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GROUNDWATER WATER DAY SPECIAL How bad is it already Aquifers under most stress are in poor and populated regions, where alternatives are limited Shrinking source Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin in 145 km3 21 8 India, Nepal and Bangladesh, More than half of the world's major aquifers, The amount of of world's 37 largest aquifer of these 21 aquifer systems North Caucasus Basin in Russia groundwater the systemsÐshaded in redÐlost are overstressed, which and Canning Basin in Australia which store groundwater, are depleting faster world extracts water faster than they could be means they get hardly any have the fastest rate of depletion than they can be replenished every year recharged between 2003 and 2013 natural recharge in the world Aquifer System where groundwater levels are depleting Pechora Basin Tunguss Basin (in millimetres per year) 3.038 1.664 Aquifer System where groundwater levels are increasing Northern Great Ogallala Aquifer Cambro-Ordovician Russian Platform Basin (in millimetres per year) 4.011 Yakut Basin Plains Aquifer (High Plains) Aquifer System 2.888 Map based on data collected by 4.954 0.309 2.449 NASA's Grace satellite between 2003 and 2013 Paris Basin 4.118 Angara-Lena Basin 3.993 West Siberian Basin Californian Central Atlantic and Gulf Coastal 1.978 Valley Aquifer System Plains Aquifer 8.887 5.932 Tarim Basin Song-Liao Basin North Caucasus Basin 0.232 2.4 Northwestern Sahara Aquifer System 16.097 Why aquifers are important 2.805 Nubian Aquifer System 2.906 North China Aquifer System Only three per cent of the world's water is freshwater; Murzuk-Djado Basin 7.501 30 per cent of which comes from aquifers 4.275 Taoudeni-Tanezrouft Basin Indus Basin Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin Freshwater sources 0.496 4.263 19.564 68.7% Arabian Aquifer System Amazon Basin Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin 9.13 Icecaps and glaciers 7.128 4.647 Ogaden-Juba Basin 30.1% Iullemeden-Irhazer 0.335 Groundwater Aquifer System 2.414 Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer) 2.855 1.2% Lake Chad Basin Great Artesian Basin Surface/other freshwater Congo Basin Maranhao Basin 1.042 10.601 6.713 4.848 How we use it Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai- Lower Kalahari-Stampriet Basin Canning Basin Guarani Aquifer Upper Zambezi Basin 3.196 9.41 70% 24.283 Irrigation System 0.579 22% Karoo Basin Others, including industrial uses 5.588 8% Why we should worry The world will start to feel the impact of groundwater depletion by 2050 Domestic consumption Some of the aquifers Prepared by DTE/CSE Data Centre 1.8 billion 6,000 km3 25% in India, Pakistan, Infographics: Raj Kumar Singh people would live in areas additional water will be of the rise in sea levels southern Europe and Analysis: Kiran Pandey and Rajit Sengupta Data source: FAO, UN and Water Resources Research journal where groundwater levels are required annually to feed the will happen because of the western US would For more such infographics visit: www.downtoearth.org.in/infographics fully or nearly depleted ever-growing population groundwater extraction dry out 42 DOWN TO EARTH 16-31 MARCH 2017 16-31 MARCH 2017 www.downtoearth.org.in 43 .

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Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Indicators of Vulnerability and Sustainability in the GAS Aquifer, São Paulo State, Brazil T
Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 14 (2017) 130–149 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejrh Hydrogeochemical and isotopic indicators of vulnerability and sustainability in the GAS aquifer, São Paulo State, Brazil T ⁎ Trevor Elliota, , Daniel Marcos Bonottob a School of Natural and Built Environment (SNBE), Queeńs University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK b Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas-IGCE, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Av. 24-A No. 1515, P.O. Box 178, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Study region: The Guarani Aquifer System (GAS), São Paulo State, Brazil, an important freshwater Environmental Tracers (REEs, Br/Cl, B, δ11B, resource regionally and part of a giant, transboundary system. 87 86 Sr, Sr/ Sr) Study focus: Groundwaters have been sampled along a transect. Based on environmental tracers Groundwater (REEs, Br, B, δ11B, Sr, 87Sr/86Sr) aquifer vulnerability and sustainability issues are identified. Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) New hydrological insights for the region: For sites near to aquifer outcrop, REE and Sr signatures São Paulo State (and relatively light δ13C) trace possible vertical recharge from flood basalts directly overlying Aquifer vulnerability fi Aquifer sustainability the GAS. This highlights aquifer vulnerability where con ned by fewer basalts and/or having cross-cutting fractures. 14C activities for these waters, however, suggest the impact of this re- charge is significantly delayed in reaching the GAS. Anthropogenic sources for boron are not currently encountered; δ11B highlights feldspar dissolution, isotopically lighter signatures in the deepest sampled GAS waters resulting from pH/hydrochemical speciation changes down- gradient.
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Guaraní Aquifer System Agreement Alberto Manganelli Regional Center for Groundwater Management CeReGAS - Uruguay Virtual Workshop on designing legal frameworks for transboundary water cooperation 28-29 July 2020 Guaraní Aquifer System The Guaraní Aquifer System is located in the central-eastern part of South America It underlies in the territories of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay and it covers an area of 1,087,879 km2 The population located on the System is estimated at 90,000,000 inhabitants. The GAS has specific and complex physical, geological, chemical and hydraulic characteristics that were defined as part of the GEF International Waters project “Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development of the Guarani Aquifer System”. The project led to the formulation and adoption by the aquifer countries of a Strategic Action Program (SAP) aimed at the long-term sustainability of this huge freshwater resource. Following the adoption of the SA P, the aquifer countries negotiated and signed the “Guarani Aquifer Agreement” - the first shared-management agreement for a transboundary aquifer in Latin America The Guarani Aquifer Agreement (GAA) First of all it is important to highlight that the four countries sharing the GAS decided to negotiate an agreement in the absence of serious conflict over the natural resource The agreement has not yet entered into force as the last instrument of ratification remains to be deposited The GAA sets out a general management framework containing the general rules of international law applicable to transboundary water resources. Art. 2: "Each Party exercises sovereign territorial domain over their respective portions of the SAG ...." Art. 4: Countries must use the aquifer in an equitable and reasonable form.
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THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER IN CANADA The Expert Panel on Groundwater Council of Canadian Academies Science Advice in the Public Interest Conseil des académies canadiennes THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER IN CANADA Report of the Expert Panel on Groundwater iv The Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Canada THE COUNCIL OF CANADIAN ACADEMIES 180 Elgin Street, Ottawa, ON Canada K2P 2K3 Notice: The project that is the subject of this report was undertaken with the approval of the Board of Governors of the Council of Canadian Academies. Board members are drawn from the RSC: The Academies of Arts, Humanities and Sciences of Canada, the Canadian Academy of Engineering (CAE) and the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences (CAHS), as well as from the general public. The members of the expert panel responsible for the report were selected by the Council for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report was prepared for the Government of Canada in response to a request from Natural Resources Canada via the Minister of Industry. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors – the Expert Panel on Groundwater. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication The sustainable management of groundwater in Canada [electronic resource] / Expert Panel on Groundwater Issued also in French under title: La gestion durable des eaux souterraines au Canada. Includes bibliographical references. Issued also in print format ISBN 978-1-926558-11-0 1. Groundwater--Canada--Management. 2. Groundwater-- Government policy--Canada. 3. Groundwater ecology--Canada. 4. Water quality management--Canada. I. Council of Canadian Academies.
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Farming the Ogallala Aquifer: Short and Long-Run Impacts of Groundwater Access
Farming the Ogallala Aquifer: Short and Long-run Impacts of Groundwater Access Richard Hornbeck Harvard University and NBER Pinar Keskin Wesleyan University September 2010 Preliminary and Incomplete Abstract Following World War II, central pivot irrigation technology and decreased pumping costs made groundwater from the Ogallala aquifer available for large-scale irrigated agricultural production on the Great Plains. Comparing counties over the Ogallala with nearby similar counties, empirical estimates quantify the short-run and long-run impacts on irrigation, crop choice, and other agricultural adjustments. From the 1950 to the 1978, irrigation increased and agricultural production adjusted toward water- intensive crops with some delay. Estimated diﬀerences in land values capitalize the Ogallala's value at $10 billion in 1950, $29 billion in 1974, and $12 billion in 2002 (CPI-adjusted 2002 dollars). The Ogallala is becoming exhausted in some areas, with potential large returns from changing its current tax treatment. The Ogallala case pro- vides a stark example for other water-scarce settings in which such long-run historical perspective is unavailable. Water scarcity is a critical issue in many areas of the world.1 Water is becoming increas- ingly scarce as the demand for water increases and groundwater sources are exhausted. In some areas, climate change is expected to reduce rainfall and increase dependence on ground- water irrigation. The impacts of water shortages are often exacerbated by the unequal or ineﬃcient allocation of water. The economic value of water for agricultural production is an important component in un- derstanding the optimal management of scarce water resources. Further, as the availability of water changes, little is known about the speed and magnitude of agricultural adjustment.
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Regional Groundwater Modeling of the Guarani Aquifer System
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!!""##$$%%&&%%''((""##))**""++$$,,,,--&&$$""..$$/)) 01$)"$$#)+')2345)2'"-+'%5)3"#)23"3&$) 63"3#378)&%'("#93+$%)%$8'(%.$8)-")3")$%3) ':)#%'(&1+)3"#).,-23+$).13"&$)) ) )))));<)=#)>+%(?-@) ) A'%)+1$)B%'&%32)'")C3+$%)*88($85) D("@)>.1'',)':)E,'F3,)G::3-%8)3+)+1$)!"-H$%8-+<)':)0'%'"+') ! ! !"#$%&'!()*+,-.)/011)$"! )!(,) ,*!2($34)5*+!)674)6189) )))))))) I("$)JJ5)KLJM) GF'(+)+1$)G(+1'%) Ed Struzik is a writer and journalist and a fellow at the Institute for Energy and (QYLURQPHQWDO3ROLF\DW4XHHQ¶V8QLYHUVLW\LQ&DQDGD$UHJXODWRUFRQWULEXWRUWRYale Environment 360 and several national and international magazines, he has been the recipient of Atkinson Fellowship in Public Policy, the Michener Deacon Fellowship in Public Policy, the Knight Science Fellowship at MIT in Cambridge and the Sir Sandford Fleming Medal, which is award annually by WKH5R\DO&DQDGLDQ,QVWLWXWHWKHFRXQWU\¶V oldest scientific organization. GF'(+)+1$)B%'&%32)'")C3+$%)*88($8) The Program on Water Issues (POWI) creates opportunities for members of the private, public, academic, and not-for-profit sectors to join in collaborative research, dialogue, and education. The Program is dedicated to giving voice to those who would bring transparency and breadth of knowledge to the understanding and protection of Canada's valuable water resources. Since 2001, The Program on Water Issues has provided the public with analysis, information, and opinion on a range of important and emerging water issues. Its location within the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto provides access to rich analytic resources, state-of-the-art information technology, and international expertise. This paper can be found on the Program on Water Issues website at www.powi.ca. For more information on POWI or this paper, please contact: Adèle M.
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