DOCSLIB.ORG

Mexico's Agriculture Development: Perspectives and Outlook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mexico's Agriculture Development: Perspectives and Outlook U n i t e d n ations Conferen C e o n t r a d e a n d d e v e l o p m e n t MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT: Perspectives and outlook UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT: Perspectives and outlook ADVANCE UNEDITED COPY New York and Geneva 2013 ii MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT: PERSPECTIVES AND OUTLOOK NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Symbols of the United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. Material in this publication maybe freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgment is requested. A copy of the publications containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD Secretariat at: Palais des Nations, CH 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2012/2 © Copyright United Nations 2013 All rights reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The outlook “Mexico’s Agriculture Development: Perspectives and Outlook” was prepared by a team from the Division on International Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities, UNCTAD, led by Guillermo Valles, Director, and the Special Unit on Commodities, UNCTAD, led by Samuel Gayi, Head. Mina Mashayekhi, Head, Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Branch, conceptualized the outlook and coordinated the first phase of its preparation. The team comprised Lucas Assunção, Mariona Cusi, Junior Roy Davis, Leonardo Garcia, Martin Halle, Alexandra Laurent, Mina Mashayekhi, Graham Mott, Bonapas Onguglo, Henrique Pacini, Ralf Peters, Hassan Qaqaya, Luisa Rodriguez, Claudia Roethlisberger, Ulla Schwager, Amos Taipore, Kris Terauds, Aimable Uwizeye-Mapendano and Yan Zhang. The authors express their gratitude to Maria Susana Arano, Guillermo Del Bosque Macias, Renata Grisoli, Matt Hamilton, Robert Hamwey, Dilip Khatiwada, Lalen Lleander, Tomas Lönnqvist, Alejandra Maruri, Omar Masera, Semida Silveira, Daniel de la Torre Ugarte, Ailton Vale, Adolfo Valente Marcelo, David Vanzetti and Fernanda Vilela. The study was supported by the Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations and other International Organizations in Geneva under the supervision of Juan José Gómez Camacho, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, and Enrique Domínguez Lucero, Agriculture Counsellor Minister. They provided valuable comments and coordinated the interviews with stakeholders within Mexico’s agricultural sector including agricultural producers, various Mexican government agencies and universities, together with Mexico’s Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food, (SAGARPA) with special involvment of the Agrifood and Fishery Information Service (SIAP); and with the help of Judith Arrieta Marcia and Hugo Rodríguez Nicolat for interaction and follow up of the study process from the beginning. The interviewees were Héctor Gabriel Barreda Neder, Luis Bueno Torio, José Cacho Ribeiro, Oswaldo Cházaro Montalvo, Juan Cortina Gallardo, Isabel Cruz Hernández, Pedro Díaz Hartz, Rigoberto Espinoza Macías, Jorge García de la Cadena, Vicente Gómez Cobo, Cruz López Aguilar, Gustavo Adolfo Merino Juarez, José Luis Meza Villarreal, Heladio Ramírez López, Víctor Reyes Banks, Rafael Ruiz Moreno, Carlos Salazar Arriaga, Víctor Suárez Carrera, Rafael Trueta Santiago. Furthermore, special credit goes to the many agricultural producers in Mexico who answered questionnaires providing information for this study. Laura Moresino-Borini designed the cover and performed the desktop publishing of the publication. Sophie Combette prepared the graphics. CONTENTS v CONTENTS Note ..................................................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................ iii Abbreviations and accronyms .......................................................................................................................... xii Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................................xv INTRODUCTION TO THE OUTLOOK ................................................... XXIII CHAPTER I: AGRICULTURE TRADE POLICY ISSUES FOR MEXICO ...... 1 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 2 B. Agricultural Trade ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1. Aggregate agricultural trade .................................................................................................................. 2 2. Product specific trade ........................................................................................................................... 6 3. Self sufficiency ...................................................................................................................................... 8 4. Employment ......................................................................................................................................... 9 C. Trade policy ............................................................................................................................................... 12 1. Multilateral trade agreement ................................................................................................................ 12 2. Regional Trade Agreements ................................................................................................................ 14 3. Current domestic support policies ...................................................................................................... 16 4. WTO Doha Round Negotiations .......................................................................................................... 21 D. Impact of technical standards on the agricultural sector in Mexico ............................................................ 22 1. Standards and other measures .......................................................................................................... 22 2. Standards and other measures faced by Mexico’s exports.................................................................. 23 3. Measures applied by Mexico on imports ............................................................................................. 27 4. Sources of concern for Mexico regarding standards from the domestic and import perspective .......... 28 E. Linking trade, policy and development in agriculture .................................................................................. 29 F. Findings and policy recommendations ....................................................................................................... 34 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 37 Annexes ......................................................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER II: AGRICULTURE COMMODITY POLICY REVIEW FOR MEXICO ............................................................ 45 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 46 B. Overview: Mexico’s rural and agricultural development policy .................................................................... 46 1. Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................................ 47 2. The rural sector ................................................................................................................................... 47 3. Agricultural and rural development programmes and institutions ......................................................... 50 4. Rural finance ....................................................................................................................................... 53 vi MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT: PERSPECTIVES AND OUTLOOK C. Agricultural commodities: competitiveness and value chains analysis ....................................................... 59 1. Background ........................................................................................................................................ 59 2. Agricultural and foods products of strategic importance to Mexico ..................................................... 60 3. Technologies and competitiveness of selected agrifoods production and trade ................................... 70 4. Value chain analysis ............................................................................................................................ 76 5. Small-scale farmers participation in high-value agriculture and food chains ......................................... 88 6. Policy recommendations: enhancing competitiveness
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pre-Columbian Agriculture in Mexico Carol J
    Pre-Columbian Agriculture in Mexico Carol J. Lange, SCSC 621, International Agricultural Research Centers- Mexico, Study Abroad, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University Introduction The term pre-Columbian refers to the cultures of the Americas in the time before significant European influence. While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus, in practice the term usually includes indigenous cultures as they continued to develop until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus first landed in 1492. Pre-Columbian is used especially often in discussions of the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica. Pre-Columbian civilizations independently established during this era are characterized by hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Many of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late fifteenth-early sixteenth centuries), and are known only through archaeological evidence. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Maya, had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time largely viewed such text as heretical and few survived Christian pyres. Only a few hidden documents remain today, leaving us a mere glimpse of ancient culture and knowledge. Agricultural Development Early inhabitants of the Americas developed agriculture, breeding maize (corn) from ears 2-5 cm in length to perhaps 10-15 cm in length. Potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins, and avocados were among other plants grown by natives.
    [Show full text]
  • EU-CELAC Innovact Platform: Innovation to Promote Territorial
    30 September 2017 EU-CELAC Innovact Platform: Innovation to promote Territorial Cohesion Task 2 : Value chain mapping in the México - Guatemala cross-border region EU-CELAC Innovact Platform: Innovation to promote Territorial Cohesion Task 2: Value chain mapping in the México-Guatemala cross-border region 30 September 2017 For any information regarding this document please contact: Saskia Bonnefoi, Competitiveness [email protected] +52 1 55 4133 7086 Inés Sagrario, Task Leader for Task 2, Competitiveness [email protected] +34 626163032 Table of Contents 1 Summary in EN ................................................................................................................... 4 2 Resumen en ES .................................................................................................................... 5 3 The Context of the Border Area .......................................................................................... 6 3.1 Mexico – Guatemala ................................................................................................................................................. 6 4 National Level Priorities on each side of the Border........................................................... 7 4.1 Mexico ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Guatemala ................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico's Agriculture Development
    Mexico’s Agriculture Development: Perspective and Outlook UNCTAD Mexican agriculture remains most important but came under pressure… – Mexico has the largest population in rural areas in the OECD • 22 per cent of Mexican’s live in rural areas • 8 million farmers – Contribution to GDP fell from 8 per cent in early 1990s to 4 per cent – Employment in agriculture dropped from 25 per cent in early 1990s to 14 per cent Employment in agriculture in Mexico in million – Poverty in rural areas is high 9 8 • 61 per cent of 7 6 population in rural 5 areas below rural 4 poverty line 3 2 1 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Mexican agricultural sector is heterogeneous… – Coexistance of large commercial farms and Smaller farms often producing for subsistance – Average landholding small with 5 ha – Small and medium farms employ majority or rural population – Agricultural wages declined on average (while others generally increased) – Main production (highest value of 15 strategic products) Agrifood Livestock • Maize • Poultry meat • Sugar cane • Beef • Sorghum • Milk • Wheat Mexican Agriculture and Trade Policy are linked… – Mexico’s trade policy has led to much more open markets, especially within the NAFTA region – Tariffs on agricultural products between the US and Mexico have been eliminated – In terms of standards and other measures regulating cross border trade the markets are not fully integrated and do not have a common agricultural policy – High subsidies in the US on products such as maize,
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Agricultural and Food Export Competitiveness
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics MEXICAN AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS Jaime E. Málaga Gary W. Williams* TAMRC International Market Research Report No. IM-01-06 February 2006 * Jaime E. Malaga is Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409 and Gary W. Williams is Professor of Agricultural Economics and Director, Texas Agricultural Market Research, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2124. MEXICAN AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS Texas Agribusiness Market Research Center (TAMRC) International Market Research Report No. IM-01-06, February 2006 by Dr. Jaime E. Málaga and Dr. Gary W. Williams. Abstract: This report analyzes the export performance of the Mexican agricultural and food sector in recent years with a particular emphasis on the changing competitiveness of those exports in the U.S. and world markets. The report includes an examination of the general trends in Mexican agricultural and food exports, an analysis of the international competitiveness of the major subgroups of Mexican agriculture based on the Revealed Comparative Advantage methodology, an assessment of the competitiveness of Mexican exports of specific agricultural and food products to the United States, a consideration of the effectiveness of Mexico’s agricultural and food export market diversification efforts, a discussion of the main factors likely to affect the long-term competitiveness of Mexican agriculture, and policy recommendations for enhancing the competitiveness of Mexican agricultural and food exports. Acknowledgements: The research reported here was conducted under contract with the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Development Association), Latin America and the Caribbean Region Agriculture and Rural Development, 1818 H St., Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Maize in Mexico
    Maize in Mexico Diane Brown Des Moines, Iowa 2006 Borlaug~Ruan World Food Prize International Internship CIMMYT: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center El Batán, México 1 Abstract On June 17th, 2006, I left the familiar people and community of Des Moines, Iowa, on an adventure that would transform how I saw myself, my nation, and the world. I had the incredible opportunity as a Borlaug~Ruan International Intern to work at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico for eight weeks. I worked with the Diversity Group in the biotechnology labs, observing and assisting with a variety of lab techniques including DNA extraction and quantification, polymerase chain reactions (PCR), and agarose gels. Outside the lab, I had the chance to visit field sites and to explore many fascinating historic and cultural sites. Visiting the fields and speaking with the Mexican farmers gave me a new insight into the food security issues faced by small farmers in Mexico and in developing communities throughout the world. My work gave me a new understanding of genetics, molecular biology, and laboratory techniques, but more importantly, the experience gave me a love for the people of Mexico and a desire to commit my life and career to improving livelihoods around the world. Acknowledgements I sincerely thank all of the wonderful people of CIMMYT for making my internship a phenomenal, life-changing experience. Your kindness, patience, and generosity touched me deeply. Special thanks goes to Marilyn Warburton, my supervisor, for all of her advice and guidance. She always made time to answer my questions, to look over my work, and to welcome me into her home.
    [Show full text]
  • Opportunities for Dutch Businesses in the Mexican Protected Horticulture Sector a Report by Transfer LBC
    Opportunities for Dutch Businesses in the Mexican Protected Horticulture Sector A report by Transfer LBC April 2020 Commissioned by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Mexico City TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 5 METHODOLOGY 5 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 6 INTRODUCING MEXICO 8 Geography & History 8 People & Demography 8 Economy 9 TOP REASONS ON WHY MEXICAN HORTICULTURAL SECTOR IS INTERESTING FOR DUTCH COMPANIES 11 THE HORTICULTURE SECTOR IN MEXICO 13 History 13 The horticultural sector in general 14 Growth potential 14 Important regions 15 Private Investment, and Expenditure and Government support 16 Infrastructure & technologies 18 Employment 20 Exports 21 THE MOST IMPORTANT SUB SECTORS OF THE MEXICAN HORTICULTURE SECTOR 23 Vegetables 23 Tomato 24 Bell Pepper 26 Cucumber 27 Ornamental Plants and Flowers 28 Types of plants and flowers 28 State support for flower growers 29 1 Orchids 30 Berries 31 Tropical fruits 34 Avocado 34 Citrus 37 Mango 40 SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ON MEXICAN HORTICULTURE 43 COMPETITION IN THE SECTOR 44 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE HORTICULTURE MARKET IN MEXIO 46 SUSTAINABILTY AND CIRCULARITY 49 Mexico’s current initiatives for its SDGs 49 The possible Dutch contribution to the Mexican Horticultural SDG needs 50 SWOT COMPARISON: THE MEXICAN HORTICULTURE SECTOR 52 Strengths 52 Weaknesses 53 Opportunities 54 Threats 56 THE FUTURE OF HORTICULTURE IN MEXICO 58 Flora Park Querétaro 58 Second phase of Agropark Querétaro 59 Production of Cannabis 60 UPCOMING HORTICULTURE TRADE FAIRS AND EVENTS IN MEXICO 61 CONCLUSION 62 RECOMMENDATIONS 62 For Dutch Companies 62 For Dutch Government Agencies 63 REFERENCES 64 List of organizations contacted for this study 64 Other sources 66 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report delves into the growing horticulture sector of Mexico and its possible challenges and opportunities for Dutch businesses interested in entering the promising market.
    [Show full text]
  • And Others the Struggle of Rural Mexico. PUB LATE 219P
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 194 243 EC 012 291 AUTHOR Esteva, Gustavo; And Others TITLE The Struggle of Rural Mexico. PUB LATE 80 NOTE 219p.; Prepared for the World Congress on Rural Sociology (5th, Mexicc City, August 7-12, 1980). Best copy available. EDES PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Agricultural Production; *Conflict; Cultural Pluralism: *Farmers: *Government (Administrative Body) :History; Human Resources; Illiteracy; Land Settlement: *Land Use: Natural Resources; Poverty Areas: *Rural Development: Rural Environment; Social Action: Social Class: Sociocultural Patterns: Socioeconomic Status IDENTIFIERS Campesinos: *Mexico ABSTRACT Diverse aspects of rural problems and the social organization of Mexican labor are explored in this summary of Mexican rural history. Achnowledging Mexico's rich, unexhausted, and unexplored natural resources, Mexico is described as a poverty-stricken, hungry nation, with high degrees of malnutrition, deprivation, and illiteracy heavily concentrated in rural areas. Present forms of land tenure (which result from social and technological struggles and developments of the past four decades) are explained. Influence of the government onrural evolution and resultant social attitudes is detailed. Emphasizing the precarious condition of approximately 30 million rural " campesinos" (the peasant class), the narrative discusses the developing conflict between capitalistic expansion initiated by the Mexican government and the desires of the campesinos for their economic liberty. Advantages and disadvantages are weighed for potential options afforded the two groups in settling this dilemma of land ownership and development.It is noted that some resolution of this conflict is deemed necessaryif Mexico is to provide solutions to present rural problems. (JD) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * ii from the original document.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico's Agriculture Development
    UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENTM ENT MEXICO’S AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: PPerspectiveserspectives andand OOutlookutlook U N I T E D N A T I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T MEXICO’S AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: Perspectives and Outlook New York and Geneva 2014 ii MEXICO’S AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: PERSPECTIVES AND OUTLOOK NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Symbols of the United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint to be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat at: Palais des Nations, CH 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. This publication has not been formally edited. UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2012/2/Rev.1 Copyright © United Nations, 2014 All rights reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mexico’s Agricultural Development: Perspectives and Outlook was prepared by a team from the Division on International Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities, UNCTAD, led by Guillermo Valles, Director, and the Special Unit on Commodities, UNCTAD, led by Samuel Gayi, Head.
    [Show full text]
  • PB7 Agricultural Trade Liberalization and Mexico Patel and Henriques2003
    POLICY BRIEF NO. 7 Agricultural Trade Liberalization and Mexico by Gisele Henriques and Raj Patel August 2003 Raj Patel, Ph.D. Policy Analyst Institute for Food and Development Policy/Food First Oakland, CA Gisele Henriques Intern Institute for Food and Development Policy/Food First Oakland, CA Executive Summary Mexico’s experience of liberalization is a canary in the mineshaft for other agricultural economies in the Global South. Mexico’s political and economic ties to the United States mean that it is subject, perhaps more than any other country in the world, to the direct political-economic intervention of its powerful northern neighbor. The effects of such interventions have unequivocally hurt the poorest people in the country: those who work on the land in rural areas. Following open market policies, we have seen increases in raw measures of economic change in foreign direct investment, aggregate GDP per capita, and export volumes. For example, Mexico’s overall exports increased 7-fold between 1981, the year before liberalization, and 2001.1 Imports have matched this rise, with a 6.7-fold increase from 1981 to 2001.2 At an aggregate level, then, it would seem as if Mexico has profited from liberalization. Yet closer scrutiny of the figures show that the benefits have been divided very unequally. Some farmers have been able to take advantage of newly open markets in the U.S. Since the onset of NAFTA, exports of fruits and vegetables have increased 57 %.3Yet, given that tariff barriers in these products were already low, before NAFTA, it is more reasonable to attribute the shift to these crops as a response to “push factors”, foremost among which is the rapid fall in the domestic price of maize.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinampa Agricultural System of Mexico City Mexico
    CHINAMPA AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM OF MEXICO CITY MEXICO A PROPOSAL FOR DESIGNATION AS GLOBALLY IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE SYSTEMS (GIAHS) GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO CITY AUTHORITY OF THE WORLD NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ZONE IN XOCHIMILCO, TLÁHUAC AND MILPA ALTA MEXICO CITY JULY 7th, 2017 A"PROPOSAL"FOR"GIASH"DESIGNATION! 1! TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Information Summary 4 Description of the Globally Important Agricultural 11 Heritage Systems I. Characteristics of the GIAHS proposed 11 1. Food security and livelihoods. 19 2. Biodiversity and ecosystem functions 27 27 3. Knowledge systems and adapted technologies 34 4. Cultures, systems of values and social organizations 48 (agri-culture) 5. Remarkable landscapes, land and water resources 56 management features. II. Historical significance. 62 III. Contemporary relevance. 65 IV. Threats and challenges. 68 V. Practical considerations. 69 1. Ongoing efforts to promote GIAHS 69 2. Potentialities and opportunities for sustainability and 70 management of GIAHS. 3. Expected impacts of GIAHS on society and ecology. 70 4. Motivation of the local communities, the national/local 70 authorities and other relevant stakeholders. 5. References 72 VI. Dynamic Conservation Plan 77 1. General Action Plan 81 2. Dynamic Plan of Specific Actions (2017-2022) 89 • Data Sheet for the Supply and Marketing Center in 94 Xochimilco (Muyuguarda) • Data Sheet for the Supply and Marketing Center in 97 Tláhuac (Tlaltenco) • Data Sheet for the Research and Production Center 100 of seeds and planting material of Xochimilco. • Data sheet for the Chinampa Agricultural Park of 103 Mexico City VI. Complementary data 107 1. Evolution of the Mexico City’s lacustrine zone and its 107 chinampa system 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Consumption of Chinese Outbound Tourists in Spain
    FOOD CONSUMPTION OF CHINESE OUTBOUND TOURISTS IN SPAIN Jiayi Lin Per citar o enllaçar aquest document: Para citar o enlazar este documento: Use this url to cite or link to this publication: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664897 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Belize Solitude, [email protected] © Copyright 2019 by Live and Invest Overseas
    Kathleen Peddicord Founding Publisher Kat Kalashian Editor-in-Chief Charles Conn Managing Editor Sophia Titley Senior Editor Edith Cantilo-Paz Editorial Assistant Cristian Landero Graphic Designer If you have queries relating to your subscription, get in touch at: [email protected] For editorial comments and contributions, reach us at: Northern Belize Solitude, [email protected] © Copyright 2019 by Live and Invest Overseas. Friendship, And Society All Rights Reserved. By Phil Hahn, Jim Hardesty, and Scot Cave Protected by copyright laws of the United States and international treaties. This newsletter may be enry David Thoreau could have been Northern Belize is a region encompassing H used only pursuant to the subscription agreement talking about Northern Belize when he a landmass of only about 2,500 square and any reproduction, copying, or redistribution said, “I had three chairs in my house; miles, but it stretches from the Caribbean (electronic or otherwise, including on the World one for solitude, two for friendship, three Sea to the forests of Central America. Wide Web), in whole or in part, is strictly prohibited for society.” The population of under 50,000 people without the express written permission of the means you can enjoy plenty of solitude; publisher, Live and Invest Overseas, Calle Dr. Alberto Navarro, Casa No. 45, El Cangrejo, Life in Northern Belize is as diverse a welcome respite from the hustle Panama, Republic of Panama. as its amazing landscape. Over the and bustle of the rest of the world. years, locals and expats have built It is truly where the Caribbean and Any investments recommended in this letter should their homes and lives beside secluded Central America meet.
    [Show full text]