The Northern Dimension of Canada’s Foreign Policy Cover: Painting by Edward ‘Ted’ Harrison, C.M., “Northern World - Le monde du Nord” Prepared by the Communications Bureau Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade The Northern Dimension of Canada’s Foreign Policy Executive Summary In an increasingly interdependent and globalized world community, Canada’s long-standing foreign policy tradition of promoting international co-operation in pursuit of shared objectives, through institution building and pragmatic problem solving, continues to take on greater importance. This established and successful approach has taken on, as a new guiding theme, the protection and enhancement of human security. Both the tradition of transnational co-operation and the new emphasis on human security are particularly applicable to the A clearly defined shaping of the Northern Dimension of Canada’s Foreign Policy. Northern Dimension The circumpolar world that includes the northern territories and of Canada’s Foreign Policy peoples of Canada, Russia, the United States, the Nordic countries will establish a framework to plus the vast (and mostly ice-covered) waters in between was long promote the extension a front line in the Cold War. Now it has become a front line in a of Canadian interests different way — facing the challenges and opportunities brought and values, and will renew on by new trends and developments. The challenges mostly take the government’s commitment the shape of transboundary environmental threats — persistent to co-operation with our own organic pollutants, climate change, nuclear waste — that are having northern peoples and with dangerously increasing impacts on the health and vitality of human our circumpolar neighbours beings, northern lands, waters and animal life. The opportunities are to address shared issues driven by increasingly confident northern societies who, drawing on and responsibilities. their traditional values, stand poised to take up the challenges present- ed by globalization. Whereas the politics of the Cold War dictated that the Arctic region be treated as part of a broader strategy of exclusion and confrontation, now the politics of globalization and power diffusion highlight the importance of the circumpolar world as an area for inclusion and co-operation. 1 No country, except possibly Russia, has more at stake in the far-sighted management of circumpolar relations than Canada. A sense of northern- ness has long been central to the Canadian identity, but the North has historically played a relatively small and episodic part in Canadian foreign policy. A clearly defined Northern Dimension of Canada’s Foreign Policy will establish a framework to promote the extension of Canadian interests and values, and will renew the government’s commit- ment to co-operation with our own northern peoples and with our circumpolar neighbours to address shared issues and responsibilities. It will demonstrate that our future security and prosperity are closely linked with our ability to manage complex northern issues. A proactive approach in strengthening Arctic circumpolar relations, drawing on Canada’s experiences, traditions and capabilities, in both the domestic and international context, will help to shape the nature and thrust of circumpolar affairs, and Canada’s central place therein. The Northern Dimension of Canada’s Foreign Policy is framed by three principles — meeting our commitments and taking a leadership role; establishing partnerships within and beyond government; and engaging in ongoing dialogue with Canadians, especially northerners. In keeping with this framework, the Northern Dimension of Canada’s Foreign Policy will have four overarching objectives: 1. to enhance the security and prosperity of Canadians, especially Objectives: northerners and Aboriginal peoples; 2. to assert and ensure the preservation of Canada’s sovereignty 1. to enhance the security and in the North; prosperity of Canadians, especially northerners and 3. to establish the Circumpolar region as a vibrant geopolitical entity Aboriginal peoples; integrated into a rules-based international system; and 4. to promote the human security of northerners and the sustainable 2. to assert and ensure the development of the Arctic. preservation of Canada’s sovereignty in the North; These objectives will be pursued through a focus on four priority areas for action over the next several years: 3. to establish the Circumpolar region as a vibrant • Strengthening and promoting a central place in circumpolar geopolitical entity integrated relations and policy co-ordination for the Arctic Council, which into a rules-based is the only forum in which the eight Arctic states and Indigenous international system; and northern peoples as Permanent Participants come together to discuss and decide on matters of common interest. The Arctic Council is 4. to promote the human uniquely placed to address the environmental challenges faced in the security of northerners and the circumpolar region, and has the potential to enhance opportunities sustainable development of the for capacity building, trade and economic development, as well as Arctic. educational opportunities and employment mobility for Canadian youth and children in the circumpolar North. 2 • Helping to establish a University of the Arctic designed to foster academic excellence and sustainability including traditional knowl- edge, using distance-education techniques; and supporting the enhancement of a Canadian and circumpolar policy research net- work, taking into account the importance of traditional knowledge, that can strengthen policy-relevant capacity to provide assistance to the work of the Arctic Council. • Developing and expanding opportunities to assist Russia in addressing its northern challenges through strengthened bilateral activities, and by working with our circumpolar partners in various regional forums and in the European Union. • Promoting the study and practical application of means for circum- polar countries and communities to develop sustainable economic opportunities and trade across the Arctic circumpolar region. A Canadian strategy for a northern foreign policy was developed through a unique and extensive process of consultation with Canadians, including Aboriginal peoples, other northerners, parliamentarians, policy experts and many others. This was a deliberate process of public engagement, and one that the government intends to continue as the Northern Dimension of Canada’s Foreign Policy is implemented and further developed. To this end, the government, led by the Ambassador for Circumpolar Affairs, will maintain a permanent outreach program domestically and internationally, in an effort to seek views and feed- back on Canada’s foreign policy priorities for the circumpolar Arctic region as they evolve. Flexibility to respond to new ideas, trends and initiatives, as well as to refocus existing priorities, will be built in to the Northern Dimension of Canada’s Foreign Policy to ensure that an ongoing consultative process is fully interactive and dynamic. 3 The Northern Dimension of Canada’s Foreign Policy Introduction – Renewing Our Commitment At home and abroad, the North has taken on new importance in Canadian foreign policy. For the North, this is a time of rapid change. Canada’s own northern Canada needs to bring a territories, for example, are emerging from an historical tradition of comprehensive northern being on the periphery of Canadian political life as a result of political dimension to its foreign policy. reform, reconciliation and decentralization, and are developing new To be effective, the new policy governance structures. Similarly, a circumpolar community with a must be an integral part of wide range of (often divergent) interests is also coming into being Canada’s broader foreign as a coherent entity. The end of the Cold War lifted the constraints policy, and must also be which that period imposed on co-operation among the eight Arctic reinforced by domestic policies. countries and on interaction among the North’s Indigenous peoples. Circumpolar relations, contacts and activities have now begun to flourish. This has also occurred as a consequence of growing global awareness of the vital ecological role played by the North, and as northerners from across the circumpolar region have begun to press for action to address the serious environmental, economic, social and cultural threats facing their communities. Globalization exposes all regions to new political, economic, social and environmental forces, which often diminish regional control over events — even in the most industrialized countries. These forces include the revolution in information technology (for instance, the emergence of electronic commerce), the transboundary movement of persistent organic pollutants, climate change, and the spread of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis or AIDS. The transboundary nature of these forces makes international co-operation imperative. The North comprises the Canadian territories of the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, plus Nunavik (northern Quebec) and all of Labrador; the U.S. state of Alaska (except the area known as the Southeast); all of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland); Iceland; the northern regions of Norway, Sweden and Finland; all of what Russia terms the Arctic and the Russian North; and the marine systems of the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas, including the Beaufort, Labrador, Bering, Chukchi, Greenland, Norwegian, Barents,