Hantverkarsvärd Mot Gentlemannaklinga En Komparativ Studie Av Fäktningsmanualer, Fäktningsmästare Och Folkgrupper Från Sent 1500- Tal

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Hantverkarsvärd Mot Gentlemannaklinga En Komparativ Studie Av Fäktningsmanualer, Fäktningsmästare Och Folkgrupper Från Sent 1500- Tal Kandidatuppsats Hantverkarsvärd mot gentlemannaklinga En komparativ studie av fäktningsmanualer, fäktningsmästare och folkgrupper från sent 1500- tal Författare: Pugh Eskelin-Milton Handledare: Steffen Hope Examinator: Johannes Ljungberg Termin: HT19 Ämne: Historia Nivå: G2E Kurskod: 2HI33E The Sword of a Cutler Against the Blade of a Gentleman A comparative study about fencingmanuals, the masters of defence, and ethnic groups in the 1500s Abstract The study compares fencingmanuals written 1599 by George Silver and by Joachim Meyer, most likely written 1568 and 1570 and the way they write about other countries and ethnic groups. This is interesting since it may give us a good picture of the difference in opinion between two fencingmasters with different cultures. George Silver is from England and calls himself a gentleman, while Joachim Meyer operates in Strasbourg and is a cutler by trade. It is also interesting because H.E.M.A practitioners still uses these manuals for practice and thereby may be influenced by the old master’s opinions. The conclusion is that both Silver and Meyer uses other ethnic groups and countries to advertise themselves. Silver does this by trying to sully the reputation of fencingmasters from other countries and therefore increase his own reputation. Meyer on the other hand tells people that he has learned fencing from different countries and that diverseness is a good thing. All in all, Silver writes more about other countries and ethnic groups than Meyer. Nyckelord Tysk-romerska riket, fäktning, Italien Tack Här vill jag tacka Steffen Hope, min handledare som svarat på alla mina frågor och hjälpt mig mycket framåt i arbetet. Jag vill även tacka Dr. Caitlin Green och Dr. Catherine Hanley som hjälpte mig att få tag på material som annars hade varit svåråtkomligt. Jag vill även tacka Kim Råberg som lånade ut det ena svärdet i bilaga 1 och sist men inte minst Tilda Karlsson som hjälpte mig att tolka svårförståeliga delar av materialet och dessutom gladeligen hjälpte mig att förstå de fäktningstekniker jag läste om med svärdet i hand. Författare: Pugh Eskelin-Milton Handledare: Steffen Hope Examinator: Johannes Ljungberg Termin: HT19 Ämne: Historia Nivå: G2E Kurskod: 2HI33E Innehållsförteckning 1 Inledning 1 1.1 Syfte 2 1.2 Frågeställning 2 1.3 Bakgrund – länder 3 1.3.1 England 3 1.3.2 Tysk-romerska riket 4 1.4 Bakgrund - Fäktmästarna 5 1.4.1 Joachim Meyer 5 1.4.2 George Silver 6 1.5 Vapendefinitioner 8 1.6 Källmaterial 9 1.6.1 Avgränsningar 11 1.6.2 Teknisk information om källorna 12 2 Forskningsläge 12 3 Metod och teori 14 4 Analys 16 4.1 Silvers Syfte och kontext 16 4.2 Meyers Syfte och kontext 24 4.3 Silvers åsikter 28 4.4 Meyers åsikter 31 4.5 Jämförelse 33 5 Sammanfattning och slutdiskussion 35 Källor 39 Litteratur 39 Internetkällor 40 Tabell och diagramförtäckning 41 Bilagor • Bilaga 1 – bilder på långsvärd. • Bilaga 2 – tabell 1: tabell över Silvers benämningar av länder och folkgrupper. • Bilaga 3 – tabell 2: tabell över Meyers benämningar av länder och folkgrupper. • Bilaga 4 – Diagram 1: jämförande diagram över informationen i tabell 1 och tabell 2. 1 Inledning Fäktningsmästare: en titel som jag tror många associerar till ädel strid och ridderlighet. Kanske ser man framför sig fäktningsscener från filmer som The Princess Bride eller tv-serier som Game of Thrones. Har man, som jag studerat Historical European Marshall Arts (H.E.M.A) så kan de första tankarna hamna på träning och tekniker. Man kanske även kan erinra sig namnet på en eller två mästare från förr och vilka tekniker som kommer från vems manual då dessa manualer fortfarande används för utlärning av fäktning. Något jag inte tror att många har som första tanke är att i dessa manualer så kan man hitta mer eller mindre väl dolda åsikter om andra ämnen. Det gör att fäktningsmästarnas åsikter kan leta sig in i det moderna samhället på gott och ont. Åsikter med till exempel rasistiska toner krockar med vår moderna världssyn men de kan ha varit helt normala då. Jag har därmed valt att studera två fäktningsmästare från sent 1500-tal, vilka åsikter spred de och därmed fortfarande har chans att sprida angående andra länder och folkgrupper, och varför de skrev ner dessa åsikter? Fäktningsmästarna jag har valt för det här arbetet är George Silver, en gentleman från England som skrev och tryckte sin manual Paradoxes of Defence 1599 och skrev manualen Bref Instructions1 samma år. Den verkar dock inte ha tryckts under hans livstid. Den andra mästaren är Joachim Meyer en hantverkare som bodde i Strasbourg. Han skrev första utgåvan av sin manual, i uppsatsen kallad Lundmanualen, någon gång på 1 Fullständig titel Bref Instructions Vpõ My Paradoxes of Defence; for the true handling om all mann[r] of weapons together w[t] the fower grownds & the fower gou[r]nors w[ch] gouernours are left out in my paradoxes w[t]out the knowledge of w[ch] no Man can fight [s]af. 1(45) 1560-talet, förmodligen 1568. Manualen trycktes i en något ändrad form 1570. Han skrev även delar av Rostockmanualen 1570. 1.1 Syfte Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka åsikter angående olika folkgrupper och länder fäktningsmästare från sent 1500-tal försökte kommunicera till sina läsare. Det är intressant både för att det kan ge en inblick i de samhälle dessa fäktningsmästare levde i. Detta ifrån ett perspektiv från förmodligen väl ansedda och bildade personer som ändå inte nödvändigtvis var adliga eller ens rika. Det är även intressant ur ett modernt perspektiv då H.E.M.A, såvitt jag förstått det, är en växande sport som utövas i stor del av världen. Därmed trycks historiska manualer upp på nytt och sprids över världen. De får en helt ny läsarskara och nya chanser att sprida sina budskap. Jag har själv hört folk i olika H.E.M.A-sammanhang som till exempel har läst Silvers manualer och sedan påstått att italiensk fäktning är lite ”töntig”. Här ska påpekas att jag uppfattat dessa kommentarer som skämtsamma men trots det så är det ett tecken på att Silvers kommentarer om en annan folkgrupp har satt sig, om än inte på ett seriöst sätt. 1.2 Frågeställning Uppsatsens frågeställning lyder: Hur skriver 1500-talets fäktningsmästare om andra länder och folkgrupper och varför? Arbetet har visat att George Silver till stor del talar ner andra länder och folkgrupper medan Joachim Meyer är betydligt mer positiv. De har även flera potentiella syften men det tydligaste är samma för båda. De marknadsför sig själva som fäktningsmästare. Silver genom att smutskasta andra och Meyer genom att visa på sin breda kunskap hämtad från olika delar av Europa. Det här har jag kommit fram till med 2(45) hjälp av dessa hjälpfrågor: Är det vissa länder och folkgrupper som blir upp eller nertalade och vad kan det i så fall finnas för anledning till det? Påverkas fäktningsmästarna av förhållanden till andra fäktningsmästare och av sina sociala och kulturella bakgrunder? Utgår fäktningsmästarna från ämnet fäktning i sina kommentarer eller varierar ämnet? Slutligen var det även intressant att se ifall fäktningsmästarna nämner var de har lärt sig sina egna kunskaper om fäktning och om man kan utläsa något av det. 1.3 Bakgrund – länder 1.3.1 England Under Henrik VIII Tudors regeringstid, 1509-1547, blev det religiöst oroligt då kungen bröt med den katolska kyrkan. Henrik VIII upplöste även många kloster och sålde deras mark till överklassen. Efter Henrik VIII tog hans son Edvard VI över, Edvard VI var starkt troende protestant men regerade bara en kort period innan han dog och hans syster Maria som var starkt katolskt troende, tog över tronen. Även hennes regeringstid var kort. Efter henne kom hennes halvsyster Elisabet till tronen och då hon var protestant så vann den tron sin plats i England. Dock blev den engelska kyrkan en form av medelväg mellan protestantism och katolicism.2 Under den elisabetanska eran fans det en hotbild mot England från bland annat Spanien, Skottland och Frankrike.3 Då Elisabets legitimitet var ifrågasatt av många katoliker så sökte hon sig till protestantismen.4 Speciellt orolig var hon för Katolska makter som Spanien och Skottland.5 Det spanska hotet visade sig vara grundat i sanning då den spanska armadan anföll 1588 det sjöslaget slutade i engelsk seger och ledde till ett krig som pågick till 16046 2 Wiesner-Hanks [red.] 2018 s. 426. 3 Rystad 2004 s. 133 – 134. 4 Rystad 2004 s. 130 – 132. 5 Rystad 2004 s. 132. 6 Rystad 2004 s. 133 – 134. 3(45) 1.3.2 Tysk-romerska riket 1517 skrev Martin Luther sina 95 teser och i mitten på 1500-talet så anslöt sig tyskar från alla samhällsklasser till protestantismen. På 1520-talet började även regenter i vissa områden konvertera.7 I början på 1500-talet uppstod även oroligheter bland bönderna vilket resulterade i det tyska bondekriget 1525 som adelsmännen snabbt krossade.8 Det Tysk-romerska riket låg i mitten av Europa och hade nära relation med vissa andra länder i Europa.9 Kejsare Karl V hade i sin besittning landområden från Österrike till Spanien och även utanför Europa.10 På 1550-talet så har Tysk-romerska riket även nära kontakt med Ungern då deras regent och Karl V båda kommer från den Habsburgska släkten.11 Men då Tysk-romerska riket var en samling av mer eller mindre självständiga områden och inte var enat på samma sätt som många andra kungariken så hade kejsaren svårt att sätta upp en enad front mot reformationen och under Karl V:s tid som kejsare utbröt det religiöst krig i kejsardömet. Då de Habsburgska trupperna redan var upptagna med att strida mot Osmaner och franska kungahuset så kunde de inte stå emot de protestantiska styrkorna och 1555 skrevs den Augsburgska freden på som tillät de olika områdena i kejsardömet att själva välja, mellan Luthers kristendom och katolicism.12 1556 abdikerade Karl V, han gav sin makt i Nederländerna och Spanien till sin son och Kejsarmakten till sin bror.13 Bland de självstyrande områdena i Tysk-romerska riket fans stora landområden som äges av de sju kurfurstarna, därtill kom även runt 100 7 Wiesner-Hanks [red.] 2018 s.
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