Author's Accepted Manuscript
An introduction to the physical oceanography of six seamounts in the southwest Indian ocean Jane Read, Raymond Pollard
www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2
PII: S0967-0645(15)00224-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.022 Reference: DSRII3918
To appear in: Deep-Sea Research II
Cite this article as: Jane Read, Raymond Pollard, An introduction to the physical oceanography of six seamounts in the southwest Indian ocean, Deep- Sea Research II, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.022
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 1/7/15
An introduction to the physical oceanography of six seamounts in the Southwest Indian Ocean
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HQQ`R1J: V 8 >1$8 84 Q]7HJ:C]`V %`VQ`^:_ 8@$I R : 6VC01CCVG:J@:JR^G_ 8 I R : Q`:C V:IQ%J :$:1J 1IV:`VHQI]:`VR11 .]`VR1H VRJQ` .0VCQH1 7^0_``QI .V!$GV` 1R:CIQRVC^!$GV` :JR!`Q`VV0:5 _5R: .VRC1JV84JR101R%:C:D :`VI:`@VRU8:.V:D ^7Q7Q:JR VH 1QJ _: V:H. 1 V1V`V:CC 11 .1J:H1`HCVQ` @I`:R1% 8:.V :` Q` .V:D `:J VH ``QIQ`:C Q6VC01CCV^ : 1QJ ]:H1J$@I_ 1 .Q1JR: .VR1JG_5RVIQJ `: 1J$ .: ]: 1:C0:`1: 1QJ RQI1J: V 1R:C0:`1: 1QJ `Q` H:CV ]@I8 19 1/7/15 ? .Q` VH 1QJQ`1 Q]7HJ:C 8 @$I R : 6VC01CCV .Q1 .V:JQI:CQ% C7 .:CCQ1^`VC: 10V Q .V 1RV_ RVJ VH:]^ .V ]1@V_Q0V` .V V:IQ%J 8 >1$88Q`:C V:IQ%J :_]Q VJ 1:C VI]V`: %`V^8 HQJ Q%` _5G_ :C1J1 7^8 HQJ Q%` _5H_RVJ 1 7 R σ ^8 @$I HQJ Q%` _5R_`C%Q`V HVJHV^IQJQ QJ1H$`V7 .:RV _:JRV_0VCQH1 7IV: %`VIVJ Q0V`: R.]V`1QR^6:JR7:6V :`VV: :JRJQ` .HQQ`R1J: V _8:1IV1 .Q1J1J.Q%` ]: .V :` 1IV5 R:7 L 5DVHVIGV` 8 >1$88:D VH 1QJ:H`Q Q`:C V:IQ%J 5:_]Q VJ 1:C VI]V`: %`V5G_ :C1J1 7:JRH_RVJ 1 7 `V`V`VJHVR Q .V %``:HV8 .Q` 1H@I:`@ QJ .V6:6V 1JR1H: V:D]Q 1 1QJ 8 References Baines, P.G., 2007. 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Surveyed Seamounts Middle of Seamount Atlantis Sapmer What Coral Melville Walter latitude °S 32.6-23.9 36.7-37.0 37.8-38.1 41.3-41.6 38.3-38.6 31.5-31.8 longitude °E 57.1-57.5 51.9-52.3 50.2-50.6 42.7-43.1 46.5-46.9 42.6-43.1 mean latitude 32° 42' S 36° 51' S 41° 25' S 38° 28' S 31° 37' S mean longitude 57° 16'E 52° 9' E 42° 51' E 42° 49' E 42° 49' E minimum depth m 750 350 1100 200 100 1250 date occupied 2009 17-19 Nov 22-24 Nov 25-27 Nov 2-4 Dev 7-10 Dec 12-13 Dec day of year 2009 321-323 326-328 329-331 336-338 341-344 346-347 speed cm/s 12.9 21.4 25.2 17.4 10.8 20.3 direction degrees 60 90 74 84 61 80 height of seamount (h 0) m 1650 1650 900 1800 2000 750 depth of water column (H) m 2400 2000 2000 2000 2100 2000 alpha ( α) h0/H 0.69 0.82 0.45 0.90 0.95 0.37 seamount width (L) km 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8 15.0 33.4 flow speed (U) m/s 0.13 0.21 0.25 0.17 0.11 0.2 f (2 ωsin(lat)) 10 -5 rad/s 7.9 8.8 9.0 9.7 9.1 7.6 inertial period hours 22.1 19.8 19.4 18.0 19.2 23.0 Rossby number (Ro) U/(fL) 0.059 0.088 0.101 0.065 0.079 0.080 Blocking factor (Bl) α/Ro 11.7 9.4 4.5 13.8 12.0 4.7 Brünt-Väisäla frequency (N) rad/s 0.0044 0.0014 0.0028 0.0035 0.0030 0.0057 decay height (Hd) fL/N 498 1737 891 767 458 446 23 1/7/15 Rossby radius of deformation (Lr) (NH)/f 133.9 32.0 62.4 72.5 694.1 149.6 (NH)/ Burger number (B) (fL) 4.82 1.15 2.25 2.61 4.63 4.49 Figure 20 1a La Reunion Madagascar 25 30 is II FZ Walter tlant A Walter’s Atlantis Shoals Bank FZ 35 i Gallien Sapmer Seamount Indomed FZ Middle of What Melville Seamount Bank 40 °S Coral Seamount 45 Discovery II FZ 40°E 45 50 55 60 Fig. 1a. Bathymetry of the Southwest Indian Ocean. Contours at 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 m, shading shallower than 1000 m and deeper than 4000 m. Walter – Unnamed seamount off Walter’s Shoals, FZ – Fracture Zone. CTD locations shown by filled circles. Figure 1b-g b) Walter Seamount c) Atlantis Bank 57°15’ 57°21’ 1000 31°36’ 32°42’ 1400 31°42’ 1600 32°48’ 42°54’ 42°48’ d) Middle of What Seamount e) Sapmer Seamount 37°54’ 36°48’ 1200 38°00’ 1600 500 1000 50°24’ 50°27’ 50°21’ f) Coral Seamount 36°54’ 52°09’ 52°03’ 52°06’ 41°24’ g) Melville Bank 1000 38°27’ 500 500 38°30’ 1000 46°42’ 46°48’ 41°30’ 42°57’ 42°54’ 42°51’ Fig. 1b-g - Topography of individual seamounts: b) Walter Seamount, c) Atlantis Bank, d) Middle of What Seamount, e) Sapmer Seamount, f) Coral Seamount, g) Melville Bank. Bathymetry contoured every 100 m with bold contours every 500 m, except Walter and Middle of What Seamounts, which are contoured every 50 m with bold lines every 200 m. Stars indicate CTD positions with multiple CTDs marking the location of the yoyo. Figure 2 20 14.00 12.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 25 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 30 2.00 Walter 1.60 1.20 Atlantis 0.90 0.70 35 0.50 0.40 Sapmer MoW 0.30 Melville 0.20 0.16 40 0.12 °S 0.08 Coral 0.05 0.03 0.01 45 25°E 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Fig. 2. Colours show Modis Aqua chlorophyll a 7 day composite 11 – 18 December 2009, note the non-linear colour scale. Contours show AVISO sea surface height from merged absolute dynamic topography for 16 – 24 December 2009, contour intervals 10 cm with bold lines at 0 and every 50 cm. The Agulhas Return Current is shown by the band of closely spaced contours on the northern edge of the high chlorophyll a zone. CTD station positions are indicated by asterisks with repeated stations marking seamount loca- tions. The cruise track is indicated by dashed line. Figure 3 24 TSW 22 20 18 STSW 16 14 12 SICW B 10 A C 8 northern ctds frontal ctds SASW 6 Atlantis Coral Sapmer Melville Middle of What Walter D AAIW 4 potentialtemperature (degC) 2 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.8 35.2 35.6 salinity psu Figure 3. Potential temperature / salinity relationship of all CTD profiles from the RV Dr Fridtjof Nansen cruise 410 2009. Profiles are colour coded by location. TSW - Tropical Surface Water, STSW - Subtropical Surface Water, SICW - South Indian Central Water, SASW - Subantarctic Surface Water, AAIW - Antarctic Intermediate Water. See text for explanation of letters A, B, C and D. Figure 4 0 a 0 b 25.60 - 25.70 25.80 - 25.90 26.00 - 26.10 26.20 26.20 - 26.30 26.40 250 250 26.50 26.60 26.60 500 500 26.70 press(dbar) press(dbar) 750 26.80 750 26.80 0 6 12 18 24 time - hours past 321/1500 σo (kg m -3 ) 1000 c 0 1250 100 1500 57.25 57.29 57.31 °E σo (kg m -3 ) 200 Atlantis 300 0 6 12 18 24 time - hours past 321/1500 10 cm/s Fig. 4. Density (referenced to the surface) across a) Atlantis Seamount and b) over a 24-hour period, c) east and north velocities over the top 300 m of the water column. Short tick marks on the x axis of figures a and b indicate positions of CTD profiles. Velocity x and y axes are east and north and do not show vertical movement. Time in hours past the start time of 17 Nov 2009, 15:00 (day 321). Figure0 5 16.0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 15.5 400 450 15.0 press dbar press 500 550 14.5 0a) θ (°C) 6 12 18 24 0 50 100 150 200 250 35.555 300 350 35.55 press dbar press 400 450 35.50 500 550 35.45 0 b) salinity 6 12 18 24 0 50 26.20 100 150 26.23 200 250 300 350 press dbar press 400 26.30 450 500 26.40 550 -3 0c) σo (kg m ) 6 12 18 24 0 50 6.00 100 5.25 150 4.50 200 250 3.75 300 3.00 350 2.25 press dbar press 400 1.50 450 500 0.75 550 0.00 0d) N (cph) 6 12 18 24 cph 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Sapmer 1.00 500 0.25 550 depthm 0e) Ri 6 12 18 24 time - hours past 326/1500 Fig. 5. a) Potential temperature θ (0.05° contours), b) salinity (0.005 contours), c) density σ 0 (0.01 kg m -3 contours), d) Brünt-Väisäla frequency N (cycles per hour) and e) Richardson Number Ri at Sapmer Seamount during a 24-hour period. Time in hours past the start time of 22 Nov 2009, 15:00 (day 326). Figure 6 0 26.0 200 26.2 26.4 400 600 26.6 800 26.8 press dbar 1000 27.0 1200 27.2 1400 1600 Middle of What 1800 NW50.37°E 50.41 50.45 SE -3 σ0 (kg m ) 20 cm/s Fig. 6. Lowered ADCP velocities across Middle of What Seamount superimposed on density σ0. Velocity x and y axes are east and north respectively and do not show vertical motion. Small tick marks on the x axis indicate positions of CTD profiles.. Dark grey bars mark areas where there is a 50% probability of Richardson numbers Ri < 1, likely to enhance internal mixing. Figure 7 0 26.20 200 26.20 26.40 400 26.40 600 26.60 26.60 pressure(dbar) 800 26.80 1000 27.00 1200 a 1400 N 38.44 38.4638.48 °S 38.50 38.52 S -1 -3 20 cm s σ0 (kg m ) 0 26.20 200 26.20 26.40 400 26.40 600 pressure(dbar) 800 1000 Melville Bank b 1200 1400 W 46.68°E46.70 46.7246.74 46.76 46.78 46.80 E -1 -3 20 cm s σ0 (kg m ) Fig. 7. a) north-south and b) west-east density contours across Melville Bank. Current vectors are from vessel-mounted ADCP measurements, x and y axes are east and north velocity. Short tick marks on the x axes indicate CTD station position. Figure 8 0 100 16.0 200 15. 300 0 400 14.0 pressure(dbar) 500 13.0 0 5 10 15 20 24 a) potential temperature (°C) 0 35.56 100 35.52 35.48 200 35.5 35.44 35.40 300 35.36 35.4 400 35.32 35.3 35.28 pressure(dbar) 500 35.3 35.24 35.20 0 5 10 15 20 24 b) salinity 0 26.00 100 26.10 200 26.20 26.30 300 26.40 400 26.50 pressure(dbar) 500 0 5 10 15 20 24 -3 c) σ0 (kg m ) 0 100 200 300 400 Melville Bank pressure(dbar) 500 0 5 10 15 20 24 time - hours after 343/0955 d) velocity 20 cm s -1 Fig. 8. Melville Bank a) potential temperature, b) salinity, c) density and d) velocity measured over 24 hours starting at day 343/0955, 9 December 2009 at Melville Bank. Velocity x and y are east and north coordinates. Figure 9 10 0 a) Melville pressure (dbar) on s0 = 26.15 CTD yoyo Pressure(dbar) N-S CTD v (cm/s) E-W CTD pressure (dbar) on section section σ = 26.2 Egberttidal velocity(cm/s) v 0 -10 300 341/00 day/hour 342/00 343/00 344/00 10 0 b) Coral pressure (dbar) on σ = 26.7 0 v (cm/s) CTD section 89 95 02 CTD yoyo Pressure(dbar) CTD transect Egberttidal velocity(cm/s) v towards Melville -10 300 337/00 338/00 339/00 340/00 Fig. 9. Isopycnal pressure of (a) 26.2 kg m-3 at Melville Bank and (b) 26.7 m -3 at Coral Seamount against time are compared with predicted north velocity (v) from the Egbert tidal model (Egbert and Erofeeva, 2002), dashed line. Individual CTDs are marked +. The CTDs (yoyo and sections) at each site were all within a circle of 5 km radius. The start of the CTD transect from Coral to Melville (station spacing 32 km) is shown dashed in b), demonstrating that spatial variations dominate tidal variations for scales > 30 km. A short section of isopycnal 26.15 kg m -3 at Melville shows the anomalously shallow (relative to the tide) dense cap (the spike) over the seamount. Figure 10 a) potential temperature θ (°C) 0 10.5 100 10.0 10.0 9.5 9.0 200 9.0 8.5 8.0 0 300 7. 8.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.5 pressure(dbar) 400 6.0 b) salinity Coral 0 34.80 100 34.80 34.60 34.75 34.70 200 34.60 34.65 34.60 34.55 300 34.50 34.45 34.40 34.40 pressure(dbar) 400 34.35 -3 c) density σ0 (kg m ) 0 26.40 26.50 26.60 100 26.70 200 26.80 300 27.00 26.90 27.00 pressure(dbar) 400 d) fluorescence (mg m -3 ) 0 1.00 100 0.50 0.00 e) velocity vectors 20 cm/s 0 100 200 300 pressure(dbar) 400 0 5 10 15 20 time - hours past 337/0258 Fig. 10. Coral Seamount a) potential temperature (0.5°C contours), b) salinity (0.05 -3 contours), c) density σ 0 (0.05 kg m contours), d) fluorescence (monotonic grey shades) and e) velocity measurements over a 24-hour period (x and y axes are east and north coordinates). Time is shown in hours past the start time, day 337/0258, 3 Decem- ber 2009 Figure 11 0 0 0 26.4 34.40 26.5 10. 0 34.60 26.6 10.0 26.7 200 9.0 200 200 26.8 9 8.0 26. 0 400 7. 400 400 27.0 34.40 6.0 6.0 5.0 27.1 600 600 600 press800 dbar 800 800 1000 1000 34.7 1000 34.5 1200 1200 34.3 1200 1400 1400 1400 41.4°S 41.5 41.4°S 41.5 41.4°S 41.5 -3 a) potential temp ( θ °C) b) salinity c) density σ0 (kg m ) Fig. 11. CTD section across Coral Seamount, a) potential temperature, b) salinity and c) density- referenced to the surface. Short tick marks on the x axes indicate CTD positions.