CENSUS OF INDIA 1961

VOLUME IV BIHAR

PART VII-A-NUMBER I

Craft Survey Report on STONEWARE CRAFT of Patharkatti Village (District Gaya)

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Field Investigation and First Drtift by SAILESHWAR PRASAD SENIOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANT OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA

Editor S. D. PRASAD OF THE INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE SUPERINTENDENT OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, BIHAR 1961 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS, BIHAR

(All the Census Publications of this State will bear Vol. no. IV) Central Government Publications PART I-A(i) General Report (Chapters I to IX)*

PART I-A(ii) General RepOrt (Chapters X to XII)t

PART I-B Report on Vital Statist,jes of Bihar, 1951-60

PART 1-0 Subsidiary Tables.

PAR'{' II-A General Population Tables.

PART II-B(i) Economic• Tables (B-1 to B-IV and B-VII).

T'ART II-B(ii) Ecomonic Tables (B-V, B-VI, B-VIII and B-IX)*

PART II-C Social and Cultural Tables.

]>A:RT II-D Migration Tables*

PART III(i) Household Economic Tables (B-X to B-XIV)*

PART III(ii) Household Economic Tables (B-XV to B-XVII)*

PART IV-A Report on Housing and Establishment,s.

PART IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables*

PART V-A Special Tables for Scheduled Castes and Schedukd Tribfb*

PART V-B Ethnographic Notes on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

PART VI Village Surveys:!: (Monographs on 32 selected villages)

PAR.T VII-A Selected Crafts of Bihar••

PART VII-B Fairs and Festivals of Bihart

PART VIII-A Administration Report on Enumerations* } (Not for ,ale) PART VIII-B Administration Report on Tabulationt

PART IX Census Atlas of Bihar*

PART X Special Migration Tablest Sttte Government Publications 17 Volumes of District Census Handbooks.

*Already printed. t In PresS. t Nos. 1-5 of the SeriES already printed and 6-8 in PreSS. ** No. 1 (present "olume). CONTENTS

PAGE

FOREWORD .. V

PREFACE IX

CHAPTER I Introduction , . 1

CHAPTER II The Artisan 7

CHAPTER III Articles produced: Raw materials, Tools and Equipments 10

CHAPTER IV Production 19

CHAPTER V Storage, Marketing and Transport 23

CHAPTER VI Economics of the Craft 25

CHAPTER VII Institutions connected with the Craft 30

CHAPTER VIII Conclusion 33

PHOTOGRAPHS Between pages 34 and 35

ANNEXURE 3f)

FOREWORD

One of the first, steps to be taken in the First Five-Year Plan was the establishment of six Boards for the promotion of handicraft.s, village and small industries: (I) The Khadi and Village Industries Board; (2) The All-India Handicrafts Board; (3) The All-India Randloom Board; (4) The Central Silk Board; (5) The Coir Board; and (6) The Small Industries Board.

The rapid expansion of the activities of these Boards which concentrated not only on production and techniques, but also on organisation, extension, credit, markctiI:g, and export, consolidated and enlarged the position that the household industries sector had so long enjoyed in the nation's economic life. It was this fact that forced itself upon the preparations for the 1961 Census and demanded that household industry should he separately investigated for a proper accounting of the nation's man power, resources and its specific contribution to the national income. The 1961 Census, therefore, asked a special series of questions on household industry, input of family and hired labour, and the periods over which household industry is conducted. It was felt, however, that an enumeration of the total number of establishments and their industrial classification would be incomplete without a proper description of what they produce and how they produce. It was important to make an assessment of the limits of rigidity within which traditional skill operates. This could be obtained by studying the caste, occupational, social and economic stratifications, the limitations of credit aHd marketing facilities, the dominance of custom over contract, the persistence of traditional tools and design forms, the physical limitations of transport, communication and mobility, the inability to adopt new lines or adapt to changing circumstances. It was important also to make an assessment of the limits of flexibility that traditional skill is capable of, because the trans­ formation of traditional skills to modern skills is ?casier said than done and a thorough study may well reveal that it is perhaps cheaper from the social point of view to develop industrial skills from scratoh than to try to graft traditional skill on alien soil. A rather tragic case of failure to make what would on the face of it seem a minor adjustment cast its heavy shadow on the nation when it was discovered that goldsmiths used to working on 22-carat gold all their lives felt sadly helpless when asked to work on 14-carat, so narrow and un­ adaptable were the limits of their skill and proficiency and so rudimentary the tools and equipment with which they and their forefathers had worked. This fiscal accident revealed that tools are even more important than skills.

An early opportunity was ,the.refore taken in February, 1960 to suggest to State Census Superintendents, that the Census provided a unique opportunity for conducting and documenting a survey of this kind. As such a survey was quite outside the usual terms of reference of Census work it was thought prudent cautiously to feel one's way with the thin end of the wedge of what would, it was hoped, prove to be an exciting pursuit. It was, therefore, consi­ dered the wiser Course to wait until the State Census Offices felt so intercsted that they would no longer take the inquiry as an imposition but rather want to do it on their own and ask for the necessary staff and equipment. This office, too, in its turn, could make use of the interval to organise and elaborate the design of inquiry in order to feed the appetite that work in progress would serve to whet. Because it was a labour of love, sought to be unobtrusively thrust on one's colleagues and because the inquiry itself was so vast that nor­ mally it would demand in any country as big a set-up, if separately established, as the Census organisation itself and that over a much longer period, and because it was almost a pioneer venture, nothing like it having been undertaken since the 1880's it was decided to move to­ wards a build-up by stages, to let the inquiry unfold itself only as fast as my colleagues chose to ask for more.

Thus, in the first circular of 18th February 1960, it was suggested that the inquiry might be conducted through the agency of the D;welopment Department, the State Director of Indus­ tries, the Director of Tribal Welfare, the Registrar of Co-operative Societies, and other organi­ sations concerned with the promotion of household iildustry. A draft questionnaire containing 30 questions in three parts was recommended for canvassing. It was suggested that information vi

0:1 this questionnaire, village by village and area by area, might either be obtained through the regular departmental channels of thA State Government, or through the newly set-up Census organisation, or through the hierarchy of the newly-created Panchayets. Stress was laid on the need of photographic documentation and illustration of designs, shapes and forms not only by photographs but with the help of line drawings or sketches toget,her with a full description of the materials used. Almost the whole of 1960 and the first half of 1961 were spent in organISIng and taking the census count, although several States oven during this period had not allowed the grass to grow under their feet but made exploratory studies and decided in their minds how the inquiry should be organised. A series of regional conferences held in Trivandrum, Darjeeling and Srinagar in May and June, 1961 reveltled much enthusiasm among State Superintendents to proceed with the survey, but the need of separate staff and equipment was felt at the same time as the realisation dawned that this was much too serious an inquiry to be treated casually and left to be achieved through the usua-l administrati ve channels and State Census Superintendents, proc{)eded to augment their staff with qualified research and investigating officers, technical persons, photographers, artists, draughtsmen and other trained personnel.

This was followed by rapid progress in co-ordination between the Central and State Census offices in the matter of exchange and processing of information, documentation and inv{'stiga­ tion, of assisting each other with trained investigators and in editing and finalising drafts, layouts, presentations.

Mention has been made of a questionnaire in three parts and thirty questions. The idea was to make a beginning with empirical, analytical studies based on a structured questionnaire which would replace general descriptive accounts that had obtained so far. The primary aim was to obtain a picture as much of the artisan himself as of his craft, to obtain a perspec­ tive of the artisan and his craft in his social and economic setting, the extent to which tradition bound him and the winds of change ruffled him, the extent of his mobility and immobility, the conditions of market, credit, new contacts and designs in which he operated, the frame of new as well as traditional producer-customer relationships in which he still worked, and how far he was ready ta pierce his own caste-tribe socio-economic cocoon and make a break through to new opportunities promised by the Five-Year Plans. The aim was to hold up the mirror to hereditary skills struggling with the dialectics of tradition and change.

Thus the first part of the questionnaire, purporting to be a 'village schedule, sought to take account of the size and population of the village, its remoteness from or proximity to centres of trade and commerce, in short, the degree of isolation in which the artisan worked, and the relative strengths of various communities in the village which would afford clues to social interdependence and the prevalence of the jajmani system. The second part was devoted to artisan communities in the village: the several castes of artisans, the number of families in each, the total number of workers, males and females, the extent of co-operative activity among them, the extent of dependence upon employers and of wage or contract labour. There were questions 'On the raw materials used, the means of their procurement, the possible extent of dependence on others for raw materials, the extent of the material that artisans can handle within the limits of their skill. There were other questions on the exchange and flow of designs, the use of colours, the ancientness of the craft anworkshop itself and parti­ cularly the tools and the source of supply of these tools, because it was felt that tools decide everything and are the surest index of inertness or flexibility. Separate blocks of questions were designed to bring out the ramifications of artisan castes throughout the country and the ways they sustained themselves, the type of clientele they catered for, the extent to which they operated on money or barter or service, how specialized their craft was, how wide the market, how dependent they were on their socially preordained clientele and how restricted the latter was by the seemingly unalterable laws of social custom; the extent to which they could operate in the open market, the range of their wares and the sizes to which these were ordi­ narily restricted either by the limits of their own skiH or the length of their customers' pursestrings. vii

Inquiries were to be made about the .operation of middlemen and of co-operative societies, the people who gave new designs and demanded new products. Finally the several stages of production of the articles themselves were to be fully described including the final and finishing sta.ge and a list of very skilled craftsmen of each community was to be furnished. The third part was devoted specially to tribal communities and designed to find out how self-sufficient or dependent they were on the production and supply of manufactured. goods, the extent to which they produced themselves or depended on others, their contacts with other communities and the specific forms of production and commerce through which these contacts were maintained. ' Particular emphasis was laid on the need of obtaining as full an account as possible of unique regional design differentiations as they reflect not only the very culture patterns of the country but the persistent inventive faculties of the craftsmen. The importance was emphasised of giving full attention to articles of domestic use as it is in their shapes, designs and forms that the culture patterns and traditional skills persist most tenaciously. Simultaneously with the investigation of specific crafts, State Superintendents proceeded to compile a comprehensive list of all types of handicrafts obtaining in their State. As for the specific crafts to be investigated several tables were devised from the structured questionnaire in order to guide investigators toward pointed observation and analysis, to enable them to write, not just general descriptions but with their eye on the object and on facts. Investigations conducted between September,1961 and May, 1962, including a study group of all States and the Social Studies Division in December,1961 at Delhi, stimulated many of the States into going in for a much enlarged schedule. The revised village schedule itself, the counterpart of the first part of the February, 1960 schedule, contained 19. large sections con­ taining elaborate and probing questions. The Family Schedule for practising artisan families similarly contained 19 main questions each subdivided into many questions. The Family Schedule for non-practising artisan families contained 21 questions. There were schedules for the study of co-operative societies, of production-cu1n-training centres, and of consumer's preference. This enlarged schedulf~ of investigation, in the formulation of which the States them­ selves actively assisted, was greatly welcomed. The surveys that will appear in this series will therefore, consist of two main types: (a) those based on the original short schedule and (b) those based on the much enlarged schedule. In some cases Census Superintendents felt enthused enough to scrap the work based on the original short schedule and do it over again on the enlarged schedule. In the meantime much experience was gained on the analysis of facts and figures to clothe each observation with plenty of authentic information so that the reader could make his own judgement instead of being expected to see all the time through another pair of eyes. This programme of survey of handicrafts and household industries has been fortified by several ancillary surveys, each one of which would deserve major attention. Along with the survey a compilation has been made of all handicraft centres in each State and an inventory prepared of skilled craftsmen. Photographic and other documentation has been built up to constitute what may now be regarded as the most considerable repository in the country. Elaborate and accupate maps of craft centres in taluks, tehsi1s and distl'icts are either ready or under preparation. A full census of all fairs and festivals, weekly hats and markets, through out India, has been taken and is being published for the first time. Andhra Pradesh has embarked upon a project of chronicling and social and religious antiquity and uniqueness of every fair and festival. A separate volume will be devoted to each district which promises to be of the utmost value to sociologist and orientalists. A full and complete inventory, replete with sketches and measurements of every object, has been preparl:'d of exhibits in museums of tribal crafts in India. There has been a fairly satisfactory survey of houses and buildings, indigenous architectural designs and use of local building material of the whole coun­ try. All this has been entirely a labour of love, patiently organised and executed under great strain and in disregard of health and comfort, for which I ta.ke this opportunity of expressing my appreciation and grateful thanks to my colleagues.

NEW DELHI: ASOK MITR.A, July 30,1964 Registrar General, India Period of field survey; April, 1965

Photographs : Shri Shyamlanand PREFACE

This 1~S the first of a series of reports on selected handicrafts of the State. It covers the mxnufacture of various stoneware articlss in Patharkatti village of Gaya district. This is the only place in the State wh'!re thp- stoMw:xre craft is developed to the. extent of the products having an all-India· market.

The field investigation was done by Shri Saileshwar Prasad, then Senior Techn/cal Assistant in the Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi. The Family Schedule 'used for the study is given in the Annexure to the Report. Shri Prasad also prepared the first draft. I am grateful to Dr. B. K. Roy Bnrman, Officer on Special Duty (Social Studies and Handicrafts), Office of thl?- Registrar Genr,ral, India, for having spared the services of Shri Prasad for conducting the first survey in the present series.

The first draft was subsequently revtsed by Shri R. N. Misra, Deputy Superintendent of GenSU8 Operations.

I am grateful to Shri Shyamlan'hnd for most of the photographs appearing in this volume.

I PA'l'NA: S. D. PRASAD

March II, 1968 Superintendent oj Oensus 0 perationsl Bihar

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% CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

General Katari seems to have been derived from the word lcattar which moans conservativo or Magnificent monuments in stono wore execut­ resolute. It was stated that during the move­ ed in Bihar as far back as in tho first century ment of 1857, the inhabitants of the village B.C., and even earlior. Exquil::ito specimens of waged war with the Muslims of Neyamatpur both indigenous and official or court art are and other adjoining areaS. Their valour and available from the Mauryan period. But when steadfastness won them the tribute of kattar the Maharashtrian Princess Ahalya Bai sought whence the village came to be known as Katari. . to renovate tho sacred Vishnupad Hindu temple at Gaya in tho eighteenth century A.D. skilled Patharkatti lies on tho Gaya-Islampur katcha artisans wore not available locally and crafts­ road about 20 milos north-east of Gaya. There men had to be brought from as far away as is a 14-mile pucca road from Gaya to Khizir­ Rajasthan. Some of these craftsmen stayod sarai from whero Taunsa (on the Gaya-Islampur back and settled near tho stone quarrIes about road) is only 4 miles and Patharkatti another 20 milomanufactUrIng mostly utilitarian headquarters at Atri by the katcha road via stoneware articles for thoir rural clientele. But Taunsa from which it i 3 about 2 miles east or the economic fluctuations in the nineteen forties a total of 7 miles from Patharkatti. Since the almost drove them back to their original homes. katcha road is difficult to negotiate during the However, substantial assistance from a benign rains, Patharkatti remains virtually cut off in administration put them on their feet once this season from Khizirserai and Gaya 011 tho again. Now they produce fine stone images one hand and Atri on tho other. Tho journey with a countrywide market. This monograph has to be undertaken on foot in kneo-deep, depicts the story of the stoneware manufacturers and at places eVen thigh-deep, muddy water. of Patharkatti village. In regard to rail communications, tho nearest Location railwaystatiJnis Islampur, situated at a distance of 11 miles to the north in Patna district. In the northern border of Gaya district lies Islampur is a terminus station on the Fatwah­ a hillock, known as Patharkatti, from which Islampur branch line of tho Eastern Railway. stone suitable for carVing by hand is quarrbd. However, since the residents of Patharkatti The hillock lies in the reVenue mau~a K'1tari have strong social and economic ties with Gaya (thana no. 180) in Atri anchal of Gaya district. city, the rail-head in that cic.y is mostly The revenue mauza contains three hamlets­ utilised for travel. Gaya Junction Railway the original Katari, the more recent Pathar­ Station lies on the Grand Chord section of tho katti (the name being derived from the hil­ Eastern Railway with a branch line going to lock), .. nd the isolated settlement of Jharha. Patna. The village is popularly known as Katari­ The association of the stoneware craftsmen Patharkattl. of Patharkatti with Gaya city is important Towards the east of Patharkatti lie villages enough to deserve more than a passing refer­ Deay and Khukhari. Neyamatpur is situated ence even in the introductory chapter. It has to the south and Kosaila to the west. On the been observed that the craftsmen of Pathar­ north lies village Bihta in Islampur anchal of katti are the descendant s of the immigrant Patna di;~trICt. ,The river Paimar flows ill a craftsmon from Rajasthan who renovated th~ north-easterly direction and passes near the Vishnupad temple. Not all of the immigrant fringe of Khukhari village about two and a falllilios, however, came to Patharkatti. Doscen­ half miles south-east of Patharkatti. The Block dants of those who remained in Gaya city are headquarters at Atri is situated to the south related to the Patharkatti craftsmen; and of the river which has to be crossed to reach secondly, they are also mostly engaged in the Atd from Patharkatti. .stoneware industry either as manufacturers or The name Patharkatti(pathar=stone; katti= sales workers. Thirdly, the Marketing Co­ cutting), given both to the hillock and the operative Soci})ty of the craftsmen is located hamlet, is functional and indicates its associa­ at Gaya. And finally, as an important pilgrim tion with the stoneware industry. centre and the administrative headquarters of 2 PATHARKATTI the district, Gaya providos the main marketing it. Table I gives tho c:)'stowi:;o di:;tdbutioll outlet for the stoneware articles produced at of the village populat:on by hamlet: Pa,tharkatti. The association of the villagers with Gaya city is strong and abiding, and has TABLE I persistently grown in the past 170 years or so Castewise and hamletwise distribution of population during which the craftsmen have beon liv:~ng in tha district. There are regular bus serVICes ,-______PopulationA ______in ...... Name of the Total from Khizirsarai to Gaya. caste Katari Pathar- Jharha katti Topography and physical environment 1 2 3 4 5 The settlements of Patharkatti are situated on plain land at the foot of the hill known 'as I. Bhumihar 250 250 Patharkatti Pahar. The lands in the plain are 2. Bhuiya 154 154 comprised of kewal soil suitable for the cultiva­ tion of paddy and rabi crops. But the monsoon 3. Ahir 6 24 121 151 rains are still the only source of water for agriculture. No other facility for irrigation 4. Koeri 150 150 exists. Hence, cash crops like sugarcane are 5. Gallf Brahmin 141 not grown in any appreciable extent. The 141 Koeris of the village, however, grow vegetables 6. Pasi 50 50 101) such as potato, tomato, brinjal, cauliflower, cabbage, onion, etc. The village has a number 7. Chamar 70 2 72 of Sahjan trees, the edible flowers and fruit of 8. Dhabi 51) 50 which, besides being consumed by the villagers, are also marketed. A bi-weekly market is held 9. Nau 22 16 38 in the nearby village of Bahorama on overy 10. Rajput 20 20 Wednesday and Saturday caters to tho usual needs of the villagers. It was reported that 11. Teli 20 20 prior to 1947, a larga market used to be held in 12. Dusadh 13 5 18 Patharkatti itself in which not only articles of daily consumption (such as grains, vegetables 13. Sonar 18 18 and oils) but eVen cattle Were sold. But after 14. Barhi 10 10 the Hindu-Muslim riots in 1948 in the wake of independence, the market at Patharkatti ceased 15. Kahar 8 8 to function as many of tho Muslim traders 16, Bania 7 7 left the area. The market at Bahorama, about ono and a half mile south-east of Patharkatti, 17. Halwai 4 4 began to function in 1052. 18. Tamoli 4 4 Settlement pattern 19. Brahmin 4 4 20. Kumhar 4 4 Village Katari-Patharkatti can be divided into three main divisions, comprising the three 21. Kayastha 3 3 hamlets. Th0 oldest village settlement is a,t Total 65,0 451 125 1,226 Katari. Patharkatti constitutes a more recent settlement, and finally there is the isolated It is so:m that Katari it? tho most populous settlement at Jharha. The settlements at Pathar­ hamlet comprising 53 pOl' cant of the villago katti are situated on the road running from population. Patharkatti contains a little over Taunsa to Sarvahda, while those at Katari are one-third of the population (36.8 per cont), about half a mile to the north of Patharkatti.· whilo Jharha is the smallost with only 10.:! Jharha is situatod to the south-west of Pathar­ per cent of th9 total population of tho village. katti village on the other side of Patharkatti Pahar. While the houses in Katari hamlet The Bhumihars aro the most numorous are congested, the sottlom_(;lnt pattern in community in the village but they are COll­ Patharkatti and Jharha is rath~r open. fined entiroly to one hamlet, Katari. Besidos, mombors of tho followmg castes aro also found Katari-Patharkatti is a multi-ethnic village only in Kabari hamlet: Kaeri, Dhabi, SOllq,r, _ with as many as 21 different castes residing in Barhi, Kahar and Kayastha. Thus, 7 out 'of INTRODUCTION 3 .,=---,-"""------., DISTRtBuriON OF POPULATION BY CASTE IN DIFFERENT HAtvlLETS

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LIVING 1"1 KATARI rn liVING IN PATHAI\KATTI [ZSJ LIVING IN JHARHA 4 PATHARKATTI

the 21 castes in the villago are residents of exist all round the village. Human bones ha-ve Katari only. been discovered at the time of digging wells. In a specific instance, .when the Basic School Similarly, 8 castcs are found exclusively in building was being constructed and its founda­ Patharkatti. They are, in order of population, tie>u was being laid, various articles like tiles, Bhuiya, Gaur Brahmin, Rajput, Teli, Bania, broken earthen utensils and some .precious Hq,lwai, Tamoli and Brahmi.n. This hamlet con­ stones were also found indicating th at at some· tains all the Gaur Brahmin families who aro remote point of time the area was inhabited artisans in stonewaro. In addition to the 8 by a people who used these aFticles. Near the castes noted above, members of the Ahir, khadan (quarry) of Dalel and Parajit there are Chamar, Nau, Dusadh and Pasi castes are also some remains which indicate the existence of found in Patharkatti. a Ma~jid (mosque) and Dargan (grave) in the past. Jharha, the least populous hamlet, contains mostly Ahirs (121 persons) and some Kumhars According to the Gaur Brahmins of the (4 persons). . village, the quarries in Pathal'katti Pahar had been worked even before their ancestors came In the villa_ge as a whole the Gaur Brah­ to the place from J aipur and they had only mins occupy the fifth pDsition in order of to rework the then existing quarries. This seems population but in Patharkatti hamlet they are to indicate that even before the eighteenth second only to the Bhuiyas. It is pertinent to century, people known as sang-tarash (stone­ observe that although Patharkatti contains a cutters) lived in the village. The term sang- , predominant Bhuiya population, their houses tarash continues to be prevalent even now. are situated in clusters separate and distinct from those of the Gaur Brahmins. The village was urider the Maharaja of Tekari when the Gaur Brahmins came to settle In the social hierarchy, as prevalent in the in it. However, many other villages in the locality, the Gaur Brahmins along with the region were under Muslim zamindars. Muslim other Brahmins (who are priests and servants influence in the locality is indicated by the of the village temple) occupy the highest posi­ fact that there are a number of villages in the tion. They are followed by the Bhumihars, the neighbourhood of Pathal'katti with distinctly Rajputs and the Kayasthas who rank as equals Muslim names, e.g., Neyamatpul', Khizirsarai, ~:nter se. In the next slab of social hierarchy and Islampur. rank the Sonars, the Kahal's, the Nau, the Koeris, the Barhis, the Ahirs, the Telis, the According to historical and archaeological Halwais, the Tamolis and the Banias. The evidence, the art of sculpture was widely prac­ scheduled castes in the village occupy the tised in the area during the Pala pill'iod (sth- lowest rung of the social ladder. They are 9th centuries A.D.). It is quite possible that represented in the village by the Bhuiya, Dhobi, the khadans of Patharkatti were worked even Chamar, Dusadh and Pasi castes who together in those remote times. The earlier craftsmen comprise almost a third (32.13 per cent) of the suffered a set-back during the Muslim rule total village population. . when the craft practically died ouf until its revival by Ahalya Bai. The GaUl' Brahmins are respected by all the other communities and are given feasts on Of the castes residing in the village at the occasion of birth, marriage and death present, the Gaur Brahmins settled at the time a.mong the upper caste Hindus. They 11.1'0 of the construction of the Vishnupad temple strictly vegetarian while the other castes in the at Gaya in the eud of the 18th century. village are all non-vegetarian. The Gaur Brah­ The Bhumihar, Kceri, Rajput, Ahir, Nau and mins do not accept kataha meals (that is, Kayastha castes settled more or less at the grains cooked in water as distinct from fried same time. The Pasi, Dusadh, Sonar, Chamar food) at the house of members of any other and Kahar castes were later settlers. caste. Settlement history The Bhnmihars have come froUl village Bajra in Nawada subdivision of Gaya district According to the villagers, the area was while the Koeris have come from village KenaI'. inhabited by Muslims about 500 years ago. These two castes are among the oldest to have This belief arises from certain local observa­ settled in the village. The Koeris stated that tions. Thus, it has been found that old graves they immigrated to this village because they INTRODUCTION 5

were oppressed by the Muslims in their original crection of the fine temples and the beautiful village. They came along with the Bhumihars images in the remote past. In any case, so far and some other castes. as they are aware, stone-craft had disappeared from the locality towards the beginning of the The Pasis of Patharkatti reported having 18th century when their ancestors had to be come to the village only about 20 years ago ind ucted from Raj asthan. from the nearby village of Taunsa. The Bhuiyas settled about fifty years earlier when one Right from the time of thf'ir settlement, the family came. The number of Bhuiyas has in­ Gaur Brahmins of Patharkatti catered to the creased greatly in the last twenty years be­ demands of the local populace and outside cause all the married daughters among them pilgrims to Gaya for utilitarian articles like have also begun to live with their parents. stone utensils (e.g., plates, bowls, tumblers. The Halwai family is living in the village for cups and dishes). They also manufactured ritual the last three generations, having come fvom objects 8uch as images of the five rleiti~s com­ village Teleharganj in Ghosi police station. prising the Pancha Devatas. It was only after the The Banias came from Banwariganj near Second World War that some diversification Neyamatpur. The Telis originally lived at village took place in the pattern of their produce. Ratna from where they migrated to Banwari­ This resultf'd from a demand for kharals and ganj and, finally, to Pathalkatti where they kundis, both from Ayurvedic and medical ins­ have a shop. The Dusadhs have come from titutions as well as from the general public. village Deay (near Bahorma hazar) about However, the period also coincided with the twenty years earlier. The Tamolis also came gradual cessation of the manufacture of stone recently from village Kochara in Islampur utensils. police station of Patna district. In 1947-48 there was a big slump in the Brief history of development of the stoneware craft market for stonewares. The prices offered by the stockists and salesmen at Gaya, also The association of stone with the progress members of the Gaur Brahmin caste, were so of human civilization as typified by the Stone low that even the cost of production could Age in ancient times hardly needs any hardly be met. Moreover, the scope for market­ reiteration. It was, however, only in the Mauryan ing their articles was virtually restricted to era in India that magnificent m0numents came products like kharal, kund£ and Mahadeo. to be executed in stone. The monolithic pillars Naturally, the condition of the craftsmen de­ (shail stambha) consisting of taU shafts crowned teriorated considerably in 1948 and a few by capitals supporting some animal figures persons even left for their original homes near came into vogue in that peFiod. The Yaksha -J aipur, as they saw little scope for sustenance statue found at Patna (now preserved in the in the locality. At one stage, the artisans of Calcutta Museum) are fine specimens of in­ Patharkatti were so badly off that they had digenous Mauryan art. These and other sculp­ to request the district authorities at Gaya for tures are mostly made of buff coloured sand­ monetary help at least to enable them to stone of the Chunar quarries. return to J aipur. The district authorities were, The progress of sculpture synchronised with however, sympathetic and assured them of the emergence of image worship in the Ghaityas requisite aid in the rehabilitation of their which soon became very popular. Various stone industry. They even sanctioned the grant of 32 images found at Nalanda and Bodh Gaya un­ maunds of wheat for meeting their immediate doubtedly take the history of stone-craft in requirements. Bihar to the beginning of the Christian era. Shri J. C. Mathur,- LCB., the then District Apparently, th6re is no connection between the Officer of Gaya, was attracted by the possibilities evidence of image worship in the Indus Valley of this craft and saw the need for rehabilitat­ Civilization and the development of stolle~craft ing it. He contacted Shri Upelldra Maharathi, in Eastern India. a well-known artist and now Deputy Director According to the village craftsmen, the stone of Industries (Handicraft), Government of Bihar, used in the construction of the Bodh Gaya for technical advice and help. The District temple as also in the images in that temple Officer and Shri Maharathi camped in Pathar­ and in Nalanda is very ElimiIar to the kind of katti village, studied the problems, and then stone found in Patharkatti. It is, therefore, drew up a scheme for easy availability of the contended by them that the arti1':ans of this stone, and various kinds of help in designing locality must have contributed largely to the and marketing the products. 6 PATHARKATTI

A co-operative society of the stone-crafts­ highor margin of profit. TI,lese differences lod men was formed in t,he year 1952. It began to to tho sotting up of another o:)-operative function effectively from 1954. Christ,ened as s }cioty known as the Hansdeo Pnshan Kalaka r the Pashan Kalakar Sahayog Samiti, the co­ Fund, with its office-bearers belonging mainly operative society made rapid progress and to four families closely related to each other. earned good profits during the first seven years In these circumstances, a conflict of interests of its existence. It went a long way towards bet,vean the mombers of tho two oo-ope1'11,1,ive improving the economic condition of the Path ar­ societies has naturally grown and is jeopardis­ katti craftsm'm. In the meanwhile, the Depart­ ing the larger interests of the industry. ment of Industries, Government of Bihar, also showed some initiative and started a tuitional The Hansdeo Pashan Kalakar Fund Was class in stoneware at Patharkatti, with Sri E. founded from tho savings of the momber­ Duncan as the Instructor. Guided by the Ins­ familios. This provides the wOTking capierJ for titute of Industrial Designs, Bihar, which pro­ trade in stoneware articles without the ~Sf:; f·­ vided new designs, the art of image-making tance of th~ Pashan K'dakar Co-operative was developed among the Patharkatti crafts­ Society, whose members channeled their sales men by the tuitional class to include the through the traders at Gaya. It appears that manufacture of images of Buddha, Lakshmi, the traders of Gaya wore Lugo1y rosponsible for Surya, Saraswati and Shiva. Among other kinds sowing the seeds of dissension among the of images introduced were replicas of ancient members of the old oJ-oporative society. Thus, models such as a woman with a parrot or a they sbarted giving loans and advances to the mirror in one hand. Moreover, the manufacture craftsmen indiscriminately for meeting theIr of a1!tistical1y designed utilitarian objects like eXpenses during illness, marriage and other ash-trays, paper weights, fruit-salad cups and social rites. The co-operative s)ciety 'vas not flower vases was also introduced. in a position to emulate the grant of such facilities. Again, the traders of Gaya offered An important achievement of the Pashan better prices for the articles produced than Kalakar Sahayog Samiti was the fixation of those at whieh the articles were to be supplied their own rates for the various articles so as to the oJ-operatIve s)ciety. As the traders to provide an adequate ma1!gin of profit for starbed coming themselves to tho village to the craftsmen. The articles were chiefly sold purchase the articles, ho cost was entailed in through retailers at Gaya. The products were transportation. The channel of sale created by also supplied directly to other parts of the the c:)-operative sJcieby came in conflict 'rLh country such as Calcutta, Deoghar, Ali garh, the interests of traders at Gaya. They natural­ Varanasi, Allahabad, Lucknow, Hardwar and ly reaeted by offering inducements to tho Madras. The oo-operative s::Jciety set up a Rhop artisans so as to mako the cJ-operative s:)ciety at Panch Mahala in Gaya oity for ro~ail sale less ineffective. In the net result, as admitted of stoneware articles. Sri Bhagwan DJ,s Gaur by tho craftsmon themsolvos, their conclition at was the President of the co-operatiVe s)ciety, the time of the survey had worsened con­ and much of the initial success WaS due to Eiderably in comparison to their rolative pros­ his active interest and dedicated work. His perity in H)ri!)-60 when the co-operative s:)ciety brother, who managed the retail shop in Gaya functioned with cohesion and purpose. city, waS equally industrious. Notwithstanding thoir difforences in the It is unfortunate that the co-operative approach to thoie ec:momic problems, the Gaur society has ceased to function smoothly since Brahmin artisans of the 'illage are securely 1961 owing to differences among its members. bound together with social ties. It was C011- One caUSe of friction was the allegation that tended by them almost una1 imously that if while the ordinary members had to supply more liberal State aid ,vere provided in the their finished products to the co-optlrativo shape of adeqLfato supply of raw materials and society at low rates, the influential members requisite finance, the stoneware craft of Pathar~ and office-bearers of tho society sold their katti could still develop to its full stature and articles directly to tho traders at relatively evon reach hitherto unattained heights. CHAPTER II

THE ARTISANS

The artisan caste their wives and unmarried children. One joint family consists of husband, wife and unmarl'ied The artisan families ongnged in the stone­ children along with a maFried daughter wa,re craft arc confi~[-)d to the G:1Ur Rrahmins (though the latter was found to have come to of Pathl1rkatti hamlet. The name of the her parent's house only for a short visit). caste is derived from Gaur (in West Bengal) which w.'],s their origirral home. They migrated In addition to· the 17 simple and 8 joint tn Rajasthan duo to Oppl'i1ssion by the Muslims. families as described above, there are 2 other They came to Cava some time towards the families. Oae consists of husband and wife end of tho 18th ~entury when their patron, with llnmarried childron 'and a widower son , J\hharani Ahalya Bai of Indore, requisitioned while the other is a uni-member family. thcil' services for the renovation of the Vishnu­ It is apparent that while simple or nuclear pad Temple at Gaya. type of family constitutes the dominant form, The origin of Brahmins (irrespective of yet the proportion of joint families is also i:;ubdivjs;ons~ among them) is associated with significantly high. L0rd Brahm))" the creating deity in the Hindu There is only one case in the village in trilogy. The Brahmins are said to have which a Gaur Bra.hmin has two living wives. cmanfLted f!'Om L0rd Brahma's mouth. Thus The s2cond marriage took place as the first with thoir knowledge of the Vedas, they wife was barren. Unfortunately, the second became tho most learned among the wife had also not produced any children. castes. Th y workrd mostly as priests. Workers They were accorded the highest position in tho social hiern,rchy of the Hindu because of Each of the 27 families of Gaur Brahmins their learning as well as their origin from the is dependent on stano-craft. According to the mouth of - Lord Brahma. The remaining scxwise hreak-up of the community, there castes are said to have emanated from other are 69 males and 72 fe'l1ales. It is, of course, baBel' parts of Lord Brahma's body. only the adult males who are actively engaged in practising craft Nonetheless, the adult Family structure females are also associated to some extent. Their services are particularly useful for The 141 Gaur Brahmins of Patharkatti polishing the products. are comrlrisccl of 27 families. Of them, 17 are Ai', for thE' actual numb or of persons engaged simple, 8 joint and 2 of o~her tyP{;s. in the craft, there are 39 adult males assisted Amm~g tho 17 simplo families, 9 are by 42 adult females. The classification is nuclear, consisting of hnsb[tnd, wife and based on evaluation hy the villagers themselves. unmarried children. There aro 3 incomplete According to them, persons aged 15 or more families, incomplete because of the absence of are considered to be adults. It may be noted children. Among them, the head oftlu' family that a boy agpd about 14 years had already in one case has two living wives but both begun working in the industry and had i::;·'lnolesR. There are 3 nuclear families with learnt to make articles requiring less skill, e.g., dependents, tho 13,ttcr compnsmg widowed khalbatti and Mahadeo. mothers in two cases, and a widow;~d mother with an unmarried brother in the third case. Production units and workshops Two families are broken due to the death of hus1 )a,nd in each caso, the family consisting EVE'ry practising artisan family of Gaur of the widow mother and her unmarried childron. Brahmins in Patharkatti hasits own independent Among the 8 joint families, I) aro made up house. The workshop, in most cases, is of hnsb::md, wife and unmarried children along connected with the main house. The houses with married SOIL his wife and his children, aro constructed so as to face the main road thus constituting vertical joint families. One or lano and the workshop is located in front other vertical joint family has, in addition, of the house, mostly on the verandah enclosed a lhp::ndent widow sister. One joint family is on three sides. In addition to these cottage horizolltal, comprising two married brothers, workRhops, located in the houses of the artisan 8 PATHARKATTI families, theFe are 51 common work- Training of artisans 8~OPS wher~ the pra9tising male artisans of different fa.mIli~s work jointly for manufacturing Institutionalised training in the stoneware stone:ware artIcles. However, the artisans craft commenced being imparted to the artisans working together in such workshops are generally only in 1955 through the Patharkatti Stoneware closely related to each other or are fast friends. Tuitional Class, which was established The ~nvn~rs of such workshops and the artisans by the Department of Industries, Government worklng III them are indicated below: of Bihar. Prior to the setting up of this training centre, there was no f'uch facility available to the artisans of the village. Name of owner of work­ Name and relation­ Earlier, the institution' responsible for shop ship of practis­ imparting training to the younger folk ing artisan other was inevitably the family itself. Thus, than the owner according to Bhagwan Das Gaur, "The skill in stoneware craft has been acquired and inherited by me from my father. But now­ 1. Dhanna Lal Gaur (I) Son of Dhanna a-days the faoility for receiving training is Lal Gaur available to the younger people through the (2) Nand Lal Gaur training school that has been set up in the (sister's son). village". Formerly, and to a certain extent 2. Dhanna 1.301 Gaur Madhava Lal Gaur even at the present time, the younger male (junior). (unrelated). members of the family used to sit by the side of their father and gain a certain amount of 3. 'Iulsi Ram Gaur Three married sons insight into the various processes of manufac­ of Tulsi Ram Gaur. tUre of stoneware articles and gradually piok up the various phases entailed in produotion. Thus, craft·skill could be transmitted from 4. Sibarath Gaur (I) Ram Nath Gaur (brother). father to son and so on from generation to generation. This fact was clearly brought out (2) Moti La] Gaur during the present investigation in the village. (unrelated). Thus, it was found that a 12-year old son of Ohhota Hiralal Gaur was making a Mahadeo. (3) Chhotu Lal Gaur He was being guided by his elder brother who (unrelated). demonstrated to him the process whereby first the circular form of the at"gha was pre­ 5. Bhagwan Das Gaur Hira Lal Gaur pared with the help of a divider (known as (brother). parkal). Similarly, the son of Narayan Gaur (a student of the local Basic School) was also In the workshop of Dhanna Lal Gaur found making a small kharal, sitting by the (junior), Madhava Lal Gaur has been allowed side of his father who gave suitable directions. to work as the latter's house does not have a verandah big enough for a workshop. While the importance of the family as the primary institution for imparting training There are only 3 bhattis (bellows) for use in the production of simple artioles such by all the artisan families of the village. The as the kharal, kundi and M:J.hadeo is indubitable, bellows are located in the individual workshops it is the establishment of the tuitional class of the following persons: that hitS added neW dimensions to the range of articles produced. The manufacture of (1) Tulsi Ram Gaur, artistic stone images has been introduced by (2) Chhotu Lal Gaur, and the tuitional class and such of the practising (3) Hari Prasad Gaur. artisans as are now adept in this art owe their proficiency to the training received in Two of the above workshops are, located this institution. at the extreme ends of the settlement, and The master craftsmen of the yillage who one is in the middle. There is no restriction manufacture exquisitely carved Images are in regard to use of the bellows. A person Gobindlal Gaur, Ramniwas Gaur and Ramnarain desiring to sharpen his tools is free to use any Gaur. The images of the Hindu deiti-es of of the bellows though, naturally, he prefers Shiva, Saraswati, Nataraj, Ganesh and of Lord the one situated close to his workshop. Buddha are manufactured by them. Indeed, THE ARTISANS an image of Nataraj made by Gobindlal Gaur at the tuitional cl~ss and those who had received secured a prize some time baok. The de~;igns only family training. In a specific case, IIiralal for the images are supplied by the Institute Gaur (an elderly artisan) learnt the prooess of of Industrial Designs, Bihar, Patna. manufacturing images of the Pancha Devatas from his father. Again, while Chhotu Lal Gaur learnt While the manufaoture of images as listed to carve images during childhood from his father, above could make headway only as a result his skill was further improved when he attended of the imparting of specialised training, the the tuitional class and acquired profioienoy manufaoture of stone images was not entirely in making images of deities other than the an unknown art even before the setting up of Pancha Devatas. the tuitional class. It was stated that the craftsmen were aaquainted with the process of Irrespective of the training imparted in the manufacture of images even earlier, and could tuitional class or at home, boys initiated into manufacture images of the Pancha Devatas, viz., the craft are first trained to make a dia (oil· Mahadeo (Shivalinga), Ganesh, Parvati, Nandi lamp), then small kharals, and then Mahadeos. (bull), and Kirtmurta, in conformity with It is only after the trainees have set their traditional designs. It was observed in the hand on less complicated work such as these village that images of the Pancha Devatas were that they are considered fit for further training being manufactured both by persons trained for the manufacture of images. CHAPTER III ARTICLES PRODUCED RAW MATERIALS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

Articles produced The malia is a small stone bowl with a circular mouth. It is used for keeping oil, The different kinds of stoneware articles whence the name. M alias are usually 3 produced by the artisans of Patharkatti may inches in diameter. be classified under three broad heads, according to their functions, viz., (i) utilitarian, Ritual objects (ii) ritual, and (iii) decorative-cum- ritual.

Utilitarian objects The ritual objects produced by tho artisans are comprised of stone images of various deities of the Hindu pantheon and of Lord It was reported in the village that before Buddha. the Second World War, there used to be consi­ derable demand for utilitarian objects like plate, cup, dish, bowl, tumbler, kharal andkundi. As observed earlier, the manufacture of But the craftsmen now produce only kharal, Pancha Devatas in the village is continuing kundi and malia of various sizes. The manufac­ since generations. It used to be practised ture of plate, dish, cups, bowls and tumblers has till the period prior to the Second W orId been given up since the kind of stone from War. The manufacture of images of the Pancha which these used to be manufaotured can Devatas was not initiated by the tuitional be procured only with much labour. The total class set up subsequently. The Pancha Devatas cost of production of such articles, therefore, consist of the following: uecomes so high that they cannot compete with similar articles produced elsewhere, (i) Mahadeo (in the form of Shivalinga); particularly in the district of Singhbhum near Ghatshila. (ii) Nandi (also known as Basak the bull used for transport by Lord Among the utilitarian articles produced,' Shiva); the kharal is an oblong boat-shaped vessel used for mixing and grinding different artioles, particularly by medical praotitioners, chemists (iii) Goddess Parvati, the consort of Lord and druggists, for preparation of indigenous Shiva; medicines. The kharal' is also used by house­ wives for mixing medicinal herbs with honey. (iv) Ganesh, the elephant-headed .son of The articles to be mixed, ground or made into Lord Shiva; and a paste are placed in the kharal and pounded with a lorhi (pestle). The kharal and lorhi (v) Kirtmurta (also known as Kartikeya; are also used for grinding dry spioes and the elder son of Lord Shiva). condiments. The kharal finds another use as a bowl for storing such liquid preparations as are spoilt if kept in metallic containers. It is usual f~r most Hindu temples in villages Another popular use of the kharal is for to have images of the Pancha Devatas installed grinding bhang (hemp), the green leaves being in them. Thus, they are in much demand. The made into a paste and consumed with water as images of the Pancha Devatas manufactured an intoxicating beverage. in the village vary from 5 inches to 12 inches in height. The size of kharals produced by the crafts­ men varies from 3 inches to 24 inches. While The use of the images of the Pancka De,vatas the kharal is oblong or pot shape, the kundi is strictly restricted to ritual purposes. is a circular stone bowl used for the same On specific demand, that is, if orders are purpose as the khaml. The size of the kundi specifically placed for them, images of Goddess manufactured in the village varies from 5 Kali and Lord Krishna are also manufactured, inches to 12 inches. . again for exclusively ritual purposes. AR'IJ'ICLES PRODUCED : RAW M.ATERIALS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS 11

Decorati ve-cum- ritual 0 bj ects itself, there is a small temple with all the five deities. While the Shivalinga is in Under this classification al'e the s~o~e the centre of the temple, the images of Parvati, images of better workmanship and greater artlstlc Ganesh, Nandi and Kirtmurta are at its four effect. Such images are usually <:>f Goddess corners. The manufacture of images of the Saraswati, Lord Shiva (in the personlfied form), Pancha Devata8, therefore, usually takes place Surya (tho Sun God) and L0rd Buddha. in the months of Magh-Phalgun (January­ Although such images may be used al~o. for March) and. 111 Jeth-A8win (May-October). ritualistic purposes, they are valu~d as obJe?ts However, the Shivalinga (which is called of art and widely used for adOl'lllg drawlllg Mahadeo by the artisans) is manufactured rooms as decorative pieces. throughout the year as the demand for it does not reflect any periodical spurt. Stone images of Lord Buddha have a parti­ cularly large market. These are venerated The manufacture of images of Kali and worshipped by the Buddhists of whom many and Krishna was found to have been visib the sacred Bodh Gaya temple, not far undortaken by some artisans at the time of from Gaya city. The intern~tional gathering the survey. The image of Lorc~ Krishna on the occasion of the celebratIOn of the 2,OOOth usually finds a market On the occasion of the anniversary of attainment of Nirvana by J anma8htami festival commemorating his birth L:)fd Buddha (celebrated in 1956) constituted -held in the month of Bhado (July-August), one of the factors resulting in greater demand and that of Kali during the Kali Puja festival for such images. Although Lord. Buddha in the month of Kartik lOctobor-November). holds an esteemed pOSItion in the Hindu Designs of the articles religion as well, his images are seldom worship­ A description of the designs used for the ped in Hindu temples. Nonetheless, the manufacture of different articles is givon below. images of Lord Buddha are kept as show­ They are discussed separately for each kind pieces in many homes. of article: The images of Lord Shiva, Surya and Saraswati are also used largely as decorative 1. Kharal (mortar)-There are two main pieces. But the demand for these is small designs used for kharal8. The first design, which is the more common and used by most compared to that for the images of Lord of the artisan famllie s, lS called ki8htinuma. Buddha. This, as tho name itself implies, is a del'ign The images of Lord Shiva, Saraswati, and which gIVes the shape of a boat (ki8hti) to Surya vary from 5 inches to 12 inches in the kharal. It is a traditional design about height while those of Lord Buddha are anything which no myth or legend has been related by from 3 to 18 lllches high. the craftsmen. The ki8htinuma kharal is the type mostly used for hOUEehold purposes. It Period of manufactUre is also used by small-scale medIcine manufac­ The utilitarian objects are manufactured turers who operate it manually. The throughout the year as there is no marked ki8htinuma kharal is always accompanied periodicity in their demand. The same applies with a lorhi (pestle). The lorhi is used by hand to the decorative-cum-ritual images of Lord for pounding or mixing various substance Buddha which are generally in demand and in the mortar. present hardly any problem in marketing. On The second design is golakar (circular), which the other hand, the ritual objects are in demand is not as commori, being manufactured in some only in certain parts of the year and their numbers by only one craftsman in the village, manufacture is Mlcordingly brisk in the month viz., Bhagwan Das Gaur. It is not a traditional or two preceding the period of demand. Thus, design. Bhagwan Das Gaur appeared to be the installation of the Pancha Devata8 usually alive' to the possibilities of introducing new takes place on the occasion of the ShIVaratri designs to cater to specific needs. He began to festival in the month of Phalgun and the manufacture circular kharat8 and has now Ramnavami festival in the month of Ohait. specialised in this design. Such kharals are The Pancha Devata8 are also installed in temples much in demand by the bigger concerns who on any auspicious date fixed by the Brahmin manufacture indigenous medicines on a large between the months of Jeth (May-June) and scale and use power for grinding articles in A8win (September-October). As noted earlier, the kharal. Thus, no lorhi is required, the many villages have temples with the Pancha function of lorhi being done by power-operated Depata8 installed in them. Thus, in Patharkatti implements. 12 PATHARKATTI

2. Kundi (bowl-like container)-The kundi carved on the linga. Hence this is always circular in design. The smaller kundis design is known as the Gauri­ (2 to 4 inches in diameter) are called malias Shankar design. (oil-containers). 'rheir design is in no way 4. Parvati-The image of Parvati is a different from the larger kundis. female figurine. The only design used for manu~ 3. Mahadeo-The symbol of Mahadeo in fa.cture is that in which she is shown in a the form of Shivalinga is manufactured in five sitting posture, with folded hands. While this different designs, viz., (i) Bangia, (ii) Gauripat, is the main design, there are two sub-designs. (iii) Nag-Feni, (iv) Nandi-Mahadeo, and ~n the first, the image has a background. Such (v) Gauri-Shankar. Images are known as Badradar and are relief (i) The BangIa design of Mahadeo is images. carved out from' a single stone But now-a-days another sub-design of Parvati piece. It consists of the Shivalinga, is also manufactured, and is called the Nirgam argha and gori (pedestal). The gori design. This was introduced by the tuitional and the lower end of argha class. It represents the goddess in a sitting resemble of a damru (small drum posture on a pedestal which has lotus flowers shaped like an hour-glass) in shape. engraved on it. There is no hackgl'Ound in So this design is also known as Nirgam images. the Damrudar BangIa design. Even 5. Ganesh--Images of Ganesh are also manu­ in the Bangla design there are two factured with or without a background. In different categories. One is the addition ,to. this basic difference, in design, Bangla sub-design and the other there are different forms of Ganesh which are the Banarasi sub-design. In the manufactured according to demand. These oan former, the Shivalinga is of rela­ h.e _.classified into two broad heads: (i) the tively bigger size than in the latter. slttmg form, and (ii) the dancing form. (ii) The second design, known as Gauri­ pat, consists of three parts: the The sitting form of Ganesh is generally gori, the argha and the linga which depicted with four hands and a trunk. Each hand are manufactured separately and holds a different object. In the lower left hand subsequently joined together. On are laddoos (sweets). The lower right hand installation, the gori of the Gauri­ either contains a mala (garland of beads) or is pat Mahadeo is generally fixed in held in the ashirbad mudra. In the upper left the ground so that only the argha hand is a gandasa (axe) while in the upper right and the Shivalinga are visible. Hence hand Ganeshholds a pharsa (pole-axe). Ganesh the name of the design. As this has' a crown over his head and janeo (sacred design of Mahadeo is in great thread) stretching from above the left should~r demand among the Sanatanists to the right waist. There are two main forms (orthodox Hindus), the Gauripat in the sitting posture: (a) sitting with the legs design is also known as Sanatani crossed on a pedestal (known as asandar design. mudra), and (b) sitting with the right foot (iii) The N ag-Feni design is similar to touching (or pointing to~ards) the ground and the Bangia design, but the upper the left foot placed hOl'lzontally, touohing the portion of the linga is rounded and right thigh (known as ashish muM-a). In the a snake (nag) is shown around it. asandar mudra, Ganesh is presumed to be Hence, it is called the Nag-Feni meditating with the garland and laddoos' design. while in the asirvad mudra, instead of holding (iv) The Nandi-Mahadeo design is manu­ a mala, he is .seen giving blessings. In regard factured from a single stone piece. to the trunk, It may hang down vertica.lly or It shows Nandi (bull or basah) be inclined either towards the left or the right. facing the pointed end of the Q,rgha. Images with the trunk inclined towards the As the images of Nandi and symbol left are' very much in demand at and near of Mahadeo are shown in one piece, Bombay. Hence the design is locally known as this design is called the N andi­ the Bombay cut. The mouse is invariably shown M ahadeo design. in the pedestal. It represents Ganesh's carrier (v) The Gauri-Shankar design is essen­ (vahan). tially made in the form of the Bangla design. But a female face There are no, specific legends behind the (representing Gauri or Parvati) is various forms of the image of Ga.nesh. lie is ARTICLES PRODUCED: RAW MATERIALS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS 13 taken to be a symbol of auspiciousness. (Ac­ (i) The Bhumisparsha Mudra is reported cording to Hindu mythology, Ganesh is the by the craftsmen to be associated son of Lord Shiva and Parvati and all pujas with the life of Buddha relating to commence after offerings to him.) The main the period of his meditation at use of the images of Ganesh (as reported by Gaya. The Bhumisparsha Mudra as the craftsmen) lies in their installation in a whole represents Buddha in medi­ temples (along with those of Mahadeo, Parvati, tation. In this form, Buddha is Kirtmurta and Nandi) as a Pancha Devatas. Sets invariably depicted in a sitting containing each of these five kinds of images posture with crossed legs. His eyes are usually manufactured at a time. are closed and the middle finger of the right hand touches the 6. Nandi-Nandi (Basah), the carrier of Mahadeo, is made in two different designs in ground while the left palm is kept both of which the bull is depicted in a sitting on the crossed legs. The chadar and dhoti are also depicted and the posture. Of the two designs, one is called image is seated on a pedestal. In kukru. All the foul' legs of Nandi are shown in this design. In the second design (called the Badradar design the back­ ground is shown and various de­ pasar) , only the two front legs are shown. corative motives are depicted. No K ukru is the traditional design. The craftsmen background is given in the N1'rgam could not throw any light on any legends or design. explain how the traditional design had changed. In l'egard to the image, it was stated that the (ii) The second design of Buddha, known Basah (or buH) represents the carrier of Shiva as U padesh Mudra, is said to have and so the Hindus revel' it. The image of its association with the life of Nandi also constitutes one among the Pancka Buddha while he preached at Sarnath Devatas. and this design is also known 7. Kirtmltrta-The image of Kirtmurta as Sarnath Buddha. The image is (in the form of Shyam Kartik) is designed in in a sitting posture with crossed two forms- legs. The two hands are raised llP­ ward near the chest as if Buddha (i) In the first, the entire pody of Kartik is represented: it has six heads were preaching to his disciples. and foUl' hands. He is seated on This design also is made in Badra­ his carrier (peacock). Three of the dar and Nirgam styles. The back­ hands hold different objects, viz., ground contains decorative designs such as Prabhamandal. Dhanush (bow), Mala (garland) and Kamandal (water pot) while (iii) The third design, known as Abhaya the last one is empty. This design Vardan Mudra is reported to have is manufactured only against specific its association with the life of demand. Buddha while he was blessing his (ii) The second design, which is generally disciples at N alanda to lead fear­ used by the craftsmen is known less lives. The image in this as Kirtmurta. The term seems to design is always represented in a be a corrupted form (apabhramsha) standing posture, with one hand of kirt mukha, which denotes 'the stretching forward and the other face of Kartik'. In this design, the pointing upward. This symbolises body is not shown. The general the provision of shelter to the dis­ legendary belief in regard to this ciples (with the left hand stretch­ design is' that Kartik (also a son ing forward), and giving them of Shiva and Parvati), once ate up blessings to be fearless (with the all his limbs while in great anger. raised right hand). In this design That is why his face only is re­ too, both the Badradar and Nirgam presented in this form of the image. styles are manufactured. On the S. Buddha·-The images of Buddha are back of the images the clothes are manufactured in three different forms, viz., depicted, stretching from the neck (i) Bhumisparsha Mudra, (ii) Upadesh Mudra, to the feet. This makes the image and (iii) Abhaya Vardan Mudra. All these assume a Lord-like appearance and designs are manufactured both with the back­ hence the des~gn is also known as ground (Badradar), and without it (Nirgam). the Lord Buddha design. 14 PATHAliKATTI

Raw materials kundis since these are very durabie and strong The raw material required for t,he manu­ and useful for reeling badam (almonds), and facture of stoneware articles consists of stones preparing drinks of thandhai (made from sonj, of various types. The different articles manu­ mIlk, etc.) and bhang (hemp). factured for utilitarian, ritual and ritual-t;um­ Raw materials used Jar Ihe llICl?nlJac l ure oj ritual decorative purposes· are made of various types objects of stones, since a particular type of stone is usually more suited to the manufacture of a The ritual objects like Mahadeo, Nandi, specific kind of stoneware articles. The various Ganesh, Parvati, and Kirtmurta (which consti­ types of stones used for the manufacture of tute Pancha Devatas). are made mostly of Parajit different articles are discussfd below separately st.one and also of orchn",ry pathar of Singhbhum. for each kind of ston?ware product. These two kinds of stones are not very hard. They ?an be easily worked upon, obviating the Raw ma'erials used, for the manufacture of neceSSIty of putting in much labour in working utilitarian objects with the chisel and the hammer. 1. Kharal-The kishtinuma kharal is made mostly from three important varieties of stone Raw materials used for (he lIumu!ac'ure of ~oi{ual­ viz., Pirkasauti, Paraj~t and Molia. Pirkasauti cum-decorra:we objects and Paraf it varieties are not too hard and hence easier to carve out. Usually the small The i:l~por ant 'i ua'-c'itrn- :'ecorative objeets kharals (2" to 12" in length) are made of (such as Images of Buddha, ShiVe., Scuaswati, Surya and Kn,li) are mostly made of Pwrajit P'irrkasaut~ and Parajit stones for use in light or and Pl'rl~cts(tu'i work sucn as mixing of honey with different Dhanmahua palh(MO pathar. medicines. The harder Motia stone is used Those stones are very suit

has some s111ft11 white dots which polishing. Theso are called thapis. The thapis made shine like molis (pearls). Hence the are of various types : very rough, rough and name J.11otw. fino, ilw quality depending on the texture of Pamjit or Dhanmahua stone is found in particbs of Kurar stone pieces used in their Dhanmahua PahaT (a,bo known as preparation. Katari Pahar). Tho n;:.me of tho Privileges enjoyed in obtaining the raw material stone is after the name of the Th0 artisans averred that after the comple­ hillock. tion of the Vishnupad temple at Gaya, their Tamra is a famous kind of stone in which ancestors wanted to roturn to their native some marks of copper are noticed. place in Rajasthan but the Maharaja of Tekari Hence it is named as Tamra. Ib adviSed 1 hem to settle in Palharkat1 i village is hard in nature, so the articles which lay in his estate. Initially he did not manufactured from L arc strong charge any royalty for quarrying of stone. and dUl'a.ble. Tamm stOlle is found But when tho artisans had settled in the village, in Patluorlmtti a.nd Katari PallOrs. he bestowed upon them l,he right to exploit It is available in abundance. any of the hillocks on a nominal annual royalty Hansraj stone, recently introduced in the of Re. 1.50 for each working member (hathauTa manufacture of stOlL ware, is also or hammer). After the abolition of the found ~Patharkatti Pahar. It is zamindaTi system in 1950, 1,he ownership of very hard. As noted above, this hillocks also vested in the State, and the State kind of stone is used by only one renewed the rights conferred on the artisans artisan fcimily. earlier and on the same terms and conditions. Subsidiary raw materials The payment of royalty is an individual obli­ Subsidiary raw materials arc required for gation and it automatically eeases when an giving a finish to tho stoneware itrticles produced. artisan dies. When any new member takes up Tho articles of various kinds (including images) stoneware work, he gets himself registered as are polished and given finishing touches by a rent-payer. The rent is collected by the rubbing the manufactured articles with stones Karmachari, a government official who also of three different qualities, viz., very coar2e, realises land revenue. coarse, and fine. Snbsequen(,ly the articles There is 110 "\vriUen record-of-rights for the are polished with waX n.ncl pigments. exploit atioll of specified quarries by the The use of carborundum stone (a carbide of various art isan families. But mutually suited silica) has been introduced recently. It is adjustments were made a few generations ago available in the size 4" X2"X2". Wax in the form according to which the different khadans of candle sticks, costing Re. l.50 per dozen is (quarries) callle to be owned by a sect of families. used for g'azing. Bbck pigment is purchased at Hence the number of families who share or· the rate of 0.25 paise per tala. Both these sub­ are p'1.rtners in a particular khadan has increased sidiary ra,w ll1aterin.ls are available in Gaya city. progressively. The following list gives the details It has b:,;ell mun! ioned ahove 1 hat use of of the ownership of some of the khadans : the carborundum sLono is a rOC8n(, illtroduc- Name of khadan.~ Name of heads of owner 1ion. I::)omo' of 1he ar: isans still nse the tradi­ families tional home-made ruhbing Rtones for polishing. :For rough polishillg (for which tho carborun­ Pir-Kasauti No. I H.amnath Gaur, Sibarath dum of "he ,coarse type is suited), ordinary sand Gaur, Madhav Gaur, is a good substitut e and is largely used for Ganga Prasad Gaur, polishing i he kharal. Howover, sand is not Ohhot u Lal Gaur, Ram lIsed for polishing images since 1,}mre iR every Nivash Gaur (since left). likelihood it may oause some parts of the Pir-Kasauti No. II Tulsiram Gaur, Dhanna imaO"eR t.o break off. Sand is easily available Lal Gaur, Hiralal Gaur, from"" Paimar river which flows close by. The Ohh01a Ramnath Gaur, royalty payable for one maund of sand is only Rampra'Sad Gaur, Bhuwan­ I1bont 25 pail'lo. Indigenous polishing stOllO lal Gaur, H.amdhani used by t.ho artisans is madD with the help of Gaur, Raja Lal Gaur, lae (chapra) which is purchased from the market Hariprasad Gaur, Moti­ at Gaya for Rs. 3.50 per scer. Picces of lal Gaur. Kurar stone are mixed with chaprct and heated. Molia No. I It is jointly owned by On cooling, the mixture solidified and is cut all the members of· the into rectangular bits which arc used for co-operative societ,y.' 16 PATHARKATTI

Name of kl"adan Name of heads of Owner lead, ho would have to do so without any families co-operation in the various operations connected Motia No. II Hiralal Gaur and Dhanna with exploitation of the khadan, but none of Lal Gaur. the legally entitled beneficiarios would be likely to foreo their rights in the stone quarried. Tamra Open to all. The stone from this khadan is very suited to Hansraj Open to all. the manufacture of images and utensils and the Parajit No. I Chhota Hiralal Gaur, Shiv latter, if m~nufactured find a good' market. Narain Gaur, Dhanna Lal But the artIsans do not make any utensils Gaur (Chote), Tulsi Ram because of lack of availability of stone slabs Gaur, Ram Prasad of requisite sizos. The larger stone slabs Gaur. required for manufacturing utensils cannot be Parajit No. II Hiralal Gaur, Bara Dhanna obtained by simply picking up from the khadan. Lal Gaur, and his other It requires systematic and scientific devices three brothers. which are lacking. Another practical difficulty Parajit No. III is that artisans who do not know the art of Ramprasad Gaur. image making have to content thomselves by Parajit No. IV Bhuwan Lal Gaur, Madan making othor articles like kundi and Mahadeo Lal Gaur, Ramnath Gaur which fetch po~r prices as compared to images Shivanath Gaur, Madhav~ of the same SIze. As there are few image­ Lal Gaur. ' makers, the Dhanmahua stones are largely Parajit No. V Open to all. wasted in the sense that they are also used for M ()tia khadan No. I was formerly owned making Mahadeo and krundi. by a zamindar from whom it was taken on The Pirkasautri khadans aro owned by lease by Bhagwan Das Gaur. After' the various families as shareholders. Therefore abolition of zamindari he obtained a receipt of there is difficulty in obtaining the required Rs. l.50 from the Karmachari to establish his quantity of Pirkasauti stones by the artisan ,right over the quarry. But the other craftsmen families who are not owners. Secondly, Pir­ of the village raised objections as a result of kasauti stone is not found in abundance. which the rights of working the quarry were Though it is excellently suited to image-making transferred to the. co-operative society, all onen the manufacturers of images do not get the members of whICh now have the right to adequate quantities of tho stono while others get stone from the said quarry. (who hold shares in the Pirkasauti quarries) wastofully utilise such stone for manufacturing Difficulties in 0 btaining the raw rna teriaI cruder objects such as Mahadeo and kharal. From the d~scription of the availability Much labour and a largo capital are re'quired of stone it may not 'bo a,pparont that tho for the exploitation of the Pirkasauti Madan ar~isans- have to face difficulties in obtaining since the stone slabs are generally found in the main raw material. But tho problem is between too hard. layers. Removal of the quite an acute ono and deserves to be noted top hard layer is essential for taking out the horo., Actually tho artisans havo no difficulty Pirkasauti stono from the lchadJan. The large in markoting tho articles produced by them. amount of labour and capital required for Tho only limiting factor in increased production quarrying make the cost of the Pirkasauti is tho non-availability of adequato quantities stone very high. Whon the stone is used for of stone. Tha difficulties faced in the e.~ploita­ making kharal and Ma,hadeo the artisans have tion of tho quarries are discus sod bolow, separa­ to face difficulty because the cost of produo­ tely for each quarry. tion becomes so high as to leave no margin of The Dhanmahua Pahar is held by the co­ profit. But images made of Pirkasauti stone operative society and is meant to be exploited fetch high prices. by joint effort. But collective effort is ge1'lerally There is no difficulty in gotting Motia stone lacking due to differences among the members. slabs but if co-operative efforts were made to Again, it is not possible for the society to exploit the Motia khadans, the artisans would invest large sums of money for the exploitation be able to get raw materials for th? whole ,Year of the khadan. Individual effort is neither and even in the absence of P~rka8aut'" and possible nor desirable, both because of the Dhanmahua stones they could earn their living. financial implications as well as the existence As it is they have often to sit idle without, of joint ownorship of the society OVer the any work because of the non-availabilityofraw quarry. If any individual Were to take the material. ARTICLES PRODUCED: RAW MATERIALS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS 17

In rogard to Tamra and Ha'nsraj, there is The parkal (divider) is usod for taking no difficulty in obtaining these stonos. But measurements for giving a definite form and quarrying those stones requires much physical shape to the manufactured product. Thus, labour. while making a kishtinuma lclzaral, the boat like outline is drawn with the help of the divider. For Parajit again, thore is no difficulty in Similarly, the circular outline is also drawn obtaining tho stono as tho Katari Pahar is with. it. Apart from drawing and measuring closo to Patharkatti village. But like Dhanmahua outlmes, the parkal is also used for measuring and Pirkasauti stonos, it also requires systema­ thickness for ensuring uniformity in the diffe­ tic and sciontific efforts to exploit the khadans nmt parts of the object made. Again, in so that stonos of various sizes are made available making an image, different divisions are made in roIquirod quantitios to each and overy artisan with tho help of the parkal so that the face, according to his needs. chest, palms, feet, arms, nose and ears are made of the required size in proper proportions. The Tools and equipments parkals cost about Rs. 2.50 each. Tho main tools usod for tho manufacture The L-square is called gunia by the crafts­ of stonowaro articles aro hammers and chisels mono ~t is used for sizing and measuring of Cchheni) of various typos and sizes. the artIcles produced. The cost of a gunia is The hammers are mostly oftwo types: (i) the _about the same as that for a parkal (Rs. 2.50). small-size onos called hathauri, and (ii) tho modium-size ones called hathaura. Tho Tho bellows are locally known as bhatti. hathaurais utili~ed for rough work, and is usod They aro used for providing blast to the lit-up mostly in tho making of kharal and kundi and coal On which tho chisels are heated and also whilo giving tho shapo or broad outline sharpened. Thero are only five bellows in the of the various images. But in carving out tho village. The Matti consists of bellows made of difforent parts of tho images and also in pre­ loather fixed on to vertical logs supported by paring tho Mahadeo (Shivalinga), the small. a horizontal log. The bottom of the bellow is siz') hathauri is usod. Thoso two types of tied with a stick which is also supported by hammors aro ownod by almost all tho artisans. an iron rod fixed on the top of the two vertical Thoy aro purchasod mostly from tho local logs. At the other end of the stick is a chain blacksmith rosiding in the nearby Khukhari which is pulled and released alternately to village and also sometimos from Neyamatpur. provido air through the pipe fixed with the At times tho artisans also purchaso hammors at bellow which opens insido the hoarth. The Gaya. Tho prico of thoso two types ofhammo1.' cost of bellows is about Rs. 15. varies from Rs. 2.00 to Rs. 4.50. The very largo-sizo hammor (locally known as g'hana) is Ramblta or godala is a big iron rod, one end usad for broaking stono slabs. It is not owned by of which is flat and slightly pointed. It is all tho familios. At Patharkatti about half tho used to break the stone slabs and also used for total numb~r of artisans woro found owning making holos in the khadan for blasting. It glhanas. Tho ghana is purchased from Gaya and costs about Rs. 10. Only 16 artisan families its prico varies from Rs. 10 to Rs. 32. The own rambhas. Those who do not OWn them artisans who do not OWn a ghana borrow it borrow them from others freo of cost. froo of cost from thoso who have it. Tho guli is about 1.5" in size having flat Chisels (chhenis) of differont types aro used a bottom. It is used for breaking stone slabs for various purposes. There is no difforonco when beaten by ghana. in t.ho~r ov~ra,l1 sizo but tho working ends show VariatIOns 111 form. 11h0 names of tho various typos of chisel aro tmkla, tdkli and chirni. Tho seek (also known as gaz) is used for Although tho uso of all tho throo kinds is fol' fixing dynamite inside the hole made in a stone c.hisol!i1_lg, th? takla is usod for rough work slab with the rarnbh.a. It is' mostly made of hk') SIZIng, whIlo tho takli is usod for ongraving umbrella-spokes. and tho cMrni for tHlloothoning tho surface. 11ho odgo of tho takta is flat and only a littlo Reti (file) is used for sharponing the various sharp; that of the chil'ni more flat aud rather tools and implements. In the village every­ sharp whilo tho working odgo of takli is pointod. one doos not own ono but all the families Tho chisals of the various typos doscribod abovo owning bellows also have retis. It costs about cost only about Re. 1 ~ach, Rs. 3 each. 18 PATHARKATTI

Thoso who do not havo {}unias use scalos. manufactured by the local blacksmiths of All the families OWll at least ono scale of one villages Khukha ri and Neyamatpur and also by foot siz'). It is purchased from tho bazar for tho craflismen t hemsolves. The hammers of 0.12 paise each. various si'zos are made by the lohars and some­ times also purchased from the market at Gaya. The pencil is used for making outlines of the The rambha, gtmia, and parkal are also purchased images. from Gaya, while chhf!nis of various sizes are The various iron tools and imploments are made by the craftsmen themselves. CHAPTER IV

PRODUCTION Tho articles produced and their designs, who is also a grocer, has his workshop near his the different raw materials required and the shop rather than near his house. various tools and equipments used havo been discussed in the previous chapter. Details of production may now be considered. Some WORKSHOPS BY DISTANCE -RANGE aspects of it are the place of production and the FROM RESIDENCES working hours followed. Howevor, the most 60 important aspect to be discussed in this chapter, is tho ttlchniqu0 of production eucompassingthe various stages of manufacture beginning from the raw materials used ending with the finished articles. Place of production The production units have beon discussed oarli;r in Chapter II. It has been noticed that U- the' stoneware artisans generally have their OWn o workshops which are attached to their residen­ tial houses and generally located in the front verandahs. Most of the artisan families have tlwir own independent workshops' hut there are five workshops in which a number of crafts­ mon work together. The tools and implements used are all portabb in nature. They are not kept in the workshop when work is not being o performed. In most cases they are kept inside o 10 I, 20 45 7S the house and sometimes, in an attached store­ DISTANCE FROM RESIDENTIAL AREA room of small size. There are only two such (IN FEET) store-rooms attached to workshops in which a number of craftsmen work jointly. Noindepen­ The workshops (being mostly located in dent unit has such a store-room. verawla1is) are rectangular in configuration. Tho following table, showing the distance of Polishing of the stoneware articles is done the workshop from the main residential area, inside the house in most cases; some workshops only highlights the fact that there is hardly also have a separate place for polishing. any distance between the working and living Tho workshop also serves various other pur­ quarters of the craftsmen ofPatharkatti villago: poses such as entertaining guests, for a sitting room, and even for sleeping in the summer TABLE II season. The following table indicates tho dimensions of the workshopR in the village : Distance of workshop from residential area TABLE III Sizes of the physical structures used as workshops i::lize of the physical structure .N umbel' of NUllLber of Percentage of (in feet) workshops Distance from resiilcntial area work- workshops 4XIO 2 shops oXl2 liX 15 2 L Nil I:J 52.01) 7X10 1 2. 10 feet 4 11l.0O 7 X 15 1 3. 15 feet <1 1(LOO SXS 1 4. 20 feot 1 4.00 8XlO r, 5. 45 feet 2 8.00 SX12 1 6. 75 fpet 1 4.00 SX 15 2 Total 25 100.00 SX18 2 8X20 2 NOTE: One artisan family does not have an independent 1 workshop. 8X30 lOX 15 1 In fact, only one individually owned work­ lOX20 1 llX 1:) 1 shop lies more than 15 feet away from the Total. . 25 residence of its owner. In this case tho artisan NOT!':: OnE> artisan dQe~ not own a workshop. 20 PATHARKATTI

Hours of work the stone slab is kept petebar, there is no chance of breakage of the article. (Petebar signifies the Normally the craftsmen begin to work a.t position in consonance with the grains in the about 7 A.M. after their breakfast and continue stone.) Then a measure is taken of the size up to noon. At noon they have a break of kharal that is to be manufactured from the for bath, lunch and some rest. They resume particular stone slab. When the size is deter­ work again at about 3 P.M. and work up to mined, the stone slab is beaten with a hammer 6 P.M., thus putting in about 7 hours every for removing the edges which are not required. da.y. Although the hours of work often vary This process is locally called tap. Next the in accordance with the age and physique of stone slab is made to size on all sides with the artisans, a working day averages from the help of the hammer and the chisel (takla). 6 to 8 working hours. According to information This process is known as daborna. collected, only three persons worked for less After daborna, the upper surface (called petal than 6 hours per day and the lower surface (called pendi) are levelled The following table indicates the number with the hammer and the chisel. Next, the of hours put in daily by the craftsmen divider (parkal) is used to mark the outline TABLE IV of the boat-like oval design on the upper Ho~rs per working day surface. The light markings made by the Hours of work per day" Number of parkal are further deepened with the hammer craftsmen a,nd chheni. Then, beginning from the upper (1) Two hours 1 surface, all the sides are levelled with the (2) Four hours 1 hammer and takla. This process is 'called (3) Five hours 1 dolna. When the sides have been levelled from (4) Six: hours 11 upper surface, the process is repeated starting (5) Seven hours 1 from the lower surface after which the sides (6) Eight hours 11 are properly levelled. The levelling process Total a6 from the lower end (pendi) is called madkolna. The craftsman who reported working for Subsequently, with the help of takla and only four hours per day was 42 years of age hammer, 'digging' is done within the marked and of sound physique but his eyesight was portion of the upper surface. When the defective and he could not stand the strain digging is done within an inclined plane, it is of longer hours of work. Another person who called rap at ; and when it is done straight, worked for only five homs was a bachelor without it is called chedi. When digging of the kharal any dependent. So he worked according to is complete, the edges and corners of the his convenience and even by working only upper portion are made level with chirni (a type five hours everyday, he was able to earn of chisel) and hammer. The edge of the upper sur­ enough to 'meet his requirements. The third face is called badra, and entire process of levelling person, who reported working for only two the badra is known badra mathna. When this hours daily, was a grocer for whom manu­ process has been completed, the kalasi process facture of stoneware was only a subsidiary is begun with the help of the parkal to deter­ occupation. mine whether the height of the kharal from the pendi (Le., its depth) is uniform. When this is stages of production done,the lower surface (pendi) is further levelled The various processes in the production of and smoothened, this process being called pendi stoneware articles may conveniently be classi­ mathna. A final check-up of the height and fied under two main heads, viz., (i) manufac­ width of the badra (edge of the upper surface) turing and (ii) polishing. is then made with the parkal, the check-up Manufacture proceeds in a number of stages. being known as birta lerna. Then, oeginning These are discussed below, separately"for each from the upper surface, all the sides are kind of stoneware article. further smoothened with chirni and hammer, Process of manufacturing kharal and k'Undi and this process is called chikash lagana. Finally, godna is done in the dug out portion Fol' m~king a kharal of any size from a stone slab, the fi,rst thing to be safeguarded is that so that it may also be made plain and symme­ trical. With this, the kharal is ready. the stone should be kept petebar. If it is not kept petebar (the oppposite being arang) then The same processes are adopted for manu­ there is every likelihood that the stone will facturing kundis. The only difference is that break at the time of working on it. ~llt if instead of kisktinuma shape of kharal, the PRODUCTION 21

kundi is circular (golakar) in form; otherwise, first part runs from the forehead to the face, each process for making.the kharal is repeated. second up to the chest, the third up to navel, the fourth up to the lower end of the crossed Mahadeo legs and the final half part consists of the pede­ As noted earlier, the Mahadeo (in the form of stal. The standing image of Ganesh is divided Shivalinga) is manufactured in three parts. into eight parts : the first from the forehead These are of definite proportions in size. The to the chin, the second up to the chest, the height of the linga is equal to the diameters third up to the navel, the fourth up to the of the argha and the pedestal (gori). The hips. The remaining four parts are from the height of the gori up to the middle of the thighs down to the feet. In the standing argha is equal to the height of the linga. posture the width ofthe image is half its height, while in the sitting posture the height and the The technique of manufacturing the Mahadeo width of the image are equal. In manufactur­ is not different from the making of the kharal ing the image of Ganesh (as in the case of in so far as the different processes involved in any other image), first of aU the central line manufacturing are concerned. It may be known as garva rekha is drawn after sizing thus sub-divided into nine processes, viz., the stone. Then the total height is divided (1) daborna, (2) dolna, (3) badra mathna, into four and a half or eight equal divisions (4) pendi mathna, (5) birta jerna, (6) chikash depending upon the posture in which Ganesh lagana, (7) gola (kangna) nikalna, (8) linga is to be shown. Next the outline sketch is mathna, and (9) galta nikalna. drawn with the help of a pencil. The following Of these processes, the first six are identical' processes again are dolna, badra mathna, with those adopted for manufacturing .the pendi mathna and chikash lagana. Final touches kharal. However, the seventh, eighth and ninth are comprised of making the fingers, toes, stages are different. The seventh process crossed legs and waist, the face, eyes, and involves making the pedestal in which, with trunk. Ganesh is usually depicted with a the help of the hammer and takli, the ring portruding belly: around the middle of the pedestal is made. This circular ring is called gola or kangna Buddha (literally wristlet) ; hence, the process is called The images of Buddha are manufactured in gola or kangna nikalna. The eighth process three main designs, viz., Bhumisparsha Mudra, (linga mathna) means levelling of the linga Sarnath Mudra or U padesh Mudra, and Abhaya portion and smoothening it with the help of V aradan Mudra. hammer and chirni. The final process of galta The Bhumisparsha and U padesh M udras nikalna involves the making of a small depres­ show Buddha in a sitting posture, while the sion over the whole of the argha, to enable the Abhaya V aradan Mudra depicts him standing. water offered on the linga to flow downwards. As in the case of images of Ganesh, the images of Buddha in the sitting posture are made in Nandi four and a half divisions, and those in a Nandi is the form of a bull (Basah). The standing posture in eight divisions. The length of Nandi is divided into 3 parts. All waist of Buddha in the sitting posture is the three parts are equal. The first part is shaped like a cow's mouth, and termed , the head, the second the neck up to the hump, Gomukhakar. and the third part extends up to the end of the Shiva back. The entire process involved in the manu­ facturing of a Nandi is almost the same as The images made in a sitting posture also described earlier, and includes such processes have 4t divisions. The processes of manu­ facturing are the same. However, there are '1S tap, daborna, dolna, madholna and mathna. The minute details such as carving of khur different shapes a.nd forms manufactured accord­ (hooves), eyes, mouth and ears are finished ing to the description in the Dhyan Shlokas. after the five processes listed above have been completed. Other im~ges Other images are made by the same processes Ganesh as described above. The proportions of The images of Ganesh in the si.tting and different parts and postures naturally vary. standing postures are divided into different Vishnu, Krishna, and Hanuman are always parts for manufacture. In the sitting posture made in the standing posture (with eight divi .. the division is into four and half parts. The sions). . 22 PATHARKATTI

Polishing sticks of coarse K urarn stone are used, the polishing is called ba._jra. When sticks of slightly The next important stage in the production better quality K uram stone of bigger size are of a stoneware article consists of polishing, used, the polishing is called mota kuram. which is done on every adicle except the is done with sticks of medium-sized kundi. There are two meth;ds of polishing Ohausan Knra,m stone. Mal and phool mal processes an article, the traditional and the modern. of polishing are done with sticks made of fine According to the traditional method, poli­ and very fine particles of K uram stone. shing is done with sand. The inner and outer In the end,' black pigment mixed with oil surfaces of the kharal are rubbed with coarse is applied on the article and finally rubbed sand, the process being known as balumar. with wax to give a shine. However, black Fine sand is then used for producing greater pigment is not used in articles made of Pirka­ smoothness (retiana). Then a stone found sauti and Motia stones which acquire black near Sasaram (Shahabad district) is used colour merely by the application of oil. whence the stage of polishing is called Sasarama. Subsequent stages of polishing are The modern method of polishing is by using undertaken to produce progressively greater carborundum which is purchased from Gaya. smoothness and shine. These are called bajra, Carborundum pieces of fineness 120, 80, 40 mota kuram, chausan, mal and phool mal. For are used, being usually available in the form of these stages the artisans prepare the polishing sticks 2' X 4" X' 2" in size and costing stone at home from K uram pathar particles Rs. 5 each. The use of carborundum precludes of various textures: coarse, large, medium­ the utilization of indigenously manufactured fine and fine, which are mixed with chapra polishing stones made of lac and K uram stone. (lac) and heated. The mixture on solidifying The manufacturers of images generally uSe is made into rectangular pieces or sticks. When carborundum for polishing. CHAPTER V

STORAGE, MARKETING AND TRAN~.PORT

Storage Marketing

There is no difficulty in regard to the storage Marketing of the stoneware articles does not of stoneware articles manufactured by the present any problem. In fact the craftsmen artisans. Except for the Pancha Devatas, there reported that they were unable to meet the is no fixed period for the manufacture ofthe demand of the tradesmen who were their main various articles and their disposal. Most objects customers. The traders of Gaya usually place are manufactured' throughout the year and orders for different articles and come to take disposed of according to demand for them delivery in the village itself. Sometimes the from the dealers of Gaya city. Usually the craftsmen also take their finished products to time-lag between manufacture and disposal is the Gaya market by bullock-cart or by bus. about one month. Most of the craftsmen reported that they seldom The following table indicates the time-lag took the finished products to Gaya. On the between manufacture and sale, as reported by other hand, the traders of Gaya, who were the craftsmen : mostly relations, came to the village itself to TABLE V purchase the goods, and arrangement for Time.lag between manufacture and sale transport of the goods to Gaya was made by Number of artisans Time-lag re- the tradesmen themselves. ported So far as marketing is concerned, only 3 2 10 days. out of the 26 craftsmen reported that they 4 15 days. sold their goods on retail basis to the co-operative society or to outsiders. Amoncr 1 -. 20 days. these 3, one sold all his products to outsider~ 1 25 days. while the other two sold 75 per cent and 60 per cent respectively of their products to the 16 1 month. c,o-operative society and the remainder to 2 2 months. outsidors on retail basis. But the majority of It is evident that most of the artisans hold craftsmen (23 out of 26) reported that they that the time-lag between the manufacturing sold their goods on wholesale basis to the of an article and its disposal is about one month co-operative society as well as to the traders. or less. The articles are, therefore, required to Generally, the kharal, the kundi and the be stored for about a month at the most. Mahadeo are sold on wholesale basis to the There is no difficulty in this because the manu­ co-operative society. The traders are supplied factured and finished articles are kept in the with these objects as well as the imacres and other articles. I:> houses of the craftsmen. The only precaution generally taken is to keep them on elevated . The following table shows the percentages of shelves so that the articles may be out of reach total production sold to the traders and the for small children. Over three-fifths (61.5 co-operative society : per cent) of the artisans reported that the TABLE VI Channel of sale finished articles were kept in a living' room on Number of Percentage of total Production sold to some shelf attached to th

It is seen that there are. only two kinds of society in the village itself, the transport of outlet for marketing the finished goods, viz., finished goods is not the responsibility of the traders from outside and the co-operative artisans. There is thus no problem of trans­ society. Besides being sold to the traders of portation of goods. Only four craftsmen reported Gaya, the Panella Devatas are also sold to groups having sold their goods to outsiders with the of individuals belonging to a certain village obligation of transporting the articles to Gaya. for installation in the village temple. In such cases, the transportation is done by bullock-cart or by bus. It is, of course, Transportation difficult to transport the finished goods during the rains. Even during thil'l period the bullock­ Since the marketing of goods is almost wholly carts solve the problem to some extent though channelled through traders and the co-operative the charges are understandably much higher. CHAPTER VI

ECONOMICS OF THE CRAFT

The economics of the stoneware craft in materials in such cases is due to differtmce the village may be viewed first in terms of the in the type of stone which also affects the cost of production and, secondly in terms of time and labour required for manufactUre. the input and output ratio which will indicate Thus, the estimated cost of raw materials for the profit or loss incurred by the craftsmen. a kharal 7" in size is lower than that for a Cost of production kharal 5" or 6" in size. This is due to the 1. Kharal-In assessing the cost of produc­ fact that while the 7-inch kharal is made of tion of the various stoneware articles some Mlotia stone (which is found in abundance and difficulty was met with in regard to esti~ation involves lower cost of labour in ~ollecting and of the exact cost as also of the specific quan­ transporting), the smaller kkarals (5-6 inches tity of raw materials raquired. However, the in size) are made of Pi}rlCas,d;ubi stone which re­ craftsmen were able to make workable esti­ quires more labour to quarry from the khadans mates of the cost of production of each article. and also involves higher expenditure in trans­ The estimated cost of production of kharals port. So the cost of a kharal made of Pir­ of different sizes is given below : kasaluti stone is higher than that of one made of Motia stone. But Motia is relatively hard TA,BLE VII and so the labour cost for the manufacture of Average cost (in rupees) of production of kharals of a kharal from it is somewhat higher than that diUerent sizes for making a kharal from Pir'kas.(luti stone Size Average cost Average Average Total (in of raw unpaid cost of cost which is not as hard. inches) material wages polishing The cost of raW material is highest for the 1 2 3 4 5 kharaZ of 121. s&e. This arises due to the fact of 3 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.40 its being made from Hansraj stone which is 4 0.11 0.50 0.05 0.66 difficult to procure and costly to transport. Again, Hanslfa[j is a very hard stone. So the 5 0.33 1.00 0.10 1.43 estimate of unpaid wages for the manufacture 6 0.39 1.00 0.20 1.59 of the round kharal is also high. The cost of production in this case is higher than that 0.25 2.00 0.20 2.4-5 7 of even larger kharals made of M otia stone. 8 0.50 2.00 0.45 2.95 2. ]{iund~:____The estimated cost of production 10 0.50 4.00 0.50 5.00 of kundi-s of different sizes is given in the 12 0.50 6.50 1.00 8.00 following table:

121 2.50 10.00 1.50 14.00 TABLE VIII 13 0.75 7.50 0.75 9.00 Average cost (ill rupees) of prodiuction of kundis O!f different sizes 18 1.00 16.00 1.75 18.75 Size Average Average Total 20 1.50 17.50 2.00 21.00 (in inches) cost of raw unpaid cost 24 1.50 20.00 4.00 25.50 material wages The cost of production is comprised of the 3 0.12 0.60 0.72 cost of raw materials (which includes the cost of its transportation), the unpaid wages and 4 0.21 1.00 1.21 the cost of polishing (which includes cost of the raw materials used for polishing as well 5 0.25 1.51() 1.75 as labour charges). The cost of production of kharals of different sizes varies according to 6 0.34 • 1. 'ZO 2.04 the labour involved in the manufacture as well as the cost of raw materials and polishing 7 0.35 3.01() 3.35 charges. In some cases the estimated cost of big size kharals" is comparatively low due to 9 0.37 4.00 4.37 lower ~stimates of the cost of both raw materials and unpaid wagos. The lower cost of raw 10 0.50 6.00 6.50 PA'THARKATTI

The kundi is mostly made of Motta stone. duction of Nandi is given in the following Ho~ever, sometimes Para!jit stone and tho table: ordInary stone of Chandil (Singhbhum) are also used. But the demand for kundis of Motia, TABLE X which are vory durable, is great. The estimates Average cost (in rupees) of production of Nandi of cost of production of the kundis in tho above table are for thoso made of Ml()tia stone. Tho uso of Chandil stano is rather uncommon Si?:e Average ('ost Average AVC'fage Total (in of raw unpaid eORt. of eost. duo to its boing hard to obtain. However, inclws) materil1l wages polishing Parajit is also used for making kundis and there is not much difference in the cost of 2 3 4 5 production of a kundi from oither Matia or Paorajit stone. 8 0.50 5.00 0.50 6.00 10 0.50 6.00 0.50 7.00 3. Buddha-The images of Buddha are gonerally made from the easily available Dhan­ The variation in the cost of production of makua stone because Pirkasauti stone is not tho two sizos of Nandi shows that tho difforence available ill roquisite quantities. The labour arises only on account of variation in tho required for making images for either kind of estimated unpaid wages. stone is about the same, since it is soft and has tha quality of retaining fine expression. 5. Ganesh--Tho estimated cost of produc­ The following table gives details of the cost tion of images of Ganesh iil various sizos is of production of images of Buddha in different given in the following tablo : sizes: TABLE XI TABLE IX. Average cost (in rupees) of production of images of Ganesh Average cost (in rupees) of production of Buddha images in diU erent sizes of various sizes

Siz~ Average cost Averflge Average Total unpaid cost of cost Average cost Average Average Total (in of raw Height inches) material ,va.ges polishing (in of raw unpaid eost of east inches) material wages polishing 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 5 0.50 4.00 0.50 5.00 4 0.50 3.00 0.37 3.87 8 0.50 7.50 0.75 8.":G [) 0.;'0 4.00 0.50 5.00 10 1.00 8.00 0.87 9.87 6 0.50 6.00 0.7!) 7.2;' 16 1.00 10.00 1.00 12.00 7 0.50 10.00 1.00 11.50 8 0.50 10.00 .],00 11.50 It is seen that tho estimated average un­ 11 3.00 2D.OO 6.00 20.00 paid wages and polishing charges vary in oach 12 2.5(1 24.00 6. [J() 33.CO case while the cost of slabs is the same for 5" and 8" stones on the one hand and for It is observed that the cost of raw material 10" and 16" stone on other. The variation is the same for images up to 8 inches in.height. in the cost of production of Ganosh of various This is so because transportation charges consti­ sizos arises mainly from the time taken for tuto the main element of the cost of smaller pieces of stone. However, the larger stones manufacture. This is amply reflocted in diffe­ cost much more. rences in the estimated unpaid wages. 4. Nandi·-Nandi is manufactured in a sit­ ting posture chiefly in two sizes, viz., 8 inches 6. Par'vati-Tho estimatod cost of produc­ and 10 inches. Tho estimated cost of pro- tion of images of Parvati in threo different ECONOMICS OF THE CRAFT 27 sizes (which are most commonly manufactured of eaoh of these two sizes of Kirtmurta. is in the village) is given in the following table: given below :

TABLE XII TABLE XIV Average cost (In rupees) of production ot images of Parvati in diUerent sizes Average cost (In rupees) of production of images of Kirt­ m,urta

Size Average cost Average Average Total (in of raw unpaid cost of cost Size Average (lost Average Average Total inches) material wages polishing (in of raw unpaid cost of cost in9hes) mate['ial wages polishing

2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 5 0.62 5.00 0.75 6.37 5 0.25 2.00 0.30 2.55 8 1.50 8.00 0.75 10.25 6 0.62 2.50 0.50 3.112 10 2.5!) 10.00 1.50 14.00 9. Other images-Apart from the different 7. Mahadeo-Mahadeo (in the form of . kinds of images discussed above, which are Shivali'l1fJa) is manufactured in 11 different manufaotured in different sizes, there are some sizes. The average cost of production of each other images which are manufactured in only si~o of Mahadeo is given in the table below: one size eaoh. The cost of production of each of the latter is given in the following table: TABLE XIII TABLE XV Average cost (in rupees) of production of Mahadeos (Shivalingas) Average cost (in rupees) of prodUction of various images

Size Average cost Average Average Total (in of raw unpaid cost of cost Image of Size Average Average Average Totlll inches) material wages polishing deity (in cost of unpaid cost of cost inches) raw rna· wages polishing terial 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 2t 0.07 0.50 0.05 0.62 Krishna 10 2.50 20.00 5.00 27.50 3 0.11 0.60 0.05 0.76 Kali .. 12 3.00 24.00 6.50 33.50 31 0.21 0.90 0.07 1.18 Shiva •• 5 0.37 4.00 0.62 5.00 6 0.25 4.00 0.45 4.70 Hamlman 14 1.50 8.00 0.75 10.25 7 0.25 5.00 0.45 5.70 Surya 21 12.00 200.00 30.00 242.00 8 1.00 7.00 1.00 9.00 9 1.00 8.00 1.00 10.00 Images of Krishna, KaJi, Shiva, Hanuman 10 1.50 9.00 1.00 11.50 and Surya are made only to order, unlike those of Buddha. Greater labour is required 12 1.50 12.50 1.00 15.00 in manufacturing and polishing these articles, 14 2.00 14.00 1.50 resulting in their cost of production being much higher. Greater skill is also required in making 15 2.50 16.00 2.00 20.50 them. Their manufacture is thus oonfined to the master-craftsmen in the village. The cost of production of Mahadeo varies for each size due to differences in the cost of Total output the raW material, estimated unpaid wages as well as cost of polishing. The total number of various stoneware 8. K irtmurta-Images of Kirtmurta are articles manufaotured in the village was 18,716 generally made depicting the face of the Karti­ m 1964. Their total price was estimated at keya and in two common sizes, viz., I} inches Rs. 50,356. The total annual production may, and 6 inches. The average cost of production therefore, be taken to be about Rs. 50,000. 28 PATltARKATTI

The following table details the number of with ·the artisans in the village would be about each of the different kinds of articles manufac­ Rs. 3,000 each pra.otising family having tools tured and their estimated prices : worth about Rs. 50 or so. Thus no statisti­ TABLE XVI cal estimate of the total input was possible. Articlewise total output and price, 1964 Profit N arne of article Total output Estimated in 1964 price (in Rs.) In regard to profit earned, the craftsmen take the estimated unpaid wages as their profit. I. Kharal 9,314 11),650 The cost of raw materials (both main and 2. Mahadeo 4,460 10,217 subsidiary) is usually not ;much in relation to the selling price. However, the selling price 3. Kundi 2,599 5,770 minu8 the cost of raw materials represents the 4. Malia 800 300 profit or the unpaid wages of the artisan. As 5. Buddha 715 4,839 the craftsmen (except one) have no oocupation other than manufacture of stoneware, the 6. Nandi 266 2,706 monthly inoome reported by them is comprised 7. Ganesh 228 3,536 of their net profit from sale of the artioles manufactured by them. Apart from one artisan 8. Kartik or Kirtrnurta .. 158 1,804 having business as his primary ocoupation, two 9. Parva.ti 130 954 artisans were engaged as instruotors in the Stoneware Tuitional Class. Three families 10. Shivs. 40 400 also reported some income from livestook. 11. Hanurnan .. 5 100 12. Ka.li 1 80 Income

Total 18,716 The total monthly inoome from the stone­ 50,356 Ware craft for all the 26 artisan households The utilitarian objeots (,kharal, kundi and in 1964 was estimated at Rs. 4,080.56 giving malia) aooount for as muoh as 68 per oent of an average of Rs. 156.94 per household. The the total number of articles produced, their following table gives the monthly income groups value being over half (51.1 per cent) of the of the artisan households : total. Mahadeo, Nandi, Ganesh, Kartik and Parvati (oonstituting the Pancha Devata8 and re­ TABLE XVII presenting the ritual objects) aocount for 28.2 per cent of the number and 38.1 per cent. of Classification of artisan households by monthly the value of the total production. income-group The ritual-cum-decorative objeots numbered only 751 (or 3.8 per cent of the total) though their value was 10.8 per cent.. Images of Income-group Number of Total Buddha constituted the main item among households monthly ritual-cum-decorative articles. inoome Input The craftsmen were not able to give any reliable record of the total input during the Less than Rs. 100 3 282.33 year. However, they made certain estimates on the basis of labour put in, but this was Rs. 101-Rs. 150 13 1,718.64 hardly adequate. In regard to the raw mate­ rials they reported that they worked the khaaan Rs. 151-Rs. 200 6 1,042.59 (quarry) jointly and their expenditure amounted to about Rs. 15 per family. Usually the Rs. 201-Rs. 250 .. 2 450.00 raw material is collected without any blasting a!ld, !n .suoh cases, only the cost of transporta­ Rs. 251 and above .. 2 586.00 tIOn IS mvolved. In so far as tools and imple­ ments are ooncerned, the craftsmen opined that the total value of aU· the tools and implements Total 26 4,080.56 ECONOMICS OF THE CRAFT 29

~s. 58.15 and Rs. 33.25 per household respec­ tIvely. Apart from food, expenditure on cloth­ ARTISAN HOUSEHOLDS BY MONTHL r INCOME - GROUP ing, housing, education, fuel and lighting, IS recreation, etc. (which may be oategorised under "tho ers ") was Rs. 4l.62 per household. It is thus seen that the total expenditure on all

.." ::::::{}:::: items productive as well as non-productive, o :::::::::::;::::: -J was Rs. 147.10 per household per month. o :.;.:.;.;.:.;.:.; I 10 ::::::;:;:;:::::: w -:.:.:-:.;.:.;.:. The items of expenditure and the amount ""::)- ':::,':::: o :-:.;.;.:-:.:.;.; spent on each for all the 26 families are sum­ ::r ::;:;:::::::::;:: u. :::::::::::~::: marised in the following table : o ...... a: ...... TABLE XVIII ~ 5 Items of expenditure L ::) Amount SPent , Average Z Items of expenditure per month by per all 26 house­ household holds Rs. Rs. Wtn 1IIII11li ffiNJ I. Productive purposes 366.50 14.10 O~~=L~~~~~~~LW~·.w..~· II. Non.productiveitems- og o o o 1-­ ~ Zw a... • '"I , ::):;;. <> (a) Cereals 1,512.00 58.15 o o.n -0 (b) Non.cereals 864.50 33.25 "'co (0) Others 1,082.25 41.62 ex:... ~c( a: Total 3,825.25 147.12 From the average monthly income and Expenditure expenditure per household indicated above .. . ' The expenditure of the artisan households It IS eVIdent that an artisan household has, on may be categorised under two broad heads, an average, a monthly saving of Rs. 9.84 only. viz., (i) on productive items, and (ii) on non­ However, considering the actual position of productive items. each family, it was found that five families had deficit budget. Three of them were in the The produotive items of expenditure include monthly income-group of less than Rs. 100, while the other two belonged to the income­ the amounts spent in obtaining the main and subsidiary raw materials as also payment of group of Rs. 101-150 per month. wages and cost of transportation for obtaining Expenditure on productive items is not the raw materials. The unproductive items much and can be easily met from the family include consumption expenditure on food, savings. Moreover, the craftsmen can also clothing, housing, education, etc. So far as obtain loans and advances from the c,o-opera~ productive items are concerned, the total amount tive society as well as from their patrons, spent by the 26 families was Rs. 366.50 in a mostly dealers of stoneware articles in Gaya year, or an average of Rs. 14.10 per month. Expenditure on cereals and non-cereals averaged city. CHAPTER VII

INSTITUTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE CRAFT There are two main institutions connected TABLE XIX ~ith. the stoneware craft, of Patharkatti. They Classification of members of the co-operative society by mfluence almost all of the artisan families in number and value of shares Shares per member the village. They are: (i) the Pashan Kalakar r------"'--. Number cf Total valuo Co-operative Society, and (i1:) the Patharkatti Number Value members of shares Stoneware Tuitional Class. Both the institu­ Rs. Rs. tions are l.oca:ted in Patharkatti village itself 7 70 31 2,170 and play sIglllfi~ant role in the development of 3 30 8 240 the craft. TheIr nature and functions are Total .. 39 2,410 discussed below : . The. share value is realised from a member The Pashan KaJakar Co-operative Society ~Ither m one lump sum or in instalments, or IS ~et off against the value of manufactured The Pasha~ ~alak~r Co-operative Society, as the name ImplIes, IS a co-operative society artIC~es. sold to the society by the member. The admIsSIOn fee is Re. 1 per member. . established for the development of Pashan The society has received loans from the Kala (stoneware craft) and welfare of the crafts­ Department of Industries, Government of Bihar mer: engag~d in it. It is a credit co-operative The total amount received was Rs. 10000 SocIety whICh advances loans to its members ~ade ;vailable in two equal instalments ~aid for pr.oductive purpose~. It was firmly establi­ In 1950 and 1957. The terms and conditions shed m 1954 though It was registered earlier on which t~e loan was advanced to the society towards the end of 1952. ~re very SImple. The rate of interest payable The society is meant only for the craftsmen IS per cent per annum. The loan is of Patharkatti engaged in the stoneware craft. 3fr req~nred to be repaid within 10 years. The Membership is restricted to them only. For socIety had already reI?aid Rs. 8,000 against marketing purposes, however, the area of the loan advanced to It, and has also paid operation of the society extends throughout ~s. 2,544.20 by way of interest. The last the country to places such as Gaya, Calcutta mstalment of repayment was paid on February Varanasi, Baidyanathdham, Allahabad, Aligarh: 1, 1965. Bombay, Haridwar and Jaipur. In addition to the loan, the society has also The co-operative society owes its origin to received a subsidy of Rs. 5,500 from the the initiative taken by Shri J. C. Mathur, I. C. S., D3parbment of Industries. The first instal­ the then Secretary to Government of Bihar ment of Rs. 3,500 was received on February Education Department and Sri U. Maharath{ 19, 1954, and the second instalment of Director, Institute of Industrial Design, Govern~ Rs: 2,000 on Apr~l 24, 1957. The subsidy was ment of Bihar. In the villaae itself '" , paId to the socIety for exploitation of the Sri Bhagwan Das Gaur made sincere efforts for khadr:ns. The. amoun t of subsidy is not its inception. and .d~velopment. It is mainly requIred to be repaid. because of hIS untIrmg work that the society The first instalment of subsidy was fully came into being in 1952 and started to func­ spent by 1960 over expenditure incurred in tion effectively from 1954. The society worked exploiting the stone quarries of Dhanmahua very successfully for the first eight years but Pirkasami, Tamra and Jheenjh. Out of th~ subsequently some difficulties were experienced second instalment of subsidy (amounting to due to differences arising among its members. Rs. 2,000), Rs. 193.33 had been spent 'and The society has 39 members out of whom 20 Rs; 1,806.67 remained unspent at the time of are skilled artisans and the others, unskilled. survey. workers. A skilled artisan is one who can Th~ society has also been given a non-refund­ manufacture Mahadeo and other images (as able grant of Rs. 1,500 for the construction of also kharal and kundi), while an unskilled building for its office and store. worker can manufacture only kharal and kJtndi. Out of the 39 members of the society, 31 ~ccording to the last audit report for the members have shares worth Rs. 70 each while perIOd ended ,Tune 30, 1960, the society had 8 members have shares worth Rs. 30 each, earned a profit of Rs. 2,441.78 though the as shown in the table gi ven alongside. members had not been, paid any dividend. Il\STITUTlONS CON~ECTED WITH THE CH"\FT 31

The society had, however, given financial members of the society, their applications for assistance by way of loan to 35 of its members. membership would not be entertained since The maximum amount paid to a member was they were less than 21 years of age. Others Rs. 200 and the minimum Rs. 40. The total reported that they did not apply for member­ amount thus advanced was Rs. 1,375. Finan­ ship. It appeared that some persons had not cial assistance was given to the members for been approached for becoming members. Since meeting expenditure in connection with certain all the non-members were aware of the advan­ social ceremonies such as marriage and also tages that membership of the society brings, for meeting their requirements during illness. it is possible that some direct motivation may The amount loaned to a member as advance induce them to become active members. It is adjusted from amounts payable to hir!'. for the is noteworthy, however, that some non­ supply of manufactured articles to the society. members also sell their finished products to thc The office bearers of the society are the co-operative society for further marketing. President, the Secretary, and the Treasurer. In addition to the above co-operative society It has an executive committee known as the there is a body known as the Hansraj Pashan Karya Karini Samiti. The President of the Kalakar Sangh, which is a private limited Concern society is Bhagwan Das Gaur. Ram Prasad set up in 1950. Six closely related Gaur Gaur is the Secretary. There are eight members families have jointly set up this agency for the in the Karya Karini Samiti. development of the craft and marketing of Sustained and detailed enquiries from the their products in places beyond Gaya. When different members of the society revealed that the co-operative society was subsequently set the craftsmen in general and the members of up and it began to function well, there was the society in particular were very much some clash of interest between the two bodies. benefited by the society. The craftsmen did At present the Hansraj Pashan Kalakar Sangh not have to bother about marketing of the and the co-operative society co-exist. While finished products which was done by the society. the members of the society want that the members The prices paid by the society for variqus of the Sangh should join them, the latter articles provided for adequate remuneration to prefer to stay out of the society which, they the craftsmen for their labour. The position believe, may not be able to be of as much use in regard to supply of raw materials had also im· and help· to them as their Sangh. The friction proved as a result of the efforts made by the society. has resulted in the society not working well. Although the craftsmen derived great bene­ Its members are facing much difficulty in fit from the society, it could not obviously getting the raw materials. The khadans are meet the entire requirements of the artisans not exploited because it is feared that the in respClct of capital, raw materials and iill,proved members may not sell their products to the mechanical tools and implements. However, co-operative but sell them to the traders of the subsequent failure of the society was caused Gaya and even export them outside. Thus, by a sense of distrust that developed- among no exploitation of the khadans was undertaken the members rather than due to inadequacy in after 1960. the proper fulfilment of its role. Some dissatis­ Meetings of the artisans were convened several fied members of the co-operative society formed time s to reconcile the difference s but these an association disLinct and apart from the were of no avail. In such meetings the difficulties society. Thi s association does not supply in obtaining Pirkasauti stone were men­ articles manufactured by its members to the tioned as also the non-exploitation of the society but arranges for their direct sale to khadans. Some suggested that a quota system traders in different cities. This has naturally should be introduced for each member. One caused unrest among the remaining members grou p suggested that since Dhanmahua and of the society,. for whom the channel of sale Pirkasauti stones are important raw materials continues to be through the society itself. for image making, they should not be wasted Even artisans who are not members of the in making kharals. But thi~ was not agreed society are fully aware of its existence and to by the artisans who own the Pirkasauti they also know' who its office bearers are. khadan, it being countered that the society According to such artisans, the main function could exploit other khadans over which the of the society is to purchase the manufactured entire village had rights of exploitation. articles and dispose them of the traders, or The gereral consensus was that the problem through the retail shop run by the society could only be solved by the Government which in Gaya city. Some of the non-members could easily make the large investment of reported that although they desired to become capital that was necessary and utilize modern 32 PATHAThKATTI machines such as cranes, pumps and drilling The castewise classification of the 14 trainees an.d lathe machines. The Government could is given below : then store adequate raw materials in the village Nama of oaste Number of for supply to the craftsmen. The stone could trainees either be sold in cash or supplied to the crafts- Thathera 2 Chamar- 2 men on the condition that they would supply pasi 5 the manufactured products to the Government Barhi 1 Bhuiya 1 store on being paid pre-determined manufac- Sonar 2 turing charges. 13humihar I Although there is great demand for stone- Total :14 ware articles, the craftsmen are unable to meet The tuitional class had imparted training to the demand fully. If Government were to 50 persons till 1964. take up adequate supply of stones, even plates, The raw materials are supplied by the cups, bowls and such other utilitarian utensils institution. The manufactured articles are treated could also be manufactured. Other neighbour­ as the output of the tuitional class, and sold. ing hillocks could be prospected for their content There are many craftsmen in the village of workable stone. Adequate supply of who have become skilled artisans proficient different kinds of stones would ensure the utiliza­ in the art of image-making. All of them tion of a particular kind of stone only for have undergone a course of orientation in the manufacturing the specific articles for which tuitional class. it was most suited. The present mis-utilization 'The general opinion of the craftsmen about of good quality stones would thus be eradicated. the tuitional olass' was that it was a very These suggestions were made by the artisans as useful institution. But it was contended that a whole and their implementation could well the institution should impart training only herald an era of prosperity in this village. to the children of the traditional craftsmen (Ga.ur Brahmins) and not to others. Actually The Patharkatti stoneware Tuitional Class the Gold Control Act, which caused under­ ':Che Patharkatti Stoneware Tuitional Class employment among goldsmiths, explains the has been referred to earlier. Its area of opera­ joining of Sonars. That there are many members tion extends over Patharkatti, Katari, Khukhari, of scheduled castes alJlong the trainees appeared Sarvahda, and Neyamatpur villages which are to be a healthy sign. The instructors were 'of all situated close to each other. It was estab­ the opinion that even children of castes other ] ished in 1955 to impart technical training to than Gaur Brahmins pick up the craft quite the practising artisans and fresh apprentices easily and well. But the Gaur Brahmin crafts­ so that the traditional industry could not only be men contended that persons of ot her castes kept alive but also made to progress and prosper. who acquired proficiency in the craft usually Its staff comprises two instructors (both sold articles made by them at cheaper rates non-matriculates) and one peon. The training by undercutting the prices fixed by the tradi­ imparted lasts for two yearR. A brief account tional craftsmen. This was, according to them, of the kind of training given is furnished bolow : a ground against the imparting of training to The trainees are first taught how to make other castes. At the time of survey there was small size kharal, khalbatti and kundi. Later, not a single trainee from any Gaur Brahmin they learn to make the deepak (lamp), ash-tray, family. Among the reasons for this, the crafts­ paper-weight, flower vase and Mahadeo. This men averred that the trainees did not get takes up the first year. In the secondyearthey their st,ipends in time, while the novices. in are trained to make images of Buddha, Shiva, their families could always earn somethIng Ganesh, etc. The sanctioned strength oft,rainees while learning with their parents. So the is only 12. Each trainee is given a stipend traditional craftsmen do not like to send their of Re. 1 per day. But at the time of the children to the tuitional class. survey, there were 14 trainees in the institution, The Institute of Industrial Design, Blhar, out of whom 2 did not get any stipend. The plays an important role in the development of trainees are recruited with the approval of the the craft. Various designs are supplied by it Block Development Officer, Atri. The trainees to the tuitional class for adoption. The are largely selected from the artisan families institute also places orders for various articles belonging to Sonar (goldsmith), That hera which are not otherwise manufactured. A (utensil-maker), Barhi (carpenter) castes, and number of articles such as ash-trays of various also Chamars and other scheduled castes. Each designs, paper-weights, figurines of a lady with trainee is required to complete the two.year a bird in one hand, and replicas of old images course in default of which the stipend pa.id arc sent as samples along with orders to manu. become refundable. facture the same in the tuitional class. CHAPTER VIII

CONCLUSION The stoneware craft is an important craft The other important feature noticed in tho in t,he region and plays a predominant role village is that every artisan family has social in the economic life of the traditional craftsmen and economic ties with the craftsmen of of village Patharkatti. The Gaul' Brahmin Jaipur. families of village Patoharkatti are almost wholly dependent on this craft for their livelihood. It is believed by t.he craftsmen that they Some members of other castes such as Sonar, can earn a good living at .J aipur even without Chamar, Bania, Pasi and Musahar have having independent workshops. There are a also taken to this craft. number of Gaur Brahmins in Jaipur who have large workshops. They ~mploy workers in In the city of Gaya, whieh is the district stoneware craft on daily and monthly wages. headquarters, there are a number of stoneware fl'hus most of the villagers are not averse to dealers who also belong to caste of the tradi­ leaving Patharkatti and going to Jaipur. During tional craftsmen (Gaur Brahmin). They are the last three years, seven persons had left largely dependent on the sale of stoneware for Jaipur. The tendency to move from the articles produced in Patharkatti ; tohey are also village is strong among the traditional crafts­ related to the craftsmen who manufacture men, as they expect better prospects in Jaipur. these articles. Therefore, apart from having Those who went to Jaipur earned a lot in a a patron-client and manufacturer relationship, short time, and some of them also managed they also have close social ties. As a result, to get brides for themselves. ('Marriage is usually the manufacturers whose economic status and a great problem for the Gaur Brallmins of other intimate details are usually known to Patharkatti as marital ties have necessarily to the traders of Gaya, have too suffer a great be made in Rajasthan and these prove rather deal. The traders of Gaya como to know when costly.) a particular manufacturer is in financial diffi­ culties and takes advantage of his knowledgo In the social structure of the region tho to strike hard bargains. Gaur Brahmins have high position in the Hindu caste hierarchy, and as such they do 'l'he craftsmen of Patharkatti earn only not suffer from any stigma because of their living wages. During the last ten years or so, being an artisan class of stoneware manufac­ the craftsmen have had decent earnings. 'l'here t urers. ,'rhe craftsmen supply the utiHtariall are at least three families in the village who goods like kharal, kundi, oil lamp, etc. They have purchased a radio set each. Every family has also supply the stone mortar used for dehusking kept its house in good repairs and brought grains with pestle, and the support.ing pillars about improvements also. for dhenki (husking-lever). There is, thus, some dependence of the neighbouring peasant But for the last three years the co-operative community on these craftsmen. In the neigh­ society is not working well because of the rift bouring villages as well as in other villages of among its members, and as such tho economy the district and the ~tate, there is great of the craftsmen has been adversely affecLed. demand for images of the Pancha Devatas which AJl of them feel that they have too go through are established in temples or other suitable very hard times because of low incomes. But places. In this regard, the services made avail­ this can be changed if the co-operative begins able by the craftsmen are indispensable as to function properly again. Everyone com­ there is no substit ute for the Pancha Devatas. plained that it was due to the traders of Gaya that differences had arisen among the members The images of Buddha, Shiva, Saraswati, ofthe co-operative society and were even widening Laxmi, 8urya, Kali, Radha and Krishna are at their instance. The traders of Gaya do important for ritual as well as decorative not want that the co-operative should function purposes. The demand for images of Buddha wen, and they try to exploit individual mem­ is great and many Buddhist travellers who bers by giving them advances and loans, visit Bodh Gaya on pilgrimage like to purchase which are recovered from articles purchased one for worship. Non-Bnddhists purchase at, low rates. The traders of Gaya feel that if such images for decorative purposes. they do not make advances, they may not get 'l'here is great demand also for kharal and any supplies from the village. Shivalinga. 'rhe latter is in great demand at 34 PATHARKATTI

C~lcutta and V ara:na~i among the Bengali ~uitable kinds of stones from the qUlJ:tries wIdows who throw It In the river Hooghly or In adequate quantities. The case of the ::arti­ Ganga after the deaths of their husbands. sans for a more benevolent approach by" the State Government and ,the need for tangible The:' stoJ;lewar~ craft of Pathark~tti ~ot a fresh lease of hfe' from the State assistance assistance 'in the supply of raw materials appeared to deserve full consideratiori.' The given ~o it in the fifties. ',T~e tuiti~nal class has brought exquisitely produced objects industry has potentialities. It needs to be of art :within the range and. of developed. Its handiwork may well live a compet~nce thousand years from now, and provide some the artIsan~, of t~e village. ,New craftsmen indication of the artistic talents of 'a little ~re also, beIng traIned for the job. But the known village in a corner of Bihar'in the Indust~y appeared to be .languishing for want of adequate facilities in the extraction of present times. 1. Lord Buddha with fold ed hand ~ . The image is of the lVirgam desig n (without 2. Lord Buddha in the, Bhumispars/ta Mudra. background). The image is of the Badradar design (with background).

.." "'".. ~- --~ -~-l , ;

3. Lord Buddha in the AMaya Val'dan Mudl-a, offering his blessings with his right hand. 4. Head of Lord Buddha . 5. Image of Lord Vishnu in the 6. Surya-The Sun God. Badradar design.

7. Nagpheni MahadeQ of the Bangla design. It is made from 8 •. An ornamented stone plate. A sample from ttn a single fltQUe piece. old collection in the village. 9. A street in· Patharkattii hamlet of the Gaur Brahmin artisans.

10. An other aspect of 'the craftsmen's village. .11.. Artisans. at w.od" manufactUl:ing .Kharal and JJ:lahadeo.

12. A colle~tion of stoneware articlas produced in the village. 13. Guidance to trainees of the tuitiona l class.

14. The group of trainees in the tuitional class .

15. The building housing the Patharkatti Stonewa re Tuitiona l Class. 16. Drilling a qua.rry before blasting.

17. A Khadan yielding Motia stones chiefly used for manufacturing Kharals. 18. Various stages in the manufacture of Mahadeo.

19. Some ~tages in the manufacture of Nandi. ..

20. Polishing and colour:ng are usually attended to by wonce" .

21. Polishing and colouring a.re usua.lly attended to by women. 22. Finishing touches are better given by ladies.

23. Finishing touches are better given by Isdiee. 24. At work on a Kharal. 25. Making a Nandi.

26. Shaping a stone slab for image-making. , 27. A flower vase being manufactured. ANNEXURE SL. no ...... , ...... • CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 HANDICRAFT SURVEY SCHEME FAMILY SCHEDULE ,(For practising artisan families)

State ....•...... , Subdivision ...... , district ...... •. ,' .... .

N. E. S. Block (if any) ...... P.S./Taluk/TehsiI...... ,

Village/Town ...... , Locality ...... ------

1. Name of the head of the family

2. (a) Postal address ------,----

(b) Since when living in this area

(c) If immigrant migrated from which area and when

3. Particulars about the members of the household including the head : (Use separate sheet for each individual) Serial no. (a) Name ------

(b) Sex M/F

(c) Age in completed years (d) Relation with head of family .. ------(e) Place of birth-- (i)- Name

(ii) Distance from here

(f) Religion

(g) Caste/Tribe

(h) Language

(i) Education

(j) (i) Training in craft or crafts as home­ apprentice. (ii) Other Private sources

(k) Training in craft or crafts in institutions

(l) Father's occupation

(m) Occupation-(i) Main

(ii) Subsidiary ANNEXURE

(n) Hours of work for each occupation-

(i) Main .. .. --~------(ii) Subsidiary

(0) Place of work for each oocupa'ion­ (i) Main .. .. ------(ii) Subsidiary

(p) Remuneration for different oocupa'~ions­ (i) Main ..

(U) Subsidiary

(q) If engaged in any craft, since when

(r) Physical conditions

(8) Marital status

(t) Age at marriage

(u) Marriage payments­ (i) Received by H. H.

(ii) Made by H. H. ..

(v) If occupation is not the traditional one, state: (i) Whether ever engaged in the traditional Yes/No occupation 1 . (ii) If yes, when given up ------.

(iii) And why ?

(w) Hobbies and recrea.tional activities

4. Additional questions to be asked for members of the family living away from it :

(a) Present postal address

(b) Since when living away from t~e family

(c) Why living away from family

(d) How many times did he visit home village in a yea.r, a.nd why ?

(e) Remittance- (i) Sent by him

(ii) Received by him

6. Pa.rticulars about artioles produoed :

(a) Looal names and English equivalents {or the types of artioles produced by the family; (put in serial order in terms of importanoe with referenoe to the value to produce).

(i) Before Second World War-

Looal names English names 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4.

(ii) Before 1947-

Looal names English names 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4.

(iii) At present-

Local names English names

1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5 6. 6.

(b) Details of articles produ()ed at present (use separate sheet for eaoh article):

(a) Name of artiole

(b) (i) Total number of ar~ioles produoed during 1961. (ii) Price of the same .. (iii) Percentage ot the value of all the produces during 1961. (c) Describe the approximate size, height, form of each part of the article as well as the article as a whole

(d) Desoribe the funotions (uses) of each part of the article as well as the article as a whole.

(e) Disouss how during use the different parts and lor the objeot as a whole is manipu­ lated

(J) Whether there is preference for produotion of a particular variety of the article 1 !fso, why? (g) Whether there is a preference for any partioular artiole or group of articles ~ If so, why? (h) (i) Has there been any attempt to standardise any aspeot of the oraft ?

(ii) If yes, by whom and how ? (iii) To what extent has it been suooessful ?

(iv) What has been its impaot on the volume of produotion 38 ANNEXURE

(v) Wha.t has been its impact on the eoonomy of the oraftsmen 1

(vi) Has it involved any shift in the position of any particular craftsman or oraftsmen family 1

(i) (i) If there ha.s been no attempt of sta.ndardisation, do you think that any aspeot of the oraft requires to be standardised 1

(ii) If so, why 1 (iii) How and by whom it should be standardised 1

(j) (i) Do all the craftsmen families have necessary tools, equipments, skill and capital to fall in line in case of standardisation 1

(;£) If not, what has been/should be done in oase of suoh families.

(k) Remarks

6. Partioulars about materials (Use separate sheet for each artiole produced at present) :

(a) Name of the article with its parts (both local ------~------­ and English equivalents),

(b) Main raw materials: ------_--_---:1-______~------:------Names From where obtained Form Prioe

(e) Subsidiary raw materials:

Names From where obtained Form Price

(d) Privileges enjoyed, if any, in obtaining raw materials

(e) Diffioulties, if any, in obtaining raw materials

(1) Terms and cond~tions on which raw materials were obtained from different sources during 1961. (g) Remarks FAMILY SCHEDULE 89

7. Partioulars a.bout designs a.nd deaorative motifs (Use separate sheet for eaah artioles)

(a) Name of artiale

(b) Date of manufacture ..

(c) Base material (d) Name of design .------(e) Decorative motif and other elements for the design and how they are oombined in :

(i) the artiale under study

(ii) and aooording to the oraftsman, whether there are or were other oombinations.

(f) Brief description of design inoluding oolour schemes and aspeots whioh are considered to be purely deoorative and whioh are oonsidered to be of ritual signifioanoe.

(g) Symbolio aspects assooiated with the design.

(n) Legends oonnected with the designs.

(i) Source of design.

(j) Whether aooording to the ora.ftsma.n, the design is a. traditional one/or whether it is a result of an innovation 1

(k) How frequently he makes use of the partioular design

(l) Is there any section of the population among whom the design is more in demand ~ If yes, give details.

(m) Aooording to the oraftsman, whether similar design are found in other types of ('rafts of the region.

(11,) Is any design oonfined to oertain familes or oertain recognised seotion of the popula­ tion 1 Is there any taboo against adoption of other, designs 1 Is there any sana­ tion against copying of designs by others 1 If so, what is the nature of sanation.

(0) Whether the oraftsman is aaquainted with YesfNo other designs whioh he wants to adopt 1 If yes :

(i) Name of the designs

(ii) Brief descriptions of designs

(iii) Souroes of designs ..

(iv) Why he wants to adopt

(v) Why he does not adopt '?

(p) Remarks ANNEXURE

8~ Partioulars of Tools :

(a) Name of artioles produced

(b) Base material

Prioe Name of the tool (Looal and Funotions of the tool English equivalent) At the time Present market it was obtained prioe

(c) Brief description of each tool (pencil sketches, photographs, etc., are to be supplemented)

(d) Who makes the' tools, names, when and from where obtained

(e) (i) Whether the tools are used to the full capaoity? ('ii) If not, why not :

(f) (i) Is the craftsman satisfied with the tools

(ii) If not, why not ~

(iii) (a) What other tools he desires ?

(b) Why is he not having those tools 1

(g) Remarks .(including whether the tool is imported from outside India)

9. General description of workshop and organisation of work : (a,) Location (b) Distance from household (0) Physical structurc (size and description) (d) In addition to place of work, whether used for any other purpose if yes, state the purpose. (e) Environment and hygienio condition (f) Number of persons working in the workshop (g) Hours of work (h) Types of operations : --·------:-----·------1-----'------Type of operation N arne of tools used Whether working Whether working in individually groups FAMILY SC'HEDULE

(i) (a) N'umber of persons engaged in each operation:

Rema.rks Members of family Employed members including whether Type of operation Skilled Unskilled Skilled Unskilled there is general M F M F M F division of labour

(b) Wage rate for eaoh type of operation and availability of labour:

WAGE RATE \"Vhether .------competent Type of Skilled Unskilled hands are Remarks operation available Males Females Males Females

Adult Minor Adult Minor Adult Minor Adult Minor

~~~--~-----~------~------~----~--.------.------(.i) Natre of utilization of spaoe in the workshop in respeot of eaoh operation and work group. (k} Nature of supervision

(l) Formation of work groups­

(i) Operationwise :

N aille of operation No. of persons Basis of grouping ANNEXURE (ii) Objectwise

Name of object No. of persons Basis of grouping

~------~----~----.~------~------(iii) Otherwise l

Name No. of' persons Basis of grouping

(m) Observations of the investigator about the general atmosphere relation between indi­ vidual workers, groups, supervisors and workers, etc.

(n) Remarks

10. Distribution of work in different stages (outside the household or the workshop of the establishment under survey):

If not done in the household or workshop Name of article Stage of Remarks work Particulars of persons by Where Reason for Agency whom done done the parti­ through cular type which Category Number of distri­ distribu­ bution tion and supervision is effective F AIMlL Y SCHEDUt.El

1 I. Particulars about production (use Feparate sheet for each article):

(a) Name of article

(b) Seasons of production and approximate percentage of produce during each season

(c) If more than one technique of production prevails to produce the same article :

(i) How and when different techniques have been introduced ~

(ii) Whether the different members of family follow the same technique or different techniques ~ (iii) Whether there is preference for a particular technique ~ If so, why ~

(iv) Stages of production beginning from preparation of raw materials to the finished product. (v) Describe operations involving manipulation of tools and processing of . raw materials stage by stage.

(vi) Describe magic-religious performances and taboo associated with different techniques, tools and different stages of production or different aspects of the craft. (vii) If particular tool, techniques, type of production or any aspect of the craft is considered to be distinctive of the community or group or to have symbolic significance in any manner, give particulars of the same.

12. Particulars about storage, marketing and transport (Use seperate sheet for each article) :

(a) Name of article

(b) Time gap between production and disposal

(c) In case of long duration, measures, if any, taken for preservation

(d) Storage

(i) Place

(ii) Distance from workshop

(iii) Container

(e) Percentage of total sale and disposal during 1961 :

Retails Wholesale On terms of processing raw materials supplied by

Outside Outside

From • To co-ope- Others From To co-ope- Others Co-opera­ Emporium Business­ workshop rativcs workshop . ratives rative man 44 ANNEXURE

(f) Sale price as on ......

Retail Wholesale

Outside Outside From From workshop Co-operatives Others ~orkshop Co-operati ves Others

(g) Terms and conditions of work in processing of raw materials (operation wise) :

Name of operation. Co-operati ve Emporium Others

(h) Transport: ------_.-'----- Purpose Place Distance from Means Cost workshop

._--_.------.. --...... ---_._~-

"'-...--_._-_._------. ------FAMILY SCHEDULE

] 3. How disposed (as per statement of the craftsman) (use separate sheet for each article): (a) Name of article.'

(b) Percentage of the total used produce in the family during 1961

(i) Ceremonial

(ii) Domestic

(c) Percentage used in the community during 1961

(i) Percentage of the total produce

(ii) On what terms

(d) Percentage used by patron clients during 1961 :

(i) Percentage of the total produce

(ii) On what terms

(e) Sold in local market

(i) Percentage of the total produce

(ii) Name of market

(/) Sold in fairs and festivals

Name of fair/festival Time or occasion Percentage of the total produce

(g) Exported

Place of export Peroentage of the total produoe 46 ANNEXUHE

(h) Statement of the craftsman about-

(i) Who are main clients ~

(ii) What is the main use (commercial, domestic, etc) ~

(iii) Whether any change is taking place in the relative importanoe of different means of disposal and the nature of use ~

(i) (i) If the craft is a new one in the family, why they have adopted it 1

(ii) Is the craftsman satisfied with hisl her job 1

(iii) What are his/her main problem ~

(iv) What he wants his/her son/daughter to be ~

(j) (i) If the craft is a traditional one in the family, hag any member of the family taken to any other occupation ~

(ii) If yes, why 1

(iii) Is the craftsman satisfied with his job?

(iv) If not, why not~

(v) If yes, what is the specific nature of the satisfaction ~

(vi) Does he think that he is rendering a useful service to the society 1

(vii) If yes, in what manner ~

(viii) Do the neighbours think that he is rendering a useful servioe to the society 1

(ix) If not, why not 1

(x) Does he think that the society is doing all that should be done for him 1

(xi) If not, why not ~

(xii) Doe~ he want his sonl daughter to be in the same occupation 1

(xiii) If not, why not ~

(xiv) If he does not want his son/daughter to be in the same oocupation what he wants his son/daughter to be?

(xv) (i) If he wants his son/daughter in the same occupation does the son/daughter reciprocate his feeling·1

(U) How is he traininng up his son/daughter for the purpose?

(~vi) According to him, in addition to specific skill for the craft, what are the­

(a) mental qualities required for successful pursuit of the craft

(ii) physical qualities required for successful pursuit of the craft FAMILY SCHEDULE 47 14. Estimated cost of production per unit: ------Unpaid wages Quantity Price Other for the Name of article Description of raw of raw Cost of Rent of Wages payment Interest family matel'ial material transport w'orkshop paid for pro­ on loan members oessing at market rates

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------.------.~------_.-_"_._"------._------... _--- -~--

115. Who does the co.ordination of work in case of division of labour and work done on labour rate basis at different places?

16· Pa.rticulars of the va.rious sources from where the craftsmen of the village have received funds:

--~----.._------Terms and conditions (including rate of interest, Source When Approxi­ security, Form Purpose Remarks received mate mortgage, etc., (Cash! amount manner of kind) realisation, etc.) ------_...... ----_.;.------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(a,) G'rant·in-aid

(b) Loan (0) Advance

(d) Sale of assete (including land, jewel, livestock, etc.). (6) Diversion of funds from other pro· ductive activities.

(f) Family savings

(g) Other (specify)

---.._--.._--..._------~---.- ~------48 ANNEcXURE 17. Family budget particulars (income and expenditure) : _'------_._------Income Expenditure ----~~-----...----.----".---~~-- .. ------~------Source in Source in Major Head Amount or outside Major Head Amount or out.ide village village

------.------~------....------

(a) Cultiva~ion (a) Food-

(b) Livestock and products (i) Cereal (c) Wages (ii ) Non -cereal

(d) Arts and Crafts- (b) Drinks

(i) Craft under study (c) Fuel and lighting

(ii) Other crafts (4) House rent and repairs

(e) Fishery (e) Clothing ..

(j) F'orestry (J) Travelling

(g) Trade (g) Recreation

(h) Transport (h) Education

(i) Profession (i) Other services (Miscellaneous) ..

(j) Service (J) Interest

(k') Rent (w) Remittances

(l) Investments (l) Hired labour

(m) Remittances (m) Purchases for production

(n) Others (n) Others Total Total

(0) Borrowing .. (0) Purchase of assets

(p) Principal received back (p) Construction and improvement of building and other structure. (q) Sale of assets (q) Land development: .. Grand Total Grand Total ------18. Unemployment (use separate sheet for each unemployed member):

Is there any member of household searching for a job? Yes/No If yes, give following details:

(a) Name

(b) Age

(c) Other proficiency

(d) Nature of previous employment, if any • (e) Academic qualifications

(J) Date of cessation of previous employment

(g) Reasons for cessation

(h) Any subsidiary work at present

(i) Whether registered with any employment exchange' Yes/No (;) Na.ture of job sought

(k) Remarks FAMILY SCHEDULE 49 19. Sale and purchaso of valuable assets durillg last three years:

(a) Sale-

Type of assets Time of Buyer's Oodupation Area/No. Sale priC'e sale address of buyer

2 3 4 5 6

(il Land (ill Livestock

(iii) Machinery, tools, equipment

(iv) Building, etc.

(v) Jowellery and valuables

(vi) Investments

(vii) Other assets Tota.-l ------_._------_._---

(b) PurC'hase-

Type of assets Date of Seller's Seller's Area/No. Sale price purchase address occupation

1 2 3 4 5 6

(i) Land

(ti) Livestock

(iii) Machinery, touls, e'luipment

(ttl) Building, etc.

(fJ) J ewollery and valuables

(fJi) Investments

(fJit) Other assets Total ----_._---

LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLIOATIONS (As on February 17, 1964)

AGARTALA-LBxmi Bhandar Books & Scientifio (Rest.) S~M . 7 :t\bruthi Book Depot, Avenue Road (Reg.) S International Book House P. Ltd., 4F, (Reg.) AGRA- ;Mahatma Gandhi Road. . I Natioua.l Book House. JeoniMandi (Reg.) 9 Navakarnataka Publications Pri.vate Ltd., (Rest.) 2 Wadhawa & Co., 45, Civil Lines (Reg.) Majestic Circle. . 3 Banwari Lal Jain, Publishers, Moti Katra (Rest.) 4 English Book Depot, Sadar Bazar, Agra (Rest.) BAREILY --Agrawal Drothers, Dara Bazar (Reg.) Cantt. BARODA- AHMADNAGAR---V. T. Jorakar, PrOp., Rama (Rest.) 1 Sh1'i Chandrakant.;MohanLall Shah,Raopura (BeRt.) General Stores, Navi Path. 2 Good Companions Booksellers, Publishers (Rest.) & Sub·Agent. AHMEDABAD- 3 New Medical Book House, 540, Madan (Rest.) 1 Balgovind KuberDasB & Co., Gandhi Road (Reg.) ZampaRoad. 2 Chandra Kant Chiman Lal Vora, Gandhi Road (Reg.) .f 3 New Order Book Co., Ellis Bridge .• (Reg.) BEAWAR -The SaoreLary, S. D. Cullege, Co· (Rest). 4 Mahajan Bros., Opp. Khadia Police Gate ., (Rest.) op~rative Stores, Ltd. 5 Sastu Kitab Ghar, Near Relief Talkies, Pathar (Reg.) BELGHARIA-Grauthlok Antiquarian Book· (Reg.) Kuva, Reliof Road. sellers & Publishers (2 i· Parganas) , 5/1, AmlioaMukh'3rjeo Road. AJMER- 1 Book·Land, 663, Madar Gate (Reg.) BHAGALPUR-Paper Stationery Stores, D. N. (Reg.) 2 Rajputana Book House, Station Road (Reg.) Siugh Road. 3 Law Book House, 271, Hathi Bhata (Reg.) 4 Vijay Bros., Kutchery Road (Reg.) BHOPAL- 5 Krishna Bros., Kutchery Road (Rest.) 1 Sup3rintendent, State Government Press 2 Lyall Book Depot, Mohd.DinBldg., StatiOn (Reg.) ALIGARH_Friends Dook House, Muslim Univer· (Reg.) Road. sity Market. 3 Dalite Books, Opp. Bhopal Talkies (Rest.)

ALLAHABAD- BHUBANESHW AR-·Ekamra Viuya1haban, (Rest.) 1 Superintendent, Printing & Stationery, u.r. Eastern Tower, Room no. :I. 2 Kitabistan, 17·A, Karnla Nehru Road .. (Reg.) 3 LaW Book Co., Sardar Patel Marg, P. Box 4 (Reg.) BIJAPUR--Shri D. V. Deshpande, Recognised (Rest.) 4 Ram Narain Lal BeniMadho, 2.A, Katra (Reg.) LJiw BOOksellers, Prop. Vinod Book Road. D:>pot, Near Shiralshetti Chowk. S Universal Book Co., 20, M.G. Road (Reg.) 6 The University Book Agency (of Lahore), (Reg.) BIKANER -Bhandani Bros. (Rest.) Elgin Road. 7 Wadhwa & Co., 23, M.G,Marg (ResL.) BILASPUI~ -Sharma Book Stall, Sadar Bazar .. (Rest.) 8 Bharat Law House, 15, Mahatma Gandhi (Rost.) Marg. DOMBAY- 9 Ram Narain Lal Beni Prasad, 2·A, Katrs (Rest.) I Supdt., Printing anl.i Stationery, Queens Road. Road. 2 Charles Lambert & Co., 101,Mahatma. (Reg.) Gandhi Road. AMBALA::;- 3 Co.operaton Buo·k Depot., f)!32, Ahmed (Reg.) 1 English Book Depot, Ambala Cantt. (Reg.) Sailor Bldg., Dadar. 2 Seth Law House, S719, Railway Road, (Rest.) 4 CurrentBaokHouse, Maruti Lane, Raghu· (Reg.) Ambala Cantt. nath Dadaji St. 5 Current Technical Literature Co.,P. Ltd., (Reg.) AMRITSAR- India House, 1 st Floor. 1 The Law Book Agency, G. T. Road,Putligarh (Reg.) 6 International Boot<: House Ltd., 9, Ash (Reg.) 2 S. Gupta, Agent, Government Publications, (Reg.) Lane, M.,o. Road. Near P.O. Majith Mandi. 7 Lakkani Book Depot, Girgaum (Reg') 3 Arnar Nath & Sons, Near P.O. Majith Mandi (Reg.) 8 Elpees Ag6ncies, 24. Bhangwadi, Kalbadevi (Reg.) 9 P.P.H . .Book Stall, 190·B, Khetwadi ;Main (Reg.) ANAND- Road. . 1 Vijaya Stores, Station Road .. (Rest.) 10 New Book Co., lS8-190, Dr. Dadabhai (Reg.) 2 Charto Book Stall, Tulsi Sadan, Stn. Road .. (Rest.) Naoroji Road. 11 Popular Boo& Depot, Lamington Road .. (Reg.) ASANSOL-D.N. Roy & R. K. Roy, Booksellers, CRest.) 12 Sunder Das Gian Chand, {jUl, Girgaum (Reg.) Atwal Building. Road, Near Princess Street. 13 D. B. TaraporewalaSons & 00. (P~, Ltd., (Reg.) BANGALORE- 210, Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Roau. 1 The Bangalore Legal Practitiouer Co·o!'. (:Reg.) 14 Thacker & Co., Rampart. Row (Reg.) Society, Ltd., Har AS30ciation Buil dllJg. 15 N.M. Tripathi Private Ltd., Princoss Street (Reg.) 2 S.S. BookEmporium, 118, ;Mount Joy Road (Reg.) 16 The Kothari Depot"King Ed,ward Road .. (Reg.) 3 The Bangalore Press,Lake View, ;Mysore (;R.eg.) 17 P.H.Rama Krishni1' & SOIlS, 147, Rajar,&m (Rest.) Road. P.O.Box507. Bhuvan, Shivaji Park Road No.5. 4 The Standard Book Depot., Avenue Road (Reg.) IS C. Jamnadas & Co., Booksellers, 146·C, (Reg.) 5 VicharaSahityaPrivateLtd.,Balepet .. (Reg.) Princes St. 6 ;Makkala Pusta,ka Press, Balamandira, (Reg.) 19 Indo Nath & Co., A.6, Daulat Nagar (Reg.) Ga.ndhinagar. Borivli,Mahatma Gandhi Road. ii

LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNltfENT OF INDIA PUBLIOATION8-oonl!l. BOMBAY-concld. DEHRADUN- 20 Minerva Book Shop, Shop No. 1/80, N. (Reg.) 1 Jugal Ki.hore & Co.,Rajpur Road (Reg.) Subhas Road. 2 National News Agency, Paltan Bazar .. ( Reg.} 21 Academic Book Co., Association Building, (Rest.) 3 Bil!lhanSinghandMahendraPaISingh,318, (Reg.) Girgaum Road. Chukhuwala. 22 Dominion Publishers, 23, BeIl Building, Sir (Rest.) 4 Utam Pustak Bhandar, Paltan Bazar (Rest.) P.M. Road. 23 Bombay National History Society,91, (Rest.) DELHI- Walkeshwar Road. 1 J. M.Jaina &; Brother, MoriGate (Reg.) 24 Dowmadeo & Co., 16, Naziria Building, (Rest.) 2 Atma Ram & Sons, Kashmere Gate .. (Reg.) Ballard Estate. 3 Federal Law Book Depot, Kashmere Gate (Reg.) 25 Asian Trading Co., 310, the Miraball, (Rest.) 4 Bahri Bros.,188, Lajpat Rai Market .. (Reg.) P. B.I505. 5 Bawa.Harkisha.nDassBedi(VijayaGeneral (Reg.) CALCUTTA- Agencies), P.B. 2027, Ahata Kedara, 1 Chatterjee & Co., 3/1, Bacharam Chatterjee (Reg.) Chamallian Road. Lane. 6 Book·Well,4 SantNarankariColony, P.B. (Reg.) 2 Dass Gupta & Co.,Ltd., 54/3, College Street (Reg.) 1565. 3 Hindu Library, 69·A. Bolaram De Street (Reg.) 7 Imperial Publishing Co., 3, Faiz Bazar (Reg.) 4 S.K. Lahiri & Co., Private Ltd., College (Reg.) Daryaganj. ' Street. S Metropolitan Book Co., 1, Faiz Bazar (Reg.) 5 M.C.Sarkar & Sons Private Ltd., 14 Bankim (Reg.) 9 Publication Centre, Subzimandi .. (Reg.) Chatterjee Street. 10 Youngman & Co.,NaiSarak .. (Reg.) 6 W. Newman & Co., Ltd., 3, Old Court (Reg.) 11 Indian Army Book Depot, 3, Daryaganj .. (Reg.) House Street. 12 All.IndiaEducational Supply Co., Shri Ram (Rest.) 7 Oxford Book & Stationery Co., 17, Park (Reg.) Buildings, J awahar Nagar. Street. 13 Dhanwant Medical & Law Book House, (Rest.) S R.Chambrary & Co.,Ltd.,KentHouse,P. (Reg.) 1522. La.jpat Rai Market. 33, Mission Row Extension. 14 University Book House,I5, U.B.Bangalore (Rest.) 9 S. C. Sarkar & Sons Private Ltd.,I.C. Col· (Reg.) Road, J"awahar Nagar. lege Square. 15 Law Literature House, 2646, BaIimaran .. (Rest.) 10 Thacker Spink & Co. (1933) Private Ltd., (Reg.) 16 Summer Brothers, P.O. Birla. Lines .. (Rest.) 3, Esplanade East. 17 Universal Book & Stationery Co., 16 (Reg.) 11 Firma K.L.Mukhopadhaya,6/1A,Banchha (Rest.) Netaji Subhas Marg. ' Ram Akrar Lane. 18 B. Nath & Bros., 3808, Charkhawalan (Rest.) 12 K.K.Roy, P. Box No. 10210, Calcutta·19 (Rest.) (Chowri Bazar}. 13 Sm.P. D. Upa.dhyay, 77, Muktaram Baby (Rest.). 19 RajkamalPrakashanP. Ltd.,8, FaizBazar (Reg.) Street. 20 Premier Book Co., Printers, Publishers &; (Reg.) 14 Universal Book Dist., 8/2, Hastings Street (Rest.) Booksellers, Nai Sarak. 15 Modern Book Depot, 9, Chowringhee Centre (Rest.) 21 Universal Book Traders, SO,GokhaleMarket (Reg.) 16 Soor & Co.,I25, Canning Street (Rest.) 22 Tech. & Commercial Book Co., 7 5, Gokhale (Rest.) 17 S. Bha.ttacharjee, 49, DharamtalaStreet .. (Rest.) Market. 18 Mukherjee Library, 10,SarbaKhanRoad (Reg., 23 Saini Law Publishing Co. ,1416. Chahiganj, (Rest.) 19 Current Literature Co., 208, Mahatma (Reg.) Kashmere Gate. Gandhi Road. 24 G.M. Ahuja, Booksellers and Stationers, (Rest.) 20 The Book Depository, 4/1, Madan Street (Rest.) 309, Nehru Bazar. (1st Floor). 25 Sat Narain & Sons, 3141, Mohd. Ali Bazar, (Rest.) 21 Scientific Book Agency, Netaji Subhas (Rest.) MoriGate. Road. 26 Kitab Mahal(Wholesale Div.) P. Ltd., 28, (Reg.) 22 Reliance Trading Co., 17/1, Banku Bihar i (Rest.) Faiz Bazar. Ghose Lane, Distriot Howrah. 27 Hindu Sahitya Sansar, Nai Sarak (Rest.) 23 Indian Book Diat. Co., 6512, Mahatma (Rest.) 28 Munshi Ram Manohar Lal, Oriental Book­ (Rest.) Gandhi Road. sellers & Publishers, P.B. 1165, Nai CALlCUT-Touring Book Stall (Rest.) Sarak. 29 K.L. Seth, Suppliers of Law, Commercial (Rest.) CHANDIGARH- Tech. Books, Shanti Nagar, Ganesh. 1 Supdt.,Govt.I'rinting & Stationery, Punjab. pura. 2 Jain Law Agency, Flat no.8, Sector no. 22 (Reg.) 30 Adarsh Publishing Service, 5A/IO, Ansari (Rest.) 3 Rama News Agency, Bookseller, Sector no. (Reg.) Road. 22. 4 Universal Book Store, Booth 25, Sector (Reg.) DHANBAD- 22·D. 1 IsmagCo.opera.tiveStoresLtd.,P.O.lndian (Rest) 5 English Book Shop, 34, Sector 22·D (Rest.) School of Mines. 6 Mehta Bros.,15.Z, Sector 22·B (Rest.) 2 New Sketch Press, Post Box 26 (Rest.) 7 Tandan Book Depot, Shopping Centre, (Rest.) Sector 16. DHARWAR- 8 Kailash Law Publishers, Sector 22·B (Rest.) 1 The Agricultural College Consumers' Co· .(Rest.) op.Society. CHmNDWARA-The Verma Book Depot (Rest.) 2 Rameshraya Book Depot, Subhas Road .. (Rest.) 3 Karnataka.ya Sahitya Mandira. of Publi­ (Rest.) COCHIN-Sa.raswat Corporation Ltd. ,I' allia.rakav (Reg.) shers and Booksellers. Road. CUTTACK- ERNAKULAM- 1 Press Office, Orissa Sectt. 1 Pai &; Co.,Cloth Bazar Road .. (Rest.) 2 Cuttack Law Times (Reg.) 2 South India Traders, c/o Constitutional (Reg.) 3 Prabhat K. Mahapatra, Mangalabagh P.B. 35 (Reg.) Journal. . 4 D.P. Sur & Sons,MangaIabllgh (Rest.) FEROZEPUR-English Book Depot, 78, Jhoke (Reg.) 5 Utkal Stores. Balu Baza.r (Rest.) Road. di

tlS'r OF AGENTS FOR TUE SALE OF GOVER_MENT OF INDIA PUBLIOATIONS<-conld. GAUHATI-Mokshada Pustakalaya (Reg.) JULLUNDUR CITY- 1 Hazooria Bros., Ma:i Hiran Gate GAYA-Sahitya Sadan, Gautam Budha Marg (Reg.) (Rest.) 2 Ja.in General House, Bazar Basan wala (Reg.) G HAZIABAD-Jayana Book Agency (Rest.) 3 University Publishers, Railway Road (Rest.) GORAKHPUR-Vishwa Vidalaya Prakashan, (Reg.) KANPUR- Nakhes Road. 1 Advani & Co.,P.Box 100, The Mall (Reg.) 2 Sahitya Niketan, Shradhanand Park ( Reg,) GUDUR-The General Manager, The N. D. C. CR.est.} 3 The Universal Book Stall, The Mall (Reg.) Publishing & Ptg. Society Ltd. 4 Raj Corporation, Raj House, P. B. 200, (Rest.) Chowk. GUNTUR--Book Lovers Private Ltd., Kadriguda (Reg.) Chowrasta. KARUR-Shri V. Nagaraja Rao, 26, Srivivasa· (Rest.) puram. GW.ALIOR- 1 Supdt.,PrintmgandStationery,M.B. ' KODARM.A-The Bhagwati Press, P. O. Jhnrnri (Reg.) 2 Loyal Book Depot, Patankar Bazar, Lashkar ('Reg.) Tilaiya, Dist. Hazaribagh. 3 M. C. Daftari, Prop. M.B. Jain & Bros. (Rest.) Booksellers, Sarafa, Lashkar. KOLHAPUR--Maharashtra Granth ;Bhandar, (Rest.) Mahadwar Road. HUBLI-Pervaje's Book House, Koppikar Road (Reg.) KOTA_Kota Book Depot (Rest.) HYDERABAD- 1 Director, Government Press .. KUMT.A-S.V. Kamat, Booksellers & Stationers (Reg.) 2 The Swaraj Book Depot, Lakdikapul (Reg.) (N.Kanara). 3 Book Lovers Private Ltd., (Rest.) 4 Labour Law Publications, 873, Sultan Bazar (Rest.) LUCKNOW- 1 Soochna Sahitya Depot (State Book Depot). IMPHAL-Tikendra & Sons, Bookseller (Rest.) 2 BalkrishnaBook Co.,Ltd.,Hazratganj ., (Reg.) 3 British Book Depot, 84, Hazratganj (Reg.) INDORE- 4 Ram Advani, Hazratganj, P.B. 154 (Reg.) 1 Wadhwa&Co.,56,M.G.Road (Reg.) 5 Universal Publishers(P) Ltd. , Hazratganj (Reg.) 2 Swarup Brothers, Khajuri Bazar (Rest.) 6 Eastern Book Co., Lalbagh Road (Reg.) 3 Madhya Pradesh Book Centre, 41, Ahilya (Rest.) 7 Civil & Military EducationalStores, 106/B, (Rest.) Pura. Sadar Bazar. 4 Modern Book House, Shiv Vilas Palace •. (Rest.) 8 Aequariurn Supply Co.,213, Faizabad Road (Rest.) 5 Navyug Sahitya Sadan, PU')lishers and (Rest.) 9 LawBookMart,Amin·Ud-DaulaPark (Rest.) Booksellors, 10, KhajuriBazar. LUDHIANA- JABAL PUR- 1 Modern Book 1I0nse, 286, J awaharganj (Reg.) 1 Lyall Book Depot, Chaura Bazar (Reg.) 2 National Book House, 135, Jai Prakash (Rest.) 2 MohindraBrothers,KatcheriRoad .. (Rest.) N arain Marg. 3 N anda Stationery Bhandar, Pustak Bazar (Rest.) 4 The Pharmacy News, Pindi Street (Rest.) JAIPUR CITY- 1 Government Printing and Stationery De· MADRAS- partment, Rajasthan. 1 Supdt. , Government Press, Mount Road. 2 Bharat Law House, Booksellers & Pub· (Reg.) 2 Account Test Institute, P.O. 760,Emgore (Reg.) lishers, Opp.Prem Prakash Cinema. 3 C. Subbiah Chetty & Co .• Triplicane (Reg.) 3 Garg Book Co., Tripolia Bazar .. (Reg.) 4 K. Krishnamurty, Post Box 384 (Reg.) 4 Vani Mandir, Swami Manshingh Highway (Reg.) 5 Presidency Book Supplies,8,PyeraftsRoad, (Reg.) 5 Kalyan Mo.} & Sons, TripoliaBazar (Rest.) Triplicane. 6 Popular Book Depot, Chaura Rasta (Reg.) 6 P. Vardhachary & Co., 8, Linghi Chetty (Reg.) 7 Krishna Book Depot, Chaura Rasta .. (Rest.) Street. 8 Dominion Law Depot, Shah Building, P.B. (Rest.) 7 PalaniParchuram, 3, PyeraftsRoad, Tripli. (Reg.) No. 23. cane. JAMNAGAR-Swadeshi Vastu Bhandar (Reg.) 8 NCBHPrivateLtd.,199,MountRoad •. (Rest.) 9 V.Sadanand,ThePersonal Bookshop,10, (Rest.) JAMSHEDPUR-- Congress Building, Ill, Mount Road. 1 AmarKitab Ghar, DiogonaIRoad,P.B. 78 (Reg.) 2 Gupta Stores, Dhatkidih . . . . (Reg.) MADURAI- 3 Sanyal Bros., Booksellers & News Agents, (Rest.) Bistupur Market. I Oriental Book House, 258, West Masi (Reg,.) Street. JAWALAPUR--Sahyog Book Depot (Rest.) 2 Vivekanand Press, 48, West Masi Street •. (Reg.) JHUNJHUNU- MANDYA SUGAR TOWN-K. N. Narimhe (Rest.) 1 ShashiKumarSaratChand .. (Rest.) Gowda & Sons. 2 Kapram PrakashanPrasaran,I/90,Namdha (R.) NiwasAzadMarg. _ MANGALORE-U.R. Shenoye Sons, Car Street, (Rest.) P. Box 128. JODHPUR-- 1 Dwarka Das Rathi, Wholesale Books and (Reg.) MANJESHWAR--Mukenda Krishna Nayak (Rest.) News Agents. 2 ~tab·Gha.r, Sojati Gate (Reg.) MATHURA-Rath & Co., Tilohi Building, (Rest.) 3 Choppra Brothers, Tripolia Bazar (Reg.) Bengali Ghat. .! IV

tIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLIOATIONS-contd.

MEERUT- 14 Navayug Traders, Desh Bandhu Gupta (Reg.) 1 Prakash Educational Stores, Subhas Bazar (Reg.) Road, New Nagar. 2 Hind ChiLraPress, West Kutchery Road (Reg.) 15 SaraswatiBook Depot, 15, Lady lIardinge (Reg.) 3 Loyal Book Depot, Chhipi Tank (Reg.) Boad. 4 Bharat Education Stores, Ohippi Tank .. (Rest.) 16 'The Secretary, Indian Met. Society, Lodi (Reg.) 5 Universal Book Depot, Booksellers & News (Rest.) Road. Agents. 17 New Book Depot,Latest Books,PeriodicaIH, (Reg.) MO:NGHYR-Anllsandhan, Minerva Pre"" Build­ (Rest.) Sty. and N ovelles, P.B.!Hi, Conn aught ing. Place. IS Mehra Brothers, 50-G, Kalkaji (Reg.) MUSSOURI- 19 LuxmiBook Stores, 42, .Tanpath (Rest.) 1 Cambridge Book Depot, The Mal (Rest.) 20 Hindi Book House, 82, .Tanpath (Rest.) 2 Hind Traders (Rest.) 21 People Publishing House (P) Ltd., Bani (Reg.) .Thanai Road. ' MUZAFFARNAGAR- 22 R.K. Publishers, 23, Beadon Pura, Karol (Rest.) Bagh. 1 Mittal & Co.,85·C.,New Mandi (Rest.) 23 Sharma Bros., 17, New Market, Moti Nagar (Reg.) 2 B. S . .Tain & Co., 71, Abupura (Rest.) 24 AapkiDnkan, 5/5777, Dev Nagar (Rest.) 25 Sarvodaya Service, 66A-I, Rohtak Road, (Rest.) MUZAFFARPUR- P.B. 252l. 26 H.Chandson,P.B.no.3034 .. (Rest.) 1 Scientific & Educational Supply Syndicate (Reg.) 27 The Secretary ,Federation of Association of (Rest.) 2 Legal Corner, 'l'ikmanio House, Amgola (Rest.) Small Industry of India, 23-B/2, Roh­ Road. tak Road. 3 Tirhut Book Depot (Rest.) 28 Standard Booksellers and Stationers, Palam (Rest.) Enclave. MYSORE- 29 Lakshmi Book Depot, 57, Begarpura (Rest.) 1 H. Venkataramiah & Sons, New Statue (Reg.) 30 Sant Ram Booksellers, 16, New Municipal (Rest.) Circle. Market, Lody Colony. 2 Peoples Book House, Opp . .Tagan Mohan (Reg.) Palace. P Ac'J.TIM- 3 Geeta Book House, Booksellers and Publish­ (Rest.) 1 SinghalsBookHouse,P.O.B.70,Near the (Rest.) ers, Krishnamurthi puram. Church. 4 New Paper HOllse, Lansdowne Building .• (Rest.) 2 Sagoon Gaydev Dhoud, Booksellers, 5-7, (Rest.) 5 Indian Mercantile Corporation, Toy Palace, (Rest.) Rua, 3, Ide .Tameria. Ramvilas. :NADIAD-R.S.Dosary, Station Road (Rest.~ P ATHANKOT-The Krishna Book Depot, Main (Rest.) Bazar. NAGPUR- 1 Supdt.,Govt.Press and BookDepot .. PATIAJ~A- 2 Western Book Depot, Residency Road (Reg.) 1. Supdt.,Bhupendra State Press (Reg.) 3 The Asstt.Secretary, MineralIndustry As­ (Rest.) 2 .Tain and 00.,17, Shah Nashin Bazar (Reg.) sociation, Mineral House. PATNA- N AINITAL-Coural Book Depot, Baril. Bazar .. (Rest.) 1 Supdt.,Govt.Printing(Bihar). 2 .T.N.P. Agrawal and Co., Padri-ki-Haveli, (Reg.) NANDED- Raghunath Bhawan. I Book Centre, College Law General Books, (Rest.) 3 Luxmi Trading Co.,Padri-ki-Haveli (Reg.) Station Road. 4 MotiLalBanarsiDass, Bankipore (Reg.) 2 Hindustan General Stores, Paper and Sta­ (Rest.) 5 Bengal Law House, Chowhatta (Rest.) tionery Merchants, P.B . No. 51. 3 Sanjoy Book AgencY, Vazirabad (Rest.) PITHORAGARH-Maniram Punetha and Sons .. (Rest.)

NEW DELHI- PONDICHERRY--M/s. Honesty Book House, 9 (Rest.) 1 AmritBook Co. , Connaught Circus (Reg.) Rue Duplix. 2 Bhawani & Sons., SF, Connaught Place ( Reg.) 3 Central News Agency, 23/90, Connaught (Reg.) POONA- Circus. 1 Deccan Book Stall, Deccan Gymkhana (Reg.) 4 EmpireBook Dopot,27S, Aliganj .. (Reg.) 2ImperiaIBookDepot,266,M.G.Road •. (Reg.) 5 EnglishBook Stores, 7 -L, Connaught Circus, (Reg.) 3 International Book Service, Deccan Gym­ (Reg.) P.O. B. 328. khana. 6 Faqir Ohand and Sons, I5-A, Khan Market (Reg.) 4 Raka Book Agency, Opp. Natu's Ohawl, (Rest.) 7 .Tain Book Agency, C-9, Prem House, Con- (Reg.) Near Appa Balwant Chow. nought Place. • 5 UtiliLyBook Depot,1339, ShivajiNagar .• (Rest.) 8 Oxford Book and Stationery Co., Scindia (Reg.) House. PUDUKOTTAI-Shri P.N. Swaminathan Sivam (Rest.) 9 Ram Krishna and Sons (of Lahore), 16/B (Reg.) and Co.,East Main'Road. Oonnaught Place. 10 Sikh Publishing House, 7-C, Connaught (Reg.) RAJKOT-Mohan Lal Dossabhai Shah, Book­ (Reg.) . Place. sellers and Sub-Agents. n Suneja Book Centre, 24/90, Connaught (Reg.) Circus. RANCHI- 12 UnitedBookAgency,31, MunicipalMarket, (Reg.) 1 Crown Book Depot, Upper Bazar (Reg.) Connaught Cirous. 2 Pustak Mahal, Upper Bazar .. (Rest.) 13 Jayana Book Depot, ChhaparwalaKuan, (Reg.) Karol :Bagh. REWA-Supdt., Govt.State Emporium V.P. . LIST OF AGEN~S FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PlIBtICATIONS-con,d. ROURKlELA-The Rourkela Review (Rest.) 2 Govt. of India Book Depot, S, Hastings Street, Calcutta. 3 High Commissioner for India in London, India House, SAHARANPUR-Chandra Bharata Pustak Bhan. (Rest.) London, W.C. 2. ' dar, Court Road. RAILWAY BOOKSTALL HOLDERS SECUNDERABAD-Hindustan Dairy Publishers, (Reg.) Market Street. 1 SIS. A.H. Wheeler and Co., 15, Elgin Road, Allahabad. 2 Gahlot Bros., K.E.M. Road, Bikaner. SILCHAR-~·Shri Nishitto Sen Nazirpatti (Rest.) 3 Highinbothams and Co., Ltd., Mount Road, Madras. 4 M. Gulab Singh and Sons Private, Ltd., MatllUra SIMLA- Road, New Delhi. 1 Supdt. , Himachal Pradesh Govt. 2 Minerva Book Shop, The Mall (Reg.) FOREIGN 3 The New Book Depot, 79, The Mall (Reg.) 1 SIS. Education Enterprise Private Ltd., Kathmandu SINNAR-Shri N. N. Jakhadi, Agent, Times of (Rest.) (Nepal). India, Sinnar (Nasik). 2 S.S. Aktie Bologat, C.E. Frizes Kungal Hovokokhandel, Fredgation, 2, Box,I656, Stockholm (Sweden). SHILLONG- 3 Reise-und Verkehrsverlag Stutigart, Post 730 Guten· 1 The Officer.in-Charge, Assam Govt., B.D. bergstra 21, Stuttgart No. 11245, Stuttgart 2 ChaplaBookstall,P.B.No. 1 (Rest.) (Germany West). 4 Shri Iswar Subramanyam, 452, Reversito Driv Apt. 6, SONEPAT--United Book Agency (Reg.) New York 27, NWY. fj The Proprietor, Book Centre, Lakshmi Mansons, 49, SRINAGAR--The Kashmir Bookshop, Residency (Reg.) The Mall, Lahore (Pakistan). Road. SURAT-Shri Gajanan Pustakalaya, Tower Road (Reg.) ON S. AND R. BASIS

TRICHINOPOLY- I The'Head Clerk, Government Book Depot, Ahmedabad. 1 Kalpana Publishers, Wosiur (Reg.) 2 The Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Kapileswar 2 S. Krishnaswami and Co., -35, Subhas (Reg.) Road, Belgaum. Chander Bose Road. 3 The Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, 3 Palamiappa Bros. (Rest.) Dhar. 4 The Asstt. Director, Footwear Extension Centre, TRIVANDRUM- Polo Ground No. I., Jodhpur. 1 International Book Depot, Main Road (Reg.) 5 The O. IIC Extension Centre, Club Road, Muzaffarpur. 2 ReddearPress and Book Depot,P.B. No.4 (Rest.) 6 The Director, Indian Bureau of Mines, Govt. of India, Ministry of Mines and Fuel, Nagpur. TUTICORIN--Shri K. Thagarajan, 10-C, French (Rest.) 7 The Asstt. Director, Industrial Extension Centre, Chapal Road. Nadiad (Gujarat). S The Head Clerk, Photozincographic Press, 5, Finance UDAIPUR- Road, Poona. 1 Jagdish and Co., Inside Surajapole .(Rest.) 9 Govt.Printing and Stationery, Rajkot. 2 Book Centre, Maharana Consumers' Co-op. (Rest.) 10 The O. IIC Extension Centre, Industrial Estate, Society, Ltd. Kokar, Ranchi. 11 The Director, S.I.S.I., Industrial Extension Centre, UJJAlN-Manak Chand Book Depot, Sati Gate .. (Rest.) Udhna, Surat. 12 The Registrar of Companies, Narayani Building, VARANASI- 27, Era.bourne Road, Calcutta-I. . 13 The Registrar of Companies, Kerala, 50. Feet Road, 1 StudentsFriendsandCo.,Lanka .. (Rest.) Ernakulam. 2 Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Gopal' (Reg.) 14 The Registrar of Companies, H.No. 3·5.S3, Hyderguda, Mandir Road, P.D.S. Hyderabad. 3 Globe Book Centre (Rest.) 15 The Registrar of Companies, Assam, Mallipur and 4 Kohinoor Stores, University Road, Lanka (Reg.) Tri pura-, Shillong. 5 B.H. Un. Book Depot (Rest.) 16 The Registrar of Companies, Sunlight Insurance Build. ing, Ajmeri Gate Extension, New Delhi. VELLORE-A. Venkatasubhan, Law Booksellers (Reg.) 17 The Registrar of Companies, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, Link Road, Jullundur City. VIJAYAWADA-The Book and Review Centre, (Rest.) IS The Registrar of Companies, Bihar, Jamal Road, Eluru Road, Governpet. Patna·l. 19 The Registrar of Companies, Raj. and Ajmer, Shri VISAK:HAPATNAM- Kamta Prasad House, 1st Floor, 'C' Scheme, Ashok Marg, Jaipur. i Gupta Brothers, Vizia Building (Reg.) 20 The Registrar of Companies, Andhra Book Building, 2 Book Centre,ll/97, Main Road .• (Reg.) 6, Linghi Chotty Street, P.B.lIi30, Madras. 3 The Secy., Andhra University, General Co-op. (Rest.) 21 The Registrar of Companies, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Stores Ltd. West Cott.Bldg.,P.B. 334, Kanpur. 22 The Registrar of Companies, Everest, 100, Marine VIZIANAGRAM-Sarda and Co. (Rest.) Drive, Bombay. 23 The Rogistrar of Companies, 162, Brigade Road, W ARDHA-Swarajeya Bhandar, Bhorj i Market (Reg.) Bangalore. 24 The Registrar of Companies, Gwalior. FOR LOOAL SALE 25 Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Bhuli. Road, Dhanbad. 1 Govt. of India Kitab MaIlal, Janpath, Opp. India 26 The Registrar of Companies, Orissa Cuttack Chandi, Coifee House, New Delhi. Cuttack. vi

LIST OF ACENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS-conoid.

27 The Registrar of Companies, Gujarat State, Gujarat 35 O. I/O S.LS.I. Extension Contro (Footwear), Calcutta. Samachar Building, Ahmedabad. 36 Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Hyderabad. 28 Publication Division, Sale Depot, North Block New 37 Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Krishna Distt. Delhi. ' (A.P.). 29 Tho Development Commissioner, Small-Scale Indus. 38 Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, Jhabua. tries, New Delhi. 39 Dy. Director lncharge S.LS.!., c/o. Chief Civil Admn., 30 The 0.110 University Employment Bureau, Lucknow. Goa, Panjim. 31 O. IIC S.LS.I. Extension Centre, MaIda. ' 40 The Registrar of Trade Unions, Kanpur. 32 O. IIC S.I.S.I. Extension Centre, Habra, Tabaluria, 41 The Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, 24-Parganas. Gopal Bhavan, Moria. 33 O.I/C S.LS.L Model Carpentry Workshop, Piyali 42 The O. IIC State Information Centre, Hyderabad. Nagar, P.O. Burnipur. 43 The Registrar of Companies, Pondicherry. 34 O.I/C S.I.S.I. Chrontanning Extensio'n Centre Tangra, 44 The Asstt. Director of Publicity and Information, 33, North Topsia Road, Calcutta-46. ' Vidhana Saubha (P.B. 271), Bangalore.

BSP (Oensus) 7-M. L.-750-17-6-1969-R.N.S.