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The Netherlands Delta Project Author(S): Ian Watson and Charles W Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. State of the Art in Storm-Surge Protection: The Netherlands Delta Project Author(s): Ian Watson and Charles W. Finkl Jr. Source: Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Summer, 1990), pp. 739-764 Published by: Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4297737 . Accessed: 06/04/2013 15:43 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Coastal Research. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 132.206.27.25 on Sat, 6 Apr 2013 15:43:26 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journalof CoastalResearch 6 3 739-764 FortLauderdale, Florida Summer1990 dt!!ff!ft, TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION State of the Art in Storm-Surge Protection: The Netherlands Delta Project IanWatson and Charles W. Finkl, Jnr. Departmentof Geology FloridaAtlantic University BocaRaton, FL 33431,USA ABSTRACT Watson,I. and Finki,C.W., Jnr.,1990. State of the art in storm-surgeprotection: The NetherlandsDelta Project.Journal of CoastalResearch, 6(3), 739-764.Fort Lauder- sO00000 dale ISSN0749-02080. ,Il .* (Florida). A multi-billiondollar complex of coastalconstruction protects the delta-estuarine region of the south-westNetherlands from a repeatof the 1953storm-surge flooding that killed 1835.Eight documented storm-surge flood disasters date back to 1717.The DeltaProject becameeffective in termsof flood protectionin 1986,but sectionsof it are still under construction.One of the world'sgreatest civil-engineering projects, its 11 majorand multiplesecondary components have the functionof (1) closingoff threemain estuaries whichshorten the coastlineby approximately720 km, (2) creatinga non-tidalwaterway, the Scheldt-Rhinelink, which facilitates inland shipping between Antwerp and Rotter- dam (120 km), two of the largest ports in the world, and (3) ensuringthe partial environmentalpreservation of the Delta area. Thiscase history addresses geology and foundation problems, planning and construction sequence,site investigationand foundationpreparation, methods of construction,and foundation/structuralinteraction. The mainfocus is the megascalecontrol barrier com- pleted in 1986across the 7.5 km-widemouth of the EasternScheldt estuary, the most difficultand by far the mostcostly section of the project.Here, andin otherparts of the Delta area,strong tidal currents and highly-variablegeological materials with relatively poorengineering properties were responsible for foundationsrequiring up to 80percent of the total constructiontime. The new techniquesdeveloped on the Project have world-wideapplication to futurecoastal and offshore construction. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Engineering geology, civil engineering, coastal en- gineering, open-water construction, delta-estuarine geology, foundations, storm-surge protection. hydrodynamicregime encompassing fast-flow- INTRODUCTION ing tidal channels, changing estuarine con- figurations, nonhomogeneous subbottom The Netherlands Delta Project covers a sediments, a prolific, but delicately-balanced multi-riverdelta area created by the Rhine, ecosystem,and low-land areas subject to peri- Meuse and Scheldt (Figure 1). Like most odic flooding (Figures 1 and 2). delta-estuarineenvironments, this area repre- Major storm-surgefloods occurredin 1953, sents, in its naturalstate, an extremelycomplex 1916,1912, 1906, 1894, 1825,1808, 1775 and 1717 This content downloaded from 132.206.27.25 on Sat, 6 Apr 2013 15:43:26 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 740 Watson and Finkl NORTHSEA 4N eZUID RZE S PROJ DELTA PROJECT Rotterdom Figure 2a. Satellite image showing the complex hydrodynamic Antwerp nature of the Delta area, and some major civil-engineering works either built, or under construction: (a) fresh-water Rhine discharge, (b) non-tidal, salt-stagnant water, (c) tidal km salt water (shades of grey indicate the intricate network of tidal channels), (d) Haringvliet Sluice-Gate Barrier, (e) AREASSUBJECT TO POTENTIAL'FLOODING Brouwers Embankment Barrier, (f) Eastern Scheldt Lift- Gate Barrier under Volkerak .. BORDER OF THE NETHERLANDS construction, (g) Waterway Dam and Navigation Locks, (h) Grevelingen Tidal-Control Barrier and the (i) Scheldt-Rhine Waterway Link under construction. (Satellite image by the National Aerospace Figure 1. The Netherlands, showing the delta area of the Laboratory). Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt rivers, and the locations of the Delta and Zuiderzee project areas where storm-surge struc- tures have been erected to protect flood-prone areas (shown in stipple). (Modified after DOSBOUW v.o.f., 1983). (Antonisse, 1986). Unlike many other deltas, Zeeland is densely populated and intensely utilized by man. In 1953 when storm-induced tides, some 4 m above normal, breached approximately 180 km of coastal-defense dikes and flooded 160,000 hectares of polderland, a huge loss of life and property resulted. The official death toll was reportedly 1,835. More than 46,000 farms and buildings were destroyed or damaged, and approximately 200,000 farm animals lost. However, a much larger area of the western Netherlands is sus- Figure 2b. The working model by Rijkswaterstaat at the to and had the Eastern Scheldt Delta-Expo provides a perspective on the ceptible flooding (Figure 1) mesh of natural hydrodynamic features and structural design storm penetrated the dikes of the Hollandse incorporated into the Delta works. The Dutch are world Ijssel (Figure 3) that protect this area, the leaders in hydraulic engineering. entire urban conglomeration of Rotterdam, the Hague and Amsterdam would have been polders more than 6 m below sea level (Figure inundated. It is important to note that approx- 4). imately sixty percent of the population of The Because of the low mean elevation and pre- Netherlands lives below mean sea level mium on space in The Netherlands, the Dutch (ENGEL, 1987) and that some areas contain have a long tradition of coastal-defense con- Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1990 This content downloaded from 132.206.27.25 on Sat, 6 Apr 2013 15:43:26 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Storm-SurgeProtection in The Netherlands 741 ES Figure3. Majorcomponents of the Delta Project:(A) BrouwersFixed Barrier, (B) HaringvlietSluice-Gate Barrier and NavigationLock, (C) VolkerakWaterway Dam and NavigationLocks, (D) HollandseIjssel Drop Barrier,(E) Zandkreek Dam,(F) VeerseFixed Barrier, (G) GrevelingenTidal-Control Dam, Lock, and Siphon Sluice, (H) EasternScheldt Lift-Gate Barrier,(I) PhilipsWaterway Dam and KrammerNavigation Locks and (J) OesterWaterway Closure Dam andNavigation Lock.Refer to Table 1 for a morecomplete description of thesecomponents. (Map after DOSBOUW v.o.f., 1983). struction and land reclamation. This coastal subsidenceand risingsea levels. The people of conscientiousnessdates back fromfarm houses The Netherlandshave responded to the chal- built on artificalmounds around 400 BC, to ma- lenge of coastal protectionwith projects such jor dike worksbuilt in the eleventhand twelfth as the Zuiderzee Works (Figures 1 and 5), century(WALTHER, 1987). The need for con- enclosed in 1932 but still in the process of tinual coastal constructionhas intensifiedover having approximately150,000 ha of new land the years as a result of populationgrowth, land reclaimed and, more recently, the Delta Plan formalizedin 1958 by an act of the Dutch par- liament.The latter scheme became functional, in terms of storm-protection,in 1986 but con- siderable construction effort is still required on roads, bridges and other secondary struc- tures to complete the project. The continued maintenance and improvement of dikes and waterwaysremain a life-long preoccupation. The core of the Delta Project called for the raising of existing dikes, the storm closure of all main tidal estuaries and inlets, but with provisionfor continuedinternational shipping access to Rotterdamand Antwerp,a non-tidal inland waterwaylink between these two ports and last but not least, an integratednetwork of Figure4. Approximately60 percentof thepopulation of The dams, salt/fresh-water separation locks and Netherlandslive in dike- and/or barrier-protectedareas belowmean sea level. flushing mechanismsto separate and manage the salt and fresh-waterenvironments in the Delta (Table1). Journalof CoastalResearch, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1990 This content downloaded from 132.206.27.25 on Sat, 6 Apr 2013 15:43:26 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 742 Watsonand Finkl Table 1. Summnaryof the major project componentsof the complete Delta Works,presenting the construction sequence, and the type and purpose of individual structures. .f..t M..O. PRJECTC(...PONtNI. TC..ON...T..CTIOM PURPOSE & Rhine 1 1958 HOLLANDSEUSSEL P OGuillotinesteel-pte dropbarrier OpenMode: Facilitates navigation DropBarrier Navigationlock discharge(?250 (?250 m /sec) Closed Mode: Storm-surge flood protection 2 1960 ZANDKREEK S Calmo-core& dredged-sandembankment Reducedtidal-current velocity for construction
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