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Std 7 Social Studies Teaching Notes

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Std 7 Social Studies Teaching Notes • Sinai Peninsula –connect Africa and CLASS SEVEN Suez Canal. • Strait of Gibraltar –connect Africa 1. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT and Spain POSITION, SHAPE AND SIZE OF TYPES OF CAPE AFRICA 1. Cape Verde POSITION 2. Cape Palmas 3. Cape Lopez Definition: is a large mass of land. 4. Cape Fria 1. Asia is the largest continent. 5. Cape of Good Hope 2. Africa is second largest continent. 6. Cape Aulhas 3. North America is the third largest 7. Cape Ambe continent. 8. Cape Sainte- Marie 4. South America is the fourth largest 9. Cape Guardafui continent. COUNTRIES OF AFRICA AND THEIR 5. Antarctica is the fifth largest LOCATION continent. 6. Europe is the sixth largest continent. There are 54 countries in Africa including 7. Australia & New Zealand. (southern Sudan) but when we include Western Sahara there is 55 countries 0 NB: Africa lies between latitudes 37 N and therefore there is 53 independence countries. 350 S and longitudes 180 W and 520 E • The biggest countries in Africa are Algeria. • The second is Dr. Congo • The third is Chad. • The third last is Mauritius. THE WATER MASS THAT • The second last is Sao Tome & SURROUND AFRICA; Principle • The last/smallest country in Africa is • The Indian ocean to the East. Seychelles. • The Atlantic ocean to the West. NB; Southern Sudan is newest country in • The Mediterranean Sea to the North. Africa. • The red sea to the north-East. • The Antarctica Ocean to the South. N.B. A Cape is a piece of land projecting ISLAND IN AFRICA into the sea or ocean. 1 Island –This is land that is surrounded by 5. Burundi water. 6. Central Africa rep 7. Zambia Archipelago – These are collection of 8. Botswana several small islands that make one group of 9. Zimbabwe islands .i.e. Seychelles is made up of 115 10. Burkina Faso islands and Cape Verde is made up of 18 11. Mali 1. Seychelles 12. Malawi 2. Comoros 13. Ethiopia 3. Madagascar 14. Lesotho 4. Cape Verde 15. Swaziland 5. Mauritius 6. Sa tome and principle LATITUDE AND LONGITUDES Differences between Bay and Cape Latitudes; run from West to East Bay –This is a section of the water that stretches into the land. Longitude; Run from North to South and meet at the poles. Cape- This is the section of the land that stretches outward into the ocean. Prime meridian is also known as Greenwich meridian is 0o longitude it passes BAYS AND THEIR COUNTRY OF through town of Accra in Ghana and ALLOCATION Greenwich in London. 1. Deragoa –Mozambique The three major latitude are:- 2. Alexander –South Africa 3. Walvis- Namibia Equator –divide Africa by two parts it is 4. Ugwana- Kenya marked 00 latitude. 5. Agulhas – South Africa Hence passes through the following country Definition: landlocked countries- These .Gabon, Congo, Democratic republic of are countries that does not have direct access Congo (DRC), Uganda, Kenya and Somalia. or boarder with the sea. Tropic of cancer: - Lies 23.50 North of NB; Africa has 15 countries which are equator it passes through Western Sahara landlocked. Mauritania, Mali, Algeria, Libya and Egypt. Examples: Tropic of Capricorn: lies 23.50 South off equator it passes though Namibia, 1. Niger Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique and 2. Chad Madagascar. 3. Uganda 4. Rwanda 2 Aretic Circle –which is positioned at 66.50 On March 21st and September 23rd the sun is north of the equator. overhead at midday at the Equator .This means that day and night are of equal length 0, Antarctic Circle –is positioned at 66.5 .This is called the EQUINOX South of the equator. NB; the area to the North of the equator is called the Northern Hemisphere while to the South is Southern hemisphere. ROTATION AND REVOLUTION Rotation –is spinning of the Earth on its own axis. It takes 24 hours or 1 day to MAP READING AND rotate. INTERPRETATION Revolution –It is a complete movement Definition: is a representation of the earth around the sun following its own orbit or or part of it on a flat surface. path .It takes 365.25 days or one year or 366 ELEMENT OF THE MAP in each leap year (Feb- 29 days) 1. Title Causes (effect) of the rotation 2. Scale 1. It causes differences in time along 3. Compass different longitudes. 4. Key 2. It causes occurrence of day and night 5. Frame Cause (effect) of the revolution TYPE OF THE MAP 1. It causes different season ;( summer- 1. Atlas maps –found in atlas books. June .Winter –December, spring- 2. Sketch maps- drawn on our book & March, autumn –September) chalkboard 2. It causes differences in length of day 3. Walls maps- contain more and night. information than atlas maps. 3. It influences the position of the QUESTION REVOLVE ON THE midday sun. FOLLOWING; st NB: On June 21 the sun is overhead at Relief on drainage –general appearance of midday at the tropic of cancer. landforms i.e. hill. Mountain & water This is called the summer solstice On features i.e. Lake Rivers, swamps e.t.c. nd December 22 , the sun is overhead at the 1. Climate tropic of capricon .This is called Winter 2. Agriculture (cash crop ,food crops) Solstice. 3 3. Human & economic activities iii. Valleys (mining ,farming ,tourism ,industries iv. Swamps ,fishing ,transport ,forestry ) v. Lakes 4. Settlement vi. Rivers vii. Mountains and highlands TYPES OF SETTLEMENT viii. Islands • Densely populated ix. Depressions • Sparsely populated PLATEAUS • Linear populated • Clustered populated Plateau –A high area which is generally 5. Urban centre level or flat at the top. It is made of old and hard rocks. 4. Administrative boundaries Examples of plateaus surface in Africa (provincial district, divisional, i. Founta Djallon –Guinea locational, sub locational boundaries) ii. Bie Plateau-Angola e.t.c. iii. Nyika Platea –East Africa 5. Approximation length & area iv. Jos Plateau – Nigeria 6. Direction v. Ahaggar –Algeria • Rise from –Bottom to top vi. Tibesti –Chad • Slopes from-Top to bottom vii. Jebel –Abyad 7. Religious beliefs i.e. (Christians, viii. Teiga –Sudan Muslims, Hindus, Shrines) BASINS N.B. when measuring a distance on the map Definition; A broad, shallow depression we use string & a piece of paper. formed during the formation of the earth . TYPES OF CLIMATES The main basins in Africa are: 1. Cool & Wet -occur in the highlands 1. Volta (coffee, tea, pyrethrum e.t.c.) 2. Djouf 2. Ho & Wet –near water bodies e.g.( 3. Nile lakes ,sea, oceans) 4. Niger 3. Hot & Dry –desert ,semi-arid 5. Congo (desert) or presence of desert 6. Zambezi vegetation . 7. Limpopo PHYSICAL FEATURES IN AFRICA 8. Orange rivers basin i. Plateaus DEPRESSIONS ii. Basins 4 1. Danakil in Ethiopia this is the lowest 2. Drakensberg- South Africa, Lesotho, depression in Africa. Swaziland . 2. Qattara – Egypt 3. Usambara –Tanzania 3. Lake Victoria –Kyoga basin 4. Cape Ranges –South Africa 5. Ruwenzori- Ugandan VALLEY 6. Ahaggar –Algeria Definition: This is long depression on the 7. Tibest –Chad surface of the earth. 8. Aberdare –Kenya TYPES OF RIFT VALLEY LAKES 1. Ethiopia rift valley –red sea to L. • L.Victoria is the second largest Turkana. freshwater lake in world. 2. Western branch –L. Rukwa to Sudan • L.Tanganyika is the second deepest border (L. Tanganyika, L. Kivu, lake in the world. George Albert and Edward. • Other are: Malawi, Chad, 3. Malawi rift valley –L. Malawi to Bangweulu Beira in Mozambique. • Human-made lakes include Volta in 4. Eastern Branch –Enter Kenya Ghana,Kainji in Nigeria ,Nasser in through L. Turkana up to Tanzania. Egypt ,Kariba in border in Zambia & Zimbabwe MOUNTAIN & HIGHLANDS • Salty lakes are; Magandi ,Natron The main highlands in Africa are: ,Shala ,Bogoria & Nakuru 1. Ethiopia highland RIVERS 2. Adamawa highlands –Cameroon a) Nile –longest River in Africa. 3. Guinea highland It flows out of Lake Victoria and MOUNTAINS & COUNTRIES drains to Mediterranean Sea. It forms Delta as it enters the mouth. 1. Mt. Kilimanjaro –Tanzania Delta –is the low lying swampy 2. Mt. Kenya –Kenya plain found at the point where a river 3. Mt. Elgon -Kenya & Uganda ends in many channels. 4. Mt. Cameroon –Cameroon Estuary –This is where the river 5. Gimbala –Sudan drains into the sea in one channel. 6. Ras-Dashan –Ethiopia b) Congo 7. Margherita –Uganda /Congo c) Niger 8. Toubkal –Morocco d) Zambezi e) Benue MOUNTAIN RANGE f) Orange 1. Atlas- Morocco g) Limpopo h) Volta 5 i) Senegal Homoli (Mali),Namuli mountains (Mozambique) other which may be SWAMPS formed in similar manner is inselbergs. This is the an areas of soft, wet land covered FORMATION OF LAKES with vegetation. Lake is a hollow or depression on the Examples are:- surface of the earth. • Okavango and Makarikari in Examples Are: Botswana • L.KYOGA IN Uganda 1. Volcanic lakes e.g. L. Bunyonyi • Sudd in Sudan along river Nile in Uganda, Lake Kivu in DRC, • Lorian in Kenya L.Niosin Cameroon • Malagasi in Tanzania 2. Fault lakes –Lake Edward ,Kivu ,Naivasha ,Malawi ,Tanganyika FORMATION OF PHYSICAL ,Turkana ,Eyasi ,Albert ,Abaya FEATURES and Natron . 3. Downwarping (depression) MOUNTAIN FORMATIONS Lakes-L. Victoria, Kyoga TYPES OF MOUNTAIN AREA: ,Bangweulu and Chad . 4. Crater lakes e.g. Lake paradisin 1. Fold Mountain ,marsabit ,I. Chala,L.Jipe in 2. Volcanic Mountain Kenya ,L.Katwe and L.Nyungu 3. Residual Mountain in Uganda ,L. Ngozi in 4. Block (horst) Mountain Tanzania,L. Shalla in Ethipia ,Pajam in Nigeria ,Wum in FOLD MOUNTAIN Cameroon and Lake basomtwi in NB: The raised sections are called Ghana. anticlines while the sunken sections are 5. Ox bow lakes –Gambi bisisa called synclines. ,Shakababo ,along river Tana and L.Utange on R.Rufiji .
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