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Quantitative Analysis of Nutrients and Biochemical Evaluation in Pomfret Fish (Pampus Argenteus) During Frozen Storage

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Quantitative Analysis of Nutrients and Biochemical Evaluation in Pomfret Fish (Pampus Argenteus) During Frozen Storage ISSN: 2349-8889 International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology Volume-8, Issue-3 (May 2021) www.ijrasb.com https://doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.8.3.23 Quantitative Analysis of Nutrients and Biochemical Evaluation in Pomfret Fish (Pampus argenteus) During Frozen Storage Ms. Swagatika Tripathy1 and Mr. Utkalendu Suvendusekhar Samantaray2 1Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha, INDIA 2Department of Vaccine Development, Virchow Biotech Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, INDIA 2Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT created by endogenous sources such as the mitochondrial Marine fish are well-known for being a high- electron transport chain, endoplasmic reticulum, quality protein source having high concentration of cytochrome P450 activities, and chloroplasts in plants essential amino acids. It has high concentration of (Gulio and Meyer, 2008). (Fridovich, 1978; Halliwell mono unsaturated and poly unsaturated fatty acids, and Gutteridge et al., 1999).Exogenous sources, such as which may aid in the optimization of lipid profiles ionising radiation, create reactive oxygen species. and the reduction of the risk of coronary heart It has a beneficial effect on neutrophil and disease (CHD). The goal of this study was to estimate macrophage phagocytic activity. In higher eukaryotes, it the nutritional and biochemical status of raw sea fish aids in the regulation of gene expression (Meyer et al., Pampus argenteus after 30 days of frozen storage at - 1994). They're also crucial for differentiation and 200C with 15-day intervals. Nutrient study showed a development (Allen, 1991). It's also referred to as a free decrease in protein and lipid content. The changes of radical. Mitochondria are the primary physiological hydrogen peroxide and oxidized lipid products were source of reactive oxygen species in fish. Pescado estimated in the muscle tissue during fresh and Mitochondrial function changes because of variations in storage condition. Results indicate that during Reactive Oxygen Species generation and O2 storage the oxidative stress increased. An antioxidant consumption (Filho, 2007). In apoptosis, reactive oxygen enzyme (superoxide dismutase, smutase, catalase, species oxidise proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid glutathione peroxidase) measurement was (Messauodi, 2009). determined. The increased amount of oxidative stress Superoxide is produced when molecular oxygen during fish storage is shown by the differential (O2) is reduced, and it is the precursor to most Reactive activity of antioxidant enzymes. The amount of Oxygen Species (Turren, 2003). - . – protein in fish varies slightly between species and O2 + e → O2 even within species. Fish is high in protein, vitamins, Hydrogen peroxide is produced when superoxide is minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential dismutated (H2O2) + . - . - for brain development (Spencer et al., 1971; Jacylin 2H + O2 + O2 →H2O2 + O2 et al., 2010). A well-balanced diet consists variety of Hydrogen peroxide is produced when superoxide is fish that can help in children's growth and dismutated (H2O2) - - . development as well as their heart health (Jinadasa, H2O2 + e → HO + OH + - 2014). 2H +2e +H2O2 →2H2O Pesticides and other xenobiotics produce ROS Keywords- Nutrients, Biochemical Evaluation, through a variety of mechanisms, including impaired Pomfret Fish membrane-bound electron transport, the accumulation of redox intermediates (Stolze and Nohl, 1994), redox recycling, photosensitization (Gulio and Meyer, 2008), I. INTRODUCTION the fenton reaction, and the inactivation of antioxidant enzymes (Kono and Fridovich, 1983). Lipid 1.1.1. Reactive Oxygen Species peroxidation, protein oxidation, certain illnesses, and Reactive Oxygen Species are liberated as a by- accelerated ageing are all caused by reactive oxygen product of normal oxygen metabolism in the body. species. According to vertebrate species, particularly laboratory 1.1.2. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) In Marine Fish: animals, mitochondria generate 90% of reactive oxygen The most prevalent trait of marine fishes is species (Halliwell, 2002). Stress factor responses in reactive oxygen species. Fertilized eggs have been found plants have a big impact on the formation of Reactive to produce Reactive Oxygen Species. The creation of Oxygen Species. The production of reactive oxygen reactive oxygen species (ROS) in larvae is unknown; species is triggered by a variety of mechanisms. Auto however, environmental factors may enhance ROS oxidation of vital components, reactive oxygen species formation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an innate 180 This work is under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. ISSN: 2349-8889 International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology Volume-8, Issue-3 (May 2021) www.ijrasb.com https://doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.8.3.23 defensive system in embryos and larvae that protects 1.2. Oxidative Stress: them from invasive microorganisms. Oxidative stress is the balance between the 1. Reactive oxygen species in Devil stringer: creation of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant Marine fish species influence reactive oxygen defence system in a healthy body .It is defined as an species to varying degrees. Rocky marine fish species increase in reactive species generation in defects that have greater amount of Reactive Oxygen Species, cause cell or organism damage or death (Davies, 1995). particularly in the late larva stage. The generation of In the environment and aquatic toxicology, oxidative reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a trait of rocky fish stress in fish is extremely important. Many substances, that is passed on from mother to child. During the including pesticides and pro-oxidant factors, generate growth of a marine fish like the Devil Stinger from oxidative stress in fish, which can be used to measure fertilized egg to early larval stage, it continuously creates global pollution. It's an inescapable part of living an reactive oxygen Species in normal rearing conditions active lifestyle. Substances such as pesticides, petroleum (Kurachi and Yamaguchi, 2006). The survival rates of pollutants, induce oxidative stress and transitional metal marine fish in the rearing stages are influenced by ions (Slaininova et al., 2009).By producing reactive reactive oxygen species. In the embryo of a devil stinger, oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) superoxide dismutase (SOD) reduced the quantity of and hydroxyl radicals, oxidative stress from oxidative reactive oxygen species. metabolism indirectly causes base damage (OH-). DNA When devil stinger embryos are treated with strands are also broken. It wreaks havoc on the body's streptomycin and penicillin G, the level of reactive regular signalling mechanisms. Oxidative stress has been oxygen species is significantly reduced (Kadomura and linked to cancer, Parkinson's disease, myocardial Nakashima, 2006). The Reactive Oxygen Species of this infarction, depression, and atherosclerosis in humans fish is influenced by environmental factors such as (Halliwell, 2013). The effects of oxidative stress are neighboring microorganism. Immunoblotting with an proportional to the size of the changes, with a cell's antibody against neutrophil cytochrome b558 large ability to recover from disruption .Various biological subunit produced reactive oxygen species in the devil processes, such as apoptosis, viral multiplication, and stinger embryo, implying the presence of a NADPH much inflammatory response, are influenced by oxidase-like enzyme system. No special stimulation or oxidative stress. The harmful element of oxidative stress trigger is required for the significant development of is the formation of reactive oxygen species (free radicals Reactive Oxygen Species in the embryos of zebra fish and peroxides). The presence of oxidative stress in and devil stinger fish. aerobic life is unavoidable. 2. Reactive oxygen species in Zebra fish: Aging is also caused by oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species formation in fish Oxidative stress has cytotoxic effects and is involved in embryos has been discovered using Phorbol Myristate the modulation of messengers that control key cell Acetate (PMA) in zebra fish embryos, and macrophage membrane processes that are necessary for survival. It precursors found in the yolk sac are the main source of alters the intracellular redox status; causing protein reactive oxygen species (Hermann and Millard, 2004). kinases to become activated (Yoshikawa, 1998). 3. Reactive oxygen species in Rock fish: Cadmium accumulates in aquatic organisms, resulting in Reactive oxygen species are produced at higher an increase in highly reactive oxygen species (HROS) quantities in marbled and black rock fish than in other and oxidative stress (Roche and Boge, 1993; Atli et al., fish species. Reactive Oxygen Species production is 2006). linked to rapid mass mortality in these fish. To examine Environmental monitoring programmes may the location of reactive oxygen species in black rocky include oxidative stress biomarkers, according to some fish, researchers used hypersensitive photon counting reports (Cathy and Shugart, 1992). The fenton reaction microscopy with real-time digital CCD cameras that produces reactive oxygen species, which causes detect faint optical signals (Mizuguchi, 1998) .ROS oxidative stress (Amiard, 2006). The oxidative state and levels in marbled and black rock fish steadily increased antioxidant defences
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