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Home , Faisalabad Division, Janjua, Kharal, Neeli Bar, Sandal Bar, Sipra

The Role of Biraderies in the Politics of Division

Ayub Anwar

Faisalabad Division is comprised of four district namely district, , district and district whose old name is Lyallpur, is famous as Manchester of being an industrial city. The foundation of Lyallpur was laid in 1896 on the direction of the than Lt. Governor of the , Sir James Loyal. Before 1880, it was known as Chenab colony. The map of Faisalabad was planned by Sir, Ganga Ram. River Chenab is at a distance 25-mile towards North West and river Ravi is at about 27-miles towards East. Area in between these rivers was named . Before Partition Punjab was attractive side fertility of the land. That’s way land was divided according to rainfall in this region, namely Sandal Bar, Karana Bar, Gunji Bar, Gondal Bar, are popular because of agricultural prodnets. Fertility of the land made Punjab prominent from other provinces. Present Punjab is the biggest province of Pakistan on the basis of Population. Punjab has nine Divisions and Faisalabad is one of them. The main tribes and casts which are settled in Faisalabad division are Jatt, Arian, Gujjar, , Mughal, Sayyed, Pathan, Bhatti, Balochi, and Kashmiri. Since the creation of Pakistan so many changes have been occurred but the biradary system has its own continuity. This continuity having piratical and social ups and downs laid the basic discrimination of element amongst people. Then with the passage of time grouping system was introduced, tended to orient people to high light their social status through caste or biraderism. Mostly political parties depend on this system particularly in Faisalabad Division (A house of Biradarism). During the period of elections from 1985 to 2015, As a result a cool war started for rule and superiority. There are 200-Political parties registered with Election Commission of Pakistan. This article manifests the important role of Biradary politics of Faisalabad Division.

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Introduction

Due to Political Dynasties very few families keep ruling Pakistan’s Political career. This Biradary/Caste system influenced very much even a common man’s life in Faisalabad Division and its local institutions. Important and official posts are divided according to this system, and normal persons are deprived of. There are dozens of Political dynasties, which are unbreakable, part of our existing political system. Generally, three classes exist in Pakistan i.e, rich, average and poor. Their different life styles, languages and customs prominent their Biradary/cost system. As compare to new, old dynasties are as strong as rock in Pakistan’s politics. We can say that this system is another form of Aryan’s social system in Sub-continent. As are still believers of caste system while in Muslims this is replaced by Biradary. That’s why their some customs reflect Hinduism and are quite different from . It is a religion of equality and Biradary system leads to superiority. It has created oligarchies still ruling Pakistan’s legislative institutes.

Elections and Biradarism

National and Provincial elections special Local bodies elections are held on the basis of Biradary system. After the existence of Pakistan, The politics in Faisalabad Division was affected with the arrival of Mahajreen. Biradary system lost its fame in elections of 1970 up to 1977’s elections. But local Biradary groups started in local bodies elections. This platform again raised them at the top in Political grouping. Actually this platform was the local body election on non party basis in 1988. It played a significant role in up-rooting of Biradary system, soon after those general elections were held on party basis through court orders in the country. Till 2002’s elections the political effects lessended in Pakistan i.e. Punjab. On the other hand Biradary system got empowerment in Faisalabad instead of Political theoretical division this was the time when voters elect their representatives through Biradary system in National and Provincial elections and in local bodies organizations.

Features and Charactristies of Biradary Syste

Literally the word Biradary is defined in two steps. First one is related to close and relative people while second refer to non-relatives of Biradary. Punjabies are familiar with the word Biradary. In this system one person is all in all. His name is used as a surname. He deals all problems faced to his family and sorts out their solutions. Their Biradary is just like a protector for its victim. They strictly follow their norms and rules with traditional customs. Rich and

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powerful people help their needy relatives. In this way a deserve family survives easily and gets protection and possible aid. It has a strong unity, less breakage of marriages. In the same way in death situation Biradary always helps out the widow and her children. Mostly it is observed that any influential or bureaucrat stands by his own Biradary and provides jobs and all possible financial assistance morally. This successful system originated from the Aryan’s cast system before BC- 2000 to BC 1000. They had declared three main casts Brahman, Khastray and Vaish and local people as Shoodars the lowest one. The second generation made this system more complexed to maintain their glory and pomp and show. Some religious scholars tried their best to discourage this system but in vain in finishing it. Invader neither extinct local people nor took their place. As a result a new civilization was introduced. It made the political Biradary more stronger. During the rule of Muslim Empire in Hindustan Muslims were divided into high and low casts. This division and superior complex of Muslim belonging to Turk, Afghan and Arabs compelled local Muslims to Biradarism and further divided into little ranks according to their ancestors’ surname. In fact it was structure of Biradary. At the end of Mughals empire English people used this social structure to prolong their rule and stay in subcontinent. They further divided local men as land keepers and non land keepers. Thus the division of land keepers and non land keepers, martial and non martial nations proved to be helpful and fruitful to make it stronger and stronger. Biradarism provided solid platform to its nation by covering inferiority and superiority complex. In Punjab Biradarism is based on “Village”, as it is famous for its agricultural land. Here low level social structures are the region of political power and influence. According to relations among biradaries there are three kinds of these relations which provide basic structure for social political factors of these biraderies.

1. The first kind is those relation which are based on real caste are /Biraderies and are roots of Punjab’s traditions and customs. 2. Mutual personal relations between two or more than two biradaries in social structure. 3. Now the third kind of relation provides Government or administrative structure specially District Administration and Police this structure has covered entire rural society completely. They all are in one chain.

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Eminent Biradaries of Pakistan and their idiosyncrasy

1. Jutt: Very important and prominent caste is Jutt. Jutt are ancient nation. There are many branches castes and races of Jutt biradary. They like combine families, joint family system in their base. They are in majority in Punjab. They are famous for farming. They are well mannered, well behaved but not wild like pathans. They are honest, loyal, independent, self made and hard working but usually uneducated. Jutt like peaceful environment. Their famous castes are Cheema, Chatta, Kahloon, Hajjara, , Ranjha, Dhariwal, Bajwa, Bhaddar, Barlas, Phiphra, Basra, , Sipra, Langryal and Mangat. 2. Rajpoot: This caste has ruled in Punjab very prominent and famous, honorable, acceptable and still politicians of this Biradary are in Pakistan’s legislative Institutions. In this famous caste and Sub- castes are , Panvar, Kathia, Kalyars, , Manj, , Chohan, Khichi, Bhatti, Sahi, Kulloo, , , Jiral, Chip, Sikhria etc… Punjab’;s Rajpoot are decent and bold men they are feudalistic and land lord by nature. They have great love for their lands and feel proud to be Rajpoot. Their nature is opposite to physical labour and ploughing in the field.

3. Pathan: Pathan are very hospitable and brave. British had declared them revenger cruel and wild. Many proverb are famous about them like their enmity is like a fire of dried cow-dung cakes which remain burning inside. Inspite of all these they provide shelter to their enemy. They are true to words. They are always fully armed. Their ladies strictly observe parda/veil. They follow religion and tribal dogmaties in their inheritance, and property. Their famous castes are Khattak, Afridi and Mohmend.

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4. Sayyed: Sayyed are descendants of Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H). They are respectable in all sub-continent. In India they are equal to Brahman, as Hindues respect this caste very much. Sayyed are landlord and High level farmers. They are naturally bestowed regarding land and money. Their attitude with their servants and cultivators are not good. They are proud. Their famous castes are Hassani, Hussani, Jillani, Gardezi, Bukhari, Jaffari, Baqari, Mashadi, Sabzwari and Zaidi.

5. Arain: Real Arain dwelled in the valley of and all Eastern plain areas. But Arain means people who grow vegetables with precise knowledge about agriculture on the other hand.

6. Baloch: Baloch are famous for their hospitality. They are medium type landlord, Loyalty, promise, accomplishment is in their blood. They hate cowardness and hidden attacks. They belong to Baluchistan and Makran, Lashari, Daraishk and Jattoi are prominent Baloch castes among them.

7. Awan: This caste is very slow toward life, but very brave, indolent and slothful. 8. Aroray: They are engaged in trade labour and farming, with the passage of time they became goldsmiths and blacksmiths in western Punjab. They are known as Karar also.

9. Gojar: This caste is as important as other major castes are in Punjab. Gojar are hardworking, strong. They love and care for their land and cows. They have devotion with their professions.

10. Dogar: Dogar are tribal, physically tall, handsome but harsh and cruel. They love to join army. They keep cattle and usually they resemble with Gujjar. They have adopted profession as agriculturist as a profession in

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Southern Punjab. In old time they used to steal cattle.

11. Khoja: Khoja is not any caste but this word became common for the new Muslim trader. Shahpur’s khojay are well known, Jhang Khojay are Aroray by caste. In traders on small level are known as Khojay.

12. Peernay: Peernay are beggars by profession, they have adopted art of jugglery and tumbler professions also. Their women earn money by dancing and singing.

13. Pakkiwas: Pakkiwas basically belong to Sansi community who are nomadic, but British never liked them. They used to call them criminals.

14. Sheikh: Sheikh means saint or chief in Arabic language. But in India Sheikh caste is not reliable they change themselves with the passage of time and their business also. Their past does not match with the present.

15. Kamboh: By profession they are farmers and agriculturalist as compare to Arian they are hard worker and skil full. They are best traders. They are engaged in different jobs also. They are well trained according to their profession but not honest. Kamboh Afghan and Kashmiri are not trustable there are notorious caste.

16. Kanjar: Their popular caste are Manki Dharkay, Magat Kay,Deervay, Srarur,Satay, Haisty and Nut. They are prostitute professionally.

17. Butcher: Butcher slaughter the animals and cut the meat they belong to Karnal and Rahtick. One group of them is Lahore, real Bhalli, Rajpoot, during the rule of Emperor Akbar they embraced Islam.

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18. Chohray: They are sweepers and drain openers. They pick up litter and garbage. They are followers of priest.

19. Doom: Doom is a term basically used for dancers but it is wrong Dooms are poet, singers and writers, dooms are considered to be harsh executioner and used to burn dead bodies. So doom as a caste means poet, singer and dancers.

Faisalabad Division is ancestral home of all these caste. Except these there are a lot of other casts which belongs to low category by profession like Potters, hair dresser, washerman, blacksmith, cobbler, Lalhi, fisherman and gardeners. Then Mughals are who were respected and honoured because they ruled over subcontinent.

Biradaries of Faisalabad Division

National Assembly has 19 (Nineteen seats) while Provincial Assembly has 38 (thirty eight seats in Faisalabad Division). The Political History of Faisalabad Division is as old as Pakistan. Arian and Jutt Biradery were already familiar with politics before independence in local bodies elections Jutt biraderies was very prominent even in District Board politics. With the passage of time Faisalabadies are living a confident life. They are educated, well dressed, well behaved in all cities of Punjab as well as out of Punjab, Their Biraderies supported them. Arain, Rajput Jutt, and their sub castes played significant role in Faisalabad politics. Unionist Party was politically strong in Faisalabad before partition. But Muslim League achieved historical victory because of Jutt and Arain Biradery. At that time their political influence was empowered. Domestic people also impressed.

Faisalabad’s own people were simple hard worker and innocent. Migrated population engaged themselves in different professions while domestic population remained cultivators and farmers. Businessmen traders and politicians got all control of Faisabalad and local population were awarded with names and tags like “Paindoo” Illiterate, uncivilized etc…Its negative effects came upon. Their unbreakable circumstances compelled them to get higher education and get jobs in all field of life. With the passage of time Faisalabadies are living a confident life. They are educated, well dressed, well behaved in all cities of Punjab as well as out of Punjab. Their Biraderism supported them. Arain, Rajpoot, Jutt and their sub castes played significant role in Faisalabad Division politics. The most influential Biradaries/Groups in Faisalabad Division’s Politics are:-

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1. Hafiz Mumtaz Group. 2. Rana Shahbaz Group. 3. Ch. Zaheer Ud Din Group. 4. Ghulam Bibi Barwana Group. 5. Abida Hussain Group. 6. Afzal Sahi Group. 7. Riaz Group. 8. Tamoor Lali Garoup. 9. Syed Hassain Murtaza Group. 10. Rai Haider Ali Khan Group. 11. Riaz Fityana Group. 12. Mehar Muhammad Aslam Group. 13. Mulana Azam Tariq Group. 14. Rana Sanaullah Group. 15. Abid Sher Ali Grop. 16. Ch. Nazir Group. 17. Mian Farooq Group. 18. Maulana Manzoor Ahmad Chinioti Group. 19. Maulana Rehmatullah Group. 20. Col. Ayub Khan Ghaddi group. 21. Syed Faisal Sala-e-Hayat Group. 22. Sheikh Yaqoob Group. 23. Ch. Asad-Ur-Rehman Group. 24. Rai Usman Kharal Group. 25. Arif Gill Group.

Pakistan is an Islamic Republic country Democracy lies in its roots. Public representatives have been electing during last three decades of Pakistan’s history with Biradarism support and favor. Biradaries and Political groups mentioned above played their significant role in Politics of Faisalabad Division. Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf has won election of 2018. Imran Khan the leader of PTI took oath of Prime Minister of Islamic Republic Pakistan. Optimistically changes are expected in New Pakistan rule by the Captain Imran Khan.

Discussion

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In Faisalabad Division during the colonical period so many biraderis are resided at that area and they coordinate with each other for the redressal of their local issues and with the support of the big Biraderis like, Jutt, Rajput, Arian, , Sial, Balouch and Sahi. They elected their local representatives for the solution of their local problems at Division level. Inspite of so many changes have been accured over the last decades but the politics of Faisalabad Division has remained largely a family enterprise. During the tenure of Military ruler Gen. Zia, he supported the Biraderies politics even grass route level in Local Bodies elections and after that during the tenure of Dictator Gen. Musharaf, the same Biraderies achieved their goals and got elected the candidates of their own choices.

Today’s this country needs change the young generation, needs a neat country not with the old Biraderies system. The young generations want real democracy in the country where the public representative would be elected by the general public without any influence. But in this country the people of one speak always belongs to one caste. The multitude of caste is called Biraderies in subcontinent. Biradarism originated from the Aryan’s caste system. It was the time before BC- 2000 to BC-1000 Aryan’s had divided themselves into three castes, Brahman, Khashtray, Vaish and they declared the local people as shooders, the lowest one. Indian Kotlia (Chankia) included it in this ideology and declared it is the basis of successful empire. Before BC – 2000 it was legally shaped most of the Aryan races of the subcontinent belong to it. That’s way they became a part of socialization and after counting circumstances failed to change the system. The new generation also accepted this system and made this system more complexed to maintain their glory and respect. Some people tried to discourage this system but could not get success to finish it. The invaders of the subcontinent neither extincted local people nor took their place. In this way these Biraderies became stronger with the passage of time. After Muslim, the English used this social structure to prolong their rule. The Division of land keepers and non land keepers, martial and non martial races proved helpful to make them stronger. After the creation of Pakistan, majority of migrated people from the east Punjab reached here due to their relatives who were already lived in west Punjab as settlers. After the arrival of the migrated people the Politics of Faisalabad Division changed. The main features of this new period were Biraderies and the influence of Political Biraderies. The war of authority between the local, and settlers changed into political war of Jutt, Arian, Rajput and Gujjar. After the arrival of Mahjreens, during the Election 1970 and 1977, the effects of Biradarism politics temporary minimized because of powerful political parties. Then in 1985, non-party elections changed the politics of this Division into the game of Biradarism. According to population census Jutt Biraderies in majority second one is

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Arain while Rajput and Gujar are less populated in these areas. Local Biraderies specially “Kharal” Fityanay, Balouch and Wattoo are prominent, and present in its outer circle. Every Biradery has its own history living in Sandalbar. Every type of Biradery is here from the ancient times to present day. All types of people from Landlord to Labourer are living in Faisalabad Division. After the independence the circumstances of Faisalabad Division made the caste system more powerful. Some families and Biraderies, without any reason considered it their right to rule over the country. The Army rulers and especially non party election grew this system up. The said Biradarism are very badly affected the elections held from 1985 to 2013, and Biradery succeeded by majority is every election and these Biraderies succeeded to gets the tickets of political parties easily due to influence. Summary It is pertinent to mentioned here that man is born free without the label of Biradarism and all these Biradarism are created by the man himself to recognize each other’s and to protect personal interest/supremacy. This system mainly introduced the monopoly system generation to generation and also liking and disliking and individualism. When I examined the Biradarism in Faisalabad Division mostly new and old politician who belongs to these Biraderies are fully supporters of Biradery system, and they said that system is good for them because that system was introduced by their forefathers on the basis of this system, they easily elected the public representative of their Biradery of their own choice. I personally analyzed that this modern time of electronic, print and social media, there is no need of Biradery politics in Faisalabad Division. There is a need to develop proper institutions to provide all the basic information / training to all the people like western countries where they elect their representatives accordingly to their abilities and not through such political Biraderies. In my point of view I supported the democratic system that introduced initially in Quran / Islam. Everybody have equal rights and no one should be deprived of their basic fundamental rights. There is so many caste in Biradery system in the universe and the same system adopted by the western countries in the shape of democracy and in the democratic system the people elected by the people through people, not by these political Biraderies.

Conclusion

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1st we go to the past political history of Pakistan during the last 70-years, discussion of working of democratic institution and of legislative from the independence of the country Since 1947 is qua none. Because during the tenure of Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad Former President of Pakistan, a lot of harm to the democracy. Who did not like the democratic system in the country. He was totally against the democratic system. After that Major General (Rtd) Sikandar Mirza, General Muhammad Ayub Khan General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, General Pervaiz Musharaf all these were totally against the democratic system in the country. Due to that reasons, after the independence, the 1st General Elections were held in the country in 1970 and the result was that separation of East Pakistan and after that big incident the 2nd General Elections were held in 1977 and where rigged by the PPP as a ruling party. What was the reason even opposition and general public accepted the result and 3rd General Elections were held in 1985, in that non party basis elections all the political Biraderies easily gets the seats in favour of their favourite candidate. The 4th General Elections were held in 1988 and with the same position and the 5th General Elections were held in 1990 and 6th General Elections were held in 1993 and 7th General Elections were held in 1997 and accepted by the political parties and 8th General Elections were held under the supervision of General Pervaiz Musharaf and all these prominent Biraderies participated in that elections actively. The 9th General Elections were held in 2008 and 10th General Elections were held in 2013 and in Faisalabad Division all the big Biraderies who have so much influence in the area easily got so many seats likewise others elections.

Pakistan Public already very much disturbed due to the behaviour of these old Biraderies and they are totally fed up and they said, we have already wasted 70- years on various political and electoral issues. Briefly speaking when we look at the previous elections which were held in Pakistan since 1950 onward we find that election at different level had been rigged and multiple controversies of various nature through local Biraderies. However, no election in the history of Pakistan cannot be held without the support of these old Biraderies and these Biraderies shows their existence in everywhere specially in Faisalabad Division. That is reality during the election process the head of Biradery send a message to all the members of his biradery to cast their vote in favour of his favourite candidate without any resistance and all the biradery members on his directions cost their votes in his favour. That is not democracy that is called in other word civil dictatorship where the personal liking and disliking have no importance, only you have to obey the orders of your biradery head. In that areas the general impression is that whenever the political government had a chance in the past, due to biraderies influence they are totally failed to gain the interest of general public.

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As far as the fair elections are concerned, in this context it stated that the total election process involves the entire society / Biraderies. When the moral standard of the whole society is on the decline, political forces prunes themselves as a corrupt and the military rulers hijack the country than miracles cannot be expected in the election. There is no doubt that the past elections were rigged very loudly through the posting of favourite administrative officers like Commissioners, Deputy Commissioners, District Police Officers, Polling Officer, Presiding Officer and even at the level of Patwaris. All the above govt. machinery act on the directions of the prominent Biradery head because they were posted on the recommendation of the strong biradery Head and the said biradery demanded from the election result of their own choice. That is called favouritism not democracy and that officers fully supported the cause of the relevant biradery. During the dictatorship tenure they introduced so many changes in the elections system from local bodies to national level and also imposed on them the condition of graduation but with the passage of time they finished all these amendment and easily made themselves eligible for election. In biradery system everyone to obey the order of the biradery head in all respect that’s way they are ruling the biraderies for decades generation to generation.

The said system seems to be totally failed and has been source of disappointment for the common man. There is an urgent need for changing the present situation. There is a need to establish the institutions for providing the letter governance to the general people without any discrimination. The said biradery system is totally failed / collapsed because that system introduced favouritism. There must be proper elections system from grass route level to National level. Nothing will matter however, that is the duty of local people they take initiatives to overturn the current state of things and give vote to their real representatives.

As said by the Founder of the nation Quid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah during his address to the 1st constituent Assembly and gives them directions for the newly created country in these words on 11-08-1947 and declared the country as welfare democratic state. He said every religion have equal rights in that country and they are free to go to Church / tamples, they are free to go to mosques and everybody have the right to select the representative of their own choice. Accordingly to the constitution that is the duty of the state to provide all fundamental rights to their nation even “Roti Kapra and Makan”. Only the democratic / democracy is the last solution of all these difficulties. The majority of that area still lacks the essential amenities even after the 70-years of independence. Because the constitution provide equal Human Rights to every Human being. If you give vote to the

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candidate of your own choice that is understood they will perform according to the desire of the general public. In Faisalabad Division the same position the said system has completely failed to deliver the general public. That is source of total disappointment and despondency to the common man. There is an urgent need for changing the present state of despair in the political and electoral fields in Pakistan. There is a need to establish the national institutions for providing “Good Governance” to the general public. The said system apparently failed to deliver and has in fact set is a game of musical chairs. In Pakistan and especially Faisalabad Division we set up proper workshop and educate the local public so that they have proper scene how to cast their vote to the right people for the betterment of the area. This is particularly urgent in view of the fact that both political and civil societies, for reasons of history and structure, have become thoroughly polarized and violent. Illiteracy is the major factor for that because the only educated persons 1st think to whom cast has vote. If the general people do not take initiatives to overturn the current state of things with many still unspoiled by corruption, greed and acts of violence, there is still space for noble things to come. I concluded after completion of this creative article that when I researched it appeared that there is so much influence of Biraderies politics in the politics of Faislaabad Division even at local bodies level and during the election process their influence is appear very prominent. That biradery politics also influenced with it Biraderism has positive aspect also which cannot be ignored. But the tendency of local and groups is not lucky for a nation instead of national thinking in election. There is no complete stop of negative aspect of Biraderism but there is some suggestion with the use of team that we lessened the interference of Biraderism for the betterment of the society in positive way.

 Through election process regularly and political parties also play their role.  Election tickets should be awarded to the deserving candidates without any Biradery pressure.  The influence of political parties should be at grass route level.  Public representatives have the knowledge / awareness how to serve the people for the general cause.  National and Provincial Elections should be held on party basis even Local Bodies and all tickets should be awarded by the political parties to the deserving persons.

The influence of Biraderies would be less end on the farmers and Local Business Community

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Notes and References

1. J. Denis Derbyshire, Ian Derbyshire, Political Systems of the World, W& R Chambers Ltd, 1989. P, VIII. 2. J. Denis Derbyshire, Ian Derbyshire, Political Systems of the World, W& R Chambers Ltd, 1989. P, 3-4. 3. Frederic Bastiat. Power, Liberty, and the Proper Role of Government. 4. Sharif Al Mujahid, Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah Studies in Interpretation, Quaid-i-Azam Academy. M.A.Jinnah Road, 5, 1981, P. 155. 5. Hans Keman, Government and Politics, vol. I. Encyclopedia of life Support. 6. Hans Keman, Government and Politics, vol. I. Encyclopedia of life Support. 7. Bombay Chronicle, 22 December 1913, quoted in Riaz Ahmad, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: The Formative Years 1892- 1920, Islamabad, 1988, P. 112. 8. Muhammad Umer, ed, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Rare Speeches 1910-1918, Karachi, 1973, P, 95. 9. J.J.Pal, Jinnah and the creation of Pakistan, Sidhuram Publication, 1983, P, 60. 10. Hector Bolitho, Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan, John Murray, 1954, P, 197. 11. Hector Bolitho, Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan, John Murray, 1954, P, 198. 12. Waheed Ahmad (ed), The Nation’s Voice –Speeches and Statements,March1935 1940, Quaid-i-Azam Academy, Karachi, 1996, P, 221. 13. Jamil-ud-Din Ahmad, Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, Vol, II , SH.Muhammad Ashraf, Kashmiri Bazar Lahore, 1976, P, 208-209. 14. Ghulam W. Choudhury, Pakistan Transition from Military to Civilian Rule, Scorpion Publishing Limited, England, 1988, P, 88. 15. Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah’s ‘Gettysburg Address’ in The Jinnah Anthology, compiled & edited by Liaquat H. Merchant &Sharif Al Mujahid, Oxford University Press, 2009, P, 85. 16. Stanley Wolpert, Muhammad Ali Jinnah: One of the Greatest Statesmen of this Century, in The Jinnah Anthology, compiled & edited by Liaquat H. Merchant &Sharif Al Mujahid, Oxford University Press, 2009, P, 2-3. 17. K.J.Newman, Essays on the Constitution of Pakistan, Cooperative Book Society Ltd, Dacca, 1956, PP, XV-XVI. 18. Jamil-ud-Din Ahmad, Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, Vol, II, SH. Muhammad Ashraf, Kashmiri Bazar, Lahore, 1947, P, 463. 19. Bobbio, 2006, P, 133 20. Stanford University, 2006

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21. Sharif Al Mujahid, Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah Studies in Interpretation, Quaid-i-Azam Academy. M.A.Jinnah Road, Karachi 5, 1981, P. 186. 22. Khalid bin Sayeed terms Jinnah ‘an expert on constitutional law’. Pakistan: The Formative Phase, Karachi, Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1967, P, 275. ‘A man of unquestionable constitutional acumen’, Ayesha Jalal, The State of Martial Rule, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989, P, 28. 23. Mushtaq Ahmed, Government and Politics in Pakistan, Pakistan Publishing House, Karachi, 1959, P, 23. 24. Khurshid Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, Statements & Messages of the Quaid-i-Azam, Vol. IV, 1946-1948, Bazm-E-Iqbal, Lahore, P, 2563 25. Hasan A. Sheikh, Quaid-i-Azam as a Democrat in Quaid-i-Azam as seen by his Contemporaries compiled by Jamiluddin Ahmad, Publishers United Ltd. 176, Anarkali, Lahore, 1996, P, 97. 26. Jamil-ud-Din Ahmad, Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, Vol, II, SH. Muhammad Ashraf, Kashmiri Bazar, Lahore, 1947, P, 453. 27. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah- Speeches as Governor- General of Pakistan, 1947-48, Government of Pakistan, PP, 9-10. 28. Jamil-ud-Din Ahmad, Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, Vol, II, SH. Muhammad Ashraf, Kashmiri Bazar, Lahore, 1947, P, 263. 29. Mushtaq Ahmed, Government and Politics in Pakistan, Pakistan Publishing House, Karachi, 1959, P, 90. 30. Jinnah speeches and statements 1947-48, Oxford University Press, 2000, P, 162-63. 31. Almand and Coleman, The Politics of the Developing Areas, Princeton, 1960, P, 572 32. G.W.Choudhury, Pakistan, Transition from Military to Civilian Rule, Scorpion Publishing Ltd, 1988, P, 20. 33. Jinnah Speeches and statements1947-48, Oxford University Press, 2000, P, 112. 34. G.W.Choudhury, Pakistan, Transition from Military to Civilian Rule, Scorpion Publishing Ltd, 1988, P, 221. 35. Jinnah Speeches and statements1947-48, Oxford University Press, 2000, P, 111. 36. Jamil-ud-Din Ahmad, Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, Vol, II, SH. Muhammad Ashraf, Kashmiri Bazar, Lahore, 1947, P, 232-233. 37. Liaquat H.Merchant, Whither Quaid’s Vision, in The Jinnah Anthology, compiled & edited by Liaquat H. Merchant &Sharif Al Mujahid, Oxford University Press, 2009, P, 196.