16 Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics

March 13th 2019 16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics Azzurra Zucchini*

*Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia dell’Università degli Studi di Perugia *INFN sezione Perugia History of the Mineo meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project

Sezione Perugia Outline

The Rockstars project

Meteorite classification

The Mineo meteorite characterization

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 The ROCK-STARS project

R. Canteri, G. Pepponi Sezione Perugia

F. Terrasi

Dr. Azzurra Zucchini Dr. Maurizio Petrelli Dr. Sara Palmerini Prof. Francesco Frondini Prof. Maurizio Busso

Dr. Oscar Trippella Prof. Paola Comodi Prof. Diego Perugini Dr. Lisa Ricci F. Marzaioli, L. Stellato, M. Rubino, B. di Rienzo, Buonpane, L. Gialanella, A. D’Onofrio

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 The ROCK-STARS project

Planetesimal differentiation Meteorites

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Meteorites: their origin

Meteorites rain

Asteroid #1

Asteroid #2

Planetesimal impact

http://www.astronomy.com

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Meteorites: their origin

Planetesimals

CRUST

UNDIFFERENTIATED DIFFERENTIATED Homogenous distribution Big planetesimals (~50km diameter) of elements and mineral undergone a complete differentiation phases process in shels commonly called nucleus, mantle and crust.

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Unifferentiated meteorites

✓ They are cosmic sediments made by particles CAIs http://www.astronomy.com directly coming from the solar nebula. They give information on the Solar System original Matrix composition. Chondrules ✓ In their fine grained matrix Ca-Al rich inclusions (CAIs), chondrules and presolar grains are CHONDRITES hosted.

~ 95 vol% < 1-5 vol% Davis & Richter (2005)

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Unifferentiated meteorites

Chondrules CAIs within chondrules Presolar grains

http://www.astronomy.com SiC Spinel SiC

TiC Graphite Graphite inclusion in graphite Nittler (2003)

TiC inclusion in SiC

Graphite

Lodders and Amari (2005) Zinner 2014

Scott and Krot 2005, Chondrites and their components.

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Differentiated meteorites

http://www.astronomy.com ACHONDRITES

http://www.meteorites.com.au http://www.meteorites.com.au Achondrite s.l. Stony-iron meteorites Iron meteorites

Achondrite Stony meteorites lacking of chondrules. Despite the name achondrites is nowadays attributed to the whole group of differentiated meteorites (differentiated achondrites), it was originally given to meteorites coming from the crust of the differentiated parent with basic composition (SiO2 = 45-52 weight%) and similar to terrestrial basalts.

Primitive achondrite Differentiated achondrite Compositions close to the composition Chemical composition highly of chondrites, moderately fractionated fractionated from the ranges of from the range of nebular materials. chondritic materials.

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Differentiated meteorites

http://www.astronomy.com ACHONDRITES

http://www.meteorites.com.au http://www.meteorites.com.au Achondrite s.l. Stony-iron meteorites Iron meteorites

Stony-iron They are mixtures of achondritic textured stony portions and Fe,Ni metal likely coming from the mantle-nucleus interface. ✓ PALLASITES: stony-iron meteorites essentially composed by olivine [(Mg,Fe)2SiO4] and (Fe,Ni) metal. ✓ MESOSIDERITES: mixtures of metal and basaltic material. New parent body consisting Iron meteorites Meteorites essentially composed of (Fe,Ni) metal of olivine fragments (from the likely coming from the nucleus of the mantle) and molten Fe-Ni differentiated parent body. (from the residual Fe-Ni melt)

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Meteorites @ UniPG

Prof. Bartolomeo BALDANZA (Milazzo – ME, 05-07-1917) In 1968 found the Italian Center for Meteorite Study at Mineralogy Institut in Perugia.

meteorites impattites

tectites

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Meteorites @ UniPG

Prof. Bartolomeo BALDANZA (Milazzo – ME, 05-07-1917) In 1968 found the Italian Center for Meteorite Study at Mineralogy Institut in Perugia.

meteorites impattites

tectites

Meteorite MINEO

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 MINEO Pallasite @ UniPG

May the 3rd, 1826

Only @ UniPG

 one of the 110 meteorites classified as pallasites  one of the only four witnessed pallasite falls in the world  the only sample still available worldwide (Baldanza 1965; Grady 2000)

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 MINEO Pallasite @ UniPG

Forsterite - Mg SiO Olivine 2 4

Fayalite - Fe2SiO4

Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG Wikipedia.org

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 MINEO Pallasite @ UniPG

Kamacite - Ni 4-7.5 wt% (Fe,Ni) metal Taenite - Ni 27-65 wt%

Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG

10 mm

He et al. (2006)

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 MINEO Pallasite @ UniPG

Chemical composition

Image analysis

http://www.directindustry.com EPMA LA-ICP-MS

Isotopic composition MICROSCOPY

Mineralogical composition

www.thermofisher.com

MC-ICP-MS

X-ray diffraction TOF-SIMS

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 MINEO Pallasite @ UniPG Bulk FE-SEM

Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 MINEO Pallasite @ UniPG Bulk FE-SEM

Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG

EPMA

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 MINEO Pallasite @ UniPG (Fe,Ni) metal Kamacite - Ni 4-7.5 wt% (Fe,Ni) metal Taenite - Ni 27-65 wt%

Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG

LA-ICP-MS

Mineo

FE-SEM 16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 MINEO Pallasite @ UniPG Olivines

Forsterite - Mg SiO Olivines 2 4 Fayalite - Fe SiO Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG 2 4

Raman EPMA

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 MINEO Pallasite @ UniPG Olivines

Forsterite - Mg SiO Olivines 2 4 Fayalite - Fe SiO Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG 2 4

Raman EPMA

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 MINEO Pallasite @ UniPG Iron oxides 1. FE-SEM 2. XRPD pallasiteMineo pallasite Mineo @ UNIPG

4. TEM 3. Raman

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Isotopes analysis Isotopes in MINEO pallasite

TOF-SIMS

Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG

mass

Poitrasson et al.(2005) Modified from Wasson and Choi (2003) 16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Isotopes analysis Oxygen isotopes in MINEO pallasite

16 TOF-SIMS O 16O Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG 17O

17O

18O 18O

1 16 H2 O

16O1H

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Isotopes analysis Oxygen isotopes in MINEO pallasite

TOF-SIMS

Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG Brenham pallasite 3 points 3-2 measurements per point 18 16 O/ O in the sample δ18O = 3.0‰ ± 0.2

18 VC = 6.1 % δ O 푅 훿 = − 1 ∗ 1000 푅푆 Mineo pallasite 4 points 2 measurements per point 18O/16O in the standard (SMOW) δ18O = 2.3‰ ± 0.3 VC = 12.9 %

TOF-SIMS

Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG Brenham pallasite 3 points 3-2 measurements per point 18 16 Mineo (present study) O/ O nel campione 18 δBrenhamO = (present 3.0 ± study)0.2

18 δ O 푅 훿 = − 1 ∗ 1000 푅푆 Mineo pallasite 4 points 2 measurements per point 18O/16O nello standard (SMOW) δ18O = 2.3 ± 0.3 CV = 12.9 %

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the originModified to the from lab. Wasson First results and Choi about (2003) the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Isotopes analysis Fe isotopes in MINEO pallasite

Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG 54Fe TOF-SIMS

56Fe 57Fe

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Isotopes analysis Fe isotopes in MINEO pallasite

Mineo pallasite @ UNIPG 54Fe TOF-SIMS MC-ICP-MS

bulk

56Fe 57Fe

www.thermofisher.com

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 What next…

● Analysis of the isotopic composition of Fe and Ni @ CIRCE lab

● Apply for nano-SIMS analysis

● Study of different meteoritic types (e.g. Allende chondrite)

● Analysis of presolar grains (e.g. SiC)

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Sezione Perugia Meteorites: their origin

Planetesimals

UNDIFFERENTIATED Differentiation DIFFERENTIATED DIFFERENTIATION: a process involving MELTING and SEPARATION of liquids and solids of varying density and chemical composition (Ruzicka et al. 2005). 1

The heat source 2 3

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Meteorites: their origin

Planetesimals

UNDIFFERENTIATED Differentiation DIFFERENTIATED

AccretionDIFFERENTIATION: “Accretionary :energy a processis the involvingpotential gravitational MELTING andenergy SEPARATIONinput releasedofby liquidsassembling and solidsa body offrom varyingmaterials density and chemical composition (Ruzicka et al. 2005). initially at infinite distance” (Scheinberg et al. 2015). Energy addition → Temperature1 increase ΔT = E/MCP Accretionary gravitational Thepotential heat energy source 2Planetary mass Many theories have followed trying to model the planetesimal accretion. The most popular consider instantaneous accretion by sticking collision between solid particles in the3nebula.

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Meteorites: their origin

Planetesimals

UNDIFFERENTIATED Differentiation DIFFERENTIATED DIFFERENTIATION: a process involving MELTING and SEPARATION of liquids and solids of varying density and chemical composition (Ruzicka et al. 2005).

1 ACCRETIONARY ENERGY

The heat source 2 3

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019 Isotopes analysis

Mass spectrometry (MS): Instrumental technique which convert the sample into rapidly moving ions by electron bombardment. The charged particle are then separated according to their atomic number. Mass analizers...

Time-of-flight (TOF) Ions generation… The ionized particles are accelerated by an electric field. The time they need to reach the detector is proportional to their mass as they were accelerated through the same potential.

Magnetic sector multicollector mass spectrometer (MC)

Ions are focused and filtered to produce a beam where Pisonero et al. (2009) the ions have the same approximate energy and can be separated based on their mass/charge ratios Radauscher (2015) Ph.D. thesis

Time of Flight - Secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS)

TOF-SIMS: atomic and molecular ions with mass/charge ratio in the range 1 – 104 are extracted in a single spectrum. Isotopic, elemental and molecular mapping of the analyzed samples is possible.

https://www.nist.gov

 Mass resolution: mass/charge ratio in the range 1 – 104.  Spatial resolution: lower than 1nm.  Simultaneous detection of the whole secondary ions spectrum with the same polarity in a single measurement.  Limited sample disruption.

16th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics History of a meteorite: from the origin to the lab. First results about the Rock Star project March 13th 2019