History and Development of Construction Kits Including a Special Study of Mobilo and Reo Click
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History and development of construction kits including a special study of Mobilo and Reo Click Abstract Historical context This research is aimed at proViding a Meccano seems to have pride of place as background to the development of the longest-established construction kit. construction kits. It examines the various Frank Hornby (1863-1936) devised the stages of official recognition of the place Meccano construction concept. This was and purpose of construction kits in the originally known as Mechanics Made Easy primary curriculum in England and Wales. A and was the basis for the company brief review of some of the issues Meccano Ltd, set up in 1901. Meccano surrounding construction activities in the began to diversify into model trains in 1920. early years is offered. This compares and Today the name Hornby lives on in the trade contrasts building styles which employ name Hornby Hobbies Limited of Margate, commercially available kits with those that Kent. The association with construction kits utilise reclaimed materials. From this has been lost, but model railways still playa background, two well established kits are fundamental part in the company's activities. considered in detail from a small scale pilot study in a school. Research evidence in this The early Meccano and Hornby model trains school was gained in controlled conditions were primarily based on sheet metal and yielded quantitative data about the manufacture, but by the late 1940s the ways that children interact with Reo-Click plastics revolution was on its way. In 1947, and Mobilo in open-choice building Canterbury Christ the Danish LEGO company acquired a situations. Church College plastics injection moulding machine. This enlarged the range of toys under production. In line with the Introduction In 1949, Automatic Binding Bricks - a CLEAPSS* (1993) Construction kits have been seen as part of forerunner of the LEGO bricks we see today definitions, for the the early years educational scene for many - were produced for the local Danish purposes of this article, years. Most supply catalogues for the market. Expansion into the global market the term 'kit' is seen to primary years will contain a rich diversity of began with sales into Sweden in 1955 and refer to all components kits. This may suggest both a considerable to Germany in 1956. The now characteristic of a specific type of period of evolution and a marketplace eager stud-and-tube coupling idea was patented in construction materials and ready to accept new ideas. The size of 1958 and an application to patent a bigger whereas 'set' is the educational marketplace must be version of LEGO for smaller fingers, the reserved for a particular considerable. Catalogue sales account for a DUPLO series, was made in 1967. collection of components from a kit. significant proportion of sales - indeed, many construction sets are only available Construction kits are not, of course, purely through catalogue-based suppliers. One of an educational resource. Engineering grade the larger catalogue based suppliers in the slotted steel angle such as Dexion and market, NES-Arnold (1996), lists no fewer Handy Angle have had a special place in than 34 kits in the technology section of its industrial settings for many years. With 1996 'master catalogue'; that is, 34 different these resources experimental production types of kit as defined within the CLEAPSS layouts, for example, can be tried and tested (1993) terms of reference. These include in small scale situations and adjustments many sets, such as 'bulk' packs or made easily. Both products also offer great specialised sets for themes, which vary flexibility for storage systems with racks and (typically in terms of numbers of shelving. components) to meet different market demands. In some cases there has been an interesting overlap between the use of construction kits Traditionally kits seem to have held a niche for industrial applications and their use in as a play activity in early years education, schools. One such crossover is identified by however the introduction of a National Bryan and Parkinson (1985) where slotted Curriculum in UK has perhaps given steel angle has been used in a primary construction kits a formal place and new school for a variety of uses from wind sense of purpose in teaching and learning turbine base to child-sized land yacht. design and technology. Place and purpose of construction sets and 2 mention construction kits. At Key What are construction kits used for? Clearly, Stage 1, for example, it is suggested that there is much that children can learn from "Pupils should be given opportunities to: modelling the real world around them. This work with a range of materials and point is identified by CLEAPSS (1993) with components ...items that can be assembled the condition that whilst children may gain to make products, e.g. reclaimed material, an awareness as to how things are textiles, food and construction kits." [po58] constructed in the real world, this is not as straightforward as it seems, since very often Working with construction sets can offer a our made surroundings are characterised by parallel and complementary experience with permanence of construction using so-called 'junk modelling'. This is perhaps a adhesives, cement bolts and rivets. rather unfortunate name for this important Construction kits, on the other hand, are basis for constructional activity within design "...held rather tenuously by the components and technology. Certainly, the name was gripping each other, with only friction and reinforced within the Non-Statutory gravity preventing them from falling apart" Guidance (1990) quoted earlier. The use of [p.1] the term 'junk' suggests not only that is scrap material used in the building of The development of the National Curriculum artefacts, but that the building procedures in England and Wales has offered a and the outcomes might be viewed as 'junk' consistently more refined view on the role of as well. Within the context of this paper a construction kits in technology. The more appropriate term, 'free' building, is DESIWO (1988) proposals implied the proposed. notion of construction kits with phrases such as: It is worth making a brief comparison of some of the strands of experience that free "...They [the children) should be building and construction sets have to offer. involved in constructional activities that enable them to make things Construction sets Free building move ...explore a variety of Rapid results Takes time to get mechanisms including toys and results equipment, and use simple devices Dependent on such as wheels and roliers ...They range of skills should be given the opportunity to No pupil choice of Pupil choice of explore levers, cranks, gears and materials range of materials pulleys ..." [po 80] other than those in kit. As the technology curriculum began to crystallise out of the perhaps uncomfortable A brief overview of some research melt it had previously shared with science, avenues the role of construction kits was further Some glimpses of the ways in which recognised in the National Curriculum Non- children interact with construction kits are Statutory Guidance (1990) as part of provided by Claire (1992) who notes that: existing good practice: " ...the girls' models were less well "Aspects of good technology already made and less sophisticated than the exist in most primary schools through boys', which had proper joints and early experience of using construction articulation. The girls tended to make toys, blocks, junk, plasticine, paper, horizontal patterns with their bricks, or card and wood." [83, D and T April to pile bricks on one another to make 1990] the wall for their house, and not to interlock them. The boys made a Further reshaping of the National Curriculum rocket with could be carried around now means that descriptions within without falling apart, and boats whose Programmes of Study for both Key Stages 1 pieces locked together" [po 29] The work by Claire is predominantly a piece 1984, although a successor, Women into of social study with special emphasis on the Science and Engineering (WISE), continues disadvantage that girls may be seen to be the spirit of this work. working under in mixed circumstances. Part of her conclusions reveal this when she Finding out what children are thinking suggests: The latter part of this article sets out to examine the role of construction kits from "It does not seem to me to be right for the perspective of the child and to examine girls to be at the mercy of machismo what they actually think they are doing when and condescension as part of the constructing. In other words, what are their teacher's effort to encourage a purposes in using construction kits in free- collaborative classroom" [po 29] choice situations? This trend towards social, gender-driven If we start with what children think this may research is similarly evident in work by Ross begin to inform our own view on the and Browne (1993) in which they focus on purposes of construction kits and therefore constructional play, including kits, in early make us more aware of the possibilities that years classrooms to address their concerns these materials offer in enabling learning. in connection with "....the extent of girls' involvement in this area and developing Some key questions that define the practical strategies to promote equal parameters of this study are therefore: opportunities". Ross and Browne point clearly towards the preferred engagement with constructional activity by boys rather In what measurable ways do children than girls. With particular reference to choose to interact with construction construction sets, they highlight the general sets? preference by girls for constructing 'passive' structures such as houses whereas boys engage in 'active' structures, often with an emphasis on motion. What starting points for modelling do they use? Beat, writing in Browne (1991) points to the notion of the free play use of construction kits in perpetuating gender inequality.