L'énergie (repères) 6/03/03 15:15 Page 1
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2002 edition
Direction Générale de l’Énergie et des Matières Premières Observatoire de l’Énergie 61, bd Vincent Auriol Télédoc 162 75703 Paris CEDEX 13
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This document has been produced by the Observatoire de l'Énergie with the participation of the following bodies in particular:
ADEME 27, rue Louis-Vicat - 75737 PARIS Cedex 15 Tél. : 01.47.65.20.00 - Fax : 01.46.45.52.36 CDF 100, avenue Albert ler, BP 220 - 92503 RUEIL MALMAISON Tél. : 01.47.52.35.00 - Fax : 01.47.51.31.63 CEA 31-33, rue de la Fédération - 75752 PARIS Cedex 15 Tél. : 01.40.56.10.00 CEREN 36, rue Guersant - 75848 PARIS Cedex 17 Tél. : 01.53.81.82.20 - Fax : 01.45.72.68.30 CFBP Tour Arago, 5, rue Bellini - 92806 PUTEAUX Cedex Tél. : 01.41.97.02.80 - Fax : 01.41.97.02.89 CITEPA 10, rue du faubourg Poissonnière - 75010 PARIS Tél. : 01.44.83.68.83 - Fax : 01.40.22.04.83 CPDP 212, avenue Paul Doumer - 92508 RUEIL MALMAISON Cedex Tél. : 01.47.16.94.60 - Fax : 01.47.08.10.57 CREDOC 142, rue du Chevaleret - 75013 PARIS Tél. : 01.40.77.85.04 - Fax : 01.40.77.85.09 EDF Groupe 22-30, avenue de Wagram - 75008 PARIS Cedex 08 Contact Tél. : 01.40.42.22.22 EDF-RTE Immeuble Ampère - 34-40, rue Henri Régnault the Observatoire de l’Énergie 92068 PARIS LA DÉFENSE Cedex 48 - Tél. : 01.41.02.10.00 GDF 23, rue Philibert-Delorme - 75840 PARIS Cedex 17 Tél. : 01.47.54.20.20 Coal : [email protected] INSEE 18, boulevard Adolphe-Pinard - 75675 PARIS Cedex 14 Oil : [email protected] Tél. : 01.41.17.66.11 - Fax : 01.41.17.66.66 Gas : [email protected] SESSI 20, avenue de Ségur - 75353 PARIS 07 SP Tél. : 01.43.19.41.53 - Fax : 01.43.19.41.73 Electricity : [email protected] SNCU 28, rue de la Pépinière - 75008 PARIS Renewable energies : [email protected] Tél. : 01.44.70.63.90 - Fax : 01.44.70.63.99 Prices : [email protected]
Catherine Damelon (general coordination) A SELECTION OF ENERGY STATISTICS (figures as of 30 April 2002)
Energy in the Economy 2/3
All Energies 4/9
Oil 10/13
Gas 14/16
Coal 17/19
Electricity 20/23
Renewable energies 24/25
District heating 26
Rational Use of Energy 27
Prices 28/29
Energy and Environment 30
Methodology - Definitions 31/32
Useful addresses third cover
1 Energy in the Economy
● 3% of GDP ● 26% of industrial investment ● 6% of total investment ● 3% of research and development expenditure in the industrial and commercial sectors ● 230,000 jobs (direct and indirect) i.e. 6% of industrial jobs and 1% of the active population
Contribution of energy industries to the GDP
in % 5 Fuel and oil Gas and electricity 4
3
2
1
0 78 80 85 90 95 00 01 During the period 1960-1973, the growth of the demand for energy appeared to be closely linked with economic growth. Oil, consumption of which was then growing rapidly, could meet the needs of industrial expansion and compensate for the decline of coal, for which it was a substitute. Between 1973 and the end of the 1980s, the increase in oil prices provided an incentive to make choices on energy sources and the production system and to control consumption. The expansion of the nuclear programme generated substantial growth in national primary energy production, which rose from 44 Mtoe in 1973 (of which 9% nuclear) to 134 Mtoe in 2001 (of which 81% nuclear), while coal and gas production continued their decline. In parallel, the energy control efforts generated energy savings of up to 30 Mtoe per year compared with the situation in 1973. Nevertheless, since the oil price slump of 1986, such energy control efforts have been reduced.
Source: Observatoire de l'Énergie from INSEE - Annual accounts base 1995, gross added value at current prices.
2 Energy in the Economy
Employment in the energy industries Thousands at year-end 300 Coal Gas Oil Electricity Nuclear fuel
200
100
0 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Investment by state-owned enterprises in the energy sector Billions of euros 14 Nuclear fuel 12 Gas Coal 10 Electricity 1
8
6
4
2
0 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1: Including rural electrification and replacement of installations. Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
3 All Energies
Monthly average price of crude oil (North Sea Brent)
Current US$/barrel 45
30
15
0 Jan 80 Jan 83 Jan 86 Jan 89 Jan 92 Jan 95 Jan 98 Jan 01
Annual averages 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 Annual average price of Brent (in US$/bl) 37.8 28.0 22.4 17.3 28.5 24.4 US$ exchange rate (in euros) 0.64 1.37 0.83 0.76 1.08 1.12
Source: Observatoire de l'Énergie.
Energy opinion indicator
100% 19 24 21 23 20 14 12 15 14
28 28 31 29 33 35 40 41 44 50%
52 48 48 48 48 51 48 44 42
0% 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 advantages drawbacks no opinion A question is asked every year in January of a representative panel of 2004 persons aged 18 years and over: "Does the choice of nuclear power to produce three-quarters of the electricity in France have advantages or drawbacks?"
Source: Observatoire de l'Énergie from CREDOC.
4 All Energies
Energy balance 2001: application of a new methodology (see p 31) Situation of energy in France - 12.4 kt (thousands of tons) of uranium - 13 refineries - National primary production (2001): 134ÊMtoe/year - 58 nuclear units, on 20 sites: - 1.3% of world primary energy production - 1,450 MW N4 PWR (4 units) - 17% of EU primary energy production - 1,300 MW PWR (20 units) - National primary energy consumption (2001): - 900 MW PWR (34 units) 269 Mtoe/year - 0.01% of world fossil fuel reserves as of 1-1-2002: - 2.6% of world primary energy consumption - 19.49 Mt of crude oil - 0.76 Mt of petroleum products extracted from natural gas -18% of EU primary consumption - 9.58 billion m3 of marketable natural gas - CO2 emissions due to energy (1999): 99 MtC/year - 16.86 Mt of hard coal - 1.6% of world emissions - 13.38 Mt of lignite - 12% of EU emissions
COAL OIL GAS ELECTRICITY C.R. TOTAL Millions of toe Hard coal, Coke, Indus- Consump- Crude Refined Natural Produc- Lignite, Bri- trial tion 2 tion 3 4 RP 1 quettes SUPPLY Total availability ...... 11.8 88.1 7,7 36.5 110.9 11.9 266.9 Primary energy production...... 1.5 1.4 0.5 1.5 116.8 11.9 133.6 Imports ...... 9.9 1.0 86.7 28.4 35.0 0.4 161.3 Exports ...... -0.1 -0.4 -19.6 -1.5 -6.2 -27.8 Stocks (+: withdrawal; -: stocking) .... -0.1 -0.1 +0.9 +1.5 +2.3 International marine bunkers...... -2.5 -2.5
EMPLOYMENT Energy branch consumption (A) ...... 8.4 -3.3 88.1 -81.5 3.3 0.5 -4.2 81.0 1.5 93.8 Refining...... 87.8 -82.7 -0.2 0.3 5.3 Thermal electricity production...... 4.7 1.1 2.9 1.0 -4.0 1.2 6.9 Internal uses...... 4.4 -3.5 0.1 0.3 -0.6 4.4 0.1 5.3 Losses and adjustments ...... -0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 76.3 0.2 76.4 Final energy consumption (corrected for climate) (B)...... 3.0 3.6 75.6 31.7 -0.5 34.4 10.7 158.5 Steel industry...... 1.4 3.1 0.1 0.6 -0.5 0.9 5.5 Other industries...... 1.2 0.4 7.1 11.2 11.1 1.8 32.8 Residential-Tertiary...... 0.4 0.2 16.8 19.6 21.3 8.5 66.8 Agriculture ...... 2.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 3.0 Transport ...... 49.2 0.9 0.3 50.4 Final non-energy consumption (C)...... 0.2 14.3 2.1 0.1 16.6
Total primary energy consumption (corrected for climate) (A+B+C) 11.9 96.5 37.3 111.2 12.2 269.0
Climate severity index = 0.95 (3) Combustible renewables: renewable thermal energies other (1) R.P.: recovered products than hydroelectric, wind and photovoltaic (2) Including: - hydroelectric and wind: 6.8 Mtoe (4) Rounding of values may result in differences in some totals. - nuclear: 110 Mtoe 5 All Energies
Primary energy production by energy source
Millions of toe 135 Combustible renewables 120 Primary electricity Natural gas Oil 105 Coal
90
75
60
45
30
15
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01
Millions of toe
1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 Coal 17 13 11 8 5 3 2 2 Oil 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 2 Natural gas 6 7 5 3 3 2 2 2 Primary electricity 8 16 64 87 105 109 114 117 of which: nuclear 4 10 58 82 98 103 108 110 hydroelectric 4 6 6 5 7 7 6 7 Combustible renewables 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12
TOTAL 44 48 94 112 128 128 132 134
Source: Observatoire de l'Énergie.
6 All Energies Consumption of primary energy 1 by energy source
300 Millions of toe
200
100
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Coal Oil Natural gas Primary electricity Combust. renew.
1: Corrected for climate.
Millions of toe 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 Coal 28 32 24 19 15 15 14 12 Oil 121 114 82 89 93 97 96 97 Natural gas 13 21 23 26 30 35 37 37 Primary electricity 8 17 62 83 99 104 109 111 Combust. renew. 10 9 11 12 12 13 13 12 TOTAL 180 193 201 230 249 263 269 269 of which non-energy uses SMF 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Oil 9.1 9.5 9.1 10.3 13.0 14.7 14.9 14.3 Natural gas 1.7 2.4 2.5 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.1 TOTAL 10.9 12.0 11.7 12.4 15.4 17.2 17.4 16.6 During the period 1973-2001, the breakdown of the consumption changed substantially: the share of coal fell from 15% to 4%, and that of oil from 67% to 36%, while the share of gas doubled (7% to 14%), and that of electricity multiplied by 10 (4% to 41%) because of nuclear energy. Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
7 All Energies Energy consumption by sector
Millions of toe 300
200
100
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Steel industry Residential-Tertiary Transport Energy branch Other industries Agriculture Non-energy uses
Millions of toe
1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001
Steel industry 13 11 8 7 6 6 6 6 Other industries 35 36 30 32 32 32 33 33 Residential-Tertiary 56 57 54 59 62 66 67 67 Agriculture 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Transport (excluding bunkers) 26 32 34 42 45 49 49 50 Non-energy uses 11 12 12 12 15 17 17 17 Energy branch 35 42 61 75 86 89 93 94 TOTAL 180 193 201 230 249 263 269 269
During the period 1973-2001, the share of industry (including steel industry) fell considerably (27% to 14%), as did that of the residential-tertiary sector, from 31% to 25%, while the transport sector increased from 15% to 19%.
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
8 All Energies
Energy bill by energy source Billions of current euros 30 Electricity Coal 25 Oil Gas 20 15 10 5 0 -5 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Energy bill Billions of euros 50 Current euros 40 Constant euros 2001 30
20
10 0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01
Price of imported crude oil and dollar exchange rate Euros per ton Euros/US$ 450 1.5
300 1
150 0.5
0 0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Price of imported crude oil (current euros) Dollar exchange rate in euros Price of imported crude oil (constant euros 2001) (right-hand scale)
Sources: Observatoire de l’Énergie, Customs.
9 Oil
Total primary production of oil Thousands of tons 4 000 NGL Crude oil
3 000
2 000
1 000
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01
Thousands of tons
1950 1965 1973 1979 1990 1995 2000 2001
Crude oil 150 3,557 1,254 1,197 3,023 2,486 1,417 1,383 Natural gas liquids (NGL) 22 569 873 848 352 316 173 177
TOTAL 172 4,126 2,127 2,045 3,375 2,802 1,590 1,560
As of 1 January 2002 the reserves of crude oil (19.5 Mt) and of natural gas liquids (Lacq, 0.76 Mt) represented 12 years of extraction at the present rate and a little less than 2 months of national consumption. National oil production represents about 2% of national consumption.
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
10 Oil
Final consumption of refined petroleum products by sector 1 Millions of toe 100
80
60
40
20
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Steel industry Residential-Tertiary Transport Other industries Agriculture Non-energy uses 2 1: Corrected for climate. 2: Non-energy uses = use as raw materials in the chemicals sector (petrochemicals). Thousands of toe 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 Steel industry 2.3 1.7 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Other industries 21.8 19.3 9.6 9.1 8.3 7.4 7.2 7.1 Residential-Tertiary 32.5 27.6 18.9 18.1 17.2 16.9 16.3 16.8 Agriculture 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 Transport (excluding bunkers) 25.7 31.0 33.1 41.0 44.5 48.3 48.2 49.2 Total energy uses 85.2 82.5 64.7 71.3 72.7 75.3 74.2 75.6 Non-energy uses 2 9.1 9.5 9.1 10.3 13.0 14.7 14.9 14.3 Total final energy 94.3 92.0 73.8 81.5 85.7 90.0 89.1 89.9
Between 1973 and 1985, oil was replaced on a massive scale, firstly through the contribution of nuclear power to electricity generation, which resulted in a decrease in the demand for oil (15 Mtoe in 1973 to 1.3 Mtoe in 1985), and secondly at the final consumption level, where gas and electricity competed with oil in industry (its share fell from 62% in 1973 to 32% in 1985) and in the residential-tertiary sector (58% in 1973, 35% in 1985). In contrast, demand for oil continued to grow in the transport sector, until in 2001 the latter accounted for 52% of total oil consumption compared with 31% in 1973. Overall, the contribution of oil to primary energy consumption fell from 68% in 1973 to 38% in 2001.
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
11 Oil
Total consumption of refined petroleum products by product type Millions of tons 120 LPG 1 Leaded gasoline Automotive diesel Unleaded Diesel fuel Heavy fuel oil gasoline Jet fuel Other 100
80
60
40
20
0 1973 1979 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1: LPG = ”liquefied petroleum gas” = butane+propane, excluding petrochemicals. Evolution of demand for automotive gasoline and diesel Millions of tons 50 Automotive diesel Automotive gasoline (leaded and unleaded) 40
30
20
10
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie from CPDP.
12 Oil
Imports and exports of petroleum products
Millions of tons 150 Refined product Crude oil Refined product exports imports imports 125
100
75
50
25
0
-25 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Oil bill Billions of euros in % 25 25 Oil bill Share of total imports 1 (left-hand scale) (right-hand scale) 20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 1: CIF (cost, insurance, freight) import, including military equipment. From 1973 to 1985, there was a significant geographical diversification of crude oil imports which has continued to the present, with a very substantial reduction in the share of the Middle East (71% in 1973, 29% in 2001), the appearance of the North Sea (0% in 1973, 37% in 2001) and increased contributions from sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria 6.1%) and the former USSR (11.7%). Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie from Customs.
13 Gas Total natural gas production
Billions of kWh GCV 1 90
75
60
45
30
15 60 70 80 90 00 01
TWh GCV 1
1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001p
Total production 81.3 84.1 58.6 32.5 36.1 21.6 19.4 19.8 including: firedamp 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8 p: provisional. 1: 1 TWh GCV = 1 billion kWh GCV Gross Calorific Value. Refer to Definitions, p 32. As of 1 January 2002, natural gas reserves were about 9 billion m3 or 94 TWh, equivalent to 5 years of production or 3 months of national consumption. In the 1970s, France produced 1/3 of its consumption; in 2001 it was almost completely dependent (96% of the gas consumed is imported) because of the strong growth in demand and the decline in national production.
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
14 Gas
Natural gas consumption by sector TWh GCV 1 500 Consumption of the energy branch Steel industry Residential-Tertiary 400 Other industries Agriculture and transport Non-energy uses 300
200
100
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01
TWh GCV 1 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001p Energy branch 44 31 14 14 21 33 39 43 Steel industry 9 13 9 9 7 7 7 8 Other industries 43 82 100 115 129 140 143 145 Residential-Tertiary 57 117 149 178 207 245 255 255 Agriculture and transport 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 Total (a) 153 243 273 317 366 429 449 456 Non-energy uses (b) 19 29 30 25 27 29 30 27 TOTAL (a + b) 172 273 303 342 394 458 479 483 p: provisional. 1: 1 TWh GCV = 1 billion kWh GCV Gross Calorific Value. Refer to Definitions, p 32. In 2001 gas represented 19.5% of final energy consumption, 29.3% of industrial energy demand (including steel industry) and 30% of residential-tertiary demand. In the latter sector gas had a lower market share than in most other European countries. The expansion of gas in the residential-tertiary market has faced competition from electrical heating, but has also encountered the problem of the return on investment in distribution systems, because of a relatively low population density in particular. However, it is experiencing particularly fast growth (annual average of 3.5% since 1995, compared with 1.3% for all energies).
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
15 Gas
Natural gas imports: quantity by country of origin TWh GCV 1 500 Other countries 400 Netherlands Algeria former USSR 300 Norway
200
100
0 73 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 1: 1 TWh GCV = 1 billion kWh GCV Gross Calorific Value. Refer to Definitions, p. 32. Natural gas imports by value Billions of current euros in % 6 30
4 20
2 10
0 0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Value of imports (left-hand scale) Share of natural gas in energy imports (right-hand scale) The supply policy is characterized by a broad diversification of sources since the beginning of the 1980s. It is also characterized by long-term contracts (25 years on average), which ensure security of exchanges. In 2001, 30% of the gas imported by France came from Norway, 25% from the former USSR, 25% from Algeria, 12% from the Netherlands. In addition, occasional purchases are developing, depending on market opportunities (Nigeria, Qatar, etc.). At 6.1 billion euros in 2001, gas represented 20% of energy imports.
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie from Customs.
16 Coal
Coal production 1 Millions of tons 40 Recovered products 35 Lignite Hard coal 30
25
20
15
10
5
0 73 75 80 85 90 95 00 01
Millions of tons 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001
Hard coal 25.7 18.6 15.1 10.5 7.0 4.5 3.2 2.0 Lignite 2.8 2.5 1.8 2.3 1.4 0.6 0.3 0.3 Recovered products 0.7 2.0 2.0 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4
TOTAL 29.1 23.1 18.9 13.5 8.9 5.7 4.1 2.7
1: Hard coal, lignite and recovered products.
As of 1 January 2002, the reserves were about 17 Mt of hard coal and 13 Mt of lignite, equivalent to 8 years of production at the present rate, or 1.2 years of national consumption. National production of coal (hard coal, lignite and recovered products), which peaked at about 60 Mt in 1960, has decreased steadily since then. After a steep decline until the first oil crisis and a pseudo-stabilization at 26 Mt until 1977, the trend resumed, accelerating from 1984, production falling to 2.7 Mt in 2001 following the closure of uncompetitive mines. Present production is 9% of that of 1973.
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
17 Coal
Coal consumption 1 by sector Millions of tons 60
50
40
30
20
10
0 73 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Steel industry Thermal electricity production 3 Other industries Uses in coal mining, transport, other Residential-Tertiary 2
Millions of tons 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 Steel industry 14.3 12.6 9.6 8.4 7.6 7.7 7.8 6.9 Other industries 4.1 2.7 5.6 4.7 3.2 2.5 2.7 2.6 Residential-Tertiary 2 8.2 5.7 3.9 2.8 2.0 1.2 1.1 0.9 Thermal electricity production 3 14.7 28.3 18.5 13.1 9.9 11.1 10.4 7.7 Uses in coal mining, transport, other 4.4 3.5 2.8 2.8 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 TOTAL PRIMARY CONSUMPTION 45.7 52.8 40.4 31.8 24.7 24.0 23.2 19.3
1: Hard coal, lignite, coke and briquettes. 2: Corrected for climate. 3: EDF, CDF and industrial power plants. Coal consumption has experienced constant decline since 1960 (from 70 Mt to 20 Mt in 2001). The steel industry, which has undergone comprehensive restructuring, has reduced its consumption by 50% over 30 years. For the residential-tertiary sector the fall is still more marked, with a reduction of about 90% over 30 years. The oil crises of the 1970s nevertheless contributed to a regain of interest in coal. The total consumption profile is now substantially defined by the consumption of electricity power plants.
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
18 Coal
Coal 1 imports by country of origin Millions of tons 32 USA Poland Australia Germany 2
South Africa Other countries
24
16
8
0 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 Millions of tons 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001
USA 1.8 3.4 4.0 6.6 4.0 3.6 3.4 2.7 Australia 1.0 2.4 2.8 3.6 3.0 4.4 3.8 3.9 South Africa 0.6 8.4 6.4 0.9 1.7 4.2 4.5 3.4 Poland 2.0 4.4 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.6 1.0 Germany 2 9.4 9.2 4.6 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Other countries 1.7 2.2 2.4 7.0 5.1 5.9 7.0 6.3
TOTAL 16.5 30.0 21.3 20.7 14.6 19.1 20.6 17.4 of which coke 3.6 2.3 2.3 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.3
1: Hard coal, lignite, coke and briquettes. 2: Including the former GDR since 1991. Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
19 Electricity
Gross electricity production 1 600 TWh Conventional thermal 400 Nuclear Hydroelectric
200
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Thermal production by fuel type TWh 1 150 Other 2 Natural gas 100 Fuel oils 3 Coal and lignite
50
0 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 Simplified electricity balance TWh 1 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 National production 182 241 344 420 493 524 540 550 Hydroelectric 48 68 64 58 77 78 73 79 Nuclear 15 40 224 314 377 394 415 422 Conventional thermal 119 134 56 48 39 52 53 49 External balance -3 6 -23 -46 -70 -63 -70 -68 Imports 5 16 6 7 3 5 4 4 Exports -8 -11 -29 -52 -73 -68 -73 -73 Pumping 0 -1 -2 -5 -4 -6 -7 -6 Consumption of ancillaries -8 -10 -16 -20 -22 -24 -24 -25 Consumption 4 171 236 303 350 397 431 441 451 1: 1 TWh = 1 billion kWh. 2: Gas from blast furnaces, refineries, household waste, industrial residues, wood, etc. 3: Heavy fuel oil, domestic fuel oil and petroleum coke. 4: Domestic consumption or energy required, not corrected for climate. Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie. 20 Electricity
Final 1 electricity consumption by sector TWh 2 400 Transport Agriculture Residential-Tertiary 1 300 Other industries Steel industry
200
100
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01
TWh 2 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 Steel industry 12 13 10 11 10 11 11 11 Other industries 72 83 87 105 114 125 126 129 Residential-Tertiary 1 59 103 148 176 208 235 244 247 Agriculture 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 Transport 6 7 7 8 9 10 10 11 TOTAL 1 151 206 253 302 344 384 394 401 1: Corrected for climate. 2: 1 TWh = 1 billion kWh.
Between 1973, the year of the first oil crisis, and 2001, domestic electricity consumption has grown twice as fast as overall energy consumption. It more than doubled during the period to reach 451 TWh. The establishment of the nuclear electricity programme, starting in 1974, enabled a massive substitution of nuclear emergy for fuel oil in electricity generation. The growth in nuclear production (15 TWh in 1973 to 422 TWh in 2001) was thus accompanied by a reduction in conventional thermal production, which amounted to only 49 TWh in 2001, 41% of its 1973 level and was based mainly on coal-fired power plants.
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
21 Electricity
Nuclear sites in France: situation as of 1 January 2002
Gravelines
Penly Chooz La Hague Paluel Flamanville Cattenom
Brennilis Nogent Soulaines
Fessenheim St Laurent Dampierre
Chinon Belleville
Civaux
Bugey Creys- St Maurice- Malville Le Blayais St Alban
Cruas Tricastin Golfech Marcoule
(Melox)
Natural uranium and graphite-gas reactor Gas - heavy water reactor Fast neutron reactor Pressurized water reactor (PWR) - open-circuit cooling Pressurized water reactor (PWR) - closed circuit cooling towers Reprocessing plant Waste storage Unit status: installed decommissioned: 900 MWe class PWR 1,300 MWe class PWR 1,450 MWe class N 4
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie. 22 Electricity Cross-border physical electricity exchanges in 2001 (TWh) 1
UNITED KINGDOM BELGIUM 0.2 0.2 GERMANY 0.5 11.7 11.6 14.7
1.7 9.8 SWITZERLAND
18.1 6.7 1.2 0.4 SPAIN ITALY
1: 1 TWh = 1 billion kWh. Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie. Some orders of magnitude for electricity production 1,000 MW-electric is, to simplify: nuclear : one PWR unit photovoltaic : 100 square kilometers (efficiency: 10%, central Europe) wind : 6,000 20-meter diameter wind turbines (North Sea) biomass : 30,000 square kilometers of forest coal : 2.3 million tons per year oil : 1.9 million tons per year gas (CCGT) 2 : 1.4 billion cubic meters per year 2: CCGT= combined-cycle gas turbine. Source: CLEFS CEA n°44, 2000.
23 Renewable energies
Total production from renewable energies
Millions of toe 1 20
15
10
5
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Hydroelectric Wood and wood waste Waste Other
France is rich in renewable energy resources; with the largest forested area in western Europe, the second highest wind energy potential and considerable hydroelectric and geothermal potential, it is the leading producer and the leading consumer of renewable energies in Europe. In 2001, of a total of 19 Mtoe of primary production (14% of national energy production) for all energy from renewable sources (including electricity production), hydroelectricity represented 36%, wood and wood waste 49%, solid urban waste 10% and biofuels 2%. 1: Equivalence for electricity: 0.86 toe/MWh for geothermal energy and 0.086 toe/MWh for the other sources.
Sources: Observatoire de l’Énergie and CEREN.
Wind energy connected to the electricity grid
Cumulative installed power in MW 100 Overseas departments 75 Metropolitan France
50
25
0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Source: ADEME.
24 Renewable energies
Final consumption of wood Millions of toe 1 12 Residential-Tertiary Industry
8
4
0 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 1: With 0.147 toe per stere. Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie from CEREN. Energy production from urban waste TWh 1 10
5
0 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 Heat and electricity Heat only Electricity only by CHP 2 1: 1 TWh = 1 billion kWh. 2: CHP = Combined heat and power. Source: ADEME d’après inventaire ITOM. Thermal and photovoltaic solar energy 1 Thermal solar panel area in thousands of m2 Photovoltaic power in MW 600 12
400 8
200 4
0 0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Thermal solar energy Photovoltaic solar energy (right-hand scale). (left-hand scale) Not available for 2001. 1: Metropolitan France + overseas departments. Sources: ADEME/CEREN. 25 District heating
Primary energy consumption by energy type in district heating Millions of toe 3
2
1
0 1987 1990 1994 1995 1997 Hard coal Fuel oil Natural gas Urban waste Other energies
District heating fed by unconventional energy sources
Number of installations GWh 1 150 12
100 8
50 4
0 0 84 87 90 94 95 97 Geothermal Heat purchase from industry Urban waste Quantity of heat produced (right-hand scale)
1: 1 GWh = 1 million kWh.
In 1997, there were 375 district heating and air conditioning systems, with an installed power of 18,298 MW for heating and 318 MW for cooling, consuming a total of 2,942 ktoe of energy. Some of these systems are fed by unconventional energy sources.
Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie from SNCU.
26 Rational Use of Energy Energy intensity Index base 100 in 1973 100
90
80 70 Primary energy intensity Final energy intensity 60 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Comparison of trends in gross domestic product and energy consumption Annual growth rate by volume in % 1960 1973 1979 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 GDP (1995 prices) +7.6 +5.4 +3.3 +1.5 +2.6 +1.7 +2.9 +3.1 +2.0 Primary energy consumption 1 NA +7.6 +4.3 +2.0 +2.2 +1.6 +2.8 +0.3 +1.2 Final energy consumption 1 NA +7.0 +1.3 -0.8 +2.0 -1.0 +1.1 +2.8 +1.3 Primary energy intensity 2 NA +2.1 +1.0 +0.6 -0.4 - -1.7 -1.0 -1.9 Final energy intensity 3 NA +0.7 -2.3 -2.4 -0.2 -2.7 -2.0 -2.3 -1.6 1: Corrected for climate. 2: Ratio of primary energy consumption (corrected for climate) to GDP by volume (1995 prices). 3: Ratio of final energy consumption (corrected for climate) to GDP by volume (1995 prices). Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie. Cumulative energy savings since 1986 Millions of toe 6
4.5
3
1.5
0
-1.5 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Industry Housing 1 Tertiary 2 Transport 3 Total 1: Use for central heating. 2: Consumption of fuels. 3: Road transport. This graph shows the cumulative energy savings achieved, at the end of each year and for each sector, between the reference year, 1986, and the selected year. Source: ADEME. 27 Prices
Energy prices (excluding VAT) in industry per 100 kWh NCV* 2001 constant euros 8
6
4
2
0 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 Coal 1 Gas 2 Electricity 3 Heavy fuel oil (HSC) 4 1: High volatil bituminous A: washed fines 0/6 (NCV: 7.76 kWh/kg in 1996). 2: B2S consumer tariff (since February 1984): consumption 1,163,000 kWh GCV including 60% in winter (November to March). 3: Long-use tariff: 60/90 kV, 10,000 kW for 6,000 hours. 4: HSC: heavy fuel oil with high sulphur content > 2% (NCV: 11.08 kWh/kg).
Price (including VAT) of energy for domestic use per 100 kWh NCV* 2001 constant euros 16
12
8
4
0 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 Coal 1 Domestic fuel oil 2 Gas 3 Propane 4 Electricity 5 (1) Coal granules 6-10. Delivery >=2 t. (2) Domestic fuel oil. Delivery 2,000 to 5,000 litres. (3) Gas, B2i tariff. Annual consumption 34,890 kWh GCV, 3 uses. (4) Propane, rented tank, annual consumption 34,890 kWh GCV, 3 uses. (5) Electricity, two-rate tariff, annual consumption 13,000 kWh. *NCV: net calorific value. Refer to Definitions, p. 32. Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie from CDF, GDF and EDF.
28 Prices Price per litre of fuels at the pump 2001 constant euros 1.30 Premium leaded Automotive Unleaded 95 diesel 1.15
1.00
0.85
0.70
0.55
0.40 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie.
Energy consumption in the total consumption of households Billions of 2001 euros Billions of 2001 euros 70 1,400
60 1,200
50 1,000
40 800
30 600
20 400
10 200
0 0 78 80 85 90 95 00 01
Fuels and lubricants (left-hand scale) Total consumption of households (right-hand scale) Energy for domestic use (left-hand scale)
Sources: Observatoire de l’Énergie, INSEE.
29 Energy and Environment
CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, by sector, in metropolitan France, all sources combined (including the use of fossil fuels but excluding ”sinks” 1) Millions of tons of carbon 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 70 80 90 95 99 00 01 Road transport Manufacturing industry Other Other transport Agriculture and silviculture Residential and tertiary Energy transformation 1: sink: for example forests, forest and agricultural soils. Source: CITEPA/CORALIE format SECTEN. Millions of tons of carbon 1970 1980 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 Energy transformation 33.2 40.6 18.5 15.5 17.4 17.0 13.6 Manufacturing industry 47.7 40.6 31.4 29.7 28.9 29.0 28.9 Residential-Tertiary 38.7 37.6 31.1 31.9 32.7 31.4 32.5 Agriculture and silviculture 11.1 11.3 15.0 15.1 15.0 16.1 16.1 Road transport 13.6 23.0 29.7 32.1 34.3 34.1 35.0 Other transport 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 Other 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 TOTAL (excluding ”sinks 1”) 147.6 156.7 129.5 128.3 132.2 131.7 130.1 1: sink: for example forests, forest and agricultural soils. 1 Net CO2 emissions due to energy use (in metropolitan France) Tons of carbon per inhabitant Tons of carbon per million 1995 euros 3.0 180
2.5 150
2.0 120
1.5 Emissions per inhabitant (left-hand scale) 90 Emissions per unit of GDP (right-hand scale) 1.0 60 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 1: Estimate according to a simple Observatoire de l’Énergie method. Source: Observatoire de l’Énergie. 30 Methodology - Definitions
National statistics: new methodology The energy equivalence coefficients used in France until 2001 were those adopted in 1983 by the Observatoire de l’Énergie. At its session on 14 February 2002, the Policy Board of the Observatoire de l’Énergie resolved to adopt the method used by the international organizations concerned (International Energy Agency, Eurostat, etc.) with effect from the publication of the energy balance sheet for 2001.This concerns: - the electricity conversion factor, from kWh to ton oil equivalent (toe) - international marine bunkers. The new equivalence coefficients between specific unit and toe are given below. The only coefficients changed are those related to electricity.
Physical Gigajoules toe (NCV) Energy unit (GJ) (NCV) Coal Hard coal 1 t 26 26/42 = 0.619 Coal coke 1 t 28 28/42 = 0.667 Lignite briquettes 1 t 32 32/42 = 0.762 Lignite recovered products 1 t 17 17/42 = 0.405 Petroleum products Crude oil, automotive diesel/domestic fuel oil, products for non-energy uses 1 t 42 1 LPG 1 t 46 46/42 = 1.095 Automotive gasoline and jet fuel 1 t 44 44/42 = 1.048 Heavy fuel oil 1 t 40 40/42 = 0.952 Petroleum coke 1 t 32 32/42 = 0.762 Electricity Nuclear production 1 MWh 3.6 0.086/0.33 = 0.2606 Geothermal production 1 MWh 3.6 0,086/0.10 = 0.86 Other types of production, international exchanges, consumption 1 MWh 3.6 3.6/42 = 0.086 Wood 1 stere 6.17 6.17/42 = 0.147 Natural and industrial gas 1 MWh GCV 3.24 3.24/42 = 0.077
The previous method exclusively used the "primary production equivalent": this means that, whatever the use or the source of the electrical energy, a single coefficient was used, with the value of 0.222 toe/MWh since 1972 (previously it was 0.4 tce/MWh, i.e. 0.27 toe/MWh). In other words, electricity was accounted for in the Observatoire de l’Énergie balance sheets, at all levels (production, international exchanges, consumption), using the equivalence 0.222 toe/MWh, that is, as the quantity of oil that would be needed to produce this electrical energy in a theoretical conventional thermal power plant of efficiency equal to 0.086/0.222 = 38.7% (compared with 31.9% before 1972). The new calculation method distinguishes three cases: - the electricity generated by a nuclear power plant is accounted for using the primary production equivalent method, with a theoretical conversion efficiency of the facilities of 33%; the substitution coefficient is thus 0.086/0.33 = 0.260606 toe/MWh; - the electricity generated by a geothermal power plant is also accounted for using the primary production equivalent method, but with a theoretical conversion efficiency of the facilities of 10%; the substitution coefficient is thus 0.086/0.10 = 0.86 toe/MWh; - all the other forms of electricity (generation by a conventional thermal, hydoelectric, wind turbine, tidal, photovoltaic, etc., power plant, international exchanges, consumption) are accounted for using the energy content method, with the coefficient 0.086 toe/MWh. International marine bunkers: the balance sheet now excludes them from both resources and employment,whereas they were previously included in the transport consumption.
31 Methodology - Definitions
Measurement of energy quantities
To: TJ Gcal MBtu GWh From: multiply by: TJ 1 238.8 947.8 0.2778 Gcal 4.1868 x 10-3 1 3.968 1.163 x 10-3 MBtu 1.0551 x 10-3 0.252 1 2.931 x 10-4 GWh 3.6 860 3,412 1
Combustible renewables: by convention this term is used for the following renewable energies: collected or illegally sold fuel wood, urban or industrial waste, geothermal energy upgraded in the form of heat, active thermal solar, wood and crop residues, biogas, biofuels and heat pumps. Electricity from hydroelectric, wind, photovoltaic solar and geothermal sources, although ”renewable”, is classified with ”electricity”.
NCV and GCV: the GCV (gross calorific value) gives the maximum theoretical heat release during combustion, including the heat of condensation of the water vapour produced during the combustion. The NCV (net calorific value) excludes this heat of condensation. For natural gas, the difference between the GCV and NCV is about 10%.
32 This document has been produced by the Observatoire de l'Énergie with the participation of the following bodies in particular:
ADEME 27, rue Louis-Vicat - 75737 PARIS Cedex 15 Tél. : 01.47.65.20.00 - Fax : 01.46.45.52.36 CDF 100, avenue Albert ler, BP 220 - 92503 RUEIL MALMAISON Tél. : 01.47.52.35.00 - Fax : 01.47.51.31.63 CEA 31-33, rue de la Fédération - 75752 PARIS Cedex 15 Tél. : 01.40.56.10.00 CEREN 36, rue Guersant - 75848 PARIS Cedex 17 Tél. : 01.53.81.82.20 - Fax : 01.45.72.68.30 CFBP Tour Arago, 5, rue Bellini - 92806 PUTEAUX Cedex Tél. : 01.41.97.02.80 - Fax : 01.41.97.02.89 CITEPA 10, rue du faubourg Poissonnière - 75010 PARIS Tél. : 01.44.83.68.83 - Fax : 01.40.22.04.83 CPDP 212, avenue Paul Doumer - 92508 RUEIL MALMAISON Cedex Tél. : 01.47.16.94.60 - Fax : 01.47.08.10.57 CREDOC 142, rue du Chevaleret - 75013 PARIS Tél. : 01.40.77.85.04 - Fax : 01.40.77.85.09 EDF Groupe 22-30, avenue de Wagram - 75008 PARIS Cedex 08 Tél. : 01.40.42.22.22 EDF-RTE Immeuble Ampère - 34-40, rue Henri Régnault 92068 PARIS LA DÉFENSE Cedex 48 - Tél. : 01.41.02.10.00 GDF 23, rue Philibert-Delorme - 75840 PARIS Cedex 17 Tél. : 01.47.54.20.20 INSEE 18, boulevard Adolphe-Pinard - 75675 PARIS Cedex 14 Tél. : 01.41.17.66.11 - Fax : 01.41.17.66.66 SESSI 20, avenue de Ségur - 75353 PARIS 07 SP Tél. : 01.43.19.41.53 - Fax : 01.43.19.41.73 SNCU 28, rue de la Pépinière - 75008 PARIS Tél. : 01.44.70.63.90 - Fax : 01.44.70.63.99 L'énergie (repères) 6/03/03 15:15 Page 1
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