DOCSLIB.ORG

Infectious Diseases of the Felidae: Parasite Communities from Miniature to Massive

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Infectious Diseases of the Felidae: Parasite Communities from Miniature to Massive AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Heather Broughton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology presented on July 3, 2017. Title: INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE FELIDAE: PARASITE COMMUNITIES FROM MINIATURE TO MASSIVE Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ Anna Jolles Direct anthropogenic stressors have caused drastic declines in wildlife populations over the past two centuries. In the face of these threats, spillover of infectious disease from domestic animals and livestock into wildlife, and novel interactions between parasites and pathogens within wildlife communities, have further suppressed already vulnerable populations. As management officials and conservationists fight to counteract these influences, a sound understanding of how pathogens and parasites interact to shape host health, and the level of disease threat posed from outside species, has become paramount to ensuring long term population viability. Here I use two model systems to examine these interactions. The first study system (Chapters 1, 2, and 3) examines the potential implications of an immunosuppressive lentivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), for structuring host health, immunity, and coinfection dynamics in a population of 219 free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo) living in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Similar to HIV in humans, FIV has been linked to an AIDS-like syndrome in domestic cats characterized by decreased functional immunity; alterations to biochemical, histological, and serological markers; and increased susceptibility to other parasites and pathogens. While recent evidence suggests similar mechanisms may be at play in FIV-infected lion hosts, less is known about the health implications of FIV for this species or what role coinfections may play in structuring disease outcome. In Chapter 1 I set the stage for this investigation by expanding the available toolbox for lion health research and creating a set of normal reference intervals against which health metrics for free-ranging lions can be compared. Using metrics and tools established in Chapter 1, I then use Chapters 2 and 3 to show that FIV exhibits wide scale immunosuppressive and negative health effects within lion hosts, but that parasite and pathogen communities facilitated by the virus may be of equal or greater importance for determining both health outcome and susceptibility to other coinfections when compared to FIV alone. In the second study system, I examine disease prevalence and incidence in a common, highly adaptable species, the feral cat (Felis catus), to determine its potential as a disease reservoir for sympatrically dwelling human and animal populations. Using a healthy population of 129 feral cats presented at a local trap-neuter-release program in Portland, Oregon, I show that prevalence and incidence of viral and bacterial pathogens, as well as endo- and ectoparasites, is high among this untreated population. Together, findings of these respective studies show potential points for disease intervention on both the parasite and host level. ©Copyright by Heather Broughton July 3, 2017 All Rights Reserved INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE FELIDAE: PARASITE COMMUNITIES FROM MINIATURE TO MASSIVE by Heather Broughton A DISSERTATION submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented July 3, 2017 Commencement June 2018 Doctor of Philosophy dissertation of Heather Broughton presented on July 3, 2017 APPROVED: Major Professor representing Integrative Biology Chair of the Department of Integrative Biology Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my dissertation will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my dissertation to any reader upon request. Heather Broughton, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, to my major advisor Dr. Anna Jolles, who didn’t think I was crazy for pursuing PhD work while concurrently enrolled in a veterinary program, this project would not have been possible without your endless council, expertise, and supportive friendship. To my co-advisor, Dr. Danny Govender, and our laboratory/field technician, Purvance Shikwambana, your expertise in the field and laboratory, and working knowledge of wildlife and disease systems, has taught me far more than I could ever have learned in a classroom. Together, the continued friendship, council, and hard work of the girl’s lion team made fieldwork not only possible, but something I looked forward to every summer (winter). In addition, data collection for the lion FIV study would not have been possible without supportive infrastructure and funding from the larger lion project headed by Drs. Sam Ferreira and Paul Funston. Without the expertise, equipment, accommodations, and thousands of dedicated man hours provided by that study through the collaboration of scientists, technicians, and veterinarians from both SANPARKs’ Veterinary Wildlife Services and Scientific Services, lion captures would never have taken place. In both the field and the laboratory, data collection and fun were also facilitated by a large dedicated team of undergraduate, veterinary, and graduate students including Tanya Kerr, Emily Magnuson, Zaya McSky, Kadie Anderson, Elena Alonso, and Ignatius Viljoen. Continual monitoring of the tagged lion population was made possible through the efforts of Darius Scholtz, Nkabeng Maruping, Trevor Valoyi, Travis Smit, and Katlego Makutulela. Funding for the FIV portion of the lion study was provided by Oregon State University, SANPARKs Scientific Services, Ajubatus, and Morris Animal Foundation (Grant # D13ZO-420). On the miniature side of the feline spectrum, special thanks is afforded to the Feral Cat Coalition of Oregon (FCCO), who allowed us to collect feral cat samples alongside their spay- and-neuter efforts; to our funders at the OSU College of Veterinary Medicine (OSU CVM) and the LL-Stewart Foundation; and to the OSU CVM class of 2013 for their efforts in sample processing. Finally, to my lab, feline, canine, and friend family, and to my parents, I would never have been able to achieve these goals without your love and support. Also, special acknowledgement goes out to the felines of all shapes and sizes that made this work possible. CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS Chapters 1-4: Dr. Anna Jolles was the principal investigator, and my primary PhD advisor, for all chapters presented in this dissertation. In addition to helping secure grants and funding through Oregon State University, Morris Animal Foundation, and the LL-Stewart Foundation, she also provided countless hours of help and feedback in the lab, the classroom, and the field. Chapters 1-3: For all chapters with Dr. Danny Govender and Purvance Shikwambana as co- authors, Danny served as both a co-principle investigator and a co-advisor for my PhD and research efforts, from project planning and data collection until publication. Purvance Shikwambana was our right-hand woman, serving a primary role in the planning, development, and implementation of all of our laboratory and field methods. Chapter 1: Dr. Patrick Chappell was directly involved in the development of RIA methods used to measure endocrine markers for leptin and ghrelin against which clinical normals could be established and malnutrition evaluated for FIV-positive and negative populations. Chapter 2: Dr. Emmanuel Serrano served as our resident statistical genius for this chapter through his adaptation of a partial least squares structural equation model to our data in order to evaluate causal relationships between FIV, coinfections, immunity, and impaired clinical health. Chapter 3: Dr. Erin Gorsich is a postdoc in our lab and was the brain behind the monopartite network and cluster analysis used in this chapter to evaluate parasite community assemblages and host-parasite connectivity between FIV-positive and FIV-negative lion networks. Chapter 4: Technician Leah Kennon is the primary overseer of all Feral Cat Coalition operations in Portland, Oregon and was the sole reason we were allowed to collect cat samples alongside their spay-and-neuter efforts. Drs. Ling Jin, Kathy O’Reiley, Janelle Bishop-Stewart, and Jana Gordon helped to collect data for this study through their supervision of diagnostic laboratory assays used to detect the various pathogens identified in the study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: BRIDGING GAPS BETWEEN ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE: ESTABLISHING REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR FREE-RANGING AFRICAN LIONS (PANTHERA LEO) ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 8 1.2 METHODS ................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 15 1.4 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 15 1.5 TABLES AND FIGURES .......................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 2: EQUAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Clinical Cysticercosis: Diagnosis and Treatment 11 2
    WHO/FAO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, prevention and control of taeniosis/cysticercosis Editor: K.D. Murrell Associate Editors: P. Dorny A. Flisser S. Geerts N.C. Kyvsgaard D.P. McManus T.E. Nash Z.S. Pawlowski • Etiology • Taeniosis in humans • Cysticercosis in animals and humans • Biology and systematics • Epidemiology and geographical distribution • Diagnosis and treatment in humans • Detection in cattle and swine • Surveillance • Prevention • Control • Methods All OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) publications are protected by international copyright law. Extracts may be copied, reproduced, translated, adapted or published in journals, documents, books, electronic media and any other medium destined for the public, for information, educational or commercial purposes, provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE. The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. –––––––––– The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization or the World Organisation for Animal Health concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Specific Identification of a Taeniid Cestode from Snow Leopard, Uncia Uncia Schreber, 1776 (Felidae) in Mongolia
    Mongolian .Jo~lrnalofBiological Sciences 2003 &)I. ](I): 21-25 Specific Identification of a Taeniid Cestode from Snow Leopard, Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776 (Felidae) in Mongolia Sumiya Ganzorig*?**,Yuzaburo Oku**, Munehiro Okamoto***, and Masao Kamiya** *Department ofZoolopy, Faculty of Biology, National University of Mongol~a,Ulaanbaatar 21 0646, Mongolia **Laboratory of'Parasitology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkardo University, Sapporo 060- 0818, Japan e-mail: sganzorig(4yahoo.com ***Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan Abstract An unknown taeniid cestode, resembling Taenia hydatigena, was recovered from a snow leopard, Uncia uncia in Mongolia. Morphology and nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochromec oxidase subunit 1gene (mt DNA COI) ofthe cestode found was examined. The cestode is differed from T hydatigena both morphologically and genetically. The differences between two species were in the gross length, different number of testes, presence of vaginal sphincter and in egg size. The nucleotide sequence of this cestode differed from that of 7: hydatigena at 34 of the 384 (8.6%) nucleotide positions examined. The present cestode is very close to 7: kotlani in morphology and size of rostellar hooks. However, the adult stages of the latter species are unknown, and further comparison was unfeasible. Key words: Mongolia, snow leopard, Taenia, taxonomy, mt DNA, cestode, Taeniidae Introduction the use of more than one character for specific identification (Edwards & Herbert, 198 1 ). The snow leopard, Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776 Identification based on hook morphology and (Felidae) is an endangered species within Mongolia measurements are difficult because of overlap in and throughout its range. It is listed in the IUCN the hook lengths between different species.
    [Show full text]
  • TAENIA SOLIUM TAENIASIS/CYSTICERCOSIS DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS REPORT of a STAKEHOLDER MEETING Geneva, 17–18 December 2015
    TAENIA SOLIUM TAENIASIS/CYSTICERCOSIS DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS REPORT OF A STAKEHOLDER MEETING Geneva, 17–18 December 2015 Cover_Taeniasis_diagnostic_tools.indd 1 19/05/2016 13:10:59 Photo cover: Véronique Dermauw Cover_Taeniasis_diagnostic_tools.indd 2 19/05/2016 13:10:59 TAENIA SOLIUM TAENIASIS/CYSTICERCOSIS DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS REPORT OF A STAKEHOLDER MEETING Geneva, 17–18 December 2015 TTaeniasis_diagnostic_tools.inddaeniasis_diagnostic_tools.indd 1 119/05/20169/05/2016 113:09:553:09:55 WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Taenia Solium Taeniasis/cysticercosis diagnostic tools. Report of a stakeholder meeting, Geneva, 17–18 December 2015 I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 1510151 6 Subject headings are available from WHO institutional repository © World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribu- tion –should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/ index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • Tapeworms of Chickens and Turkeys
    484 Tapeworms of Chickens and Turkeys J. L. GARDINER AT LEAST ten different species of intestine immediately behind the giz- tapeworms may exist in chickens in zard) as the site of its activities. It is the United States. About a dozen one of the smallest species infesting species are found in turkeys and a half poultry and can be seen only by careful dozen, in ducks. Geese, guinea fowl, examination. Mature worms are about peafowl, and pigeons also harbor a one-sixth inch long and consist usually few species. of two to five segments, although there The total number of kinds of tape- may be as many as nine. worms infesting American poultry is Poultry kept in damp areas are most smaller than the figures might indi- likely to harbor the small chicken cate, however, because in most in- tapeworm, which is understandable stances a given species lives in more enough, as its intermediate hosts are than one kind of host. Tapeworms of several kinds of snails and slugs. poultry are less important than round- The small chicken tapeworm occa- worms or protozoans. Nevertheless, sionally occurs in turkeys, which also should any of them be present in play host to another species of the same sufficient numbers, particularly in genus, Davainea meleagridis. Neither has young birds, they will make their been reported as doing any harm to presence felt—to the detriment of both turkeys. the bird and its owner. The nodular tapeworm, Raillietina Tapeworms are parasites in the true echinobothrida, is one of the largest sense. Most of the creatures that we of poultry tapeworms.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Taenia Saginata Taeniosis/Cysticercosis
    Braae et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:518 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3079-y REVIEW Open Access Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/ cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in the Americas Uffe Christian Braae1* , Lian F. Thomas2,3, Lucy J. Robertson4, Veronique Dermauw5, Pierre Dorny5,6, Arve Lee Willingham1, Anastasios Saratsis7 and Brecht Devleesschauwer8,9 Abstract Background: The distribution of Taenia saginata in the Americas is unclear. Establishing the distribution, economic burden, and potentials for control of bovine cysticercosis is increasingly important due to the growing demand for beef. This paper aims to take the first step and reviews the recent distribution of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis on a national level within the Americas. Methods: We undertook a systematic review of published and grey literature for information on the occurrence, prevalence, and geographical distribution of bovine cysticercosis and human taeniosis in the 54 countries and territories of the Americas between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. Data on bovine cysticercosis from OIE reports from 1994 to 2005 were also included. Results: We identified 66 papers from the Americas with data on the occurrence of taeniosis or bovine cysticercosis and an additional 19 OIE country reports on bovine cysticercosis. Taeniosis was reported from 13 countries, with nine of these countries reporting specifically T. saginata taeniosis, and four countries reporting non-species specific taeniosis. The reported prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.04–8.8%. Bovine cysticercosis was reported from 19 countries, nine identified through the literature search, and an additional 10 identified through the OIE country reports for notifiable diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • A Field Guide to Common Wildlife Diseases and Parasites in the Northwest Territories
    A Field Guide to Common Wildlife Diseases and Parasites in the Northwest Territories 6TH EDITION (MARCH 2017) Introduction Although most wild animals in the NWT are healthy, diseases and parasites can occur in any wildlife population. Some of these diseases can infect people or domestic animals. It is important to regularly monitor and assess diseases in wildlife populations so we can take steps to reduce their impact on healthy animals and people. • recognize sickness in an animal before they shoot; •The identify information a disease in this or field parasite guide in should an animal help theyhunters have to: killed; • know how to protect themselves from infection; and • help wildlife agencies monitor wildlife disease and parasites. The diseases in this booklet are grouped according to where they are most often seen in the body of the Generalanimal: skin, precautions: head, liver, lungs, muscle, and general. Hunters should look for signs of sickness in animals • poor condition (weak, sluggish, thin or lame); •before swellings they shoot, or lumps, such hair as: loss, blood or discharges from the nose or mouth; or • abnormal behaviour (loss of fear of people, aggressiveness). If you shoot a sick animal: • Do not cut into diseased parts. • Wash your hands, knives and clothes in hot, soapy animal, and disinfect with a weak bleach solution. water after you finish cutting up and skinning the 2 • If meat from an infected animal can be eaten, cook meat thoroughly until it is no longer pink and juice from the meat is clear. • Do not feed parts of infected animals to dogs.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Taenia: Species Definitions and Origins of Human Parasites
    Parasitology International 55 (2006) S23 – S30 www.elsevier.com/locate/parint Phylogeny of Taenia: Species definitions and origins of human parasites Eric P. Hoberg * US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US National Parasite Collection, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC East 1180, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA Available online 20 December 2005 Abstract Phylogeny is fundamental as it constrains explanations about history and forms our foundation for recognizing and diagnosing species. In the absence of such a framework taxonomists historically relied on intuitive processes, personal judgment and authority, often embracing a typological view of species that disregarded otherwise unequivocal historical and biological criteria. Species of Taenia are among the most characteristic tapeworms infecting carnivores and humans as definitive hosts and indeed Taeniidae is unique among the Eucestoda in requiring 2 obligate mammalian hosts for transmission; a high percentage (>80%) of life cycles have been completely elucidated among the approximately 45 species and nominal subspecies of Taenia. Until recently there had been no comprehensive attempts at reconstruction of a phylogeny among these important parasites. Such analyses have allowed us to explore the origins and evolution of those independent species of Taenia that occur in humans (T. saginata, T. asiatica, and T. solium) and to understand the ecological and historical processes serving as determinants of biogeography and host- association. These studies supported the status of T. asiatica as a valid species and diagnosed a relationship as the sister-species of T. saginata. These conclusions contrasted with a diversity of opinions that would subsume T. asiatica as a subspecies. Recognition of a species constitutes a specific and testable hypothesis, is not an arbitrary decision and is most appropriately assessed in the context of phylogenetic or historical data.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Taenia Saginata Taeniosis/Cysticercosis: a Systematic Review of the Distribution in West and Central Africa Emilie Hendrickx1, Lian F
    Hendrickx et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:324 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3584-7 Parasites & Vectors REVIEW Open Access Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in West and Central Africa Emilie Hendrickx1, Lian F. Thomas2,3, Pierre Dorny1,4, Branko Bobić5, Ufe Christian Braae6,7, Brecht Devleesschauwer8,9, Ramon M. Eichenberger10, Sarah Gabriël8, Anastasios Saratsis11, Paul R. Torgerson10, Lucy J. Robertson12 and Veronique Dermauw1* Abstract Background: The zoonotic tapeworm Taenia saginata, although causing only minor discomfort in humans, is responsible for considerable economic losses in the livestock sector due to condemnation or downgrading of infected beef carcasses. An overview of current knowledge on the distribution and prevalence of this parasite in West and Central Africa is lacking. Methods: We conducted a systematic review, collecting information on published and grey literature about T. sagi- nata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis from 27 countries/territories in West and Central Africa, published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. Results: The literature search retrieved 1672 records, of which 51 and 45 were retained for a qualitative and quan- titative synthesis, respectively. Non-specifed human taeniosis cases were described for Nigeria, Cameroon, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic Congo, Guinea, and Ivory Coast (seven out of 27 countries/territories), while T. sagi- nata taeniosis specifcally was only reported for Cameroon. Most prevalence estimates for taeniosis ranged between 0–11%, while three studies from Nigeria reported prevalence estimates ranging between 23–50%. None of the studies included molecular confrmation of the causative species. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported for Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tristan da Cunha (14 out of 27 countries/territories).
    [Show full text]
  • The Main Neglected Tropical Diseases
    The main neglected tropical diseases Dengue is a mosquito‐borne viral infection that occurs in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The flavivirus is transmitted mainly by female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and, to a lesser extent, by female A. albopictus mosquitoes. Infection causes flu‐like illness, and occasionally develops into a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue (previously known as dengue haemorrhagic fever). Severe dengue is a leading cause of serious illness and death among children in some Asian and Latin American countries. Rabies is a preventable viral disease that is mainly transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected dog. Once symptoms develop, the disease is invariably fatal in humans unless they promptly receive post‐exposure prophylaxis. Human rabies has been successfully prevented and controlled in North America and in a number of Asian and Latin American countries by implementing sustained dog vaccination campaigns, managing dog populations humanely and providing post‐exposure prophylaxis. Trachoma is a bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, which is transmitted through contact with eye discharge from infected people, particularly young children. It is also spread by flies that have been in contact with the eyes and nose of infected people. Untreated, this condition leads to the formation of irreversible corneal opacities and blindness. Buruli ulcer is a chronic debilitating skin infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans, which can lead to permanent disfigurement and disability. Patients who are not treated early suffer severe destruction of the skin, bone and soft tissue. Endemic treponematoses – yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel) and pinta – are a group of chronic bacterial infections caused by infection with treponemes that mainly affect the skin and bone.
    [Show full text]
  • Stepwise Approach for the Control and Eventual Elimination of Taenia
    Braae et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2019) 19:182 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3812-y DEBATE Open Access Stepwise approach for the control and eventual elimination of Taenia solium as a public health problem Uffe Christian Braae1,2* , Sarah Gabriël3, Chiara Trevisan4, Lian F. Thomas5,6, Pascal Magnussen7,8, Bernadette Abela-Ridder9, Helena Ngowi10 and Maria Vang Johansen7 Abstract Background: Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis is a public health and agricultural problem, especially in low-income countries, and has been ranked the top foodborne parasitic hazard globally. In 2012, the World Health Organization published a roadmap that called for a validated strategy for T. solium control and elimination by 2015. This goal has not been met, and validated evidence of effective control or elimination in endemic countries is still incomplete. Measuring and evaluating success of control programmes remains difficult, as locally acceptable targets have not been defined as part of the 2012 roadmap nor from other sources, and the performance of tools to measure effect are limited. Discussion: We believe that an international agreement supported by the tripartite World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and World Organisation for Animal Health is needed to facilitate endemic countries in publicising SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable/attainable, Relevant, Time-bound) country- level control target goals. These goals should be achievable through locally acceptable adoption of options from within a standardised ‘intervention tool-kit’, and progress towards these goals should be monitored using standardised and consistent diagnostics. Several intervention tools are available which can contribute to control of T.
    [Show full text]
  • Cestodes.Pdf
    Cestodes Tapeworms from man and animals Taenia sp. The common (beef) tapeworm is several meters long. Courtesy Peters W. & Gilles H. Courtesy CDC Courtesy CDC Taenia sp. Unstained egg with four (visible) hooklets. It is not possible to distinguish between the eggs of T. saginata , T. solium, other Taenia spp., Multiceps and Echinococcus. Taenia sp. Unstained egg with three (four) visible hooklets. Taenia sp. Egg with four (visible) hooklets (stained with Lugol). It is not possible to distinguish between the egg of T. saginata and of T. solium. Taenia sp. Egg with four (visible) hooklets from the hexacanth larva (stained with Lugol). Taenia sp. Small egg with four (visible) hooklets (stained with Lugol). Taenia sp. Free unstained proglottid. Taenia saginata Proglottid with 15 to 20 lateral branches on each side of the uterine stem. Taenia solium Proglottid containing an uterus with 13 or less lateral branches. Taenia saginata Scolex of the beef tapeworm with suckers (Stained with Eosin). Taenia solium Scolex of the pork tapeworm. Four suckers and a rostellum with a crown of hooks. Distinctly smaller than in T. saginata (Stained with Eosin). Taenia solium Scolex of the pork tapeworm. Four suckers and a rostellum with a crown of hooks (Courtesy of J.M. Jadin). Taenia solium Scolex of the pork tapeworm. The crown of hooks is visible. (Interference microscopy, courtesy of J.M. Jadin). Diphyllobothrium latum Unstained egg from the fish tapeworm in stool. Elliptic egg with a thin shell. The operculum is conspicuous. The opposite pole shows a small terminal knob. Lenght: 65 μm. Diphyllobothrium latum Egg from the fish tapeworm in stool.
    [Show full text]
  • Endoparasites of the Siberian Tiger (Panthera Tigris Altaica)
    REVIEW Endoparasites of the Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) Running title: Endoparasites of the Siberian tiger Tatyana V. Moskvina 1, Michail Yu.Shchelkanov 1,2,3, Mariya A. Begun 1 1 Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova, 8, Vladivostok, Primorsky krai, 690091 Russia. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Federal Scientific Center of Terrestrial Biodiversity of Eastern Asia, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Stoletiya Vladivostoku, 159/1, Vladivostok, Primorsky krai, 690022 Russia. 3 National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo, 17, Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, 690041 Russia; e-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author: Tatyana Moskvine; e-mail: [email protected] Author's contribution All authors work equally on the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Abstract There have been few reports on the diversity and prevalence of parasitic fauna of the endangered Siberian tiger, which inhabits the territory of the Russian Far East. The present review attempts to summarize the information about the parasitic fauna of wild Siberian tigers, which includes 15 helminths and 3 protozoan species. The most prevalent parasitic species was found to be Toxocara cati, followed by Toxascaris leonina. Another commonly recorded Platyhelminth species is Paragonimus westermani, which causes a lethal infection of the lung parenchyma in Siberian tigers. However, the information about infections by this fluke in the Siberian tigers is scarce, although P. westermani infections pose a serious health hazard to tiger populations. The nematodes Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Thomix aerophilus are found in Siberian tigers with an occurrence rate of 2.3% and 19%, respectively.
    [Show full text]