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Thesis Final DEFLUORIDATION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY CATTLE BONE CHAR AND HYDROXYAPATITE by Dachuan Tang A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Civil Engineering 2019 Summer © 2019 Dachuan Tang All Rights Reserved DEFLUORIDATION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY CATTLE BONE CHAR AND HYDROXYAPATITE by Dachuan Tang Approved: __________________________________________________________ Chin-Pao Huang, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Sue McNeil, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Approved: __________________________________________________________ Levi T. Thompson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Engineering Approved: __________________________________________________________ Douglas J. Doren, Ph.D. Interim Vice Provost for Graduate & Professional Education and Dean of the Graduate College ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I want to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor, Professor Chin- Pao Huang for his patient guidance, consistently encourage and valuable experience in research through all days in laboratory and class. I still remember the first day I came to the University of Delaware, when he told me that a person can be remembered because of his achievements rather than a rhetoric English name. I want to thank all members in our lab: Tommy Chen, Jenn Feng, Mary Fan, Jinghua, Thomas Lin, Sean, Daniel, Michael Huang, Yuchin Kao, Cuijuan, Wanze, and Kegang for their assistance during my graduate career. Especially, thanks to Tommy Chen, who taught me how to conduct experiments; and Thomas Lin, who helped me to calculate the complex formation model. Moreover, I will keep the memories of happy lunchtimes accompanied by all lab members in my mind forever. I would like to acknowledge the lab managers in our department: Yu-Han Yu and Michael Davidson for their patience and responsible assistance with my research. I would like to thank all my friends in Newark: Yudi, TingTing, Dafu, Yingzhuo, Vera, Xiangming, Gabriel Shao, Jieren, Danhui, Mu Zhu, Snow and so on for their endless help and friendship during my graduate studies. Finally, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my parents and my family members, who supported me with love, patience and finance. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ ix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 3 2.1 Overview .......................................................................................... 3 2.2 Toxicity of Excess Fluoride .............................................................. 3 2.3 Fluoride Removal Methods .............................................................. 4 2.4 Hydroxyapatite ................................................................................. 6 2.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 6 2.4.2 Surface Charge and Zeta potential .......................................... 7 2.4.3 Electrical Properties ................................................................. 8 2.4.4 Fluoride Removal .................................................................. 11 2.5 Bone Char ....................................................................................... 12 2.5.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 12 2.5.2 Fluoride Removal .................................................................. 12 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................... 15 3.1 Material ........................................................................................... 15 3.2 Adsorption Experiment .................................................................. 16 3.3 Zeta Potential Measurement ........................................................... 17 3.4 Surface Characterization ................................................................ 17 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................. 19 4.1 Surface Characterizations ............................................................... 19 4.1.1 Surface Area and Pore Size ................................................... 19 4.1.2 SEM Analysis ........................................................................ 19 4.1.3 FTIR Analysis ....................................................................... 25 4.1.4 XRD Analysis ........................................................................ 27 iv 4.1.5 XPS Analysis ......................................................................... 29 4.1.6 Zeta Potential and Surface Acidity ........................................ 32 4.2 Fluoride Removal Experiment ....................................................... 38 4.2.1 Effect of Solution pH ............................................................. 38 4.2.2 Effect of Adsorbent Dose. ..................................................... 41 4.2.3 Effect of Initial Fluoride Concentration ................................ 43 4.2.4 Adsorption Isotherm .............................................................. 50 4.2.5 Effect of Temperature ............................................................ 56 4.2.6 Adsorption Model Fitting ...................................................... 59 4.2.7 Effect of Ionic Strength ......................................................... 63 4.2.8 Adsorption Mechanism. ........................................................ 65 5 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 66 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 68 v LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Surface area and pore size of BC and HAP ............................................. 19 Table 4.2: BC and HAP intrinsic constants ............................................................... 33 Table 4.3: Langmuir isotherm parameter for BC adsorption fluoride. ...................... 51 Table 4.4: Langmuir isotherm parameter for HAP adsorption fluoride. ................... 51 Table 4.5: Freundlich isotherm constant for BC adsorption fluoride. ....................... 53 Table 4.6: Freundlich isotherm constant for HAP adsorption fluoride. .................... 53 Table 4.7: Thermodynamic parameters at different temperature .............................. 57 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: SEM image of BC (a) before adsorption, (b) after adsorption at pHf = 3, (c) after adsorption at pHf = 3.0, (d) after adsorption at pHf =11 ....... 21 Figure 4.2: SEM image of HAP (a) before adsorption, (b) after adsorption at pHf = 3, (c) after adsorption at pHf = 3.0, (d) after adsorption at pHf =11 ....... 22 Figure 4.3: SEM-EDX spectrum and mapping image of BC after adsorption. .......... 23 Figure 4.4: SEM-EDX spectrum and mapping image of HAP after adsorption ........ 24 Figure 4.5: The FTIR spectrum of (a) BC, (b) HAP before and after adsorption. ..... 26 Figure 4.6: XRD patterns of the (a) BC, (b) HAP before and after adsorption. ......... 28 Figure 4.7: XPS survey spectra of (a) BC, (b) HAP before and after adsorption. -2 Experimental conditions: [Adsorbent]=10 g/L, pHf = 3.0, [I] = 10 M - NaClO4. [F ]=60 mM ............................................................................... 30 Figure 4.8: XPS Ca2p spectrum of the (a) BC and (b) HAP before and after adsorption. .............................................................................................. 31 Figure 4.9: (a) Zeta potential of BC, (b) Zeta potential of HAP. Experimental -1 -2 -2 conditions: pHf = 2.0 to 12.0, [I] = 10 , 3×10 and 10 M NaClO4 ...... 34 Figure 4.10: (a) Surface potential of HAP, (b) Surface charge of HAP. -1 -2 -2 Experimental conditions: pHf = 2.0 to 12.0, [I] = 10 , 3×10 and 10 M NaClO4 ................................................................................................ 35 Figure 4.11: Speciation of surface group of BC in different ionic strength. (a) [I] = -1 -2 -2 10 NaClO4, (b) [I] = 3×10 NaClO4, (c) [I] = 10 NaClO4. ................. 36 Figure 4.12: Speciation surface group of HAP in different ionic strength. (a) [I] -1 -2 -2 =10 NaClO4, (b) [I] = 3×10 NaClO4, (c) [I] = 10 NaClO4. .............. 37 Figure 4.13: Effect of pH on fluoride removal by (a) BC, (b) HAP in different initial fluoride concentration. Experimental conditions: [Adsorbent]= -2 - 10 g/L, [I] = 10 M NaClO4, [F ] = 6, 8, 13, 16, 20mM ......................... 39 vii Figure 4.14: The pH variation between before and after adsorption (a) BC, (b) HAP. Experimental conditions: [Adsorbent] = 10g/L, [I] = 10-2 M - NaClO4, [F ] = 20 mM ............................................................................. 40 Figure 4.15: Effect of adsorbent dose on fluoride removal percentage and adsorption capacity. (a) BC, (b) HAP. Experimental conditions: pHf = -2 - 3.0, [I] = 10 M NaClO4, [F ] = 20 mM .................................................
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