DOCSLIB.ORG

Bone Char Effects on Soil: Sequential Fractionations and XANES Spectroscopy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bone Char Effects on Soil: Sequential Fractionations and XANES Spectroscopy SOIL, 4, 23–35, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-23-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under SOIL the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Bone char effects on soil: sequential fractionations and XANES spectroscopy Mohsen Morshedizad1, Kerstin Panten2, Wantana Klysubun3, and Peter Leinweber1 1Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 6, 18051 Rostock, Germany 2Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn Institute, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany 3Synchrotron Light Research Institute, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand Correspondence: Peter Leinweber ([email protected]) Received: 22 May 2017 – Discussion started: 23 June 2017 Revised: 19 October 2017 – Accepted: 14 November 2017 – Published: 12 January 2018 Abstract. The acceptability of novel bone char fertilizers depends on their P release, but reactions at bone char surfaces and impacts on soil P speciation are insufficiently known. By using sequential fractionation and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy we investigated whether and how the chemical composition of bone char particles has been altered in soil and has consequently affected the P speciation of amended soils. Therefore, two different kinds of bone char particles (BC produced by the pyrolysis of degreased animal bone chips at 800 ◦C and BCplus, a BC enriched with reduced sulfur compounds) were manually separated from the soil at the end of two different experiments: incubation leaching and ryegrass cultivation. Sequential P fractionation of amended soils showed P enrichment in all fractions compared to the control. The most P increase between all treatments significantly occurred in the NaOH–P and resin-P fractions in response to BCplus application in both incubation-leaching and ryegrass cultivation experiments. This increase in the readily available P fraction in BCplus-treated soils was confirmed by linear combination fitting (LCF) analysis on P K-edge XANES spectra of BC particles and amended soils. The proportion of Ca hydroxyapatite decreased, plus whereas the proportion of CaHPO4 increased in BC particles after amended soils had been incubated and leached and cropped by ryegrass. Based on P XANES speciation as determined by LCF analysis, the proportion plus of inorganic Ca(H2PO4)2 increased in amended soils after BC application. These results indicate that soil amendment with BCplus particles leads to elevated P concentration and maintains more soluble P species than BC particles even after 230 days of ryegrass cultivation. 1 Introduction plication (Schnug et al., 2003). Many recent studies have tar- geted sustainable agriculture through improving P availabil- On the global scale, readily available sources of phosphorus ity from applied fertilizers (Delgado et al., 2002; Schröder et (P), a crucial macronutrient element for agricultural produc- al., 2011), increasing P-uptake efficiency from organic and tion, are being faced with scarcity and overpricing (Scholz inorganic P pools in the soil (Kaur and Reddy, 2014) and de- et al., 2013; Van Vuuren et al., 2010). Environmental pollu- veloping new technologies for P recycling from human and tion frequently arises from their impurities (Cd, U; Hartley animal waste (Siebers and Leinweber, 2013; Herzel et al., et al., 2013; Kratz et al., 2016) and from over-fertilization 2016). Particular attention has been paid to the oxidation pro- (Rubaek et al., 2013). Further problems are the quick forma- cess, e.g., by thiobacilli of elemental sulfur to sulfuric acid, in tion of stable and inaccessible compounds that limit plant P order to enhance the solubility of non-water-soluble P from uptake (Shen et al., 2011) and the low agronomic efficiency of no more than 15 % of fertilizer P in the first year of ap- Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 24 M. Morshedizad et al.: Bone char effects on soil: sequential fractionations and XANES spectroscopy rock phosphates (Powers, 1923; Lee et al., 1987; Fan et al., contribution of hydroxyapatite (HAP) increase after BC ap- 2002) or meat and bone ashes (Schnug et al., 2003). plication. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to pro- As an economically and environmentally attractive exam- vide practical information on the fate and alteration of P ple, pyrolyzed animal bone chips branded as “bone char” species in BC and novel surface-modified BC (BCplus) par- (BC), a slow-release apatite-based P fertilizer, have been sur- ticles and their treated soils under incubation-leaching and face modified by sulfur (S) compounds to enhance its solu- ryegrass cultivation practices using sequential P fractionation bility in neutral to alkaline soils. Incubation-leaching and pot and P XANES spectroscopy. experiments confirmed that surface-modification was an ef- fective approach in P-release promotion from BC fertilizer 2 Materials and methods (Morshedizad et al., 2016; Zimmer, D. and Panten, K., per- sonal communication). Such an in situ digestion of an ap- 2.1 Incubation-leaching experiment atitic phosphate with elemental S was first described by Fan et al. (2002, 2012). Two particle size fractions (1–2 and 2–4 mm) of bone chars Despite these attempts to raise the dissolution and use effi- were incubated with a silt loam soil (BC produced by ciency of BC in supplying P for crop requirements, a consid- the pyrolysis of degreased animal bone chips at 800 ◦C erable fraction of applied BC–P to the soil remains insoluble and BCplus as a surface-modified BC obtained by blend- in the short term and is not taken up by plants over the entire ing with reduced S-containing compounds composed of cropping period. A detailed P speciation can clarify the fate 60 % elemental S, 30 % calcium sulfate dehydrate and 10 % of insoluble P from BC, which has not been done before. methanesulfonate (Zimmer et al., unpublished results of S Chemical speciation is described as the analytical identifi- X-ray absorption near-edge fine structure spectroscopy) in cation of chemical species of defined elements and measur- a commercial biogas desulfurization process; patent appli- ing their quantities in the system (Templeton et al., 2000). cation DE 212012000046U1; http:www.google.com/patents/ The precise characterization of various P species in the soil DE212012000046U1?cl=en&hl=de). The soil was classified as a dynamic response to nonequilibrium conditions imposed as Dystric Cambisol (FAO) with a pH of 4.7 (measured −1 by human activities, such as fertilization, can support a bet- in 0.01 molL CaCl2 solution) and total (digestion with ter understanding of reactivity, stability and particularly the HNO3 and analyzed using ICP-OES; USEPA, 1997) and −1 plant accessibility of different P forms and provide a basis available (extracted by 1 molL NH4NO3 and analyzed us- for best management practices. Several techniques, such as ing ICP-OES; He and Singh, 1993) P contents of 1.6 gPkg−1 sequential fractionation (Dieter et al., 2010; Condron and and 14 mgPkg−1, respectively. The BC and BCplus contained Newman, 2011), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spec- a total P of 149 and 123 gkg−1, total calcium (Ca) of 185 troscopy (Liu et al., 2009; Vestergren et al., 2012; Ahlgren and 265 gkg−1 and total S of 6 and 199 gkg−1 with average et al., 2013), Raman spectroscopy (Lanfranco, 2003; Vo- pHCaCl2 values of 7.8 and 4.9, respectively. gel et al., 2013) and chromatography coupled to mass spec- The BCs were added to 30 g of air dry soil (< 2 mm) at troscopy (De Brabandere et al., 2008; Paraskova et al., 2015), levels of 0 mgPkg−1 soil (control) and 500 mgPkg−1 in five have been developed for P-speciation analysis in soil and replicates. The soil and BC–BCplus mixture was homoge- sediments. Each one of these techniques can offer specific nized and packed into glass columns with a 10 cm length advantages and disadvantages depending on the phase and and an inner diameter of 2 cm. A P-free filter (MN 616 G; complexity of sample matrixes (Kruse et al., 2015). Com- Macherey-Nagel GmbH & Co., KG Düren, Germany) was plementarily, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) placed at the bottom of each column to avoid any particle spectroscopy is well suited for the identification of various P losses. The amended soils were incubated for 70 days at species through the fingerprinting of molecular structures in 20 ◦C in the dark and constant soil moisture between 60 and solid and heterogeneous mediums based on fine features and 70 % of soil-water-holding capacity. During the incubation the position of absorbing edges (Kelly et al., 2008; Kizewski period, the soil columns were leached with three pore vol- et al., 2011). The advantages of XANES spectroscopy for umes of deionized water added by a droplet irrigation simu- soil samples make it a promising technique for direct and in lator system. The leaching process was repeated in five steps, situ P speciation with no pretreatment and minimal sample each one after 1, 5, 13, 34 and 70 days. The P concentra- manipulation (Toor et al., 2006; Kelly et al., 2008). tions in collected leachates were measured using inductively According to the best of our knowledge, no studies have coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). characterized P-speciation changes in BC particles over The outcomes of the leaching experiment were described in nonequilibrium conditions in the soil system, and only few Morshedizad and Leinweber (2017). After the incubation- investigations have been reported on the P release from BC leaching experiment, the treated soil samples were carefully and alteration in P species of the soil. Siebers et al. (2013) removed from the glass columns and air-dried, and the BC– investigated K-edge XANES spectroscopy on BC-incubated BCplus particles were manually separated from the soils very soil samples and provided evidence that the increase in ex- gently.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) Using Physically Pretreated Camel Bone Biochar
    Advanced Journal of Chemistry-Section A, 2019, 2(4), 347-364 http://ajchem-a.com Research Article Adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) Using Physically Pretreated Camel Bone Biochar Mohamed Nageeb Rashed* , Allia Abd-Elmenaim Gad, Nada Magdy Fathy Faculty of Science, Aswan University, 81528 Aswan, Egypt A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Received: 15 April 2019 In this study, low-cost biochar adsorbent originated from camel Revised: 06 May 2019 bone was prepared by physical treatment, and the prepared camel Accepted: 05 June bone biochar for the removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous Available online: 10 June solutions was examined. The characterization of the prepared biochar adsorbent before and after the treatment with the metal DOI: 10.33945/SAMI/AJCA.2019.4.8 solutions was done by using XRD, SEM, FT-IR, and BET surface isotherm. The bone sample was pyrolyzed at temperature 500, 600, 800, and 900 °C. Adsorption efficiency of Pb and Cd were optimized K E Y W O R D S by varying different parameters viz., pH, pHz, contact time, initial Wastewater metal concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. Nature of Lead the adsorption process is predicted by using adsorption kinetic, Cadmium isotherms, and thermodynamic models. The results revealed that the Camel Bone effective pyrolysis of camel bone achieved at 800 °C which possess Biochar high removal capacity. The maximum adsorption removal percentage for Cd and Pb were 99.4 and 99.89%, respectively at contact time of 1 h, adsorbent dosage of 1 g, pH=5, and initial metal concentration 10 mg/L of both metal salts.
    [Show full text]
  • Activated Carbon, Biochar and Charcoal: Linkages and Synergies Across Pyrogenic Carbon’S Abcs
    water Review Activated Carbon, Biochar and Charcoal: Linkages and Synergies across Pyrogenic Carbon’s ABCs Nikolas Hagemann 1,* ID , Kurt Spokas 2 ID , Hans-Peter Schmidt 3 ID , Ralf Kägi 4, Marc Anton Böhler 5 and Thomas D. Bucheli 1 1 Agroscope, Environmental Analytics, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Management Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; [email protected] 3 Ithaka Institute, Ancienne Eglise 9, CH-1974 Arbaz, Switzerland; [email protected] 4 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Process Engineering, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; [email protected] 5 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Application and Development, Department Process Engineering, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-58-462-1074 Received: 11 January 2018; Accepted: 1 February 2018; Published: 9 February 2018 Abstract: Biochar and activated carbon, both carbonaceous pyrogenic materials, are important products for environmental technology and intensively studied for a multitude of purposes. A strict distinction between these materials is not always possible, and also a generally accepted terminology is lacking. However, research on both materials is increasingly overlapping: sorption and remediation are the domain of activated carbon, which nowadays is also addressed by studies on biochar. Thus, awareness of both fields of research and knowledge about the distinction of biochar and activated carbon is necessary for designing novel research on pyrogenic carbonaceous materials. Here, we describe the dividing ranges and common grounds of biochar, activated carbon and other pyrogenic carbonaceous materials such as charcoal based on their history, definition and production technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Final
    DEFLUORIDATION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY CATTLE BONE CHAR AND HYDROXYAPATITE by Dachuan Tang A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Civil Engineering 2019 Summer © 2019 Dachuan Tang All Rights Reserved DEFLUORIDATION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY CATTLE BONE CHAR AND HYDROXYAPATITE by Dachuan Tang Approved: __________________________________________________________ Chin-Pao Huang, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Sue McNeil, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Approved: __________________________________________________________ Levi T. Thompson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Engineering Approved: __________________________________________________________ Douglas J. Doren, Ph.D. Interim Vice Provost for Graduate & Professional Education and Dean of the Graduate College ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I want to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor, Professor Chin- Pao Huang for his patient guidance, consistently encourage and valuable experience in research through all days in laboratory and class. I still remember the first day I came to the University of Delaware, when he told me that a person can be remembered because of his achievements rather than a rhetoric English name. I want to thank all members in our lab: Tommy Chen, Jenn Feng, Mary Fan, Jinghua, Thomas Lin, Sean, Daniel, Michael Huang, Yuchin Kao, Cuijuan, Wanze, and Kegang for their assistance during my graduate career. Especially, thanks to Tommy Chen, who taught me how to conduct experiments; and Thomas Lin, who helped me to calculate the complex formation model. Moreover, I will keep the memories of happy lunchtimes accompanied by all lab members in my mind forever.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Cane Sugar Refining
    Scholars' Mine Professional Degree Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1927 Studies in cane sugar refining Marion Smith Badollet Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/professional_theses Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Department: Recommended Citation Badollet, Marion Smith, "Studies in cane sugar refining" (1927). Professional Degree Theses. 64. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/professional_theses/64 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Professional Degree Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDIES III CANE 3UG.AR 11E}?I1:IIUG ;.. ";(... ~~~, ~3 BY MARION SMITH BADOLL£T A THESIS Submitted to the faculty of the SCHOOL OF UIJJ.ES AND METALLUHGY OF ~1iE UUDTERSllY OF ~ISSOURI in partial fLl.lfillment of the work required -:for the Degree of CHE1tICAL ]NGIlr.EER Rolla, Mo. 1927. Atproved Application of the Dye Test to Sugar-House Products and Relations Between Certain Measurements and the Refining Quality of Raw Cane Sugar'~ J1, S. Badol/ot awl H. S. Paine (C'arlwhydrafc Laboratory, Bllrca'l~ Of Chemistry, lJ. S, Deparllllent of .1yri('lllturc) Investigation of the effect of colloids upon of a motor-operated stirrer, to keep the filter the refining qualityl of raw cane sugars is one medium (infusorial eal,tTi) in uniform suspen­ of the important subjects in the refining indus- sion during the filtration period, The l1ressure try today.
    [Show full text]
  • DETERMINATION of CARBON and HYDROGEN in BONE BLACK and OTHER Charsl
    r---~----------------------------------------- ----"-----" U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESEARCH PAPER RPI479 Part of Journal of Research of the N.ational Bureau of Standards, Volume 28, June 1942 DETERMINATION OF CARBON AND HYDROGEN IN BONE BLACK AND OTHER CHARSl By Victor R. Deitz and Leland F. Gleysteen 2 ABSTRACT The carbon and hydrogen contents of samples of bone chars, charcoals, and vegetable carbons are determined by combustion in oxygen, the resultant carbon dioxide and water being weighed. The procedure for the handling of such highly adsorptive substances is set forth with a description of the necessary apparatus. A simple procedure is adopted to bring each sample for analysis to a constant weight . This consists in exposure of the sample to air saturated with water in an exsiccator for 18 hours, and subsequent heating in a helium atmosphere at 105 0 C for 18 hours. In the determination of the carbon, corrections are made for the carbonate remaining in the ash from t he combustion and for the carbonate and the adsorbed carbon dioxide contained in the original sample. The results are tabulated to give these separate contributions to the total carbon. A comparison is made with results for the same materials obtained by the determination of the loss upon ignition of the acid-washed residue of each sample. CONTENTS Page I. Introduction _____________________________ _______ _______________ 795 II. Preparation of the sample for analysis ______ ________ _______________ 796 1. Sampling _______ _________ ________________________________ 796 2. Handling of the sample ___________________________________ 797 III. Method A: Combustion in oxygen _________________ _______ ________ 798 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Activated Charcoal Processing
    Activated Carbon Processing 1 Executive Summary 2 Activated carbon was petitioned to remove brown color from white grape juice concentrate. Carbon is obtained from a 3 wide variety of sources and is activated by a number of different processes. While some of these carbon sources are 4 agricultural, and several of the processes do not involve the use of substances that are prohibited in organic production 5 and handling, the reviewers all considered activated carbon in general to be non-agricultural and synthetic. There are many 6 different uses and applications for activated carbon in food processing. Most of these are related to the substance’s ion 7 exchange capacity. All of the reviewers advised that the NOSB recommend that the substance be added to the National 8 List. All discussed extensively the need for restrictions and limitations, and the compatibility of the substance with organic 9 handling principles. One proposed an annotation that would limit sources and processes; another proposed an annotation 10 that would prohibit the petitioned use; and the third suggested that activated carbon be listed without annotation. 11 12 Summary of TAP Reviewer Analysis1 13 14 15 95% organic Synthetic / Form Non-Synthetic: Allowed or Prohibited: Suggested Annotation: 205.605(b) Activated Synthetic (3-0) Yes (3) 1. As a processing aid only. Must carbon No (0) meet Food Chemicals Codex purity requirement and be manufactured from agricultural products by steam activation. 2. Processing Materials for filtering water, only. It should not be used to recreate / improve flavors, or colors of organically processed food. 3. None 16 17 Made with organic (70% or more organic ingredients) Synthetic / Form Non-Synthetic: Allowed or Prohibited: Suggested Annotation: 205.605(b) Activated Synthetic (3-0) Yes (3) None (2) carbon No (0) It should not be used to recreate/ improve flavors, or colors of organically processed food (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Sugar Refining
    SUGAR REFINING Sugar was first manufactured from sugar cane in India, and its manufacture has spread from there throughout the world. Chemically, sugar is the substance sucrose, which can be hydrolysed in acidic solution (i.e. below pH 7) to form the monosaccharides glucose and fructose as follows. sucrose + H2O → glucose + fructose In New Zealand sugar is refined by the New Zealand Sugar Company Ltd. from cane sugar imported from Australia, Cuba and Fiji. A four step process is used, but since March 1996 the first three steps have been carried out overseas. Step 1 - Affination The raw sugar is mixed with a saturated syrup and then centrifuged to extract the crystals. Surface impurities (molasses) dissolve in this syrup and are removed. Step 2 - Carbonatation The sugar is redissoved and calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide are added to the solution. These react according to the following equation Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O Colour, gum and amino acid impurities precipitate out with the calcium carbonate. Step 3 - Char filtration Activated charcoal is added to the syrup, removing colour and inorganic ash. Step 4 - Crystallisation The solution is boiled under vacuum and the crystal growth monitored to produce particular sizes of crystal. The sugar is made into a variety of different products (raw sugar, golden syrup, treacle, soft brown sugar, coffee crystals, 1A sugar, castor sugar, liquid sugar) with varying amounts of glucose, fructose and inorganic impurities. Pollution is minimised by ensuring complete fuel combustion, monitoring liquid and gaseous effluents. The solid mud from carbonatation is buried on site. INTRODUCTION The word "sugar" used in everyday life refers to the chemical sucrose.
    [Show full text]
  • Concentrated Phosphorus Recovery from Food Grade Animal Bones
    sustainability Article Concentrated Phosphorus Recovery from Food Grade Animal Bones Edward Someus 1,* and Massimo Pugliese 2 ID 1 Terra Humana Ltd., Biofarm Agri Research Station, Kajászó H-2472, Hungary 2 Università Degli Studi di Torino, Agroinnova and DISAFA, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 April 2018; Accepted: 4 July 2018; Published: 6 July 2018 Abstract: Disrupted nutrient recycling is a significant problem for Europe, while phosphorus and nitrogen are wasted instead of being used for plant nutrition. Mineral phosphate is a critical raw material, which may contain environmentally hazardous elements such as cadmium and uranium. Therefore, phosphorus recovery from agricultural and food industrial by-product streams is a critically important key priority. Phosphorus recovery from food grade animal bone by-products have been researched since 2002 and a specific zero emission autothermal carbonization system, called 3R, has been developed in economical industrial scale, providing the animal bone char product (ABC) as output. Different animal bone by-products were tested under different conditions at 400 kg/h throughput capacity in the continuously operated 3R system. Different material core treatment temperatures (between >300 ◦C and <850 ◦C) were combined with different residence times under industrial productive processing conditions. It was demonstrated that material core treatment temperature <850 ◦C with 20 min residence time is necessary to achieve high quality ABC with useful agronomic value. The output ABC product has concentrated >30% phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), making it a high quality innovative fertilizer. Keywords: bio-phosphate; ABC Animal-Bone-Char; 3R pyrolysis; phosphorus recovery; animal by-products; apatite 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Reaction of Uranyl Ions with Bone Char : Application for the Isolation And
    WM’ 06 Conference, February 26–March 2, 2006, Tucson, AZ Effective Media∗ for Immobilising and Isolating Radionuclides from Aqueous Nuclear Wastes: Reaction Products of Bone Char and Uranyl Ions P.E. Warwick, I.W. Croudace, N.G. Holland, J.W.P. Watson Geosciences Advisory Unit, National Oceanography Centre European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK P. Foss Smith Brimac Carbon Services Ltd Dellingburn Street, Greenock PA15 4TP Scotland ABSTRACT The reaction of uranyl ions with bone char under a variety of laboratory conditions leads to products (e.g. uranium modified bone char) that are effective in incorporating and retaining radionuclides. The products are highly insoluble and are compositionally analogous to natural uranium-bearing minerals found in the supergene environment. A calcium uranium oxyhydroxide, similar to becquerelite is produced when bone char reacts with uranyl ions at elevated temperatures and pressures under mildly acidic conditions (pH~4). Under more acidic conditions (pH~3), a compound similar to phosphuranylite forms whilst in the presence of excess phosphate, a compound similar to chernikovite is produced. Radiotracer studies show the various products incorporate a wide range of elements including Am, Cd, Ce, Co, Cs, Eu, Mn, Pd, Pu, Ru, Sm, Sn, Tc, Y, Zn and Zr. Four uptake mechanisms are inferred to occur and vary according to the element. These are ionic substitution into the uranyl compound or hydroxyapatite and surface adsorption onto hydroxyapaptite or carbon. This makes the modified bone char materials generally applicable for the adsorption of a wide range of diverse species. Once incorporated/adsorbed, the radionuclides are not readily leached under neutral or mildly acidic conditions thereby providing a stable solid phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Bone Char
    applied sciences Article Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Bone Char Puqi Jia 1,2,3, Hongwei Tan 3, Kuiren Liu 2 and Wei Gao 3,* 1 College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Nonferrous Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 3 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-9-923-8175 Received: 31 August 2018; Accepted: 6 October 2018; Published: 12 October 2018 Abstract: Bone char was prepared from bovine bone for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. The effects of particle size, contact time, and adsorption temperature on the removal rate of methylene blue were investigated. It was found that bone char particle size had an insignificant effect. The equilibration time was found at approximately 80 min. The removal rate decreased with an increase in temperature. The intraparticle diffusion was the main rate-limiting step. The experimental data was analyzed by kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic equations. The results show that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich isotherm models are true of the adsorption process. The spontaneous and exothermic ion-exchange adsorption process was certified by the negative values of free energy change and enthalpy change, and 13.29 kJ mol−1 of adsorption energy. Keywords: bone char; methylene blue; adsorption; ion-exchange; kinetics 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Study of the Adsorption of Cadmium and Zinc on Activated Bone Char
    Acta Scientiarum http://www.uem.br/acta ISSN printed: 1806-2563 ISSN on-line: 1807-8664 Doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v39i2.30188 Comparative study of the adsorption of cadmium and zinc on activated bone char Pedro Henrique Rodrigues da Silva1, Jéssica Gonçalves Barbosa1, Rodrigo Augusto Barella2, Anderson Barros Caixeta Araújo1 and Indianara Conceição Ostroski1* 1Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n, 74001-970,Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. 2Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Toledo, Paraná, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The goal of this work was to study the adsorption equilibrium of ions Zn2+ and Cd2+ using bovine bone char in fixed bed columns. Dynamic tests were performed with upstream flow fixed bed column, at 30oC and average particle diameter of 0.08 mm. Initially, the optimal operating flow rate was determined, which was 4 mL min.-1 for both metals. The dynamic isotherms, obtained by mass balance in the breakthrough curves, were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Simulations of the dynamics of ion adsorption provided satisfactory results, wherein the mass transfer coefficient was directly affected by the inflow concentration of ions, within the range of the study. Keywords: equilibrium data, heavy metals, mathematical model. Estudo comparativo da adsorção dos íons cádmio e zinco no carvão ativado de osso bovino RESUMO. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o equilíbrio de adsorção de íons Zn2+ e Cd2+ usando carvão de osso bovino em colunas de leito fixo. Testes dinâmicos foram realizados com o fluxo ascendente em coluna de leito fixo, a 30°C e diâmetro médio de partícula de 0,08 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Dissociation Constant of Succinic Acid from 0-Degrees to 50-Degrees-C
    copper would be distributed on the leather than, TAR LE 7. Aluminum, iron, and copper content of water­ would be jf the dye bath was applied only to the fur soluble extractives surface. Another reason the seal fur did not deteriorate as Year of cro p much as migh t be expected from the copper content, as compared to the Karakuls, may be that the oil Co nstituent Group I Group II tannage is inherently more resistant than the pre­ 1930 193 1 1932 1933 1945 1946 dominantly alum-type dressing of the lambskins. --------------- ----------- The rate with which the metal salts are leached or Percent Percent P ercent Percent Percent Percent removed from the lambskin pelts holds no relation­ AI,O, _________________ 0.387 0. 129 0. 290 0. 11 2 0. 295 0. 165 FC' 0 3_________________ . 006 . 007 . 041) . 026 . 080 . 030 ship to the exten t of deterioration. In other words CuO __________________ .065 . 006 . 030 . 012 . 058 . 010 the degree of the fixation of metal salts does no t fol­ TotoL ____ ______ 0.458 1 0. 142 1-0.366 -o.J:440:433 0. 205 low the aging. The res ul ts of water extraction of the metal salts from the skins are shown in table 7. VI. Summary lytically promotes deterioration. Iron salts ap­ parently do not promote deterior ation appreciably. ~I Aged crossbred K arakul lamb furs appear to have The findings ar e in accord with a previously differ ent physical proper ties than aged purebred publish ed r eport on the influence of copper and iron Karakul lamb furs.
    [Show full text]