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Tsunami Sedimentary Facies Deposited by the Storegga Tsunami in Shallow Marine Basins and Coastal Lakes, Western Norway

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Tsunami Sedimentary Facies Deposited by the Storegga Tsunami in Shallow Marine Basins and Coastal Lakes, Western Norway Sedimentology (1997) 44, 1115±1131 Tsunami sedimentary facies deposited by the Storegga tsunami in shallow marine basins and coastal lakes, western Norway STEIN BONDEVIK*, JOHN INGE SVENDSEN and JAN MANGERUD* *Department of Geology, University of Bergen, AlleÂgaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway (E-mail: [email protected]) Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Hùyteknologisenteret, N-5020, Bergen, Norway ABSTRACT Sedimentary successions in small coastal lakes situated from 0 to 11 m above the 7000 year BP shoreline along the western coast of Norway, contain a distinctive deposit, very different from the sediments above and below. The deposit is interpreted to be the result of a tsunami inundating the coastal lakes. An erosional unconformity underlies the tsunami facies and is traced throughout the basins, with most erosion found at the seaward portion of the lakes. The lowermost tsunami facies is a graded or massive sand that locally contains marine fossils. The sand thins and decreases in grain size in a landward direction. Above follows coarse organic detritus with rip-up clasts, here termed `organic conglomerate', and ®ner organic detritus. The tsunami unit generally ®nes and thins upwards. The higher basins (6±11 m above the 7000 year shoreline) show one sand bed, whereas basins closer to the sea level 7000 years ago, may show several sand beds separated by organic detritus. These alternations in the lower basins may re¯ect repeated waves of sea water entering the lakes. In basins that were some few metres below sea level at 7000 years BP, the tsunami deposit is more minerogenic and commonly present as graded sand beds, but also in some of these shallow marine basins organic-rich facies occur between the sand beds. The total thickness of the tsunami deposit is 20±100 cm in most studied sites. An erosional and depositional model of the tsunami facies is developed. INTRODUCTION From September 1992 to July 1993, 1500 people were killed by three tsunamis, hitting the coasts Tsunamis are large sea waves caused by disloca- of Nicaragua, Flores Island (Indonesia) and Japan tion of the sea ¯oor during earthquakes (faulting), (Satake, 1994). submarine slides or volcanic eruptions. Asteroids From a geological point of view, a tsunami and comets hitting the ocean will also generate represents a shortlived, but extremely powerful tsunamis. A clastic unit within mudstone at the agent. Recent tsunamis show a very complex Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Texas has been pattern of erosion and deposition (Yeh et al., interpreted as the product of a megatsunami 1993; Synolakis et al., 1995) and large volumes of generated by such an impact (Bourgeois et al., sediments may be eroded and transported both 1988; Smit et al., 1992). Tsunamis have long landwards and seawards. Sedimentological stud- wavelengths, often 100±200 km, and travel across ies of inferred tsunami deposits are known from oceans with high velocities. In a water depth of shallow marine areas (Bourgeois et al., 1988), 4000 m the velocity is about 700 km h)1.Inthe lakes (Minoura & Nakaya, 1991) and coastal deep ocean the wave height is low, but when sequences on land (Darienzo & Peterson, 1990; reaching shallow water the wave height is greatly Atwater & Moore, 1992; Dawson et al., 1993; ampli®ed. Thus, when tsunamis hit the shore Minoura et al., 1996), but in general the sedimen- they frequently represent catastrophic events. tological process associated with an inundating Ó 1997 International Association of Sedimentologists 1115 1116 S. Bondevik et al. tsunami and the tsunami deposits themselves, Norway. Such nearshore depressions or small have been little studied (Dawson et al., 1993). basins are considered well-suited sites to search Dawson et al. (1988, 1993) have given convinc- for tsunami deposits because they are ef®cient ing arguments that a tsunami struck the coast of sediment traps, and sediments deposited in such Scotland around 7000 years BP and proposed closed basins have a high preservation potential. (Dawson et al., 1988) that this tsunami was We have found a particular deposit inferred to be triggered by the so-called Second Storegga slide the result of the Storegga tsunami invading such on the continental slope off western Norway basins. The sedimentology of this tsunami depos- (Bugge et al., 1987; Jansen et al., 1987). According it is the focus of the present paper. More than 40 to numerical modelling of the slide (Harbitz, radiocarbon dates of this deposit from different 1992), the coast of western Norway, situated close basins suggest an age of between 7000 and 7200 to the slide area (Fig. 1), should have been struck years BP. Based on the spatial variation and facies more violently by this tsunami than any other relationships, an erosional and depositional mod- coastal area around the Norwegian Sea. We have el for tsunami sedimentation is presented, as well searched for evidence of the Storegga tsunami by as sedimentological criterias to identify tsunami coring many lake basins above and below the events in shallow basin sedimentary sequences. 7000 year BP shoreline along the western coast of In a parallel paper (Bondevik et al., 1997) we have Fig. 1. Bathymetric map of the Norwegian Sea and North Sea showing the areal extent of the Second Storegga submarine slide. The erosional area is shaded (after Bugge et al. (1987)). Dots in Scotland represent locations with tsunami deposits (from Dawson et al. (1993)). Along the Norwegian coast tsunami deposits are reported here from Bjugn, Sula and southern Sunnmùre. Reconstructed runup-heights are from Bondevik et al. (1997). Ó 1997 International Association of Sedimentologists, Sedimentology, 44, 1115±1131 Tsunami sedimentary facies 1117 reconstructed the runup from this tsunami along ments in three basins at Bjugn (Figs 1 and 2). the Norwegian coast (Fig. 1) by coring a staircase According to a local sea-level curve for the area of basins above the 7000 year shoreline. constructed by Kjemperud (1982), Gorrtjùnna (42 m a.s.l.) and Kvennavatnet (37 m a.s.l.) were situated above sea level whereas Audalsvatnet GEOLOGICAL SETTING (33á5 m a.s.l.) was slightly below sea level 7000 years ago (Fig. 2). These conclusions were con- The numerous small lakes and bogs in rock basins ®rmed during our study. along the coast of Norway were excavated by glacial erosion (Figs 2 and 3). After the last glaciation, Scandinavia was still glacio-isostati- METHODS cally depressed, and consequently relative sea level was higher than at present. Marine sedi- Sediments have been mapped across each basin ments are therefore found in the lower part of using a Russian peat sampler. Samples for labo- sedimentary sequences in lake basins situated ratory investigations were collected with a below the highest postglacial shoreline. Due to 110 mm diameter piston corer, which provided glacio-isostatic uplift the basins subsequently up to 2 m-long core sections. emerged from the sea and turned into fresh-water In the laboratory the cores were ®rst split lakes and bogs. This is recorded as a sequence of lengthwise, photographed, described in detail marine sediments followed by brackish to fresh- and then subsampled for further analysis. Grain water sediments. Brackish water sediments accu- size data were derived by wet sieving. The organic mulated when sea level was close to the threshold content of the sediments was determined by the of the basin. Once the threshold of the basin weight loss on ignition (LOI). Samples were dried emerged above high tide level, lacustrine sedi- at 105 °C for 24 h and ignited at 550 °C for 1 h. mentation commenced. Weight loss was calculated as a percentage of the The boundary between marine and lacustrine dried sample weight. In this type of sediment sediments in such basins has been radiocarbon organic carbon is about 50% of the loss on dated at many localities and used to reconstruct ignition. Microfossils (foraminifera and diatoms) postglacial sea-level changes. In this way a from certain critical levels were analysed as an number of well-documented sea-level curves aid to interpreting the sedimentary environment. from western Norway have been constructed, Radiocarbon dating was carried out at the Radio- and the shoreline geometry is considered to be logical Dating Laboratory in Trondheim, Norway. relatively well-known (Kaland, 1984; Anundsen, Bondevik et al. (1997) give further details about 1985; Svendsen & Mangerud, 1987). All shore- the radiocarbon dates of the tsunami deposits. lines are tilted towards the coast because of larger glacio-isostatic uplift in the inland, where the ice- sheet was thickest. If a tsunami struck the coast LITHOFACIES while the threshold of a basin still was below sea level, tsunami deposits should be expected with- The sediments are classi®ed into nine facies on in the marine sequence. If the basin was above sea the basis of lithology and structure. For conve- level, the tsunami deposits should be found in the nience these facies are divided into two groups. lower part of the lacustrine sequence. The group A facies have previously been de- A total of 18 basins with inferred tsunami scribed from many lakes and bogs along the coast deposits have been studied along the Norwegian of Scandinavia and are related to normal sea-level coast (Bondevik et al., 1997). These form the basis changes. Group B facies, however, have in con- for the erosional and depositional model of trast been little studied; it is these that we tsunami sedimentation in shallow basins present- interpret as tsunami deposits. ed at the end of the paper. The basins, presently lakes or bogs (palaeolakes) are typically 50±100 m Group A facies, enclosing sediments wide, 100±400 m long and 10±15 m deep (Figs 2 to the tsunami deposits and 3).
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