• Sinai Peninsula –connect Africa and CLASS SEVEN Suez Canal. • Strait of Gibraltar –connect Africa 1. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT and Spain

POSITION, SHAPE AND SIZE OF TYPES OF CAPE AFRICA 1. Cape Verde POSITION 2. Cape Palmas 3. Cape Lopez Definition: is a large mass of land. 4. Cape Fria 1. Asia is the largest continent. 5. Cape of Good Hope 2. Africa is second largest continent. 6. Cape Aulhas 3. North America is the third largest 7. Cape Ambe continent. 8. Cape Sainte- Marie 4. South America is the fourth largest 9. Cape Guardafui continent. COUNTRIES OF AFRICA AND THEIR 5. Antarctica is the fifth largest LOCATION continent. 6. Europe is the sixth largest continent. There are 54 countries in Africa including 7. Australia & New Zealand. (southern Sudan) but when we include Western Sahara there is 55 countries 0 NB: Africa lies between latitudes 37 N and therefore there is 53 independence countries. 350 S and longitudes 180 W and 520 E • The biggest countries in Africa are Algeria. • The second is Dr. Congo • The third is Chad. • The third last is Mauritius. THE WATER MASS THAT • The second last is Sao Tome & SURROUND AFRICA; Principle • The last/smallest country in Africa is • The Indian ocean to the East. Seychelles. • The Atlantic ocean to the West. NB; Southern Sudan is newest country in • The Mediterranean Sea to the North. Africa. • The red sea to the north-East. • The Antarctica Ocean to the South.

N.B. A Cape is a piece of land projecting ISLAND IN AFRICA into the sea or ocean.

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Island –This is land that is surrounded by 5. Burundi water. 6. Central Africa rep 7. Zambia Archipelago – These are collection of 8. Botswana several small islands that make one group of 9. Zimbabwe islands .i.e. Seychelles is made up of 115 10. Burkina Faso islands and Cape Verde is made up of 18 11. Mali 1. Seychelles 12. Malawi 2. Comoros 13. Ethiopia 3. Madagascar 14. Lesotho 4. Cape Verde 15. Swaziland 5. Mauritius 6. Sa tome and principle LATITUDE AND LONGITUDES Differences between Bay and Cape Latitudes; run from West to East Bay –This is a section of the water that stretches into the land. Longitude; Run from North to South and meet at the poles. Cape- This is the section of the land that stretches outward into the ocean. Prime meridian is also known as Greenwich meridian is 0o longitude it passes BAYS AND THEIR COUNTRY OF through town of Accra in Ghana and ALLOCATION Greenwich in London.

1. Deragoa –Mozambique The three major latitude are:- 2. Alexander –South Africa 3. Walvis- Namibia Equator –divide Africa by two parts it is 4. Ugwana- Kenya marked 00 latitude. 5. Agulhas – South Africa Hence passes through the following country Definition: landlocked countries- These .Gabon, Congo, Democratic republic of are countries that does not have direct access Congo (DRC), Uganda, Kenya and Somalia. or boarder with the sea. Tropic of cancer: - Lies 23.50 North of NB; Africa has 15 countries which are equator it passes through Western Sahara landlocked. Mauritania, Mali, Algeria, Libya and Egypt.

Examples: Tropic of Capricorn: lies 23.50 South off equator it passes though Namibia, 1. Niger Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique and 2. Chad Madagascar. 3. Uganda 4. Rwanda

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Aretic Circle –which is positioned at 66.50 On March 21st and September 23rd the sun is north of the equator. overhead at midday at the Equator .This means that day and night are of equal length 0, Antarctic Circle –is positioned at 66.5 .This is called the EQUINOX South of the equator.

NB; the area to the North of the equator is called the Northern Hemisphere while to the South is Southern hemisphere.

ROTATION AND REVOLUTION

Rotation –is spinning of the Earth on its own axis. It takes 24 hours or 1 day to MAP READING AND rotate. INTERPRETATION

Revolution –It is a complete movement Definition: is a representation of the earth around the sun following its own orbit or or part of it on a flat surface. path .It takes 365.25 days or one year or 366 ELEMENT OF THE MAP in each leap year (Feb- 29 days) 1. Title Causes (effect) of the rotation 2. Scale 1. It causes differences in time along 3. Compass different longitudes. 4. Key 2. It causes occurrence of day and night 5. Frame

Cause (effect) of the revolution TYPE OF THE MAP

1. It causes different season ;( summer- 1. Atlas maps –found in atlas books. June .Winter –December, spring- 2. Sketch maps- drawn on our book & March, autumn –September) chalkboard 2. It causes differences in length of day 3. Walls maps- contain more and night. information than atlas maps. 3. It influences the position of the QUESTION REVOLVE ON THE midday sun. FOLLOWING;

st NB: On June 21 the sun is overhead at Relief on drainage –general appearance of midday at the tropic of cancer. landforms i.e. hill. Mountain & water This is called the summer solstice On features i.e. Lake Rivers, swamps e.t.c. nd December 22 , the sun is overhead at the 1. Climate tropic of capricon .This is called Winter 2. Agriculture (cash crop ,food crops) Solstice.

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3. Human & economic activities iii. Valleys (mining ,farming ,tourism ,industries iv. Swamps ,fishing ,transport ,forestry ) v. Lakes 4. Settlement vi. Rivers vii. Mountains and highlands TYPES OF SETTLEMENT viii. Islands • Densely populated ix. Depressions • Sparsely populated PLATEAUS • Linear populated • Clustered populated Plateau –A high area which is generally 5. Urban centre level or flat at the top.

It is made of old and hard rocks.

4. Administrative boundaries Examples of plateaus surface in Africa (provincial district, divisional, i. Founta Djallon –Guinea locational, sub locational boundaries) ii. Bie Plateau-Angola e.t.c. iii. Nyika Platea –East Africa 5. Approximation length & area iv. Jos Plateau – Nigeria 6. Direction v. Ahaggar –Algeria • Rise from –Bottom to top vi. Tibesti –Chad • Slopes from-Top to bottom vii. Jebel –Abyad 7. Religious beliefs i.e. (Christians, viii. Teiga –Sudan Muslims, Hindus, Shrines) BASINS

N.B. when measuring a distance on the map Definition; A broad, shallow depression we use string & a piece of paper. formed during the formation of the earth .

TYPES OF CLIMATES The main basins in Africa are:

1. Cool & Wet -occur in the highlands 1. Volta (coffee, tea, pyrethrum e.t.c.) 2. Djouf 2. Ho & Wet –near water bodies e.g.( 3. Nile lakes ,sea, oceans) 4. Niger 3. Hot & Dry –desert ,semi-arid 5. Congo (desert) or presence of desert 6. Zambezi vegetation . 7. Limpopo PHYSICAL FEATURES IN AFRICA 8. Orange rivers basin

i. Plateaus DEPRESSIONS ii. Basins

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1. Danakil in Ethiopia this is the lowest 2. Drakensberg- South Africa, Lesotho, depression in Africa. Swaziland . 2. Qattara – Egypt 3. Usambara –Tanzania 3. Lake Victoria –Kyoga basin 4. Cape Ranges –South Africa 5. Ruwenzori- Ugandan VALLEY 6. Ahaggar –Algeria Definition: This is long depression on the 7. Tibest –Chad surface of the earth. 8. Aberdare –Kenya

TYPES OF RIFT VALLEY LAKES

1. Ethiopia rift valley –red sea to L. • L.Victoria is the second largest Turkana. freshwater lake in world. 2. Western branch –L. Rukwa to Sudan • L.Tanganyika is the second deepest border (L. Tanganyika, L. Kivu, lake in the world. George Albert and Edward. • Other are: Malawi, Chad, 3. Malawi rift valley –L. Malawi to Bangweulu Beira in Mozambique. • Human-made lakes include Volta in 4. Eastern Branch –Enter Kenya Ghana,Kainji in Nigeria ,Nasser in through L. Turkana up to Tanzania. Egypt ,Kariba in border in Zambia & Zimbabwe MOUNTAIN & HIGHLANDS • Salty lakes are; Magandi ,Natron The main highlands in Africa are: ,Shala ,Bogoria & Nakuru

1. Ethiopia highland RIVERS

2. Adamawa highlands –Cameroon a) Nile –longest River in Africa. 3. Guinea highland It flows out of Lake Victoria and MOUNTAINS & COUNTRIES drains to Mediterranean Sea. It forms Delta as it enters the mouth. 1. Mt. Kilimanjaro –Tanzania Delta –is the low lying swampy 2. Mt. Kenya –Kenya plain found at the point where a river 3. Mt. Elgon -Kenya & Uganda ends in many channels. 4. Mt. Cameroon –Cameroon Estuary –This is where the river 5. Gimbala –Sudan drains into the sea in one channel. 6. Ras-Dashan –Ethiopia b) Congo 7. Margherita –Uganda /Congo c) Niger 8. Toubkal –Morocco d) Zambezi e) Benue MOUNTAIN RANGE f) Orange 1. Atlas- Morocco g) Limpopo h) Volta

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i) Senegal Homoli (Mali),Namuli mountains (Mozambique) other which may be SWAMPS formed in similar manner is inselbergs.

This is the an areas of soft, wet land covered FORMATION OF LAKES with vegetation. Lake is a hollow or depression on the Examples are:- surface of the earth.

• Okavango and Makarikari in Examples Are: Botswana • L.KYOGA IN Uganda 1. Volcanic lakes e.g. L. Bunyonyi • Sudd in Sudan along river Nile in Uganda, Lake Kivu in DRC, • Lorian in Kenya L.Niosin Cameroon • Malagasi in Tanzania 2. Fault lakes –Lake Edward ,Kivu ,Naivasha ,Malawi ,Tanganyika FORMATION OF PHYSICAL ,Turkana ,Eyasi ,Albert ,Abaya FEATURES and Natron . 3. Downwarping (depression) MOUNTAIN FORMATIONS Lakes-L. Victoria, Kyoga TYPES OF MOUNTAIN AREA: ,Bangweulu and Chad . 4. Crater lakes e.g. Lake paradisin 1. Fold Mountain ,marsabit ,I. Chala,L.Jipe in 2. Volcanic Mountain Kenya ,L.Katwe and L.Nyungu 3. Residual Mountain in Uganda ,L. Ngozi in 4. Block (horst) Mountain Tanzania,L. Shalla in Ethipia ,Pajam in Nigeria ,Wum in FOLD MOUNTAIN Cameroon and Lake basomtwi in NB: The raised sections are called Ghana. anticlines while the sunken sections are 5. Ox bow lakes –Gambi bisisa called synclines. ,Shakababo ,along river Tana and L.Utange on R.Rufiji . It is formed through compressional 6. Tarn lake- Teleki Hanging forces pushing the rock on both sides ,Gallery and Nanyuki tarn in Mt. examples are; atlas, Drunkensburg and Kenya and speke ,Catherine in cape ranges) Mt. Rwenzori. RESIDUAL MOUNTAIN 7. Deposition lakes –lutange ,R.Rufiji in Tanzania This is what have remained after erosion ,L.Kanyabori on R.Yala and take place of the snow at the top of the L.Gambi on R.Tana in Kenya. mountain .Examples i.e. Mt. Kenya, Mt. Kilimanjaro and the Mt. Drakensburg,

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8. Lava dammed lakes –L.Kivu ,IN Coral reef- this is hard and limestone rocks Uganda ,Lake Tana in Ethiopia found on the floor of the sea .They are ,L.Itasy in Madagascar. formed from Dead Sea creatures known as 9. Human madde lake-L. Nasser polyps. ,L.Kariba ,L.Volta ,Nyungu ya mungu on R.Pangani. FEATURES OF THE DESERT 10. Samps lake-L.Kyoga Sand Dunes – this is a long ridge formed ,L.Amboseli ,L.Kanyaboli sand is deposited by wind. ,L.Chad ,L.Okavango in Botswana. Barchans – This is a deposit of sand also lead to the formation of hills resembling RELIEF REGIONS OF AFRICA cow horns.

Relief of land refers to its appearance and Oases –These are depression formed by the the differences of height between mountain, blowing wind filled with water. hills and valleys. Dates & Palms –These are desert plants that Relief region is the large are where grow around the oases. appearance and height are generally similar. CLIMATE Examples are: Definition: Average weather condition of a 1. Plateaus –it’s a high flat land. place observed over a long period of time. 2. Highlands and mountains 3. Rift valley Factors influencing climates in Africa 4. Coastal plains and lowlands –This is 1. Relief and altitudes the low lying land boundering the 2. Winds seas surrounding Africa. 3. Latitudes N.B; Inselbergs –These are residual 4. Oceans currents resistance. 5. Distance of the sea 6. Shape of the coastline FEATURES THAT IS FOUND IN COASTLINE Formation of relief rainfall

Sand beaches –it’s found on shallow shores of the coastline are found deposits of sand. TYPES OF OCEAN CURRENTS Sand bars-these are deposit of sand into the sea by large rivers. Definition: this is the movement of water in the ocean. Lagoons- this is the water between the sand bars and the coastline.

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1. Cold currents –blows toward the 1. It receive heavy rainfall throughout equator away from the pole. the year ( 2000mm) 2. Most of the rain is conventional and 2. Warm currents- blow away from the fall in the afternoon. equator or toward the pole. 3. The temperature is high throughout 0 Cold currents are: - the year with average of (25-26) C 4. Humidity is high throughout the • canary current year. • Benguela current causes Namib Desert due to dry condition SAVANNAH/TROPICAL CLIMATE experienced on the coast of Namibia. Characteristic are:

Warm currents are; 1. Temperature range between (15- 25)0C • Mozambique currents 2. Rainfall ranges from 380mm to 2000 • Agulhas current mm per year depending on the • Somalia current palces. • Guinea current 3. Have two dry season and two wet Winds that influence the climate of Africa seasons. are; MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

• Westerly winds Characteristics are; • North east trade winds • South east trade winds 1. Annual rainfall varies from 500mm- • South –westerly winds 750mm in the highland areas. 2. Temperatures ranges between 130C in the winter and 240C in the summer. CLIMATIC RELIGION OF AFRICA 3. The region experiences hot, dry 1. Equatorial /rain forest summer and cool, wet winter. 2. Mediterranean SEMI DESERT CLIMATE 3. Tropical /savannah 4. Desert and semi desert Characteristics are: 5. Temperate 6. Mountain 1. Rainfall ranges 380mm-500mm 2. Temperature range 220c to 270c EQUATORIAL/RAINFOREST 3. The sky is generally clear. CLIMATES

Characteristic are; DESERT OR ARID CLIMATE

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Characteristics’ are: INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON HUMAN ACTIVITIES 1. It is dry. 2. Temperature is 580c during the day EQUATORIAL while 40c during the night. 3. Rain fall is irregular of 2500c. • They grow annual and perennial 4. The skies are normally cloudless. crops e.g. cocoa, rubber ,coffe ,tea 5. The diurnal range of temperature is and palms. very big. • High rainfall that encourages thick forests. HUMID SUB-TROPICAL CLIMATE • Dairy animal keeping.

Characteristics

1. Rainfall is between 900 mm-1150 mm. 2. Most of the rainfall falls in summer. TROPICAL REGIONS 3. Receives both conventional and • More rainfall relief rainfall. • Grow annual crops 4. Temperatures range between 130C - • Tourism 260C. • Pastoralism tropical crops e.g. tea, WARM CONTINENTAL CLIMATE pyrethrum, sugarcane

Characteristics MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS

1. Receives rainfall. • Growing of unique vegetation e.g. 2. Annual rainfall varies between 780 palms, dates, fruits, grapes, vines and mm in the east and 400 mm in the peaches. west. • Tourism 3. Winds from the Indian Ocean brings • Pastrolism the rainfall in the region. 4. Temperatures range from 100C to DESERT REGIONS 190C • Irrigation activity is done. MOUNTAIN CLIMATE /ALPINE • Crops grown is dates and palms CLIMATE • Pastrolism • Transhumance Characteristics TEMPERATE REGIONS 1. Temperatures decrease with increasing altitudes. • Livestock farming (dairy & beef) 2. Heavy relief rain is received in the • Crop grown e.g. Wheat, maize, mountain. barley and fruits.

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VEGETATION IN AFRICA 6. Trees have large and broad evergreen leaves. Definition: refers to the plant life in a 7. Trees shed leaves at different times particular area. of the year. Variety of vegetation types are: 8. Trees grow to different heights. 9. Floor of the forest has or no 1. Natural vegetation undergrowth. 2. Planted vegetation 10. Species and other plants grow.

TYPES OF VEGETATION Tropical Grassland or Savannah

Tropical rainforest or equatorial vegetation Characteristics

1. Tropical grassland or savannah 1. Consist of either grasses or shrubs. vegetation. 2. Trees are widely spaced and of 2. Mediterranean vegetation medium height. 3. Temperate grassland vegetation 3. Grasses are tall and have stiff blades. 4. Desert and semi-desert vegetation 4. Trees are umbrella shaped. 5. Mountain vegetation 5. Main trees are acacia and baobab. 6. Mangrove vegetation 6. Trees have small leaves and thorns. 7. Trees shed leaves during dry Factors that influence vegetation seasons. distribution 8. Trees have deep roots and thick 1. Climate barks. 2. Relief Mediterranean Vegetation 3. Soil type 4. Animal Activities Characteristics 5. Human Activities 1. Types of trees include cork, oak, CHARACTERISTICS OF pine, cypress and cedar. VEGETATION IN DIFFERENT ZONES 2. Some forests have deciduous trees. 3. Aromatic shrubs are found in the Tropical Rainforest lower altitudes. Characteristics 4. Esparto grass is common. 5. Trees are cone shaped and have 1. Trees grows together. small hard evergreen leaves. 2. Tops of the trees join to form a 6. Trees have thick stems. canopy. 7. Trees have long taproots. 3. Trees have thin and smooth barks. 8. Scrub vegetation is found in the drier 4. Trees are tall and have a thick base. areas. 5. Trees have shallow roots. Temperature Grassland Vegetation

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Characteristics 2. From 1500 metres-2800 metres, there is tropical hardwoods. 1. Consists of a continuous cover of tuft 3. Between 2800m-3800m (bamboo grass. thicket) 2. Grass is green and short 4. Between 3800m and the snow line 3. A few trees are found along the river (heath moorland) valleys. 5. Beyond the snow line (bare rock)

Desert and Semi-Desert Vegetation Swamp Vegetation

Characteristics Consists of reeds such as papyrus grows. 1. Includes fleshy and thorny plants. These plants are able to survive very wet or 2. Scattered thorny bushes and tough moist conditions. grass grows. 3. Plants have long taproots. 4. Plants store water in leaves, roots PEOPLE AND THE POPULATION and stems. 5. Plants have thin, spiky needle shaped Major language groups in Africa Language leaves. groups-is a group of people who speak 6. In some places, the ground is bare. languages that have similar words. 7. The seeds of the grass and herb TYPES OF THE LANGUAGE GROUPS species have thick tough skins. IN AFRICA

Mangrove Vegetation 1. Bantus Characteristics 2. Nilotes 3. Cushites 1. Trees grow in salty water. 4. Semites 2. Trees are medium-height and 5. Europeans hardwood. 6. Asians 3. Trees grow close together and are 7. Khoisan evergreen. 8. West Atlantic 4. Trees have roots which are above the 9. Woltaic Speakers ground. 10. Afro-Asiatic 11. Nilo-Saharan Mountain Vegetation 12. Benue- Congo

Characteristics Main language groups of Africa

1. At the lower levels, there is a belt of tropical grassland with scattered acacia trees.

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N.B. Sub-division language groups of The people of western Africa Africa are; a) Mande –Speakers • Eastern Africa • Susu,Bambara • Central Africa b) Kwa Speakers • Southern Africa • Asante,Kwahu,Akyem,Wassa • Western Africa ,Akwapim,Fanti,Nzima,Ewe, • Northern Africa Gas,Denkyira,Nupe,Yoruba,I bo,Edo The People of Central Africa c) Voltaic-Speakers Occupied mainly by Bantu –speaking • Mossi,Dagomba,Gurma,Berg u a) Yao –Mozambique d) West Atlantic b) Ovimdundu – Angola • Wolof, Fulani ,Tukolor c) Shona ,Ndebele – Zimbabwe e) Nilo-Sahara d) Bemba –Zambia • Kanuri-Songhai e) Nyasa –Malawi f) Afro-asiatic f) Bakongo ,Balunda-DR.Congo • Hausa ,Tuareg

THE PEOPLE OF SOUTHERN The people of North Africa AFRICA • Arabs The Bantu • Berbers

a) Zulu, Xhosa-South Africa The People of Eastern Africa b) Ovambo ,Herero-Namibia c) Tswana- Botswana Bantu d) Swazi- Swaziland • Akamba ,Abalughya-Kenya e) Sotho –Lesotho • Baganda,Banyoro-Uganda The Khoisan • Nyamwezi ,Chagga Sukuma- Tanzania a) Khoikhoi ,San –South Africa • Hutu-Rwanda ,Burundi The Europeans Nilotes • Boers from Holland speak Afrikaans • Shilluk ,Dinka-Sudan • British from Britain speak English • Acholi ,Karamanjong’-Uganda The Asians-South Africa • Luo,Maasai –Kenya • Maasai –Tanzania • Came from India • They settled as traders, miners and Cushites plantation workers.

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• Tutsi – Rwanda POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN • Rendille,Borana –Kenya AFRICA • Iraqw –Tanzania Factors that influence population • Somali –Ethipia distribution • Somalia-Kenya • Climate Semites • Soils • Arabs- Sudan • Relief • Amhara,Tigreans-Ethiopia • Drainage • Historical events INTERACTION AMONG • Government policy COMMUNITIES IN AFRICA • Urbanization 1. Trade • Mining activities 2. Games and sport Densely and sparsely populated areas in 3. International workshops, seminars Africa and conferences. 4. Intermarriages 1. Densely Populated Areas 5. Women and youth groups a) Towns e.g. Cairo, Lagos, Abidjan, 6. Religious organizations Cape Town 7. Ceremonies and celebrations b) Along the coast in west Africa, 8. Migrations morocco, East Africa, eastern 9. Regional organizations Madagascar c) L. victoria basin in Kenya Benefits of interaction among d) Rwanda and Burundi communities e) The highlands east of the Rift Valley a) Promote peace. in Kenya. b) Brings unity f) Northern Nigeria around Kano. c) Helps to make different cultures g) The natal Coast of South Africa. trough exchange of values. h) The Witwatersrand region of South d) Exchange of goods Africa e) Promotes economic development i) South-eastern parts of Dr Congo through trading. j) The Nile Valley f) Promotes spiritual growth through

religious interactions. g) Facilitates the learning of new ideas 2. Areas with medium population and skills. density

a) South of the Sahara Desert

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b) A small part of North Africa along 3. It gives sense of belonging and self- the coasts of Morocco, Algeria, fulfillment to the person involved in Tunisia and Libya. marriage c) The central part of South Africa 4. It enriches culture especially in cases 3. Sparsely Populated Areas where the man and woman come from a) Sahara and Namib deserts different communities b) Angola, Namibia and Botswana 5. It proves an opportunity for people to SOCIAL RELATIONS AND have children and raised a family CULTURAL ACTIVITIES 6. A health marriage helps in controlling the THE FAMILY is a group of people related spread of hiv and aids and other sexually to each other by blood, marriage or adoption transmitted diseases or it is the basic unit in the society. 7. Encourage the development of a sense of The marriage; is the union between a man responsibility to wife and husband and woman who have agreed to live together 8. Children have chance to grow up under as husband and wife. the loving care of both parents.

The institution of marriage can be THE SCHOOL established through: The school is a place where children go to 1. Customary ceremony –This learn. conducted accordingly to the African traditions and customers. The school administration refers to the 2. Civil ceremony –is conducted by the process of organization and running a school attorney general, magistrate, district so to carry out its activities well. commissioner.

3. Religious ceremony- it is conducted according to the religious beliefs and Those in charge of school are: practices of the people involved. The school committee: IMPORTANCE OF THE INSTITUTION OF MARRIGE its responsible for running or management of school 1. It enhances unity and cooperation as it brings the family of the bride and It consist of parents the bridegroom together. sponsor and representative from district,education office. 2. It provides companionship, friendship and love for the people in marriage. The head teacher The deputy head teacher.

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Duties of head teacher IMPORTANCE OF THE SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION I. Ensure day to day activity are carried well i. It decides on the pupils’ enrolment. II. Receive information from the ii. It looks for teachers to teach the ministry of education on the behalf pupils who come to school. of school iii. It purchases school books, desk and III. Ensure maximum utilization of other equipment and other material resources in the school. needed. IV. Ensure pupil teacher workers are iv. It ensures the welfare of the teachers safe in school. and pupils in the school are taken V. Supervise the worker being done in care of the school by eg: teachers,pupil v. It coordinates the running of school VI. Ensure good academic standards are and its programmes maintained in school. vi. Supports the activities of the school, VII. Act as secretary to the school vii. It is an important link between the committee and write minutes during community, the school and committee meetings government VIII. Disciplines pupil who fail to observe school regulations IX. Admits new pupils who satisfy the THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL school requirements to the school. IN COMMUNITY X. Ensure that the resources of the DEVELOPMENT school are well managed for example I. Children acquire knowledge and skills. finances. II. Some members of community work in the school, III. Members of school community DUTIES OF DEPUTY HEAD contribute ideas on development of TEACHER community , IV. Members of school community 1 is the in charge of school displine in the participate in school communal work. school V. School help in detecting and developing talent in pupils. 2is the coordinator of the activities and VI. School facilities are sometime used by duties of member of the staff. community. 3teaches some lessons VII. School some time help in preservation of culture. 4 supervise class attendance by teacher. VIII. School advices of need of their pupils. IX. School help in shaping of discipline of 5 writes minutes during staff meeting the pupils.

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CONTRIBUTION OF Cacao criollo- it is the low yielding but COMMUNITY IN THE SCHOOL superior quality. DEVELOPMENT i. Community is the source of labour to Cacao forasteo-it is high yield but low the school. quality. ii. Communities sell or donate land for CONDITION FAVOURING THE setting up school. GROWTH OF COCOA iii. Some member donates material needed in the school. I. Plenty of rainfall ranging iv. Community provide resources 1500mm and 2000mm person to the school to offer II. High temperature of 24oc guidance and couselling. 28oc v. Local administration helps in III. Humid condition admission of children in the schools. IV. Shelter from strong winds vi. Community allows the school to use V. Deep and well-drained soil their facilities such as hall. VI. Protection from direct sunlight RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC VII. Low altitude of up to 750 ACTIVIES meters above sea level

Cocoa growing area

Resources- thing we do to create wealth and • Central, Eastern, Western, Volta meet our needs. Region of Ghana. • The main cocoa growing area is Economic- activities activity that people do cocoa triangle this Accra Kimasi and to earn income wealth. Takoradi.

Agriculture- dfn this is growing of crop and Importance of cocoa to the economy of keeping of animals Ghana

Cash crop farming: the main cash crop are: i. Help to earn foreign exchange Coffee,tea,sisal,sugarcane,cocoa,cloves and ii. Help to creation of job pyrethrum. iii. The built of artificial harbor at Takaradi iv. Help in growth other industries v. It help in improve of living standards COCOA IN GHANA of peoples It’s the largest producers in cocoa; the two vi. It help in improvement of road and varieties are. railways

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CLOVES IN TANZANIA Pyrethrum growing areas in Kenya

It originate from Indonesia • Molonyeri ,Meru ,Kiambu ,Kisii ,Nyandarua ,Kericho Conditions favouring the growth of clove Importance of the pyrethrum to the i. Rainfall of 1500 mm and 2000mm economy of Kenya ii. High temperatures of averaging between 270c and 300c i. Help the country to earn foreign iii. Deep fertile soils exchange. iv. High humidity throughout the year ii. Help to earn income for domestic use from the sale of pyrethrum. clove growing area; island of Pemba iii. It helps to create job opportunities to Zanzibar, Tanzania the people. Importance or cloves to the economic of PASTORAL FARMING Tanzania Definition: This keeping of animals as a i. help to earn foreign exchange way of life and move with them from place ii. help to create employment to place in search of water and pastures. iii. cloves serve as raw material for industries NB: Migration of pastoralist seasonally iv. Farmer earns income for domestic between the wet and dry seasons in search of use. pasture is called Transhumance

PYRETHRUM IN KENYA Major pastoral community in Africa is; It is introduced from Australia. Massa of east Africa It is grown for its flower which produces a substance called Furani of West Africa pyrethrum which is used to make Tswana of Botswana pesticides. THE MASSAI

Conditions favouring the growth of • They occupy part of Kenya e.g. pyrethrum of pyrethrum Kajiado , Narok ,Transmara. i. Rainfall 1000mm and 1500mm per • Tanzania occupy around Arusha. year. Condition favouring pastoral farming ii. Cool temperatures among the Maasai iii. High altitude of over 1800 meter above sea level. i. The population of the Maasai is low. iv. Well drained fertile soils. ii. Climatic conditions in the Maasai grazing areas.

17 iii. Pasture land used by the Maasai is f) Create employment opportunities flat. slaughter houses and butcheries. iv. Maasai cross boarder of the two g) The animals provide food for countries easily with animals. pastoralist.

THE FURANI Problems facing pastoral farming in Africa Conditions favouring pastoral farming among Fulani a) Diseases b) Drought i. It occupy extensive grassland belt. c) Overstocking ii. Population is low d) Poor quality pasture iii. Absence of tsetse flies in the e) Poor quality breed grasslands. f) Fire iv. There is enough rainfall that supports g) Harsh climatic condition growth pasture. h) Political boundaries v. Seasonality of rainfall. i) Transport THE TSWANA j) Land pressure k) Inadequate capital They live in Botswana l) Cattle rusting m) Attack by wild animals Conditions favouring pastoral farming among the Tswana Developments in pastoral farming areas in Africa i. Botswana has very low population density and the country is small. a) Pastoralists are encouraged to treat ii. Presence of grassland in the most their occupation as an activity. parts of the country. b) They started finding alternative iii. Low and unreliable rainfall economic activities e.g. curios c) Construction borehole and dams in Benefit of pastoral farming pastoral areas. a) They are assured of livelihood since d) They sell their livestock to control they earn a lot of income. overstocking. b) They earn foreign exchange because e) Improvement of pastures through of export of meat. controlling burning of grass. c) It is the source of wealth to the f) Introduction of group and individual individual pastoralists. ranching. d) Good economic use land where g) Establishment of veterinary services unreliable rainfall is experienced. to enhance the quality of animals e) Help to support other industries e.g. reared. tanneries

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h) Introduction of mixed farming • The river Tana development project especially where rainfall is quite involved construction of seven dams. high. • The seven dams are:- i) Construction of dispensaries and boarding school help pastoralist live DAM M YEAR a more settled life. W COMPLETE j) Government reduces the problem of D tsetse flies in pastoralist areas. 1) Kindaruma 40 1968 k) Research has been carried out to 2) Kamburu 94 1977 improve quality of livestock. 3) Gitaru 200 1980 4) Masinga 40 1986 Multi-purpose river project 5) Kiambere 140 1988 6) Mutonga Not completed • It involves the development of a 7) Grand falls Not completed river to serve more than one purpose.

• River project is undertaken to:- a) Control floods b) Provide water for transport and irrigation. c) Provide water for use in urban REASONS FOR ESTABLISHMENT centres. d) Generate electricity. 1) Production of Hydroelectric power. e) Promote fishing and tourism 2) Availability of large river. activities. 3) Needed to control flooding in the lower Tana. • Multi-purpose river project involves Benefits resulting from the River Tana construction of a dam across a river. projects • A dam is a wall that is built across a river. 1) The dams helped to reduce flooding in the lower Tana. Examples of River Projects in Africa 2) Provision of fish. 1) The river Tana projects in Kenya. 3) The lakes behind the dams modify 2) The Aswan high dam in Egypt. the climate. 3) The Volta river scheme in Ghana. 4) Human-made lakes are a tourist 4) The Kariba Dam in Zambia and attraction. Zimbabwe. 5) Availability of hydroelectric power. 6) Production of electricity saves River Tana Projects in Kenya foreign exchange. 7) Availability of water for domestic • R. Tana sources from Mt. Kenya and use. flows into the Indian Ocean. 8) Expansion of industrial activities.

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5) Hydroelectric power generated from the dam led to industrial growth. Problems Facing the River Tana Projects 6) Creation of employment • During development:- opportunities. i. Lack of adequate funds to complete 7) The dam and the lake are tourist the projects. attractions. ii. Displacement of many people. 8) L. Nasser modified the weather conditions of the surrounding area. • Currently problems Problems Facing the Aswan High i. Reduction of water downstream. ii. Silting of the dams reduces the 1) Displacement of the people. amount of water .the reservoirs can 2) It causes flooding make some of hold. ancient Egyptian temples of Abul iii. Some sections of the river have no Simbel to be reallocated. water. 3) Expensive to construct the dam. 4) Siltation was no longer available so THE ASWAN HIGH DAM more fertilizers were used. 5) Siltation at the bottom of the dam • It is found in Egypt causes reduction volume of water. • It is located on River Nile 6) Declined fishing in some part of the • It was completed in 1971. river beyond the dam. • Behind the dam Lake Nasser was created which is the second largest Volta River Scheme artificial lake in the world. It’s the largest river in Ghana. Reasons for establishment It is constructed across R.Volta at place 1) To provide water for irrigation. called AKOSOMBO. 2) To produce hydroelectric power. 3) To control floods. This is known as AKOSOMBO DAM hence 4) To provide water for domestic use. it forms artificial lake called L.Volta being the largest world human made lake. Benefits resulting from the construction of the dam Reasons for the establishment

1) The dam helped to control floods in 1) Control the waters of River Voltaa as the lower Nile. Akosombo. 2) Provided water for irrigation. 2) Generate hydroelectricity (H.E.P) 3) Creation of Lake Nasser improved 3) Reduce the cost of generating transportation to Sudan. electricity from oil. 4) L. Nasser led to development of fishing.

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Benefits resulting from the developing of BENEFITS RESULTING FROM the scheme KARIBA DAM

1) A large fishing industry has been 1) It is major source of electricity or established around L.Volta. two countries. 2) It improves water between northern 2) It led in reduction in the cost of and southern Ghana through Lake energy. Volta. 3) Help in creation of many jobs due to 3) Establishment of industry in Ghana more industry. due to H.E.P 4) Reduction of strain on the existing 4) Help the country to earn foreign railway network. exchange. 5) It reduces the flooding of R. 5) Help in creation of employment Zambezi downstream. opportunities because of 6) Provide a cheap and safe method of establishment of industry. transport. 7) Lake and dam is a tourist attraction. 8) It reduces over reliance of coal as PROBLEMS FACING THE VOLTA source of fuel. RIVER SCHEME 9) Help to increase the volume of fishing activities. 1) A lot of capital was required for the 10) Shores of the lake and surrounding construction. areas are covered with forests which 2) The spread of bilharzias to the provide a home for wildlife. people due to presence of snails during flooding. Problems facing the establishment the 3) Expansion cultivation land. dam

KARIBA DAM 1) A lot of capital is required to construct the dam. • Found along R. Zambezi on the 2) There was a need of negotiation and boarder of Zimbambwe and Zambia. agreement by the two countries sharing thee river before the dam Reasons for Establishment could be constructed. 1) There was a need power of the both 3) Many large and small wild animals countries. were endangered by the rising water. 2) Because of clearance local forest so 4) Construction delayed by political there was high need of fuel. problems between two countries. 3) Existing railway networks could not 5) Stagnant water causes bilharzia. transport enough coal for the 6) Earth quick caused by weight of the industry. dam. 7) Displacement of the people near the dam.

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FORESTRY 1) Deforestation 2) Political instability Definition: development and care of forests. 3) Mismanagement Two types of the forests 4) Poor road 5) Mining activities in the forest. 1) Natural forest –contain indigenous 6) Poverty tree 7) Poor harvesting techniques 2) Planted forest –contain exotic trees. FOREST IN SWAZILAND Types of forest in Africa 1) Source of employment 1) Tropical rainforest or equatorial 2) Foreign exchange earner. forest it cover part of Ghabon ,Ivory 3) Means of livelihood Coast ,Nigeria ,Ghana, DRC, 4) Best use of the land Cameroon, Liberia 5) Source of energy 2) Mountain or montane forest-occur in 6) Timber for construction the highland. 3) Mangrove forest- found in the coast Problems facing forestry in Swaziland of Africa-Tree found are oak, Olive, 1) Deforestation Pine fir, and cedar. 2) Encroachment 4) Savannah woodland occurs in the 3) Population pressure savannah belt of Africa. 4) Frequent fires 5) Mediterranean forests 5) Insect and disease FOREST IN DEMOCRATIC 6) Uncontrolled tree felling REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC) 7) Poverty

It is the second largest rain forest. MINING IN AFRICA

Importance of forest to the economic of Mineral: This is valuable products either in DRC solid gaseous or liquid form which are found on the surface of earth . 1) Source of hard wood timber. 2) Source of income Examples are; 3) Source of energy 1) Petroleum in Nigeria 4) Source of medicine 2) Soda ash in Kenya 5) Home of wild animal 3) Copper in Zambia 6) The forests are attracting a lot of 4) Gold in South Africa attention in scientific research. 7) It provides job opportunities. PETROLEUM IN NIGERIA 8) Protect water in the countries. It is called crude oil Problems facing forestry in the DRC Method of drilling bit (derrick)

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Oil refineries are; Uses of Copper

a) Port Harcourt 1) Making electricity wire because is b) Warri the good conductor of electricity. c) Kaduma 2) Making telephone wires. d) Elessa eleme 3) Making water and gas pipes. 4) Making coins Uses of petroleum 5) Making motor vehicle radiator 1) Used in making chemicals 6) Making ornament medals and 2) Used in tarmacking roads. utensils 3) Kerosene is used to light lamps and 7) It is mixed with other metals to make stoves. bronze and brass. 4) It is used in motor vehicles and Contribution of copper to the economy of locomotives. Zambia 5) Cooking gas is obtained from petroleum. 1) Help country to earn foreign 6) It is used in making of plastics, exchange. fertilizers and medicines. 2) Help to raise the living standard of 7) Used to make lubricating oil for the people. reducing the friction. 3) Development of other sectors of the economy such as education and Contribution of Petroleum to the health services in Zambia. economy of Nigeria 4) Worker in the mines provide a ready 1) Help to earn foreign exchange. market for the agriculture products 2) It helps in creation of employment. from the surrounding areas. 3) Help government to earn revenue GOLD IN SOUTH AFRICA 4) It helps country to reduce money which may be used to buy • South Africa is the largest producer petroleum. of gold in the world. • Mining of gold began in 1886. COPPER IN ZAMBIA • It is mined at Witwatersrand near Dr. Congo and Zambia are the leading Johannesburg in Transvaal province producers of copper in Africa. and at Orange Free State. • The method of mining used is shaft The method of mining is Opencast or or underground. stripping. Uses of Gold Shaft or pit method are used where rock are deep in the ground. 1) Used to make medals, ornaments and Jewellery.

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2) Used by dentist to replace and coat 1) The country earns foreign exchange. teeth. 2) Has led to the improvement of 3) Gold coins were used as money in transport network. the past. 3) Has led to the growth of Magadi 4) It is used to coat items such as pens, town. cigarette lighters and frames of 4) Has improved the living standard of spectacles. the people. 5) Used as a symbol of wealth and 5) Development of Magadi area power by kings and emperors. through establishment of social facilities such as schools and health centre’s. 6) Development of industries

Contribution of gold to the economy of Problems associated with mining in South Africa Africa

1) The country earns foreign exchange. 1) Some mining method is very 2) Create employment opportunities. dangerous. 3) Led to the growth of towns. 2) Displacement of people. 4) Led to the improvement and 3) Outbreaks of diseases due to air expansion of the transport network. pollution of environment. 5) Development of industries. 4) Cause of remoteness 5) Collapsing of miners. SODA ASH IN KENYA 6) Competition from developed countries. • Obtained from a rock called trona. 7) Depletion of the minerals • It is mined at Lake Magadi. 8) Insecurity • The method used is dredging. 9) Control by foreign companies. Uses of soda ash 10) Price fluctuations 11) Over-dependence on minerals 1) Making glass, soap, paper and 12) Deaths in the mines aluminium. 2) Used in the used to manufacture Effect of the mining on the environment dyes, drugs and chemicals. a) Make the land ugly 3) Used to treat water. b) Land degradation 4) Used for softening water in the c) Land instability cooking oil refineries. d) Damage to buildings 5) Used to soften vegetables when e) Spread of waterborne diseases cooking. f) Pollution Contribution of soda ash to the economy g) Destruction of natural vegetation of Kenya

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INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT d) Availability of labour e) Government policy Industrial Development –Refers to the f) Infrastructure growth and expansion of different types of g) Cheap power industries in an area. h) Gold mining Factors favouring industrial development i) Ready market in Kenya j) Favorable climate k) Availability of capital a) Availability of power b) Availability of raw materials Contribution of industries to the economy c) Government policy of South Africa d) Research information a) Growth of industries in South Africa e) Economic policy has increased the demand for raw f) Availability of capital materials. g) Availability of labour b) It enables country to be self- h) Political stability sufficient. i) Availability of transport c) Help to earn income for the country. j) Availability of ready markets. d) Help in development of Contribution of industries to the infrastructure. economy of Kenya e) Help to promote trade. f) Help in development of towns and a) Creation of jobs opportunities urbanization. b) Growth of industries is expanded. g) Help to save the country a lot of c) Improvement of infrastructure e.g. foreign exchange. roads h) Help to create job opportunities. d) Help to earn government foreign i) Help to develop high technology in exchange. country. e) Reduce the cost of importing similar goods. PROBLEM ARISING FROM RAPID f) Improvement of technology INDUSTRIALIZATION IN KENYA & SOUTH AFRICA INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA a) Pollution b) Need for more land Factors favoring growth of industries in c) Reduced market South Africa d) low payments in the industries e) Rural urban migration a) Large reserves of coal f) Depletion of resources b) Presence of agricultural raw g) Taking away from profits materials c) Presence of wide range of minerals FISHING IN AFRICA

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Fishing; is the harvesting of fish from water h) It is a tourist attraction bodies or fishing grounds. i) Help to improve infrastructure j) Help in growth of other industries Types of Fishing Grounds Problems facing the fishing industry in a) Inland fishing grounds-occur in fresh Africa water. b) Marine fishing grounds-occur in a) Over fishing salty water b) Pollution c) Inadequate capital and modern Fish farming- This is practiced in which equipment. fish are reared in large ponds and fed until d) Poor transport network they are ready for harvesting. e) Mismanagement of cooperative The main fish reared in inland fishing is societies tilapia trout, mudfish e.t.c. f) Inability to protect fisheries g) Inadequate processing and storage The main fish reared in marine fishing facilities grounds –tuna, Mackerel, sardine, snapper, h) Growth of water weeds barracuda and cavalla. i) Use of harmful fishing methods j) Destruction by fishing equipment METHODS OF FISHING k) Inadequate local market for fish a) Longlininng method l) Lack of clearly defined boundaries in b) Purse-seining fishing grounds between different c) Net drifting countries. d) Trawling TRADE e) Life fishing f) Baskets Definition: This is exchange of goods and g) Hand lines services between people or countries. h) Harpooning i) Traps Regional trade organizations in Africa

Contribution of fishing to the economy of a) COMESA (Common Market for Africa Eastern and Southern Africa) b) SADC (Southern Development a) It is source of food. Community) b) It is a source of income c) ECOWAS (Economic Community of c) Source of employment West Africa States) d) Source of raw materials e) Source of foreign exchange COMMON MARKET FOR EASTERN f) It led of growth of towns AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (COMESA) g) Help in improvement of living standards

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It was formed on December 1994 to replace g) To promote interaction and exchange P.T.A. (Preferential Trade Area) of ideas and to raise the standard of living of the people. The headquarter is in Lusaka in Zambia h) To widen the market for goods Member State of Comesa produced in the region. i) To promote joint research in science 1. Burundi and technology. 2. Ugandan 3. Madagascar Southern Africa Development 4. Libya Community (SADC) 5. Seychelles • Formed in 1980 in Lusaka, Zambia. 6. Ethiopia • The headquarters of SADC are in 7. Mauritius Gaborone, Botswana 8. Eritrea 9. Sudan Member states of SADC 10. Swaziland 11. Comoros 1. Angola 12. Zambia 2. Lesotho 13. Rwanda 3. Swaziland 14. Malawi 4. Namibia 15. Dr. Congo 5. Seychelles 16. Zimbabwe 6. Botswana 17. Kenya 7. Mozambique 18. Djibouti 8. Malawi 19. Egypt 9. Zimbabwe 10. Democratic republic of Congo OBJECTIVES OF COMESA (DRC) 11. Madagascar a) To promote common market among 12. South Africa members. 13. Zambia b) To enable members states to increase 14. Mauritius the use of raw materials. 15. Tanzania c) To promote cooperation in transport and communication. Objectives of SADC d) To promote peace, security and stability among member states. i. To promote trade and widen the e) To promote trade relations between market for goods among members. COMESA and the rest of the world. ii. To promote friendly relations among f) To establish a common bank. the people in the region. iii. To alleviate poverty and enhance the living standard of the people.

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iv. To promote development of the c) To promote friendly relation among transport and communication member states. systems. d) To create a customs union and a v. To promote and defend peace and common market within the region. security. e) To encourage the improvement of vi. To develop common political values, transport and communication system. systems and institutions. f) To promote cooperation and vii. To promote sustainable development integration in economic, social and and economic development. cultural activities. viii. To utilize natural resources and to g) To encourage industrial development protect the environment. among member states. h) To raise the living standards of the people in the region. Economic community of West Africa i) To maintain and enhance economic States (ECOWAS) stability within the region. j) To prevent and settle regional • The countries met in Lagos in disputes and conflicts. Nigeria in 1975. • Its headquarter was in Abuja in BENEFIT OF REGIONAL TRADE IN Nigeria. AFRICA • Members states are: a) They create a large market for goods a) Benin to be bought and sold. b) Ivory b) They help to create harmony and c) Niger cooperation among the members. d) Togo c) Reduction of the tariffs makes the e) Burkina Faso goods cheaper to the people in the f) Guinea Bissau region. g) Nigeria d) It encourages agriculture and h) Senegal industrial development. i) Guinea e) It promotes higher living standards. j) Gambia f) It helps to create employment k) Liberia opportunities. l) Mali g) It helps in development of transport and communication. Objectives of ECOWAS h) The member state put funds and a) To promote trade among member resources in a common pool. state

b) To promote free movement of people in the region.

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PROBLEMS FACING REGIONAL c) Trans-Sahara highway-connect TRADE IN AFRICA Lagos in West Africa with Algiers in Algeria. a) Main problem is production of d) Continuo-gao-Oujda highway- similar goods. connect Benin with morocco b) Poor transport systems c) Lack of common currency d) Political differences e) Political instability RAILWAY TRANSPORT f) Lack of common tax system Some main railway lines in Africa are; g) Quota system h) Level of purchasing power a) The Tanzania- Zambia railway i) Differences in development levels (Tazara) b) The trans-Cameroon railway TRANSPORT AND network COMMUNICATION c) The South Africa railway

Transport is the movement of goods and WATER TRANSPORT people from one place to another. It is used in some lakes and seas e.g. R. Nile, Communication- is the sending of Congo, Niger, Benue messages from one person to another. PIPELINE TRANSPORT Major transport networks in Africa It transport only water petroleum, and gases 1. Roads 2. Pipelines AIR TRANSPORT 3. Railways The major airlines are Kenya, South Africa, 4. Cables Ethiopia, Egypt, and Nigeria 5. Water 6. Air CABLES (WIRE) TRANSPORT

ROAD TRANSPORT It is mainly used to transport electricity from power station to the customers Some major international roads; Advantages of road transport a) Trans-Africa highway-run from Mombasa in Kenya to Lagos in a) It is widely spread Nigeria. b) It is flexible b) Great north road-it connects Cape c) Movement is quite fast Town in South Africa with Cairo in d) Goods are delivered directly to the Egypt. destination e) Wide variety of goods are transported

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Disadvantages of road f) Best when transporting delicate goods a) Expensive to maintain and use b) It is not easy to carry bulky goods Disadvantages of water transport c) Expensive to transport goods on roads a) Slowest form of transport d) Delay in the movement of goods b) It is not flexible e) Expensive to construct roads c) Few port and harbors f) Affected by robbery of goods d) Expensive to construct g) Perishable goods cannot be e) Ships and fellies are expensive transported by road f) Losses are usually high g) Sea vessel contribute to water Advantages of railway transport pollution

a) It is the cheapest means Reasons why most of river in Africa are b) Accidents are few not used (not navigable) c) It is not affected by traffic congestion a) Do not contain enough water d) Cheap to maintain b) Rivers contain cataracts, rapids and waterfalls. Disadvantages of railway transport c) Some rivers are short d) Some rivers tare narrow and shallow a) Expensive to built e) Some rivers have weeds flouting e.g. b) It is slow R. Congo c) It require large are to build the f) Some rivers are infested with station crocodile and hippos which are very d) Expensive to buy and maintain dangerous e) Expensive to transport goods over Advantage of air transport short distances. g) It is the fastest means f) It relies very much on road transport h) The best to transport perishable in the movement of goods to and goods from the railway stations i) Do not saver from traffic congestion Advantages of water transport j) Use of helicopters that lands in remote areas a) It is the cheapest means to transport k) Some planes are used to spray farms bulky goods over a long distance. l) There are few plane crashes b) Goods are transported in an enclosed containers there for protect them Disadvantages of air transport from damages. a) Airports are expensive to built c) Fewer cases of accident b) Aircrafts are expensive to buy and d) Cheap to maintain maintain e) Few cases of traffic congestion c) When accident happen few survive

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d) It is the most expensive form e) It is difficult carry bulky goods f) It require special skills to run TOURISM IN AFRICA g) It is affected by bad weather h) A lot of land is required to build up an airports Tourism;-is the movement of people from one place to another for leisure, Advantages of pipeline sightseeing and also for business

a) It is cheap means of transport MAIN TOURIST ATTRACTION IN b) It help to reduce accidents happen on AFRICA the road c) Few accident and few losses Tourist attractions- are the features d) Reduce damages of the road animals and plants that attract tourist to a e) It ensure lean environment particular place f) It easy and cheap maintain The main tourist attraction in Africa is

Disadvantages of pipeline 1. wildlife 2. beautiful scenery g) Expensive to build 3. historical sites h) Accident fire out break 4. beaches i) The can transport one commodity 5. cultural heritage 6. climate Advantages of cable MAIN TOURIST DESTINATIONS IN a) It is expensive to install AFRICA b) Can be dangerous if wire drop to the KENYA ground 1. Game parks and reserves such as CURRENT DEVELOPMENT IN mainsail Mara, Tsavo east and west COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Samburu and Amboseli IN AFRICA 2. The warm sandy beaches of the coast 3. Historical and pre historical such as fort Jesus Shimoli caves, Gedi ruins, They are Koobi fora Olorgesailie and a) Newspaper and magazines Kariandusi. b) Radio and television SOUTH AFRICA c) Telephone services facsimile d) The internet 1. Kruger national park, Table e) Postal services Mountain, Roben Island and the coastal beaches near Durban.

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EGYPT 2. Poor marketing of destinations. 3. Stiff competition from other tourist a) The pyramid at Giza, valley of destinations. Kings, Cairo museum, the Nile 4. Competition for land cruises and the library at Alexandria. 5. Poaching ZIMBABWE 6. Environmental threats and calamities. The victoria falls on river Zambezi at the 7. Human-wildlife conflicts boundary of Zambia and Zimbabwe ,lake 8. Political instability kariba ,Hwago national park and the city of 9. High taxation costs and fees Harare. 10. Insecurity 11. Diseases MAURITIUS Possible solutions and challenges facing The coastal beaches and the warm climate tourist in Africa the black river gorges national park and the ruins of the European settlements. 1. Building of road to tourist sites 2. Encouragement of local tourist MOROCCO 3. Reduction of hotel charges The ancient town of Marrakech ,the sandy 4. Provision of security beaches ,the Berber villages and atlas 5. Improvement on marketing mountains. 6. Opening of new tourist markets 7. Reducing pollution in the parks CONTRIBUTIONS OF TOURIST TO THE ECONOMIES OF AFRICA URBANIZATION IN AFRICA

1. Earn foreign exchange. • Urbanization –This is establishment 2. Create employment in the set up. and growth of towns. 3. Help in development of • Capital city; this is a town where infrastructure ( transport & the central government operates communication) from. 4. Growth of the building and Reasons for the rapid growth of town in construction industries . Africa 5. Creation of a market for goods and services . 1. Transport and communication 6. Increase in agricultural activities. 2. Rich agricultural neighborhood 7. Improvement in relations between 3. Industrial development Africa and the rest of the world. 4. Mining activities 5. Tourism activities Challenges facing tourism in Africa 6. Government policy 1. Overdependence on tourist from 7. Port activities particular regions.

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POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND 3. During social occasion they drink SYSTEMS alcoholics. 4. They celebrate festivals of the new Traditional forms of government moon. 1. Khoisan 5. They believed that God was the giver 2. Old Ghana kingdom of all goods things on earth. 6. Rites of passage such as birth, THE KHOISAN puberty, marriage and death were marked with special ceremonies. • The name Khoisan is drawn from Khoikhoi and san. Economic organization of Khoikhoi • Khoikhoi were also known as Hottentots this is because they were 1. They were originally hunters but pastoralist. later they become pastoralist. 2. Each clan had its own grazing land • The san were also known as and waterholes Bushmen’s this is because they were 3. They were trading with Dutch hunters and gatherers 4. They exchanged cattle and sheep for Political organization of Khoikhoi beads tobacco and iron.

1. The clans were organized in order of THE SAN seniority the chieftainship was Political organization of the san hereditary. 2. The small clans’ heads formed a 1. They live in small units of about 40 council of elders which help to to 50 people. maintain law and order & justice and 2. Leadership among the san was not fairness in a community working clearly defined. with chiefs. 3. They did not have councils of elders, 3. Decision affecting the community chiefs or kings. was reached through consultations 4. They were some degree equality with clans heads and general among the members of the band. consensus or an accepted agreement 5. Decisions affecting members were (this was the government by reached through a consensus. consensus) 6. Lack of clearly defined laws led to violence and warfare over hunting Social organization of Khoikhoi grounds among the bands. 1. They live in clans of about 250 Social organization of the san people. 2. The size of the community was b) They live in communally in hunting determined by the presence of unity bands where shared the food and and availability of water and pasture. belongings.

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c) They lived in caves or rock shelters. 1. The kingdom had powerful, strong d) Polygamy were widely practiced but and respected rulers. families remain small. 2. The Soninke army was very strong, e) The san believed in the existence of well equipped and capable of God. defending the kingdom. f) They recognized the playing mantis 3. The king controlled the Trans Sahara as God’s symbol on earth. trade routes and the gold-producing g) San decorate themselves with areas of wangara and bambuk. necklaces made from ostrich eggs 4. The kingdom experienced favorable and sea shells. climate conditions while ensured h) They painted themselves for dances there was plenty of food available to and other rituals, and especially feed the people and foreign traders. during the new and full moon. 5. The kingdom was situated in a strategic position in the savannah Economic organization of the san belt.

1. They were hunters and gatherers. 2. Men hunted wild animals such as buffaloes and antelopes. Political organization of Old Ghana 3. The women gathered wild fruits roots, and edible vegetables. I. It was ruled by a king whose position 4. They made spear heads from bones was heredity. which they used for hunting. II. The king was assisted by a council of 5. They exchanged bows and arrow for minister and civil servant appointed meat from the Khoikhoi. from close relatives and educated Muslims. OLD GHANA KINGDOM III. The kingdom divided by two; 1. Ghana proper or metropolitan Ghana • Nb: it is not situated where republic consist of original state of old of Ghana in neither related. Ghana, • It was allocated between the upper 2. Provincial Ghana –consist of sections of the Niger and Senegal conquered states rivers. • It was founded by the Soninke people. The city has two sections; • The capital city of old Ghana was called Kumbi Saleh a) Al-ghaba –this is where king lived. b) The Muslim section –this is where FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO the Muslim traders and scholars THE RISE OF OLD GHANA lived.

Social organization old Ghana

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a) Soninke lived in mud and thatched Position of Africa-; refers to dividing up of houses. Africa into smaller parts of European b) They practiced Africa traditional nations to acquire colonies in Africa. religious …….. c) The Soninke believed in life after Example of European nations death. a) Britain Economic organization Old Ghana b) Belgium c) France a) They traded with North Africa they d) Germany exchanged gold, ivory and kola nuts e) Portugal with salt, cloth glassware ,and f) Italy horses. b) King controlled the state wealth. Reasons for scramble for colonies in Africa Reasons for the decline and fall of the kingdom a) Source of raw materials. b) Need for markets a) The kingdom was too large to be c) Settlement of surplus population ruled effectively from one central d) Show of power position (Kumbi Saleh) e) Emerging of new states b) Lack of clearly defined boundaries f) Source of river Nile of the kingdom made the g) Ending of the slave trade administration of faraway territories h) Call by missionaries difficult. c) Succession disputes and political The partition of Africa rivalry over leadership at the kings’ In order to bring order to a process of palace caused disunity. acquiring colonies in Africa the chancellor d) Overdependence on one source of of Germany Otto Von Bismarck Called a income which was the Trans Saharan meeting of all European powers that had trade. colonial interests in Africa at berlin’s e) In later year the army was weakened conference in 1884 in berlin. and not able to defend the kingdom effectively. The following were colonial agent who signed treaties. The scramble for and partition of Africa a) Cecil Rhodes, British –South Central Scramble –means to struggle or compete in Africa. a disorderly manner with others in order to b) Harry Johnston British –central get a share of something. (Malawi) c) De brazza ,Frensh-the Congo basin.

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d) Sir George Goldie british –west Zambia Africa e) Dr. Nachtigal Germany –Cameroon Zimbabwe ,Togo Botswana f) Louis Faidherbe French –Senegal g) Carl Peter Germany –East Africa Swaziland h) Fredrick Jackson British –East Lesotho Africa South Africa Colonial power and colonies in Africa. Portugal Germany Guinea Bissau Togo Cape Verde Namibia Angola Cameroon Mozambique Tanganyika SPAIN Italy Morocco, Western Sahara, guinea Libya BELGIUM Eritrea Dr. Congo .Rwanda, Burundi Somali FRANCE Britain Morocco ,Algeria, Tunisia , Senegal , Egypt Mauritania, Mali, Niger ,guinea ,ivory coast, Sudan Benin , chad, central African republic ,Congo ,Gabon ,Madagascar Uganda NOT COLONIZED Kenya Liberia, Ethiopia Gambia Reasons why Africa were colonized by Sierra Leone European power

Ghana Africans had inferior weapons compared to Nigeria those of the Europeans.

Malawi

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Africans were not well organized in • 1882 and 1885 samouri fought the protecting their resources. French and neither group won and son they sign treaty in 1886. Lack of unity and constant war among the • Samouri’s army went to war against Africa made it easy for the Europeans to French army again in 1888 because colonize them French had failed to honor peace African response to the scramble and agreement. partition • Samouri realized that the French army was too strong and better African response –refers to the way African equipped than his. communities behaved or reacted when • 1891 Samouri improved his weapon Europeans occupied their land and and reorganize his army and he was established colonial rule. able to defeat the Fre nch. Resistance –this is to oppose or prevent the • In 1892, French came back again in a establishment of colonial rule. force and destroy major centre of Mandinka including capital of Collaboration- this is where some of African Bissandugu. accept the rule of colonizer. • Samouri withdrew his army and people to the east of former empire. RESISTANCE • He establish a new empire and a Samoure toures resistance against the new capital at Dabakala ,due to this French Samouri was able to get guns from the coast to equip his army. • Samoure was born around 1830 in • He was unable to control the gold Sansnkaro on South East of Guinea. mines which was contributing to the • He was a Muslim and took a title wealth of empire, (Almamy) meaning religious and • In 1887, he signed a peace treaty political leader. called Bissandugu treaty with the • He founded an empire called French. Mandinka empire with a capital • In 1896 to 1898, there was more called Bissandugu . fight between Samouri and French • He was having powerful, well- which eventually Samouri was trained and equipped army. defeated and imprisoned in Gabon • By 1880s French started arriving to where he died in 1900. Mandinka Empire. REASONS FOR RESISTANCE • The French started invading 1. He wanted his empire to remain Samouri’s empire in 1882 because independent. samouri had refused to withdraw 2. He was against French interference from an importance market centre. with his trading activity along the coast.

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3. He wanted to safeguard purity of his kingdom during the scramble for Islam against Christianity which Africa. French wanted to spread. 3. He wanted British military support 4. He had a well-equipped and trained his ene my e.g. Ndebele army. 4. Chief Khama of Ngwata of 5. He was being supported by Muslim. Botswana convinced Lewanika that 6. There was efficient administration of collaboration with British could earn the empire. him great benefit of becoming a 7. He used tactic method which was paramount Chief. called scorched earth policy. 8. He encouraged young men to join COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION IN French army in order to learn their AFRICA tactics and how to use the guns. System of colonial and policies

REASONS FOR SAMOURI’S DEFEAT Direct rule

1. Lack of support from other African • This is where the colonial leaders. government imposes its true rule 2. Some of his own people who were over the Africa communities. Muslim did not support him. • All levels were under colonial 3. French cut off the empire from the administrator. coast trade and the gold mines. 4. French had better weapons. Indirect rule (association)

COLLABORATION This system of colonial administration, the local communities whose leaders had Examples were:- accepted to collaborate with colonial • King Lewanika of Lozi administrator were allowed to continue • Laibon Lenana of Maasai ruling their territory.

Lewanika collaboration with the British Assimilation was used by French in some colonies where they were seen as overs • He was a king of Lozi people of eases of French province. Zambia. Britain colonies • He became a king in 1894 until 1916. They used direct and indirect rule to administer the following:- Reasons for collaboration with the British • Nigeria 1. He wanted military support. 2. Lewanika realized that much • Ghana European power wanted to occupy • Benin • South Africa

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• Zambia They used indirect rule in; • Zimbabwe • Morocco • Kenya • Western Sahara • Uganda e.t.c. THE BELGIANS IN CONGO French Colonies • It is presently called DR. Congo They used assimilation and assimilation to administer the following:- • It was led by King Leopold II • Berlin conference declare Congo in • Benin 1884, • Ivory Coast • 1185 as Congo free state under • Libya Leopold. • Algeria • He organized to collect rubber and • Tunisia ivory. • Mali • Leopold form association called • Senegal international Africa association with the objective was to end slave trade Belgium Colonies and introduce legitimate or acceptable trade in Congo. • They used direct and indirect rule • He introduced quotas of rubber of if (association) anybody refused to work the • They applied in Congo. punishment was to cut off people’s hands. • He gives out land to private companies. Portugal Colonies • African was forced to pay taxes and work on rubber plantations. They used direct and indirect rule • The oppression led to the Babua & (Association) Bushilele uprising of 1930-1904 which prevails brutality on the • Mozambique Africa in Congo. • Angola • After uprising Leopold II was forced Italy Colonies to surrender Congo to Belgium government They used direct rule in; • Belgium used direct rule • Somali • The majority of Africa were; a) Not allowed to own land • Eritrea b) Expected to provide labour on Spain Colonies plantations.

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c) They were not allowed to move from 1. Rufisque one Chefferie to another. 2. St. Louis 3. Goree 4. Dakar

THE FRENCH IN SENEGAL The four form a commune and formed In 1904 the French colonies grouped province where municipal council were in together to form Federations or religions for charge e.g. it provide health ,education the purpose of administration. ,water services and maintain law and order hence they form parliament where the Hierarchy of administration of French Leopold Sedar Senghor was elected among are: others.

1. Minister of colonies This policy was held until 1956 by then 2. Governor –general African had started demanding for 3. Lieutenant-general independence. 4. Commandant de cercle 5. Chef de subdivision Reasons why this policy of assimilation 6. Chef de canton-chiefs became difficult to administer 7. Chef de village (village headman) 1. By 1900, the French colonies were The only last two posts was assigned to the very many. This meant that many African people. people were to be assimilated. 2. Many of the subjects were Muslims French use assimilation policy to administer who had refused to become where it aim was to make black people to Christians. adopt French culture therefore become 3. Africans started criticizing French assimile (black French people) policies. 4. Most Africans refused to abandon Requirements of assimilation their culture. 1. Ability to read and write French. 5. It was expensive to provide social 2. Being a Christian facilities such as hospitals schools 3. Readiness to practice French ways of and roads so as to make assimilation life. successful. 4. Accepting the French administration 6. The French feared competition from and French economic set up. Africa, so they resisted the policy.

After qualification one can vote and to be THE PORTUGUESE IN elected, learn in institutions in France, get MOZAMBIQUE employment ,start a business. • Vasco da agama was the first Assimilation was applied in following Europeans to reach Mozambique. coastal town in Senegal;

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• Like French they started to consider centralized system of traditional colonies as overseas provinces. rulers called Emirs to govern. • Provinces were governed directly • Each emir in charge of an Emirate. from Portugal by the minister for • The province was headed by oversea provinces. Resident or provincial • Law was made by Portugal. commissioner-British • The district was headed by District Hierarchy of Administration Officer- British

1. Colonies Responsibilities of the Emirs were 2. Colony 3. Province 1. Collecting taxes in their emirates. 4. District 2. Listening to cases in Muslim court. 5. Location 3. Maintain law and order in the • They imposed heavy taxes on the emirate. Africans. 4. Abolish undesirable practices among • They exported Africans to South the citizen as directed by the British Africa and Zimbabwe to provide resident. cheap labour in the mines and Reasons why British used indirect rule in plantation. northern Nigeria • Portuguese pay attention to the needs of the native people whom they 1. Poor transport and communication referred to as indigena. network to the north of Nigeria. • The Portuguese administration was 2. Some chief were ready to cooperate harsh and brutal on the people this e.g. chief nana of itsekiri. made African to free to Tanganyika 3. The cost of running was high to use and Malawi as refugees. colonial directly. • From 1961 the people of 4. Existence of a well-established Mozambique formed anti-Portuguese system of administration among political group for the liberation of African in the region presented a their country. good opportunity for the European to • The front for the liberation of adopt and use it to their advantages Mozambique (FRELIMO) was one as Africans had already accepted of these liberation groups. system. 5. Protectorate was large and hence THE BRITISH IN NORTHERN requires many officers for NIGERIA administration. British use indirect rule 6. The British who were available were sick with Malaria hence were not • This meant that the colonial effective. government would use the

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Hierarchy of British administration in Some complaints of the Ghana people Nigeria against the british colonizer.

1. British overseas colonial officer. African wanted majority in the legco. 2. British high commissioner 3. British resident (provincial) Many African were denied import and commissioner export licenses in favour of white traders. 4. District officers Ex-soldier wanted employment as reward 5. African chiefs (Emirs) for their participation in Second World War.

EFFECTS OF COLONIAL RULE IN Unemployment . AFRICA Low cocoa prices and African forced to cut NEGATIVE EFFECT cocoa trees.

a) Loss of independence British did not deal with these complaints b) Separation of community adequately so Ghanaians continue c) Over-exploitation of natural demanding for independence . resources d) Mistreatment of natural resources In 1947 (UGCC) United gold coast e) Neglect of craft industries convention party was formed led by Dr.J.B f) Loss of land Danquah as president and DR Kwame g) Loss of African Culture Nkrumah as secretary.

POSITIVE EFFECT OF COLONIALISM The party demanded for two things in 1948 a) Introduction of new crops. An end of colonial rule. b) Development of infrastructure. c) Introduction of western education A policy of self-determination (complete d) Provision of social services national independence) e) Peace among the people All these determination cause chaos and confusion in the country.

STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN UGCC leaders were accused for inciting AFRICA people.

Struggle for independence in Ghana British reacted by arresting them.

Ghana was known as Gold coast, and was They were released in 1949 and Nkrumah colonized by the British. broke away from the party and founded CPP (Convention peoples party) whose aim was The people of Ghana wanted many people in to fight for self-governance. Legco.

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Other parties formed were NPP (Northern Settlers became powerful than company Peoples Party) (NLM) National liberation officials. movement. 1923, they declare Rhodesia a self- CPP was more popular than other parties. governing company ending company rule.

1949-1950 CPP organize strikes. Under colonial rule

Nkrumah was arrested and detained. Poor education and health facilities were given to African. Nkrumah was released in 1951. Overcrowding of reserve because most of Due pressure of African British called African land were taken by settlers. election 1951 and CPP won but did not have majority to form a government. Africans were not allowed to vote and elect their leaders. 1956 election was held again and CPP won and Ghana granted full independence with Africans were poorly paid and lack of house Nkrumah being a prime minister in March, facilities. 1957. Africans were having limited movement The gold coast changed its name to Ghana. because of harsh pass law.

1960 became a republic under Nkrumah as Africans were forced to pay high taxes. president. Africans were controlled by arresting their Ghana use diplomacy of negotiations. leaders.

The struggle for independent in Zimbabwe Due to these problems in 1934, Africans (southern Rhodesia) formed African National Progress (ANC) to remove pass laws and forced labour. It was a British colony under British south Africa company ( BSACo) Settlers refused to listen the demand of Africans instead they formed Rhodesia front The name Rhodesia was in the honor of party with the aim of getting more land. Cecil Rhodes the leader of the company. Africans realized that negotiation wont work In 1889, British government granted the with settlers and decided to use armed company right to mine mineral, collect taxes struggle against settlers regime. and maintain law and order in Zimbabwe. 1963, Zimbabwe African Union was The company invited settlers and gave them formed(ZANU) its leaders were Reverend while Africans were moved reserves. Ndabaningi sithole ,Robert Mugabe and Africa provides forced labour to settler Herbert Chitepo. reserves.

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ZANU establish a liberation army to fight NELSON MANDERA for independence this army wing called ZANLA(Zimbabwe ,African national Born in july 1918 in Qunu village near liberation army with aim was to wage Umtata in the Transkei province. Guerilla warfare on the settler rule. Mandela joined politics and became 1963 Joshua Nkomo formed member of ANC(African National ZAPU(Zimbabwe African People Party) aim Congress) in 1942. was to fight for self rule. During second world war ,Mandela ,Oliver Two parties were however banned and their ,Walter Sisulu and Anton Lembede formed leaders imprisoned . African Naitonal Congress youth league (ANCYL) Rhodesian front party led by Ian Smith and declared its independence from Brtitain in 1952 Mandela elected deputy president of 1965 .This came to be known as Unilateral ANC Declaration of Independence (UDI) because MANDELA with ANCYL formed of negotiations. movement called Umkihonto We Sizwe The OAU and Britain oppose this move but (spear of the nation) with an aim of bringing setter decision remain. about change in South Africa.

ZANU & ZAPU establish their fighting 1964, Mandela was sentenced and bases in Zambia, Tanzania and later imprisonment and sent to Robben Island Mozambique. Prison.

They attach Rhodesia using guerilla armies . Mandela was released 1990 by Fredrick de Klerk who was the president of South Africa This forced Ian Smith to participate in at the time. discussion about the future of Rhodesia . 1991 Madera was elected as president of Election eventually held 1980 and ZANU ANC. won and Rhodesia became independence with Robert Mugabe as Prime Minister and Negotiation between ANC and white name changed to Zimbabwe. government led to election of 1994 where ANC won. Contribution of prominent African leaders Mandela became the first democratically Examples of the leaders were: elected president of South Africa he ruled for five years and voluntary retired from Nelson Mandera-South Africa politics in June,1999.

Gamel Abdel Nasser- Egypt Contributions of nelson mandela Leopold Senghor –Senegal

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He provided leaderhip to the liberation Contribution of Nasser movement through the ANC. 1. He carried out land reforms. He led youths through ANCYL to demand 2. He improved working condition of for the redistribution of land,free primary workers. education. 3. He abolished Sharia courts and established modern judicial system. He successfully formed the military wing of 4. More health centres were built. the ANC to rebel against white rule. 5. More schools and universities were He united people of South Africa to the built. independent. 6. He encouraged the formation of cooperative societies to help farmers. He united people of South Africa to the 7. He established industries thus independent . creating more jobs. 8. He changed ownership of Suez He united all races of South Africa. Canal from private to government He helped to bring peace through ownership. negotiation in Africa countries e.g Burundi . 9. He planted and completed the construction of Aswala high dam. He set a good example to many Africans 10. He participated in the formation of leader to voluntary retired from politics. OAU. 11. He played a role in assisting He abolished apartheid in South Africa . liberation movement in Africa. Gamel abdel Nasser 12. He died in 1970.

• Born on 15th January, 1918 at LEOPOLD SENGHOR Alexandria in Egypt . • Born on 9th October, 1906 at Joal in • He was an army. Senegal. • 1952, Nasser and Muhammad • 1981, he completed his studies in Naguib led revolution which poetry and politics. removed Farouk of Egypt from • France was defeated Germans after power. Second World War and many of its • A republic was established in 1953 soldiers captured as prisoners of war, Mohammed being a president. Senghor being one of them. • Nasser took over in 1954 as • Later German released him returned president of Egypt because to France. Muhammad was not willing to • 1945, people of Senegal elected continue. Leopold to represent them in French parliament.

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• 1960, Senegal attained its • The Traditional system of independent with Leopold being first government in Swaziland is called president. Tinkhundla. • He ruled Senegal for 20 years and • The king is the head of state who voluntary retired from politics in appoint the prime minister who assist 1980. him to recommend to the king on whom appoint the cabinet. Contributions of Leopold Senghor • The King is assisted by the Swazi 1. He was a great writers and poet of National Council called Liqoqo Africa. appointed by King. 2. He represents people of Senegal in • The queen mother (Indlovukazi) is French parliament. one of advisor of a king. 3. He used poetry to spread information • Swaziland is made of two houses; about African culture and values. 1) The senate- some members are 4. He led people of Senegal until the appointed king and others by independence in 1860. Electoral College. 5. He was the first African president to 2) The house of assembly – some retire voluntary from active politics. members are appointed by the king 6. Leopold died on 20th December, and others by Electrol College 2001 at the age of 95 years. N.B. There is no political party in Swaziland

the king and Liqoqo are the main center of Present system of government in Kenya power. and Swaziland SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES • Swaziland is landlocked country. IN THE SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT • The kingdom of Swaziland was IN SWAZILAND AND KENYA founded by King Sobhuza I in the SIMILARITIES 1830s. • Swaziland was a British protectorate. a) Both the king of Swaziland and • They were allowed to continue president of Kenya are head of state. ruling through the traditional system b) Both leaders are the commanders in of government. chief of armed forces. • Swaziland attains independence in DIFFERENCES 1968 under king Sobhuza II .He was succeeded by King Mswati III who a) Swaziland is a kingdom headed by was crowned king in 1986. the heredity kin g while Kenya is • The position of the king is heredity. republic headed by an elected • The title of the king is Ngwenyama president. meaning lion.

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b) The government consists of the king, NB: all countries of Africa are member of a National council and parliament OAU EXCEPT Morocco withdraws its while Kenya government consists of membership in 1985 where Western Sahara executive parliament and the recognized as a country. judiciary. c) Parliament consists of two houses in Functions of the OAU Swaziland while Kenya has one a) To promote unity among African house in the parliament. states. d) Membership of parliament is by b) To help African countries that was appointment by king in Swaziland still under colonial power to gain while in Kenya MP are elected by independence. people. c) To promote cooperation among e) No political in Swaziland while in African states in order to improve the Kenya we have political parties. living standards of the people. f) There are no general elections in d) To protect the independence of Swaziland while in Kenya election is member states. held after five years. e) To promote friendly relations g) King rules until he dies while in between African countries and other Kenya the maximum of president countries of the world. rule is two five years terms. f) To promote social economic and ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN political development among UNITY (OAU) member countries. Achievements of the OAU • It existed from 1963 to July, 2001 when it changes its name to a) It assists some countries that achieve AFRICAN UNION (AU) independence. b) Its member states spoke with one FORMATION OF OAU voice in United Nations agencies on The conferences of formation were being problems facing Africans. held by Nkrumah and other African leaders c) It promotes economic development between 1955 and 1963. among its members. d) Its member state tried to find The aim was to create unity among African solutions to conflict in Africa. states and political, economic and social e) It encouraged cooperation in trade freedom from the colonialists. through formation of regional trading Haile Selassie became first chairman and blocs. Addis Ababa become the head quarter of f) It provided a forum where heads of OAU. state could meet and discuss issues affecting the continent. MEMBERS OF OAU

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Problems that faced the OAU Drug –substance taken as medicine or on- medicinal or illegal substance which when a) Occasional misunderstanding among taken changes how the body works. member states at times affected the performance of the OAU. Drug abuse-refers to misuse or wrong use b) Some members do not make timely of drug. payment of funds to run the activities of the organization. Addictive –there after the user may not be c) OAU lack the capacity to implement able to do without them. or enforce its resolutions. COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS AND d) Political instability due to civil wars SUBSTANCES in some member countries also threatened the effectiveness of the 1. Alcoholic (bee) organization. 2. Nicotine (tobacco/cigarettes) e) The former colonial master 3. Marijuana (bhang/hashish) sometimes interferes with individual 4. Opium government policies. 5. Cocaine f) The challenging of HIV and AIDS 6. Heroine /morphine pandemic. 7. Miraa /khat g) Borders disputes have led to quarrels 8. Kuber among members states. 9. Caffeine 10. LSD(Lysergic diethyl amide ) THE AFRICAN UNION (AU) 11. Inhalant such as petrol & glue (cobblers glue) • The AU was launched in South th Africa on 15 July, 2001. Effects of drug and substance abuse

The objectives of the African Union 1) Psychological instability 2) Poor health 1. To achieve greater unity and 3) Social instability solidarity among African states and 4) Increase in cases of road accidents peoples. 5) Increase in diseases 2. To defend the sovereignty borders 6) Financial problems and independence of its member 7) Work- related problems states. 3. To encourage international Ways of curbing drug and substance cooperation abuse

CITIZENSHIP a) Strict laws on drugs and substance abuse should be enforced. DRUGS AND DRUG ABUSE

Definition:

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b) Public should be educated on the b) Creating friendly environments laws that govern drug and substance to them abuse. c) Providing equal opportunities c) Public should be educated on dangers of drugs substance abuse. COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY d) Parent should be good role models to Definition: members of community or their children by not abusing drugs. nation taking responsibility to participate e) Moral guidance should be provided in activities which promote peace, to youth. security. f) Ensure warnings on the effects of drugs Things that a citizen can do support on g) Strengthening police inspection at another. border crossing point such as lakes, • Giving police information about sea e.t.c. criminals. h) Promoting healthy leisure activities such as games and sports. • Taking part in development i) Ensuring medical drugs are not sold activities. without the doctors’ prescription. • Upholding the moral values of the society. Assisting people with special needs • Ensuring the environment is remaining clean. These includes; • Ensure no harmful drugs taken • Visually impaired (blind) by the people. • Hearing impaired (deaf) • Participation in election to • The physically challenged choose the good leaders. • The mentally challenged • Being mindful of the welfare of • The behaviorally and emotionally others. disturbed. DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS • The people with speech problem (dumb) DEMOCRACY –means that citizens are • Street children given a chance to say how they would like • Orphans to be ruled. • Refugees BENEFITS OF DEMOCRACY • HIV and AIDS • The elderly a) Peoples are treated fairly. b) People are treated equally. Ways to be done to the special needs c) Democracy gives people the freedom a) Creating positive attitudes to to choose. them. d) Democracy also gives people the right to own property.

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e) Participation in election by choosing 10. All human being are treated equally good leaders. in irrespective of gender, race or f) People have right to make decisions religion. on issues that affect them. g) People develop a sense of belonging LAW PEACE AND CONFLICT and responsibility. RESOLUTION h) Democracy practices promote peace Conflict –disagreements or quarrels and prosperity. between two or more people. i) People are able to get an equal share of the national resources. Causes of conflicts in the society j) Promotion of freedom 1. Unequal distribution of resources. THE IMPORTANCE OF RESPECTING 2. Poverty HUMAN RIGHTS 3. Inequality before the law 4. Discrimination All human being are entitled to right to life 5. Lack of involvement in decision- security, health education and right to own making property. 6. Intolerance 1. It helps people to feel secure and free 7. Religious differences in their country. 8. Unpopular policies 2. It enable human to develop their 9. Oppression talents. WAYS OF RESOLVING CONFLICTS 3. It enable people to carry out their economic activities in an atmosphere 1. Negotiation of peace hence encourage 2. Dialogue development. 3. Mediation 4. It helps special groups. 4. Judicial settlement 5. It helps the people to get efficient 5. Arbitration services from people in public 6. Enquiry offices. 7. Conciliation 6. The citizen can criticize people in THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA authority because of the freedom of expression. Constitution –This is set of rules or values 7. It helps to control abuse of power of agreed upon by a group of people which government. governs relationships within the group. 8. Help in making decision on matters that affect people. The new constitution of Kenya has the 9. It reduces misunderstanding between following chapters; citizen & government. 1. Sovereignty of the people and supremacy of the constitution

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2. The republic 1. Dissolution of the parliament by the 3. Citizenship president. 4. The rights and freedoms of 2. The IEBC announces the election individuals (bill of rights) date and provides a timetable for the 5. Use and control of land environment election. 6. Leadership and integrity 3. The political parties invite interested 7. Representation of the people candidates to seek the vacant seats. 8. The legislature 4. The IEBC gives the dates for the 9. The executive election campaigns and the voting 10. The judiciary process. 11. Devolved government 5. The IEBC prints ballots papers and 12. Income and use of government prepares other election materials. money 6. On the eve of the election, polling 13. The public service boxes and other election materials 14. The national security are delivered to the polling stations. 15. Commissions and independence 7. After voting ballot boxes are moved offices to the counting hall. 16. Reviewing of the constitution 8. Counting is done and the results are 17. General guidelines announced by the presiding officer in 18. Transitional guidelines the constituency. 9. Candidates who have complaints Importance of the constitution of Kenya concerning the results make an 1. It guides the Kenyans society on how application in court to have the to live in peace and harmony. election results cancelled. 2. It outlines the right and freedoms Qualifications of parliamentary elections each citizen should enjoy. candidates 3. It help government to reduce conflict among citizen. a) He or she must be a citizen of 4. It provides suggestions on how Kenya. disagreements should be resolved. b) He or she must be a revised voter in 5. It helps government to show good a constituency. relation with other countries. c) He or she should be able to speak 6. It gives guideline on how public land and read in Kiswahili and English and finance should be handled. (exception are made for those with visual problems) PARLIAMENTARY ELECTORAL d) He or she should be nominated by a PROCESS IN KENYA registered political party.

The election in Kenya is conducted after How one may lose a parliamentary seat five years

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1) If the member is imprisoned for six c) Leaders may become irresponsible months or more. and not accountable to anyone. 2) If the member is declared bankrupt d) Leaders who do not take the issues by a court of law of the people into account may be 3) If the member resigns from the party chosen. that sponsored him or her to parliament. Responsibility of the government to its 4) if the member committed an election citizens offence that has been proved in a 1) Maintaining peace, law and order court of law. 2) Promoting people’s welfare and 5) If he or she is of unsound mind providing social services. 6) If it is proved that he or she is not a 3) Encouraging unity in the country. Kenyan citizen. 4) Making laws and enforcing them 7) If the member misses eight 5) Initiating development projects consecutive sittings in parliamentary 6) Establishment and maintenance of without notifying the speaker. good relations with other countries. 8) If the member is elected the speaker 7) Protecting the right of the people. of the national assembly 8) Protecting people against external Role of a citizen in the electoral process enemies

a) Participating in elections once they attain the age of 18 years. b) Electing the responsible leaders. c) Ensuring that leaders do not misuse their powers. d) Ensuring that leaders make decisions and perform their duties according to the will and wishes of the citizens. e) Promoting free and fair elections f) Evaluating the performance of the elders they choose and removing those leaders who do not serve the needs of the people

Importance of participating in elections

a) Unsuitable people may be elected as leaders. b) Rule by unpopular leaders may lead to dissatisfaction among citizens.

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