Beginning with Bees TABLE of CONTENTS
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Minimizing Honey Bee Exposure to Pesticides1 J
ENY-162 Minimizing Honey Bee Exposure to Pesticides1 J. D. Ellis, J. Klopchin, E. Buss, L. Diepenbrock, F. M. Fishel, W. H. Kern, C. Mannion, E. McAvoy, L. S. Osborne, M. Rogers, M. Sanford, H. Smith, B. S. Stanford, P. Stansly, L. Stelinski, S. Webb, and A. Vu2 Introduction state, and international partners to identify ways to reduce pesticide exposure to beneficial pollinators, while including Growers and pesticide applicators have a number of options appropriate label restrictions to safeguard pollinators, the when faced with a pest problem: do nothing, or apply environment, and humans. More information can be found some type of cultural, chemical, biological, or physical here: epa.gov/pollinator-protection. The bottom line is that method to mitigate the damage. The action to be taken the label is the law—it must be followed. should be chosen after weighing the risks and benefits of all available options. There are many situations where pest control is necessary and chemical controls must be Pollinator Importance used. Certain chemistries of insecticides, fungicides, and The western honey bee (Apis mellifera, Figure 1) is conceiv- herbicides are known to have negative and long-term ably the most important pollinator in Florida and American impacts on bees, other pollinators, and other beneficial agricultural landscapes (Calderone 2012). Over 50 major arthropods. Fortunately, there are pesticides that have crops in the United States and at least 13 in Florida either minimal impacts on pollinators and beneficial organisms. depend on honey bees for pollination or produce more The pollinator-protection language that is required to be yield when honey bees are plentiful (Delaplane and on US pesticide labels outlines how best to minimize these Mayer 2000). -
Nosema Disease
Nosema Disease Literature review and three year survey of beekeepers Part 2 by Michael Hornitzky March 2008 RIRDC Publication No 08/006 RIRDC Project No DAN-228A © 2008 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 595 5 ISSN 1440-6845 Nosema Disease: Literature review and three year survey of beekeepers - Part 2 Publication No. 08/006 Project No. DAN-228A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. -
The Buzz About Bees: Honey Bee Biology and Behavior
4-H Honey Bee Leaders Guide Book I The Buzz About Bees: 18 U.S.C. 707 Honey Bee Biology and Behavior Publication 380-071 2009 To the 4-H Leader: The honey bee project (Books Grade 5 1 - 4) is intended to teach young people the basic biology and behavior of honey bees in addition to Living Systems 5.5 hands-on beekeeping management skills. The honey The student will investigate and understand that bee project books begin with basic honey bee and organisms are made up of cells and have distin- insect information (junior level) and advance to guishing characteristics. Key concepts include: instruction on how to rear honey bee colonies and • vertebrates and invertebrates extract honey (senior level). These project books are intended to provide in-depth information related Grade 6 to honey bee management, yet they are written for the amateur beekeeper, who may or may not have Life Science 5 previous experience in rearing honey bees. The student will investigate and understand how organisms can be classified. Key concepts include: Caution: • characteristics of the species If anyone in your club is known to have severe Life Science 8 allergic reactions to bee stings, they should not The student will investigate and understand that participate in this project. interactions exist among members of a population. The honey bee project meets the following Vir- Key concepts include: ginia State Standards of Learning (SOLs) for the • competition, cooperation, social hierarchy, and fourth, fifth, and sixth grades: territorial imperative Grade 4 Acknowledgments Authors: Life Processes 4.4 Dini M. -
Colony Growth and Seasonal Management of Honey Bees
Colony Growth and Seasonal Management of Honey Bees Management of honey bees varies based on whether Although honey is essential food for bees, colonies pollination or honey production is the primary objective. cannot grow without sufficient amounts of incoming A simple scheme for those interested in maximizing honey pollen. Pollen contains the essential amino acids, sterols, production can be a template for any beginning beekeeper. minerals, and vitamins that bee larvae need to grow into Managing honey bees involves seasonal manipulations adult honey bees. Bee colonies cannot grow without brood of hive space to provide room when necessary for the production, and brood production hinges on good-quality expanding brood-rearing area and for storage of surplus nutrition that comes from pollen. Hence, bee colonies grow honey. Good management includes reducing colony space largest during or just after periods of maximum numbers during periods of dearth of incoming food, preventing of blooming plants in the spring and autumn (Figure 1). swarming of bees, feeding food supplements to offset any These periods are called honey flows. shortcomings in winter stores or to help stimulate brood Blooming of food plants can be predicted by a crude production during critical periods of colony development, geographic rule of adding a 1-week delay in bloom for keeping young and good-quality queens in colonies, and every 200 miles or so northward in latitude. For example, if managing diseases and parasites. sumac is blooming heavily in southern Mississippi during the first week of May, a person living near the Mississippi- Basic Growth Cycle Tennessee border might expect sumac to bloom from the Good seasonal management begins with understand- third week of May into the beginning of June. -
Estimating the Density of Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera) Colonies Using
Apidologie Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature, 2019 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-019-00671-2 Estimating the density of honey bee (Apis mellifera ) colonies using trapped drones: area sampled and drone mating flight distance Patsavee UTAIPANON , Michael J. HOLMES, Nadine C. CHAPMAN, Benjamin P. OLDROYD Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, Ecology and Evolution, University of Sydney, Macleay Building A12, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Received 12 December 2018 – Revised 20 April 2019 – Accepted 24 June 2019 Abstract – Reliable information on Western honey bee colony density can be important in a variety of contexts including biosecurity responses, determining the sufficiency of pollinators in an agroecosystem and in determining the impacts of feral honey bees on ecosystems. Indirect methods for estimating colony density based on genetic analysis of sampled males are more feasible and cost efficient than direct observation in the field. Microsatellite genotypes of drones caught using Williams drone trap are used to identify the number of colonies (queens) that contributed drones to a mating lek. From the number of colonies, the density of colonies can be estimated based on assumptions about the area from which drones are drawn. This requires reliable estimates of drone flight distance. We estimated average minimum flight distance of drones from feral colonies along two 7-km transects in Southern NSW, Australia. We found that drones from feral colonies flew at least 3.5 km to drone traps. We then determined that the maximum distance that drones flew from a focal colony to a trap was 3.75 km. -
Lesson: Key Details Lesson Topic: Identify and Explain Key Details Question 1
Lesson: Key Details Lesson Topic: Identify and explain key details Question 1: Read the text below. Sea Stars Written by Lindsey Crowe There are many different kinds of sea stars. For example, some sea stars have five legs and some have ten legs. Some have skinny arms and some have wide arms. Sea stars are found in the ocean. Some sea stars live in warm oceans. Some live in cold oceans. They can be found in deep and shallow waters. Some people call sea stars star fish. Sea stars are not fish. They do not have gills, fins, or bones. Which of the following key details supports the idea that there are many different kinds of sea stars? There are many different kinds of sea stars. Sea stars are found in the ocean. Some sea stars have five legs and some have ten legs. They do not have gills, fins, or bones. Question 2: Read the text below. There are many different kinds of sea stars. For example, some sea stars have five legs and some have ten legs. Some have skinny arms and some have wide arms. Why is the underlined sentence an important key detail? because it explains why the author took pictures and wrote a text about sea stars because it is an important fact that we need to know to understand about different kinds of sea stars because it explains what kind of sea star is in the photograph because it gives the names of different types of sea stars Question 3: Read the text below. -
Honey Farming by ROB Manley
HONEY FARMING by R. O. B. MANLEY FABER AND FABER LTD 24 Russell Square London First published in mcmxlvi by Faber and Faber Limited 24 Russell Square London W.C. 1 Second Impression September mcmxlvi Third impression September mcmxlviii Printed in Great Britain by Latimer Trend & Co Ltd Plymouth All rights reserved PREFACE he writing of this little book about bee-farming and honey Tproduction was suggested by the many letters I have received during the past ten years, since the book Honey Production in the British Isles was published. I have tried to make it as useful and interesting as I can, but I am very well aware of its imperfections. To write an interesting account of technical operations and methods of working is not always easy. Honey Farming is not written for the novice, and in writing it I have assumed some considerable experience on the part of the reader; but I am now working on another book intended expressly for the beginner who wishes to take up the business of beekeeping as distinct from making a hobby of it, a rather difficult thing to do. I have to thank those friends who have assisted me with the photographs used in this book, especially Mr. C. P. Abbott who did most of them. The drawings were made by Mr. R. W. Ford of Reading. R. O. B. MANLEY CONTENTS Preface page 5 I. Retrospect 11 II. Essentials 28 III. Climate, Pasturage, and Apiaries 42 IV. Apiary Equipment 57 V. Breeding Bees 83 VI. The Passing Seasons 124 VII. -
Honey Bees Identification, Biology, and Lifecycle Speaker: Donald Joslin Hive Consists of Three Types of Bees ◦ Queen, Drone and Worker
Honey Bees Identification, Biology, and Lifecycle Speaker: Donald Joslin Hive consists of three types of bees ◦ Queen, Drone and Worker For Year Color: Ending In: White 1 or 6 Yellow 2 or 7 Red 3 or 8 Green 4 or 9 Blue 5 or 0 Queen Marking Colors Queen Only Fertile female in the Hive Can lay 2000 eggs each day She can live 5 years, 3-years average One per colony usually Mates in flight with 7-150 drones Queen Her thorax is slightly larger No pollen baskets or wax glands Stinger is smoother and curved (and reusable) The Honey Bee Colony Queen Pheromones ◦ The “social glue” of the hive ◦ Gives the colony its identity and temperament ◦ Sends signals to the workers Mates once, in flight, with 7 to 150 drones Lays both fertilized and unfertilized eggs Fertilized eggs become workers or Queens Unfertilized eggs become drones How does an egg become a queen instead of a worker? ◦ Royal Jelly is fed to the larvae for a much longer period of time ◦ Royal Jelly is secreted from the hypopharynx of worker bees Royal Jelly Supercedure Cell (Never cut these unless you have a replacement queen ready) Basic Anatomy Worker ◦ Sterile female ◦ Does the work of the hive ◦ Have specialized body structures Brood food glands – royal jelly Scent glands (pheromones) Wax glands Pollen baskets Barbed stingers – Ouch! The Honey Bee Colony Worker Bees Perform Roles ◦ Nurse ◦ Guard ◦ Forager Castes Worker bees progress through very defined growth stages ◦ When first hatched they become Nurse Bees Clean cells, keeps brood warm, feed larvae Receive -
Prevalence of Nosema Species in a Feral Honey Bee Population: a 20-Year Survey Juliana Rangel, Kristen Baum, William L
Prevalence of Nosema species in a feral honey bee population: a 20-year survey Juliana Rangel, Kristen Baum, William L. Rubink, Robert N. Coulson, J. Spencer Johnston, Brenna E. Traver To cite this version: Juliana Rangel, Kristen Baum, William L. Rubink, Robert N. Coulson, J. Spencer Johnston, et al.. Prevalence of Nosema species in a feral honey bee population: a 20-year survey. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2016, 47 (4), pp.561-571. 10.1007/s13592-015-0401-y. hal-01532328 HAL Id: hal-01532328 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532328 Submitted on 2 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2016) 47:561–571 Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2015 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-015-0401-y Prevalence of Nosema species in a feral honey bee population: a 20-year survey 1 2 3 4 Juliana RANGEL , Kristen BAUM , William L. RUBINK , Robert N. COULSON , 1 5 J. Spencer JOHNSTON , Brenna E. TRAVER 1Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA 2Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA 3P.O. -
Downloaded Printed on Sheets of Compressed Google’S Washboard Dance/ Wood Pulp, Called “Books”
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Bee Health: the Role of Pesticides
Bee Health: The Role of Pesticides Renée Johnson Specialist in Agricultural Policy M. Lynne Corn Specialist in Natural Resources Policy February 17, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43900 Bee Health: The Role of Pesticides Summary Over the past few decades there has been heightened concern about the plight of honey bees as well as other bee species. Given the importance of honey bees and other bee species to food production, many have expressed concern about whether a “pollinator crisis” has been occurring in recent decades. Although honey bee colony losses due to bee pests, parasites, pathogens, and disease are not uncommon, there is the perception that bee health has been declining more rapidly than in prior years, both in the United States and globally. This situation gained increased attention in 2006 as some commercial beekeepers began reporting sharp declines in their honey bee colonies. Because of the severity and unusual circumstances of these colony declines, scientists named this phenomenon colony collapse disorder (CCD). Since then, honey bee colonies have continued to dwindle each year, for reasons not solely attributable to CCD. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that CCD may not be the only or even the major cause of bee colony losses in recent years. In the United States, USDA estimates of overwinter colony losses from all causes have averaged nearly 30% annually since 2006. The precise reasons for honey bee losses are not yet known. USDA and most scientists working on the subject seem to agree that no research conclusively points to one single cause for the large number of honey bee deaths. -
WHO IS the QUEEN BEE? Alex Tuchman
WHO IS THE QUEEN BEE? Alex Tuchman INTRODUCTION Out of their own bodies the workers create wax platelets which they then shape the wax with Beekeeping today presents us with no small their mandibles into the required cell type. The number of challenges. Indeed, the life of the queen creates eggs in her ovaries, which pass one honeybee and the profession of beekeeping are in by one into her vaginal canal. She will either serious crisis—most people are aware of this. We releases sperm into her vaginal canal to fertilize have a great responsibility to leave no stone the egg (to create a female worker or a queen), or unturned as we search for the underlying causes leaves the egg unfertilized (to create a male of the plight of the honeybee. One such drone). The worker and the queen eggs will be underlying cause is hiding in plain sight, namely, fertilized with sperm that the queen carries in a artificial queen rearing. To explain this in a way special organ called the spermatheca. When the that engenders understanding and can bring forth queen places a fertilized egg into a horizontal- appropriate solutions, we shall start by asking the hexagonal wax cell, then a worker arises. When question: who is the queen bee? the queen places an unfertilized egg into a horizontal-hexagonal wax cell, then a drone THE CONCEPTION OF THE THREE CASTES OF arises. With the worker and the drone, the HONEYBEES fertilization of the egg is the determining factor. But what differentiates the worker and the In the dark fragrant warmth of the hive center, queen, who both become females born from a the queen places an egg into a wax cell, which has fertilized egg? The fertilized egg placed into a been created by the worker bees.