Lewis 516 Harold Franklin Winters 516 Donald Dungan Dod 517 Carroll Emory Wood Jr. 519 Harry Ardell Allard 519 Pablo Mandazen Soto (Brother Gines) 520 George Richardson Proctor 520 A. Alonso 523 RS.Ayliffe 524 Hugh Carson Cutler 524 Ernesto Foldats 524 Miguel Dominguez 524 Jesus Hoyos Fernandez 524 William Osment 525 Grady Linder Webster 526 The Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture 527 Richard Eric Defoe Baker 528 Richard Evans Schultes 528 Norman Willison Simmonds 529 Geoffrey Alton Craig Herklots 530 Alex Drum Hawkes 530 Casimir Julien Marie Le Gallo (Pere Gallo) 531 Wilbur George Downs 532 Thomas Henry Gardiner Aitken 532 E.J. S. Dudley 533 William Thomas Steam 534 Manuel Lopez Figueiras 534 Jose de Jesus Jimenez Almonte 535 William Whitmore Goodale Moir 536 Albert Charles Smith 537 H. E. Wood 538 Truman George Yuncker 538 Silverio Medina Gaud 539 N. R. Gauntlett 540 Richard Sumner Cowan 540 Henry Gordon Jones 540 Roy Orlo Woodbury 542 Henry Fowler Dunbar 544 Georg Ralph Cooley 544

FROM THE CUBAN REVOLUTION TO OUR DAYS: A NEW CARIBBEAN 545

A GERMAN INTERLUDE 546 Johannes Bisse 546 Helga Dietrich 547 Hagen Stenzel 547 Berthold Möbus 548

BOTANISTS AND COLLECTORS 1962-2010 549 David Seligson 549 Eugenio de Jestis Marcano Fondeur 550 Robert Lynch Wilbur 550 Basilio Augusto Lavastre 551 Henry August Hespenheide 551 Wallace Roy Ernst 552 Carl Leslie Withner 553 William R. Stimson 554 William Gerald DArcy 555 The Herbarium - University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras 556 Michael D. Byer 556 Franklin S. Axelrod 556 Charlotte Taylor 556 Linda Escobar 556 Elmer Yale Dawson 556 William Thomas Gillis 557 Dulcie Alicia Powell 557 Robert K. Wadsworth 558 Robert F. Sturrock 558 Daniel Howard Norris, Gerald Joseph Gastony and Gayle C. Jones 559 John Whittle Terborgh 560 Steven Richard Hill 561 Caroline Whitefoord 562 Thomas A. Zanoni 563 John Thomas Mickel 563 Milciades Manuel Mejia Pimentel 563 Jose D. Pimentel Baez 563 Minor characters during this period 563 Horace P.S. Gillette 563 Fred Alexander Barkley 564 Harry E. Ahles 564 Luis F. Martorell 564 Timothy Charles Plowman 565 Gemot Bergold 565 Paul H. Fluck 565 John Popenoe 566 Walter Stephen Judd 566 Aline Raynal-Roques 566 Claude Henri Leon Sastre 567 JoelJeremie 567 Armando Jesus Urquiola 567 James Leonard Luteyn 567 Gladys Fehling 568 Ralph M. Adams 568 Jacques Fournet 569 Philippe Feldmann 569 Nicolas Barre 569 Francisco J. Ortega Mendoza 569 Werner Rodolfo Greuter 569

FLORISTIC STUDIES IN ORCHIDACEAE 1962-2015 570 Flowering Plants of Jamaica 570

Charles Dennis Adams 570 Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands 572 Leslie Andrew Garay and Herman Royden Sweet 572 Flora of the Bahama Archipelago 573 Donovan Stewart Correll and Helen Butts Correll 573 Priscilla Fawcett 573 Ruben Primitive Sauleda 575 Flora of the Cayman Islands 576 George Richardson Proctor (bis) 576 Orchidaceae Antillanae 576 Mark Anthony Nir 576 Orchid Flora of the Greater Antilles 577 James David Ackerman 577

ORCHID RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION CENTERS IN THE CARIBBEAN 578

THE GREATER ANTILLES 579 The University of Puerto Rico 579 James David Ackerman (bis) 579 Wilfredo Falcon 579 Norris H. Williams 580 Angel Vale 580 Franklin S. Axelrod (bis) 580 Raymond Louis Tremblay 580 San Juan Botanical Garden (Puerto Rico) 580 Montoso Gardens (Puerto Rico) 581 Bryan Brunner 582 Orquideario de Soroa (Cuba) 583 Tomas Felipe Camacho 583 Jose Läzaro Bocourt Vigil 585 Rolando Perez Marquez 585 Ernesto Müjica Benitez 585 Pedro Jesus Lopez Trabanco 585 Tomäs Manuel Ramos Calderon 585 Elaine Gonzalez Hernandez 585 Esther L. Santa Cruz Cabrera 585 The National Botanic Garden (Havana, Cuba) 585 Marta Aleida Diaz Dumas 587 Aleli Morales Martinez 587 The Botanic Garden of Cienfuegos 587 Jardin de Orquideas ‘Macradenia’ - Omar Alomä 588 The Fern Garden of Santiago de Cuba 589 Manuel G. Caluff 589 Maite Seguera Nino 589 Oriental Center for Ecosystems and Biodiversity (BIOECO) 590 Maria del Carmen Fagilde Espinosa 590 The Science, Technology and Environmental Administration of the Cienaga1 de Zapata (Örgano CITMA) 590 Leyani Caballero Tihert 590 The Institute for Ecology and Systematic^ 591 Julio Cesar Alvarez Montes de Oca 591 Botanic Gardens in the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands 591 The Retreat 591 The Rand Nature Centre 591 The Turks and Caicos Botanical and Cultural Garden 592 Lejardin botanique des Cayes (Haiti) 593 William Cinea 593 The National Botanical Garden 'Dr. Rafael M. Moscoso’ (Dominican Republic) 594 Juan A. Llamacho Olmo 594 Francisco Jimenez Rodriguez 594 The Royal Botanical Gardens (Hope Botanical Gardens) (Jamaica) 595 Dennis Valentine 596 The Institute of Jamaica and the University of the West Indies (Mona Campus) 597 Ancile Gloudon 598 Cicely Tobish 598 Queen Elizabeth II Botanic Park (Grand Cayman) and the National Trust for the Cayman Islands 598 Joseph Reynold O'Neal Botanic Gardens (Tortola, British Virgin Islands) 598 Joseph Reynold O'Neal 599 St. George Village Botanical Garden (St. Croix, U.S.Virgin Islands) 599

THE LESSER ANTILLES 600 Guadeloupe and Martinique 600 The Botanical Garden of Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe 600 The Jardin de Balata, Martinique 601 Dominica 601 Roseau Botanic Gardens 601 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 602 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botanic Gardens 602 Barbados 603 Barbados Herbarium of the University of the West Indies 603 Sean Carrington 604 Andromeda Botanical Gardens 604 Iris Bannochie 605 Trinidad & Tobago 605 National Herbarium of Trinidad and Tobago 605 The Royal Botanic Gardens - Trinidad 605 The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club 606

1 Cienega =Swampland APPENDIX I: ANTILLEAN ORCHIDOLOGY AND RELATED BOTANY: A TIMELINE OF TRAVELERS, PLANT COLLECTORS, BOTANISTS, AND PERSONS OTHERWISE OF INTEREST TO THIS STORY 609

APPENDIX II: THE ANTILLEAN ISLANDS AND REGIONS IN THE NAMES 673 OF THEIR ORCHIDS

LITERATURE 677

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 723