Index 169 Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Headings in bold refer to sections of the Botanic Garden.

Adams, John Quincy, 18 Arabia, from, 80–81 Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste, 62, 159 Adenia glauca, 127 Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island Bartholdi Fountain, 158, 159, 159 107 136, 137 Africa, arid regions of, 127 pine), , acquisition of, 62, 159 11, 38, 62, 65, 161, 167 See also South Africa Architect of the Capitol, in Bartholdi Park, 146, 147, 149, 150, 61 154 157 Agate, Alfred T., 22 Architectural Ironworks of New York City, , 66 67 67 Agave parryi ssp. parryi (Parry’s agave), 126,127 Archontophoenix purpurea (Mt. Lewis King original Mall site of, , , 2–3 146 147 148–159 Agriculture, introductions for, 13, 16, Palm), Bartholdi Park, , , 18, 26 Areca , 28 Chinese jujube in, 26, 27 Agriculture, U.S. Department of Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. duck nesting in, 153 (USDA), 41 macrocephalum (Hinahina, or Hawaiian map of, 165 silversword), 110–11 1868 headquarters of, 65 views from, 146, 147, 154, 156–57, 157 Alabama snow wreath (Neviusia Arums See also Bartholdi Fountain 105 77 alabamensis), Amorphophallus bulbifer, Bartlett, William Henry, Capitol view by, 53 35 45 Albizia julibrissin (mimosa), Amorphophallus odoratus, Bat plant (Tacca integrifolia), 162 48 49, 82–83 Allamanda cathartica (golden trumpet Amorphophallus titanum, , plant label for, 163 vine), 122 33, 48, 77 80–81 122–23 Asia, plants from, , , Beallara Marfitch ‘Howard’s Dream’ 150 Allium giganteum (giant allium), Asian slipper orchid (Paphiopedilum F. C. (orchid), 118 128 116 Alluaudia procera, Puddle), Beargrasses (Nolina ), 102, 103 86 124 Alocasia ‘Calodora’ (elephant ear), Aspilia mossambicensis, Bear’s paw (Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. Aloe mutabilis (giant aloe), 128–29 Astrocaryum mexicanum (Mexican palm), 86 ladismithiensis), 133 Aluminum, as structural material, 12, 70 Australia Bennett, Edward H., 68 Amazon Basin, plants from, 77 arid regions of, 127 Bennett, Parsons & Frost, Botanic Garden 68, 68 70, 71 American elm (Ulmus americana), 35, 46 plants collected from, 107, 135 architectural design by, , 38 American Parterre, in Bartholdi Park, 149 Australian tree (Cyathea cooperi), 135, Biblical plants, 138–39 41, 42, 48 Amorphophallus bulbifer, 77 Biodiversity, Amorphophallus odoratus, 45 See also Conservation; Endangered plants 141 107, 118, 124 Amorphophallus titanum (titan arum), Bacteria, and nitrogen for plants, Bioengineering, 48, 49, 82–83 Baja fairyduster (Calliandra californica), 128 Bird of paradise Angiopteris evecta (vessel fern), 24, 24–25, Bambusa vulgaris ‘Vittata’ (timber ), Strelitzia reginae, 106, 107 26, 86 78, 80–81 Strelitzia reginae ‘Mandela’s Gold,’ 107 Anguloa virginalis (orchid), 9 , in Garden Court, 6, 79 , 28 Antarctica, 20, 21 Musa ‘Ice Cream,’ 81 Blechnum brasiliense (fern), 138 Anthuriums, 78, 86, 107 Musa ‘Saba,’ 77 Blue beargrass tree (Nolina nelsoni), 102, 103 170 A Botanic Garden for the Nation

Blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida), 127, 132 Calliandra californica (Baja fairyduster), 128 China Bohn Aluminum Company, 70 Calliandra emarginata (pink powder medicinal plants in, 121 141 Botanic Garden. See U.S. Botanic Garden puff), plants collected from, 18, 35 Botany Callicarpa americana (American Chinese ephedra (Ephedra sinica), 121 153 current educational programs in, beautyberry), Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba), 26, 27 41 48 48 144 145 145 , , , , , CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) Chocolate (Theobroma cacao), 77, 78 13, plants, 130, 130–31 nineteenth-century study of, Chrysanthemums, 78 41, 107 Camellia sinensis (tea), 77 Cinnamomum zeylanicum ( tree), 77 48 Cameron, Simon, 46 Smithsonian research center for, Cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), 77 22, 26, 26, 29 Cameron Elm, 46 Brackenridge, William D., CITES (Convention on International Trade 26, 26 46 plant list by, propagation of, in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and verrucosa (spider orchid), 113 Capitol. See U.S. Capitol Flora), 43, 99, 113 , plants collected from, 18, 26 Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus), 157 Clark, Edward, 56, 61, 65 Bromeliads, 42, 86 Carica papaya (papaya), 124–25 Clay, Henry, 18 Bulfinch, Charles, plan for Capitol Carnegiea gigantea (saguaro ), 127, Cleistocactus winteri (cactus), 128 52 53 130–31 grounds by, , Clerodendrum splendens (pagoda flower), 94 65, 68 42 44 45, 104, Burnham, Daniel, Carnivorous plants, , , Clothing. See Fibers 161 104–5 Butterfly Garden, Club , 135, 138 18 19 121 Castor bean (Ricinus communis), , , (Cocos nucifera), 77 77, 78 119 Cacao tree (Theobroma cacao), Catasetum Jumbo Eagle (orchid), Cocos nucifera (coconut), 77 42, 98 99 99 127 126–133 116 Cacti, , , , , Catasetum saccatum (orchid), Coffee (Coffea arabica), 80, 81 127, 130–31 Carnegiea gigantea, Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Collectors. See Plant collectors; U.S. 125 Cereus hildmannianus, 127 periwinkle), Exploring Expedition (1838–1842) 117 Cleistocactus winteri, 128 Cattleya maxima (orchid), Columbian Institute for the Promotion of 118–19 15–18, 29, 55 Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis Cattleya Portia ‘Coerulea’ (orchid), Arts and Sciences, (Bear’s paw), 133 Cecropia peltata (snakewood), 86 documents relating to, 17, 18 oxygona, flower of, 127 , plants from, 77 Colysis wrightii, 135 Echinopsis oxygona, 128 Cereus hildmannianus (cactus), 127 Cone-bearing plants, 107, 135–36, 136–37, 138 Opuntia engelmannii var. Ceylon, from, 28 See also 127–28 lindheimeri, Chicago Botanic Garden, 41 Congress, U.S. See also Succulents; World Deserts Children’s Garden, 142, 142–43 Botanic Garden funding by, 29, 33, 56 24 25 105, 135 California, plants from, , , Chilopsis linearis ssp. linearis (desert ), early Botanic Garden and, 16–18, 20, California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), 105 101, 101 54, 55 Index 171

plans for Washington D.C. and, 53 Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern), 135, Earthstar (Cryptanthus fosterianus), 46 138–39 Smithsonian Institution and, 48 East and West Galleries, 144–45 31 42, 86, 135–36, 136 U.S. Exploring Expedition and, 20 Cycads, , East Courtyard: Children’s Garden, 22, 23, 26, 79 86 142 142–43 See also Joint Committee on the circinalis, , , , 136 136 Library; U.S. Capitol , East Indies, plants collected from, 35 26 131 Conservation, 41, 43, 85, 99, 111 Encephalartos horridus, , Echinocactus grusonii (golden barrel cactus), 136 98 99 See also Endangered plants; Habitat Zamia skinneri, , destruction See also Garden Primeval; Palms Echinodorus floridanus (Florida burrhead), 105 Conservatory, 75–145 Cyclamen, Garden Court exhibits of, 78 Echinopsis oxygona (cactus), 127, 128 1997–2001 rebuilding of, 38–39, 39, 40, Cynara cardunculus (cardoon), 157 Economic plants, 42, 77 41, 70, 72–73 “Electra botanica” (fiber sculpture), 145 as living plant museum, 15, 41, 75, 108 Dana, James Dwight, 20 Elephant ear (Alocasia ‘Calodora’), 86 map of, 164 Darlington, William, 24 Elephant foot tree (Nolina recurvata), 127 modern roofline of, 12,50,146,154,180 Darlingtonia californica (pitcher plant), 24, 25 Elliot, William, 18 1930s buildings of, 36, 37, 38, 68, 68, 69, Dendrobium nobile (orchid), 122 Elms (Ulmus americana), 35, 46 70 70–71 , Denver Botanic Gardens, 41 propagation of, 46 38–39, 45, 46, 78 78 special displays in, , , Desert willow (Chilopsis linearis ssp. Encephalartos horridus (ferocious blue ), 110–11 linearis), 101, 101 26, 131 13 29 29–31 33 Victorian buildings of, , , , , Deserts, 127 Endangered plants, 98, 99, 99 33 34 35, 56 57–63 66–67 , , , , See also Cacti; Drought-adapted in Alabama, 105 See also names of Conservatory sections plants; Succulents; World Deserts conservation of, 42, 43, 75, 99, 101–102, Corcoran College of Art + Design, 41 Dichorisandra thyrsifolia (ginger), 94 105 Corpse flower. See Titan arum Didierea madagascariensis (octopus tree), 127 documentation of, 42 Cosmetics, plant sources of, 77 Dionaea muscipula (Venus’flytrap), 44, 45 in Florida, 102, 105 Cotton palm (Washingtonia filifera), 140 Discoveries. See Plant discoveries from Hawaii, 26, 42, 108, 110–11 Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis Docents, work of, 41, 41 in Pacific Northwest, 124 133 (bear’s paw), Drayton, Joseph, 22 in Texas, 105 35 Crittenden, J. J., Drought-adapted plants, 101–2, 127–28 threats to, 42, 43, 99, 102 46 Cryptanthus fosterianus (earthstar), See also Cacti; Succulents; World from Vietnam, 43 56 56 Crystal Palace (London), , Deserts See also CITES; Habitat destruction 86 92–93 105 Ctenanthe spp. (prayer plant), , Dune sunflowers (Helianthus debilis), Enthoffer, T., 65 121 13 77 Curcuma longa (turmeric), Dyes, plant sources for, , Ephedra sinica (Ma huang, or Chinese Cutbush, Edward, 16 Dypsis lastelliana (teddy bear palm), 86 ephedra), 121 172 A Botanic Garden for the Nation

Epiphytes, 86, 89, 89, 93, 113 Flavoring, plant sources of, 77 Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree), 136, 136 See also Orchids Florida, plants from, 102, 105 Gloxinia, from Brazil, 26 Equisetum hyemale (scouring rush), 135 Florida burrhead (Echinodorus floridanus), 105 Golden barrel cactus (Echinocactus grusonii), Eschscholzia californica (California poppy), Food, plant sources for, 13, 41, 43, 75, 77, 107 98, 99 105 Fragrance, plant sources of, 41, 77 Golden shower orchid (Oncidium Eschscholzia mexicana (Mexican gold sphacelatum), 116 128 poppy), Gaillardia aestivalis var. winkleri Golden trumpet vine (Allamanda cathartica), 122 Euphorbiaceae (Old World succulents), 127 (gaillardia), 104, 105 European water clover (Marsilea Garden Court, 75, 76–83 Gordonia lasianthus (loblolly bay), 101 135 quadrifolia), 1997 disassembly of, 38 Grant Memorial, 35, 51, 65, 67 Exploring Expedition, U.S. See U.S. banana trees in, 6, 77, 81 Greenhouses Exploring Expedition (1838–1842) food plants in, 77, 80, 81 eighteenth century, 54, 54, 68 fountain view of, 5, 76, 76 Gothic-style, 56, 57, 58–59 , 31, 42, 135, 138–39 sago palms in, 22, 23, 26, 79, 136 at Patent Office, 26, 54, 55, 55, 56 Blechnum brasiliense, 138 special displays in, 78, 78 structure of, 56, 68, 70 Colysis wrightii, 135 titan arum blossoming in, 82–83 of Victorian-era Conservatory, 13, Cyathea cooperi, 135, 138–39 Garden notebooks, 15, 153 29, 29–31, 33, 33, 34, 35, 56, 57–63, Huperzia squarrosa, 135 66–67 Garden phlox (Phlox paniculata ‘Becky 135 Nephrolepis falcata, Towe’), 153 See also Conservatory; Crystal Palace 135 Polypodium polypodioides, Garden Primeval,134,135,135,136,136–39 (London); Palm House; Production 138 Pseudodrynaria coronans, Gardening, educational programs in, 41, 147, Facility Pteris vittata, 135 153, 161 Grey, E.N., 61 See also Garden Primeval Gardens, outside first Conservatory, 29, 32, Gulf Coast, plants from, 101, 105 Ferocious blue cycad (Encephalartos 33, 35, 64, 67 Gymnosperms, 135–36, 136 horridus), 26, 131 See also Bartholdi Park 35 35 Fess, Simeon C., Garfield Memorial Tree, Habitat destruction, 42, 43, 75, 85, 99, 102, Fibers, plant sources for, 13, 41, 75, 77, 107 George A. Fuller Company, 35, 70 105, 108 Ficus aurea (strangler fig), 94, 95 Georgia beargrass (Nolina georgiana), 102 See also Conservation; Endangered Ficus religiosa (sacred fig), 86 Giant allium (Allium giganteum), 150 plants Figs, 86, 94, 95 Giant aloe (Aloe mutabilis), 128 Hawaii Fiji, plants from, 22 Gingers, 86 plants collected from, 22, 42, 49, 108 First Ladies Water Garden, 161, 161 Dichorisandra thyrsifolia, 94 special exhibit on, 110–11 Fishtail fern (Nephrolepis falcata), 135 Smithatris myanmarensis, 48 state flower of, 26, 108 Index 173

Hawaiian silversword (Argyroxiphium Imperata cylindrica (Japanese blood grass), Kress, John, 48 110–11 155 sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum), Ladder brake fern (Pteris vittata), 135 121 122–23 Heine, William, Perry expedition , medicinal plants in, , Laeliocattleya Barry Starke ‘The King’ 28 drawings by, Industrial products, from plants, 77, 121 (orchid), 114 105 Helianthus debilis (Dune sunflowers), Inspiration, plant sources of, 41 Laeliocattleya Ecstasy ‘Orchidglade’ Heliconia Irises, 150, 151 (orchid), 179 Garden Court exhibits of, 78 LaFayette, Marquis de, 55 Heliconia psittacorum (parrot’s flower), 108, Japan, Perry expedition to, 28, 28, 29, 107 Lamb’s ears (Stachys byzantina ‘Big Ears’), 109 153 plants collected during, 28, 33 24 25 48 49 144 Herbarium specimens, , , , Japanese blood grass (Imperata cylindrica), Larned, Gale, fiber sculptures by, , 145 Herbs, economic uses of, 77 155 161 Heritage Garden, in Bartholdi Park, 147, Japanese holly (Ilex crenata ‘Sky Pencil’), 149 Lawn Terrace, 152 153 153 141 , , Jefferson, Thomas, 13, 20, 54 Legumes, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 68 70 Hermant, Leon, , Johnston, Frances Benjamin L’Enfant,Pierre Charles 35 38 15, 35, 51, 53, Hess, George Wesley, , photograph of William R.Smith by, plan for Washington by, 54–55, 65 Hibiscus brackenridgei (native yellow 29 26 108 hibiscus, or ma’o hau hele), , Joint Committee on the Library, 8, 29, Leucanthemum x superbum (Shasta daisy), 153 Hibiscus dasycalyx (Neches river rose- 35, 56 105 20 mallow), Jungle, 84, 85, 85–86, 86–97 Lewis and Clark Expedition, Himalayan yew (Taxus wallichiana), 124, 124 canopy walkway in, 88, 89, 90 Licuala ramsayi (palm), 86, 87 Hinahina (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. as complex ecosystem, 85–86, 93, 94 Lilies, 78 110–11 macrocephalum), flowers in, 94 See also Water lilies 149 Holly (Ilex crenata ‘Sky Pencil’), foliage in, 74, 75, 84, 85–86, 90–91, “List of Plants in the Botanic Garden of Horsetails, as primitive plant, 135, 138 96–97 the Columbian Institute” (Elliot), 18 Horydczak, Theodor, photograph of 1930s orchids in, 86, 89 “List of Plants Producing Edible Fruits” 36 37 26 Palm House by, , prayer plants in, 86, 92–93 (Brackenridge), 135 113 Huperzia squarrosa (rock tassel fern), vessel fern in, 24, 24–25, 86 Lithophytes, 107 118 101 Hybridization, , vines in, 85, 88, 93, 94, 95 Loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus), 153 94 Hydrangea ‘Blue Wave’ (hydrangea), vistas from, 50, 88, 90 Lollipops (Pachystachys lutea), Lord & Burnham Company, 70 42 163 163 Identification, of plants, , , Keim’s Illustrated Handbook of Washington Ilex crenata ‘Sky Pencil’ (Japanese holly), 149 and Its Environs, 33 Ma huang (Ephedra sinica), 121 Iliau (Wilkesia gymnoxiphium), 49, 108 Kew Gardens, Royal Palm House at, 56 Madagascar, plants from, 33, 125, 127 174 A Botanic Garden for the Nation

Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus Mascarons, on Botanic Garden facade, Nassella tenuissima (tussock grass), 102 125 68 70 roseus), , National Garden 54 65 Madison, James, McMillan, James, Butterfly Garden, 161 78 35, 65, 67, 68 Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), McMillan Commission, First Ladies Water Garden, 161, 161 136 136 120 121 121–25 Maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba), , Medicinal Plants, , , Lawn Terrace, 161 13, 38, 41, 42, Mall (Washington, D.C.) Medicine, plant sources of, plan for, 160 156–57 43, 75, 77, 107 and Bartholdi Park, Regional Garden, 161 1890 66 at Mount Vernon, 54 ca. view of, Rose Garden, 161, 180 1900 51 Mentha x piperita (peppermint), 121 ca. view of, National Gardening Association, 41 1910 67 Mescal bean (Sophora secundiflora), 101–2 ca. view of, National Museum of Natural History, L’Enfant plan and, 35, 51, 65 Mexican gold poppy (Eschscholzia botanical work of, 48 mexicana), 128 McMillan Commission redesign of, National Museum of the American 35, 65, 67, 68 Mexican palm (Astrocaryum mexicanum), Indian, 157 86 memorial trees removed from, 35, National Wildlife Federation, 41, 153 46, 68 , plants from, 77, 101, 102, 102, 124 Native plants. See Heritage Garden; 51 as “monumental core” of city, Miltoniopsis Drake Will ‘Ruby Falls’ National Garden; West Courtyard: 112 National Garden on, 160, 161 (pansy orchid), Southern Exposure; World Deserts 35 as “pleasure grounds,” 54 Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin), Native yellow hibiscus (Hibiscus 20 26 108 post-Civil War clutter on, 62, 65 Moby Dick (Melville), brackenridgei), , 16 16–17 18 28 railroads on, 62, 67, 68 Monroe, James, , , Navy, U.S., plant collection and, 18, 28, 86 93 vistas from Jungle of, 88 Monstera obliqua (window leaf vine), , See also U.S. Exploring Expedition 54 1838–1842 See also U.S. Botanic Garden; Monticello (Va.),greenhouse at, ( ) U.S. Capitol Mosses. See Club mosses Neches river rose-mallow (Hibiscus 105 ‘Mandela’s Gold’ (Strelitzia reginae Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa), 35 dasycalyx), ‘Mandela’s Gold’), 107 Mount Vernon (Va.), 54, 68 Needle palm (Rhapidophyllum hystrix), 101, 102 Mangosteen, 28 Mt. Lewis King Palm (Archontophoenix 135 Ma’o hau hele (Hibiscus brackenridgei), purpurea), 2–3 Nephrolepis falcata (fishtail fern), 26 108 , Musa ‘Saba’ (banana tree), 77 Neviusia alabamensis (Alabama snow wreath), 105 Marsilea quadrifolia (European water Myanmar, ginger plant from, 48 135 New South Wales, 22 clover), Mythological figures, on Botanic Garden Maryland facade, 68, 70 New Zealand 18 33 plants collected from, Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition, plants from, Wye Plantation orangery in, 54 20, 21, 22, 22 vessel fern from, 24, 24–25, 26, 86 Index 175

Nicolson, Dan, 48 Brassia verrucosa, 113 Astrocaryum mexicanum, 86 Nolina brittoniana (Britton’s beargrass), 102 Catasetum Jumbo Eagle, 119 Dypsis lastelliana, 86 Nolina georgiana (Georgia beargrass), 102 Catasetum saccatum, 116 Licuala ramsayi, 86, 87 Nolina lindheimeriana (Devil’s shoestring), Cattleya maxima, 117 Rhapidophyllum hystrix, 101, 102 102 Cattleya Portia ‘Coerulea,’ 118–19 Roystonea regia, 85 103 Nolina nelsoni (blue beargrass tree), 102, Dendrobium nobile, 122 Washingtonia filifera, 140 Nolina recurvata (elephant foot tree), 127 Laeliocattleya Barry Starke ‘The King,’ Zombia antillarum, 86 114 Nolina texana (Texas sacahuista), 102 See also Cycads Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), Laeliocattleya Ecstasy ‘Orchidglade,’ Panama, plants collected from, 33 107, 136, 137 179 Pansies, 150, 153 Miltoniopsis Drake Will ‘Ruby Falls,’ 112 North America Pansy orchid (Miltoniopsis Drake Will 116 arid regions of, 127 Oncidium sphacelatum, ‘Ruby Falls’), 112 116 horsetail plants from, 135 Paphiopedilum F. C. Puddle, Papaya (Carica papaya), 124–25 43 See also regions and states of the U.S. Paphiopedilum vietnamense, Paphiopedilum F. C. Puddle (Asian slipper 78 Noyes, G. E., 61 Phaius tankervilliae, orchid), 116 Nutmeg, 28 Sophrolaeliocattleya Pumpkin Festival Paphiopedilum vietnamense (Vietnamese ‘Fong Yuen’, 10 orchid), 43 Vanda Hilo Princess ‘Alice,’ 1 127 132 Oasis, as fragile ecosystem, 140 Parkinsonia florida (blue palo verde), , planifolia, 77–78, 80 108 Octopus tree (Didierea madagascariensis), Parrot’s flower (Heliconia psittacorum), , 127 See also Orchid House 109 41, 75 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Sr., 46, 62, 67 Oxygen, plant sources of, Parry’s agave (Agave parryi ssp. parryi), 126, 127 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., 65 132–33 Patent Office Oncidium sphacelatum (golden shower Pachypodium saundersii, 54 55 56 orchid), 116 Pachystachys lutea (lollipops), 94 daguerrotype of, , , 26, 54, 55 55–56 Opuntia engelmannii var. lindheimeri (Texas Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), 124 greenhouse at, , 22, 26, 48, prickly pear cactus), 127–28 Pagoda flower (Clerodendrum splendens), natural specimens housed at, 54, 55 Orangery, 54, 68 94 56 Orchid House, 112, 113, 113–19 Palm House Paxton, Joseph, 28 Orchids, 42, 43, 43, 78, 78, 86, 89, 99, of 1867, 30–31, 31, 33, 33, 35, 60, 61, Pepper, black, 113, 118 61–63 Peppermint (Mentha x piperita), 121 1930 36 38 38 39, 68, 69 70 28, 28, 29, 107 Anguloa virginalis, 9 of s, , , , , Perry, Matthew, 166 Beallara Marfitch ‘Howard’s Dream,’ See also Jungle Persian shield (Strobilanthes dyerianus), 118 Palms, 30–31, 31, 86 Phaius tankervilliae (orchid), 78 176 A Botanic Garden for the Nation

Philodendrons, 86 Potato, 107 Rosa ‘Alchymist,’ 147 Phlox drummondii (phlox), 105 Prayer plant (Ctenanthe spp.), 86, 92–93 Rose Garden, 161, 180 Phlox paniculata ‘Becky Towe’ (garden Prickly pear cactus (Opuntia engelmannii var. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis ‘Salem’), 149 127–28 phlox), 153 lindheimeri), Rosmarinus officinalis ‘Salem’ (rosemary), 149 Pickering, Charles, 22 Primitive plants. See Cycads; Ferns; Rotunda (1867), of Conservatory, 13, 30–31, 33, Picturesque America: Or, the Land We Live In, Garden Primeval 33, 34, 35, 61, 62, 66, 67 44 45 45–47 108 engraving of Botanic Garden in, 13 Production Facility, , , , construction of, 60–61, 61, 62 43 43 99 99 113 Pink powder puff (Calliandra emarginata), CITES plants at, , , , , Royal Palm House (Kew Gardens), 56 141 115 orchid displays and, Royal palms (Roystonea regia), 85 122–23 138 Piper (betel), Pseudodrynaria coronans (fern), Roystonea regia (royal palms), 85 135 Pitcher plant (Darlingtonia californica), Pteris vittata (ladder brake fern), Rush, Richard, 18 24, 25 104 104–5 35 Pitcher plants (Sarracenia), , Quercus macrocarpa (mossy-cup oak), Sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), 86 141 141 107 Plant Adaptations, , bark, Sago palm (Cycas circinalis), 22, 23, 26, 79, 86, Plant collectors, 13, 15, 20, 22, 48 Quisqualis indica (Rangoon creeper), 93 136, 136 See also names of collectors Saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea), 127, 130–31 Plant discoveries Rain forests, as complex ecosystems, Botanic Garden as repository for, 15, 18, 85–86, 93, 94 Saint-Gaudens, August, 65 22, 24, 26, 29, 48, 107 See also Jungle Sarracenia leucophylla (white-topped pitcher 104 104–5 importance of, 13, 20, 41, 43, 107 Rare and Endangered Species, 98, 99, 99 plants), , 104 104–5 See also U.S. Exploring Expedition See also Endangered plants; Habitat Sarracenia (pitcher plants), , (1838–1842) destruction Saw palmetto ( repens), 120, 121 Plant Exploration, 106, 107, 108–11 Ravenala madagascariensis (traveler’s tree), 86 “Scarlet magnifica” (fiber sculpture), 144, 145 Plant habitats, threats to. See Conservation; Regional Garden, 161 135 Endangered plants; Habitat destruction Resurrection fern (Polypodium polypodioides), Scouring rush (Equisetum hyemale), Plant identification, 42, 163, 163 135 Seedless plants, 135 Plumbe, John, Patent Office daguerrotype Rhapidophyllum hystrix (needle palm), Selaginella kraussiana (trailing spike by, 54, 55, 56 101, 102 ), 135 Poinsettias, 78 Rhizobium (nitrogen-fixing bacteria), 141 Serenoa repens (saw palmetto), 120, 121 Polypodium polypodioides (Resurrection Rich, William, 22 Shasta daisy (Leucanthemum x superbum), 153 fern), 135 Ricinus communis (castor bean), 18, 19, 121 Shawnee Stone Company, 68 Pomegranate, 154 Rock tassel fern (Huperzia squarrosa), 135 Shelter, plant materials for, 41, 75 Poncirus trifoliata (trifoliate orange), 150 Romantic Garden, in Bartholdi Park, 151 See also Wood Index 177

Shihu (Dendrobium nobile), 122 Strangler fig (Ficus aurea), 94, 95 Trailing spike moss (Selaginella kraussiana), 135 Silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense Strelitzia reginae (bird of paradise), 106, 107 110–11 86 ssp. macrocephalum), Strelitzia reginae ‘Mandela’s Gold’ (bird of Traveler’s tree (Ravenala madagascariensis), Singapore, plants from, 28 paradise), 107 Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), 150 Smith, William R., 29, 29, 33, 38 Strobilanthes dyerianus (Persian shield), 166 Tropical rain forests, as complex ecosystems, 85–86, 93, 94 Smithatris myanmarensis (ginger), 48 Succulents, 42, 43, 99, 127 Smithson, James, 48 See also Cacti; World Deserts See also Jungle 148 Smithsonian Institution Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), 81, 81 Tulipa ‘Gudoshnik’ (tulip), 121 Botanic Garden partnership with, 48, 108 Sully, Thomas, Wilkes portrait by, 20 Turmeric (Curcuma longa), 102 Mall vistas and, 51 Sumatra, plants from. See Titan arum Tussock grass (Nassella tenuissima), natural history collections of, 48 Swietenia mahagoni (Spanish mahogany), 78 35 46 Romantic garden of, 65 Ulmus americana (American elm), , See also U.S. National Herbarium Tacca integrifolia (bat plant), 162, 163 U.S. Botanic Garden 1997–2001 38–39 Snakewood (Cecropia peltata), 86 Tags. See Identification rebuilding of, , 39, 70, 72–73 Sophora secundiflora (mescal bean, or Texas Tahiti, plants from, 24 Act of Congress authorizing, 18 mountain laurel), 101–2 Taxol, as anti-cancer agent, 124 conservation activities of, 41, 43, 99 Sophrolaeliocattleya Pumpkin Festival Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew), 124 13 14 15–18, 20, ‘Fong Yuen’ (orchid), 10 124 124 early plans for, , , Taxus wallichiana (Himalayan yew), , 53–54, 55 107 127, 131 South Africa, plants from, , Tea (Camellia sinensis), 77 educational mission of, 15, 35, 38, 41, 41, South America, plants collected from, Teddy bear palm (Dypsis lastelliana), 86 42, 48, 70, 144 145 145 161 33–34, 127 , , , Tequila,plant source of, 126, 127 29 32 33, 35 101, 105 former outdoor gardens of, , , South Carolina, plants from, 113 Terrestrial orchids, government jurisdiction over, 18, 20, South Seas, plants collected from, 35 Texas,plants from, 101, 102, 104, 105, 105 29, 38, 56 Southeast Corner House, 140, 140 Texas mountain laurel (Sophora secundiflora), original Mall location of, 13, 15, 17, 20, 101, 102, Southeastern U.S., plants from, 101–2 26, 29, 31, 33, 34, 52, 53, 53, 55, 56, 63, 105, 135 Texas prickly pear cactus (Opuntia 64, 66, 107 101 101–2, Southwestern U.S., plants from, , engelmannii var. lindheimeri), 127–28 partner organizations of, 41, 43, 48 104, 105, 105, 127 Texas sacahuista (Nolina texana), 102 at Patent Office, 22, 26, 48, 54, 55, 55–56 Spanish mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), 78 Theobroma cacao (chocolate), 77, 78 1930s buildings of, 36–37, 38–39, 45, , 77, 121 68–69 70 71 Timber bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris ‘Vittata’), , , 113 Spider orchid (Brassia verrucosa), 78, 80–81 1870s gates for, 61–62, 65 138 138 Sporangia (fern spore packets), , Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum), 48, 49, 1920s relocation of, 35, 35, 38, 45, Stachys byzantina ‘Big Ears’ (lamb’s ears), 153 82–83 65, 68 178 A Botanic Garden for the Nation

(page 180) (opposite) Rose Garden. Orchid ( Ecstasy Against a backdrop of young hornbeams, Laeliocattleya ‘Orchidglade’). roses bloom in the National Garden on the west side of the U.S. Botanic Garden Conservatory.

1870s site plan of, 64, 65 Vessel fern (Angiopteris evecta), 24, 24–25, Water lilies, 142 26, 86 Victorian buildings of, 13, 29, 29–31, 33, Water plantain, 105 33, 34, 35, 56, 57–63, 66–67 Vietnamese orchid (Paphiopedilum West Courtyard: Southern Exposure, 43 vistas from, 50, 51 vietnamense), 100, 101–2, 101–5, 105 20 21 See also Bartholdi Park; Vincennes (naval vessel), , desert willow in, 101, 101 Conservatory; National Garden; Vines gaillardia in, 104, 105 Production Facility in Children’s Garden, 142, 143 as insect and animal habitat, 104, U.S. Capitol in Jungle, 85, 88, 93, 94, 95 104 Bulfinch plan of grounds for, 52, 53 in Medicinal Plants, 122 pitcher plants in, 24, 104, 104–5 102–3 construction of, 56, 58 Volunteers, work of, 41, 41 snow-tolerant plants in, George Washington and, 53 West Indies, plants collected from, 35 135, 138 landscaping plan of 1871 for, 64, 65 Walter, Thomas U., 56, 61 Whisk ferns, 54 and McMillan Commission plan, 35 Washington,D. C. White, Alexander, plantings for, 46–47 Jacksonian-era growth of, 55, 55 White-topped pitcher plants (Sarracenia leucophylla), 104, 104–5 view ca. 1900 from, 51 L’Enfant plan for, 15, 35, 51, 53, 20 20 22, 107 views of, 12, 13, 29, 33, 34, 50, 53, 54–55, 65 Wilkes, Charles, , , 49 108 63, 65, 161, 180 McMillan Commission plans for, 35, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (iliau), , See also Architect of the Capitol 65, 67, 68 Window leaf vine (Monstera obliqua), 86, 93 U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838–1842), Union Station in, 68 78 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 43, 55, 107 War of 1812 and, 54 Wood,plants used for, World Deserts 126 127 127 128 128–33 plants collected by, 22, 23–27, 29, 48, See also Mall; Patent Office; , , , , , 26 131 49, 49, 54, 55, 86, 106, 107, 108, U.S. Capitol ferocious blue cycad in, , 131 136 140 , Washington,George, 15 and Oasis display, 43 75 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), Botanic Garden plans and, 13,14,15, 54 visual impact of, 49 49 54 U.S. National Herbarium, , as horticulturalist, 15, 54, 68 Wye Plantation (Md.), See also Herbarium specimens palm named for, 140 U.S. Patent Office. See Patent Office plans for Washington D.C. and, 53, 54, Yews 55, 70 Taxus brevifolia, 124 Vanda Hilo Princess ‘Alice’(orchid), 1 Washington Canal, 56, 58–59 Taxus wallichiana, 124, 124 Vanderlyn, John, portraits by, 15, 16 Washington Elm, 35 136 Vanilla planifolia (vanilla orchid), 77–78, Washingtonia filifera (cotton palm), 140 Zamia skinneri (cycad), 80 26 27 Water clover, European (Marsilea Zizyphus jujuba (Chinese jujube), , Venus’flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), 44, 45 quadrifolia), 135 Zombie palm (Zombia antillarum), 86