DOCSLIB.ORG

Exploring Changes In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exploring Changes In SIGNS AND SYMBOLS: EXPLORING CHANGES IN ICONOGRAPHY IN THE CONTACT ERA RIO GRANDE PUEBLO WORLD by HEATHER LYNN SELTZER B.A., Binghamton University, State University of New York, 2015 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology 2017 This thesis entitled: Signs and Symbols: Exploring Changes in Iconography in the Contact Era Rio Grande Pueblo World written by Heather L. Seltzer has been approved by the Department of Anthropology Dr. Catherine Cameron Committee Chair Dr. Scott Ortman Committee Member Dr. Arthur Joyce Committee Member Date: The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signators, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in Anthropology. ii Seltzer, Heather Lynn (MA, Anthropology) Signs and Symbols: Exploring Changes in Iconography in the Contact Era Rio Grande Pueblo World Thesis directed by Dr. Catherine Cameron This thesis examines Puebloan iconography on pottery from the Northern and Middle Rio Grande Valleys from the pre-Contact through the Post-Revolt period to assess the impact of the Spanish on the Pueblo people. The Spanish conquistadors and missionaries created upheaval in the Pueblo people world upon their arrival in the Rio Grande area during the 16th century. The social tensions that resulted forced a blending of ideas and culture between the two groups, demonstrated in the ethnographic records of Pueblo communities. The 1680 Pueblo Revolt and cultural revitalization movement by Puebloan groups sought to return indigenous peoples to their heritage through an emphasis on traditional religious practices and lifeways. There was variability among the Pueblos at this time with their response to the Spanish, as well as during the Pueblo Revolt. Results indicate that Spanish colonization mainly impacted vessel form and caused a decrease in the use overtly religious motifs on pottery, such as anthropomorphic religious figures, including, kachinas and awanyus. These differences are particularly noted in the Contact and Revolt period Middle Rio Grande, as opposed to the Tewa communities in the Northern Rio Grande. No evidence for the adoption of European motifs in my sample was identified. This research is significant because it is some of the only regionally-based exploration of the impacts of Spanish contact and the Pueblo Revolt on ceramic forms and iconography. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge certain individuals and organizations for providing significant assistance in the writing of this thesis, access to collections, or financial support. I would especially like to thank my advisor Catherine Cameron for tremendous advice and critical comments. I thank the other members of my committee, Scott Ortman and Arthur Joyce (and Pepe). I further thank the following institutions and individuals for providing access to their collections: Museum of Indian Arts and Culture (Julia Clifton), Denver Museum of Nature and Science (Melissa Bechhoefer), Western Archeological Conservation Center (Paige Hoskins), Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Laura Costello), Salinas National Monument (Marc LeFrancois). I thank the following organizations for providing financial support for my research: Colorado Archaeological Society, University of Colorado Boulder Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado Boulder Department of Anthropology, and the University of Colorado Boulder Graduate School. I would also like to thank Thatcher Rogers, for proof reading and encouragement and Samantha Linford for support and endless coffee runs that fueled my thesis. I would also like to thank Kaitlyn Davis for discussions on the Rio Grande. Lastly, I thank my precious kitten, Sunny, who has helped me through the entire thesis process. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Importance of the Study .............................................................................................................. 6 Methods....................................................................................................................................... 7 Summary of Results .................................................................................................................... 7 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Background ................................................................................................................. 11 Geography and Environmental Setting ..................................................................................... 11 The Northern and Middle Rio Grande before Contact ............................................................. 14 Developmental Period ........................................................................................................... 15 Coalition Period .................................................................................................................... 17 Classic Period........................................................................................................................ 18 Contact Period/Historic Period ............................................................................................. 20 Pueblo Revolt of 1680 .......................................................................................................... 28 Between the Revolt and the Reconquista.............................................................................. 33 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 36 Chapter 3: Rio Grande Pottery ...................................................................................................... 38 Classic Period Pottery ............................................................................................................... 38 Black-on-White Pottery ........................................................................................................ 39 Glaze Wares .......................................................................................................................... 40 Previous Research on Rio Grande Pottery ................................................................................ 43 Important Motif Interpretations ................................................................................................ 55 v The Importance of Birds and their use among Pueblo Groups ............................................. 56 Bird Images on Kiva Murals ................................................................................................. 59 Stepped and Terraced Elements ............................................................................................ 60 Triangles ............................................................................................................................... 61 Awanyus ............................................................................................................................... 61 Motif Summary ..................................................................................................................... 61 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 61 Chapter 4: Methods ....................................................................................................................... 63 Overview of Data Sources ........................................................................................................ 63 Methodology of Data Collection and Analysis ......................................................................... 64 Attributes and Attribute States .................................................................................................. 67 Vessel Form .......................................................................................................................... 67 Ceramic Type and Temporal Association............................................................................. 69 Motif Types ........................................................................................................................... 71 Condition of Paint ................................................................................................................. 82 Recording Problems .................................................................................................................. 83 Theoretical Perspectives ........................................................................................................... 84 Culture Contact ..................................................................................................................... 85 Social Identity ....................................................................................................................... 88 Conclusion of Methods Section ................................................................................................ 90 Chapter 5: Analysis of Results ...................................................................................................... 92 Form Analysis ..........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Environmental History of the Middle Rio Grande Basin
    United States Department of From the Rio to the Sierra: Agriculture Forest Service An Environmental History of Rocky Mountain Research Station the Middle Rio Grande Basin Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5 Dan Scurlock i Scurlock, Dan. 1998. From the rio to the sierra: An environmental history of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 440 p. Abstract Various human groups have greatly affected the processes and evolution of Middle Rio Grande Basin ecosystems, especially riparian zones, from A.D. 1540 to the present. Overgrazing, clear-cutting, irrigation farming, fire suppression, intensive hunting, and introduction of exotic plants have combined with droughts and floods to bring about environmental and associated cultural changes in the Basin. As a result of these changes, public laws were passed and agencies created to rectify or mitigate various environmental problems in the region. Although restoration and remedial programs have improved the overall “health” of Basin ecosystems, most old and new environmental problems persist. Keywords: environmental impact, environmental history, historic climate, historic fauna, historic flora, Rio Grande Publisher’s Note The opinions and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USDA Forest Service. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal Government. The author withheld diacritical marks from the Spanish words in text for consistency with English punctuation. Publisher Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins, Colorado May 1998 You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media.
    [Show full text]
  • Rio Grande Basin 08247500 San Antonio River
    196 RIO GRANDE BASIN 08247500 SAN ANTONIO RIVER AT ORTIZ, CO ° ° 1 1 LOCATION.--Lat 36 59'35", long 106 02'17", in NE ⁄4SE ⁄4 sec.24, T.32 N., R.8 E., Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, Hydrologic Unit 13010005, on left bank 800 ft upstream (south) from Colorado-New Mexico State line, 0.4 mi southeast of Ortiz, and 0.4 mi upstream from Los Pinos River. DRAINAGE AREA.--110 mi2, approximately. PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1919 to October 1920, October 1924 to September 1940 (seasonal records only), October 1940 to current year. Monthly discharge only for some periods, published in WSP 1312. For a complete listing of historical data available for this site, see http://waterdata.usgs.gov/co/nwis/inventory/ ?site_no=08247500 REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 1732: 1951. WSP 1923: 1927 (monthly discharge and runoff). GAGE.--Water-stage recorder with satellite telemetry. Elevation of gage is 7,970 ft above NGVD of 1929, from topographic map. Prior to Apr. 7, 1926, nonrecording gage at various locations near present site, at different datums. Apr. 7, 1926 to June 24, 1954, water-stage recorder on right bank at site 200 ft downstream at present datum. REMARKS.--Records good except for estimated daily discharges, which are poor. Natural flow of stream affected by diversions for irrigation and return flows from irrigated areas. Statistical summary computed for 1941 to current year, subsequent to conversion of station to year-round records. COOPERATION.--Records collected and computed by Colorado Division of Water Resources and reviewed by Geological Survey. EXTREMES OUTSIDE PERIOD OF RECORD.--Flood of Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Kachina Peaks Avalanche Center, Inc
    AVALANCHE SAFETY ON A SHOESTRING David W Lovejoy Kachina Peaks Avalanche Center Inc. Flagstaff, Arizona . ABSTRACT The objective was primarily educational, to inform winter travelers of $1,800,000.00 potential hazards and encourage proper safety equipment and training. $1,600,000.00 Kachina Peaks Avalanche Center, Inc. (KPAC) is entering its sixteenth affiliated Surveys conducted (2005-2007) indicated that fewer than 50% of those $1,400,000.00 winter of operation as an unaffiliated, nonprofit center with its focus on independent traveling into avalanche terrain were equipped with transceiver, probe $1,200,000.00 Kachina Peaks Wilderness in the Coconino National Forest, Arizona. or shovel. $1,000,000.00 Winter precipitation is highly variable with seasonal snowfall totals $800,000.00 averaging 260 inches (660 cm), but ranging from <100 to 460 inches A record breaking winter during 2004-5 produced massive avalanches $600,000.00 (<254 – 1168 cm). During productive snow years the need for an and a few near misses. These inspired a group of local snow $400,000.00 avalanche center was evident, however, during droughts perhaps not. professionals, mostly associated with the Arizona Snowbowl ski $200,000.00 $0.00 Through trial, error, and imagination we have arrived at an operational patrol, to initiate a formal means of raising awareness and model that seems to effectively fulfill our mission of providing disseminating accurate information on snowpack stability. This was the appropriate avalanche safety education at a minimum cost. birth of KPAC establishing a 501 (c) 3 nonprofit educational institution without direct affiliation with any government agency.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mexico New Mexico
    NEW MEXICO NEWand MEXICO the PIMERIA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves NEW MEXICO AND THE PIMERÍA ALTA NEWand MEXICO thePI MERÍA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2017 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-573-4 (cloth) ISBN: 978-1-60732-574-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Douglass, John G., 1968– editor. | Graves, William M., editor. Title: New Mexico and the Pimería Alta : the colonial period in the American Southwest / edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves. Description: Boulder : University Press of Colorado, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016044391| ISBN 9781607325734 (cloth) | ISBN 9781607325741 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Spaniards—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History. | Spaniards—Southwest, New—History. | Indians of North America—First contact with Europeans—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground-Water Geochemistry of the Albuquerque-Belen Basin, Central New Mexico
    GROUND-WA TER GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE ALBVQVERQVE-BELEN BASIN, CENTRAL NEW MEXICO By Scott K. Anderholm U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4094 Albuquerque, New Mexico 1988 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL MODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can write to: be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division Books and Open-File Reports Pinetree Office Park Federal Center, Building 810 4501 Indian School Rd. NE, Suite 200 Box 25425 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................. 1 Introduction ......................................................... 2 Acknowledgments ................................................. 4 Purpose and scope ............................................... 4 Location ........................................................ 4 Climate ......................................................... 6 Previous investigations ......................................... 6 Geology .................................................... 6 Hydrology .................................................. 6 Well-numbering system ........................................... 9 Geology .............................................................. 10 Precambrian rocks ............................................... 10 Paleozoic rocks ................................................. 10 Mesozoic
    [Show full text]
  • The Hopi Kachina Cult: Religion and Ritual As Elements of Cultural Identity Preservation
    Journal of American Studies of Turkey 8 (1998) : 29-42. The Hopi Kachina Cult: Religion and Ritual as Elements of Cultural Identity Preservation Meldan Tanrısal Ozymandias has fallen on his face, but the Hopi kachinas still stand erect in their ancestral kivas. Watson Smith Introduction The descendents of the prehistoric peoples who lived in the Southwest of the United States fifteen hundred years ago, the Pueblo Indians have to this day preserved their identity and rich culture despite the assaults of Euro-American civilization. If certain traditional forms of Pueblo life seem to have changed little from, for example, ten centuries ago, it is because, for the Pueblo, religion and ritual have been inseparable from social life. Their religion has protected them from the encroachment of outside influences. Among the Pueblo Indians, the Hopi have changed least of all. It is generally agreed that the Hopi have been able to preserve their way of life due to their creed, known as the “Kachina cult.” While this Kachina cult on the one hand reflects the Hopi’s dependence on agriculture for survival in a dry and rugged climate, it has functioned, on the other hand, as a crucial element in the preservation and assertion of their identity and culture. This article takes a closer look at the Kachina cult, through a discussion of its beliefs, of the artifacts such as masks and Kachina dolls, of the nature of the Kachinas as spiritual beings and as fertility providers, and of the Hopi Kachina ceremonies that make use of these artifacts and philosophies.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Rio Grande Valley/Deep S. Texas Hurricane Guide
    The Official Rio Grande Valley/Deep South Texas HURRICANE GUIDE 2021 IT ONLY TAKES ONE STORM! weather.gov/rgv A Letter to Residents After more than a decade of near-misses, 2020 reminded the Rio Grande Valley and Deep South Texas that hurricanes are still a force to be reckoned with. Hurricane Hanna cut a swath from Padre Island National Seashore in Kenedy County through much of the Rio Grande Valley in late July, leaving nearly $1 billion in agricultural and property damage it its wake. While many may now think that we’ve paid our dues, that sentiment couldn’t be further from the truth! The combination of atmospheric and oceanic patterns favorable for a landfalling hurricane in the Rio Grande Valley/Deep South Texas region can occur in any season, including this one. Residents can use the experience of Hurricane Hanna in 2020 as a great reminder to be prepared in 2021. Hurricanes bring a multitude of hazards including flooding rain, damaging winds, deadly storm surge, and tornadoes. These destructive forces can displace you from your home for months or years, and there are many recent cases in the United States and territories where this has occurred. Hurricane Harvey (2017), Michael (2018, Florida Panhandle), and Laura (2020, southwest Louisiana) are just three such devastating events. This guide can help you and your family get prepared. Learn what to do before, during and after a storm. Your plan should include preparations for your home or business, gathering supplies, ensuring your insurance is up to date, and planning with your family for an evacuation.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Hydrology of Valles Caldera and the Southwestern Jemez Mountains, New Mexico
    GEOTHERMAL HYDROLOGY OF VALLES CALDERA AND THE SOUTHWESTERN JEMEZ MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4067 Prepared in cooperation with the OFFICE OF THE STATE ENGINEER GEOTHERMAL HYDROLOGY OF VALLES CALDERA AND THE SOUTHWESTERN JEMEZ MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO By Frank W. Trainer, Robert J. Rogers, and Michael L. Sorey U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4067 Prepared in cooperation with the OFFICE OF THE STATE ENGINEER Albuquerque, New Mexico 2000 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Water Resources Division Box 25286 5338 Montgomery NE, Suite 400 Denver, CO 80225-0286 Albuquerque, NM 87109-1311 Information regarding research and data-collection programs of the U.S. Geological Survey is available on the Internet via the World Wide Web. You may connect to the Home Page for the New Mexico District Office using the URL: http://nm.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Page Abstract............................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................ 2 Purpose and scope........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sister Onfa: Uranian Missionary to Mesilla John Buescher
    ISSN 1076-9072 SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO HISTORICAL REVIEW Pasajero del Camino Real By Doña Ana County Historical Society Volume XXVIII Las Cruces, New Mexico January 2021 Doña Ana County Historical Society Publisher Board of Directors for 2021 President: Dennis Daily Southern New Mexico Historical Review Vice President: Garland Courts Secretary: Jim Eckles Sponsors Treasurer: Dennis Fuller Historian: Sally Kading Past President: Susan Krueger Bob and Cherie Gamboa At Large Board Members Frank and Priscilla Parrish Luis Rios Robert and Alice Distlehorst Sim Middleton Jose Aranda Susan Krueger and Jesus Lopez Daniel Aguilera James and Lana Eckman Bob Gamboa Buddy Ritter Merle and Linda Osborn Frank Brito Review Editor position open - contact [email protected] Review Factotum: Jim Eckles Dylan McDonald Mildred Miles Cover Drawing by Jose Cisneros (Reproduced with permission of the artist) George Helfrich The Southern New Mexico Historical Review (ISSN-1076-9072) is looking for original articles concern- Dennis Daily ing the Southwestern Border Region. Biography, local and family histories, oral history and well-edited Nancy Baker documents are welcome. Charts, illustrations or photographs are encouraged to accompany submissions. We are also in need of book reviewers, proofreaders, and someone in marketing and distribution. Barbara Stevens Current copies of the Southern New Mexico Historical Review are available for $10. If ordering by mail, Glennis Adam please include $2.00 for postage and handling. Back issues of the print versions of the Southern New Mexico Historical Review are no longer available. However, all issues since 1994 are available at the Leslie Bergloff Historical Society’s website: http://www.donaanacountyhistsoc.org.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change and Cultural Response in the Prehistoric American Southwest
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey Fall 2009 Climate Change and Cultural Response In The Prehistoric American Southwest Larry Benson U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] Michael S. Berry Bureau of Reclamation Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Benson, Larry and Berry, Michael S., "Climate Change and Cultural Response In The Prehistoric American Southwest" (2009). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 725. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/725 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. CLIMATE CHANGE AND CULTURAL RESPONSE IN THE PREHISTORIC AMERICAN SOUTHWEST Larry V. Benson and Michael S. Berry ABSTRACT Comparison of regional tree-ring cutting-date distributions from the southern Col- orado Plateau and the Rio Grande region with tree-ring-based reconstructions of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and with the timing of archaeological stage transitions indicates that Southwestern Native American cultures were peri- odically impacted by major climatic oscillations between A.D. 860 and 1600. Site- specifi c information indicates that aggregation, abandonment, and out-migration from many archaeological regions occurred during several widespread mega- droughts, including the well-documented middle-twelfth- and late-thirteenth- century droughts. We suggest that the demographic response of southwestern Native Americans to climate variability primarily refl ects their dependence on an inordinately maize-based subsistence regimen within a region in which agricul- ture was highly sensitive to climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources Overview Desert Peaks Complex of the Organ Mountains – Desert Peaks National Monument Doña Ana County, New Mexico
    Cultural Resources Overview Desert Peaks Complex of the Organ Mountains – Desert Peaks National Monument Doña Ana County, New Mexico Myles R. Miller, Lawrence L. Loendorf, Tim Graves, Mark Sechrist, Mark Willis, and Margaret Berrier Report submitted to the Wilderness Society Sacred Sites Research, Inc. July 18, 2017 Public Version This version of the Cultural Resources overview is intended for public distribution. Sensitive information on site locations, including maps and geographic coordinates, has been removed in accordance with State and Federal antiquities regulations. Executive Summary Since the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) in 1966, at least 50 cultural resource surveys or reviews have been conducted within the boundaries of the Desert Peaks Complex. These surveys were conducted under Sections 106 and 110 of the NHPA. More recently, local avocational archaeologists and supporters of the Organ Monument-Desert Peaks National Monument have recorded several significant rock art sites along Broad and Valles canyons. A review of site records on file at the New Mexico Historic Preservation Division and consultations with regional archaeologists compiled information on over 160 prehistoric and historic archaeological sites in the Desert Peaks Complex. Hundreds of additional sites have yet to be discovered and recorded throughout the complex. The known sites represent over 13,000 years of prehistory and history, from the first New World hunters who gazed at the nighttime stars to modern astronomers who studied the same stars while peering through telescopes on Magdalena Peak. Prehistoric sites in the complex include ancient hunting and gathering sites, earth oven pits where agave and yucca were baked for food and fermented mescal, pithouse and pueblo villages occupied by early farmers of the Southwest, quarry sites where materials for stone tools were obtained, and caves and shrines used for rituals and ceremonies.
    [Show full text]
  • Grand Canyon West?
    The Insider’s Guide to the Grand Canyon: Spring 2007 Helping You Get the Most Out of Your Grand Canyon Vacation! Thank you for choosing Grand Canyon.com as your Southwestern vacation specialist! You’ve not only chosen an extraordinary place for your vacation, but you’ve also picked a great time to visit. Having lived and worked in the Grand Canyon area for over 20 years, our staff has made a few observations and picked up a few “insider tips” that can help save you time, money and hassle - sometimes all three at once! If you’ve gotten most of your Grand Canyon vacation planned by now - booked your flights, reserved your rental car, secured hotel rooms, mapped your itinerary, etc. – then take your left hand, put it on your right shoulder, and pat yourself on the back! You get to skip to Travel Tip #8. For those who‘ve just now decided on the Grand Canyon for your spring break vacation, we hope you’ll find this guide helpful in putting together a trip you’ll be smiling about for years to come! Before you dig in, we recommend that you have a few minutes of quiet time, a map or road atlas, a pen and/or a highlighter, maybe a beverage, and your “Grand Canyon Top Tours Brochure.” Let’s get started and get YOU to the Grand Canyon! 1 Travel Tip 1 – Where Is the Grand Canyon? Grand Canyon National Park is in Northern Arizona. Travel Tip 2 – What Side Can I See it From? Grand Canyon South Rim and Grand Canyon West (a.k.a.
    [Show full text]