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Ncr130038.Pdf Research Case Report/Case Series Multiple System Atrophy and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in a Family With Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansions in C9orf72 Jill S. Goldman, MS, MPhil; Catarina Quinzii, MD; Jane Dunning-Broadbent, PhD; Cheryl Waters, MD; Hiroshi Mitsumoto, MD; Thomas H. Brannagan III, MD, DSc; Stephanie Cosentino, PhD; Edward D. Huey, MD; Peter Nagy, MD, PhD; Sheng-Han Kuo, MD Video at jamaneurology.com IMPORTANCE Here we report a family with coexistence of multiple system atrophy (MSA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72. OBSERVATIONS A 65-year-old woman had a 2-year history of ataxia with autonomic dysfunction but without motor neuron signs. She was diagnosed as having MSA based on her clinical history and the hot cross bun sign on brain magnetic resonance imaging. Her 62-year-old brother had progressive weakness, fasciculations, hyperreflexia, and active denervation on electromyography without cerebellar ataxia. He was diagnosed as having ALS. Both patients had a greater than 1000/2 hexanucleotide expansion in C9orf72. Author Affiliations: Author CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients with hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 affiliations are listed at the end of this can present with MSA as well as ALS or frontotemporal dementia. We report this family with article. coexisting MSA and ALS, highlighting the phenotypic variability in neurologic presentations Corresponding Author: Jill S. with hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72. Goldman, MS, MPhil, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(6):771-774. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5762 University, 630 W 168th St, PO Box Published online April 14, 2014. 16, New York, NY 10032 (jg2673 @cumc.columbia.edu). he differential diagnosis of cerebellar ataxia is very ported in 2 cases with pathological hexanucleotide repeat ex- broad, with both genetic and nongenetic causes. Non- pansions in C9orf72, both with a family history of ALS.7,8 One T genetic causes of ataxia include vascular disease, tu- case had ataxia onset at the age of 20 years with hyperreflexia mors and paraneoplastic syndrome, alcoholism, and vitamin but no lower motor neuron sign.8 The other case was diag- E deficiencies. Genetic causes of ataxia include autosomal- nosed as having olivopontocerebellar atrophy with the dis- dominant, autosomal-recessive, X-linked, or mitochondrial ease onset at age 53 years.7 However, few detailed clinical char- DNA mutations. Genetic testing for ataxia is expensive, and acteristics in these 2 cases were described. Here, we present a about half of the patients with a family history of ataxia still family with pathological hexanucleotide repeat expansions in do not have identifiable mutations in genes that are known to C9orf72 with the diagnosis of ALS and ataxia, and we de- be associated with ataxia.1 In addition, many new ataxia ge- scribe the detailed clinical history, neurological examina- netic mutations are not yet available for testing in commer- tion, video, and imaging studies. This case history highlights cial laboratories. the importance of considering genetic testing for hexanucleo- Growing evidence suggests an association between re- tide repeat expansions in C9orf72 in ataxia patients with a fam- peat expansion disorders and both cerebellar ataxia and mo- ily history of ALS or dementia. tor neuron diseases. Pathological CAG repeat expansions of ataxin-1 (ATXN1) usually present as cerebellar ataxia, spino- cerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1); however, the large CAG repeat Report of a Case expansion of ATXN1 can present as amyotrophic lateral scle- rosis (ALS)–like disorders.1 Full CAG repeat expansions (>34) When first seen at our medical center, the patient was a 65- in ATXN2 cause SCA2,2 whereas an intermediate CAG repeat year-old woman with a 2-year history of progressive gait ataxia, expansion (between 27 and 33) in ATXN2 is a risk factor for frequent falling, poor handwriting, cognitive symptoms, uri- ALS.3,4 Another repeat expansion, the GGGGCC hexanucleo- nary incontinence, Raynaud phenomenon in her toes, ortho- tide repeat in C9orf72, has been discovered as the major ge- static hypotension, and constipation. She did not take any netic cause of ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), ac- medications. On examination, her sitting blood pressure was counting for 23% to 46% of familial ALS, 7% to 24% of familial 100/80 mm Hg and her standing blood pressure was 90/60 FTD, approximately 4% to 7% of sporadic ALS, and 3% to 6% mm Hg. She scored 25 out of 30 on the Montreal Cognitive As- of sporadic FTD.4-6 Interestingly, cerebellar ataxia has been re- sessment, losing 2 points in the visuospatial domain (copying jamaneurology.com JAMA Neurology June 2014 Volume 71, Number 6 771 Copyright 2014 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/29/2021 Research Case Report/Case Series MSA and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Figure 1. Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Proband With Ataxia A B A, T2-weighted axial magnetic resonance image of the brain of the 65-year-old woman with ataxia showed marked cerebellar degeneration and the hot cross bun sign in the pons (arrowhead). B, T1-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance image of the brain revealed marked pontocerebellar atrophy. years after ataxia onset revealed impairment in semantic pro- Figure 2. Family Pedigree cessing and socioemotional functioning, consistent with fron- totemporal lobe dysfunction, but was too mild to meet the di- agnostic criteria of FTD.9 Additionally, she displayed some 47 y Amyotrophic emotional lability. She was diagnosed as having possible mul- lateral sclerosis tiple system atrophy (MSA) based on clinical presentation of ataxia, parkinsonism, autonomic dysfunction, and fast progression.10 65 y 62 y Written informed consent was obtained from the patient. Ataxia Amyotrophic The patient’s family history is shown in Figure 2.Her lateral sclerosis father developed muscle weakness at the age of 47 years The filled circle indicates multiple system atrophy; filled square, amyotrophic and was diagnosed as having ALS. He died 2 years later. Her lateral sclerosis. Ages shown are ages at diagnosis. brother also developed muscle weakness and atrophy in his right leg at the age of 62 years. He developed difficulty in the cube and drawing the clock), 1 for language (fluency), 1 for drinking and right arm weakness 2 months later, when he abstraction, and 1 for delayed recall. Her muscle strength was came to Columbia University for an evaluation. On examina- 5/5 throughout without fasciculations. Her reflexes were nor- tion, he had weak tongue strength and tongue atrophy with mal except for absent ankle jerks. Her facial expression was hy- dysarthria. He had 5/5 arm strength, 3/5 strength in the right pomimic and she had 1+ bradykinesia in bilateral hand open- hip flexor, 5−/5 strength in the left hip flexor, 4/5 strength in close and finger taps in the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating the right hamstring and right tibialis anterior and evertor, Scale. She did not have any rigidity, rest tremor, or spasticity. and 4+/5 strength in the right extensor halluces longus and She had normal sensory examination findings. She had promi- invertor. His left leg had otherwise 5/5 strength. He had spas- nent scanning speech, dysmetria in bilateral finger-nose- ticity in all 4 extremities and fasciculations in the right arm finger test, finger chase, and heel-shin slides. She had im- and bilateral quadriceps. His reflexes were 3+ in the left paired fast alternating movements. Her gait was wide based biceps and 3+ in both knees. His plantar responses were and unsteady. She was unable to perform tandem gait or stance, flexor bilaterally and he had no jaw jerks. He had bilateral and she could not stand on 1 foot. Thirty-five months later, she Hoffmann reflexes and a normal finger-nose-finger test find- fell frequently, even with a walker. She could only walk with ing. He had spastic gait and slight difficulty in tandem gait. maximal assistance. She also had short stride length and loss His nerve conduction study findings showed essentially nor- of heel strikes in addition to ataxia (Video). Her brain mag- mal motor and sensory nerve conduction studies. Electro- netic resonance imaging showed pontine and cerebellar atro- myography revealed diffuse fibrillation and fasciculation phy with the hot cross bun sign in the T2-weighted images potentials in many muscles tested. He was diagnosed as hav- (Figure 1). Autonomic nervous system test results revealed mild ing ALS. He did not have any sequence alteration in the neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Urodynamic study con- familial ALS genes available at the first clinical visit includ- firmed the diagnosis of neurogenic bladder. Her initial nerve ing SOD1, TARDBP, ANG,orFUS assessed by Athena Diag- conduction study and electromyography findings showed nor- nostics. The patient’s condition progressed rapidly and sub- mal motor and sensory nerve conduction and no evidence of sequently was treated with tracheostomy and long-term fasciculation or denervation, and repeat electromyography 4 ventilation. years after ataxia symptom onset showed similar findings. More Based on our previous report of the diverse presentations extensive neuropsychological evaluation also performed 4 of ataxia and motor neuron disease in a family with full CAG 772 JAMA Neurology June 2014 Volume 71, Number 6 jamaneurology.com Copyright 2014 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/29/2021 MSA and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Case Report/Case Series Research repeat expansions of ATXN2 presenting with ataxia and mo- sis of olivopontocerebellar atrophy, a variant of MSA, and the tor neuron disease,11 we sent the blood samples to Athena Di- patient also had a family history of ALS.7 Our case adds to the agnostics and determined the CAG repeat expansions of literature of C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in a fam- ATXN2.
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