Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma

REVIEW published: 16 July 2019 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01613 Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: Beyond B Cell Maturation Antigen Marijke Timmers 1†, Gils Roex 2†, Yuedi Wang 3, Diana Campillo-Davo 2, Viggo F. I. Van Tendeloo 2, Yiwei Chu 3, Zwi N. Berneman 1,2, Feifei Luo 3,4, Heleen H. Van Acker 2 and Sébastien Anguille 1,2* 1 Division of Hematology, Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium, 2 Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, 3 Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 4 Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell therapy is a rapidly emerging immunotherapeutic approach that is revolutionizing cancer treatment. The impressive Edited by: clinical results obtained with CAR-T cell therapy in patients with acute lymphoblastic Rayne Rouce, leukemia and lymphoma have fueled the development of CAR-T cells targeting other Baylor College of Medicine, malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). The field of CAR-T cell therapy for MM is United States still in its infancy, but remains promising. To date, most studies have been performed with Reviewed by: Pappanaicken R. Kumaresan, B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted CARs, for which high response rates have University of Texas MD Anderson been obtained in early-phase clinical trials. However, responses are usually temporary, Cancer Center, United States Valérie Janelle, and relapses have frequently been observed. One of the major reasons for relapse is the Hôpital loss or downregulation of BCMA expression following CAR-T therapy. This has fostered Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Canada a search for alternative target antigens that are expressed on the MM cell surface. In this *Correspondence: review, we provide an overview of myeloma target antigens other than BCMA that are Sébastien Anguille [email protected] currently being evaluated in pre-clinical and clinical studies. †These authors share first authorship Keywords: chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells, immunotherapy, multiple myeloma, B cell maturation antigen, CD19, CD138, CD38, SLAMF7/CS1 Specialty section: This article was submitted to Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy, INTRODUCTION a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm of plasma cells that accumulates in the Received: 03 February 2019 bone marrow, leading to bone destruction, and marrow failure. With an incidence of five Accepted: 28 June 2019 cases/100,000 individuals/year in Western countries, MM accounts for 1% of all cancers and Published: 16 July 2019 for ∼10% of all hematological malignancies (1). MM arises from a pre-malignant asymptomatic Citation: proliferation of plasma cells (monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance and smoldering Timmers M, Roex G, Wang Y, MM). These can further evolve into symptomatic MM with end-organ damage, which is associated Campillo-Davo D, Van Tendeloo VFI, with significant morbidity (2). Despite the availability of various therapeutic agents, including Chu Y, Berneman ZN, Luo F, proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib), immunomodulatory drugs (e.g., lenalidomide), and Van Acker HH and Anguille S (2019) monoclonal antibodies (e.g., daratumumab and elotuzumab), the disease remains incurable (3). Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: Cellular engineering has provided various opportunities to redirect the immune system against Beyond B Cell Maturation Antigen. malignant cells. For example, adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T Front. Immunol. 10:1613. cells is an emerging therapeutic strategy that has already shown unprecedented results in CD19- doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01613 expressing hematological malignancies (4–7). These results have spurred new interest in the further Frontiers in Immunology | www.frontiersin.org 1 July 2019 | Volume 10 | Article 1613 Timmers et al. CAR-T Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma development of this technology. The majority of CAR-T cell upon new antigens that are undergoing pre-clinical evaluation approaches have been applied to αβ T cells or occasionally for use in CAR-T cell therapy for MM (schematically depicted natural killer (NK) cells (8), γδ T cells (9), or NK/T cells (10), in Figure 1). as the effector cells of choice (Figure 1). The concept behind this therapy is that CAR-engineered immune cells and their effector functions are redirected against malignant cells bearing the PUBLISHED CLINICAL TRIALS antigen of interest, irrespective of the patients’ human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genetics. CD138 Chimeric antigen receptors comprise (i) an ectodomain CD138 or syndecan 1, a member of the syndecan family of type binding directly a tumor-specific molecule on the cell surface, I transmembrane proteoglycans, is highly expressed on the MM (ii) an extracellular hinge/spacer and a transmembrane domain cell surface and is directly involved in disease progression (38). spanning the membrane, and (iii) an endodomain providing T The latter works through binding to a proliferation-inducing cell signaling (Figure 1). The ectodomain is generally derived ligand (APRIL), a survival factor (39), and cell proliferation- from the antigen binding regions of a monoclonal antibody inducing growth factors (40). Interestingly, the expression of (12). The endodomain is composed of the CD3ζ signaling chain, CD138 on MM cells of patients in relapse or with progressive providing an activation signal termed signal 1. Second- and disease is more pronounced than that on MM cells of newly third-generation CARs have additional costimulatory molecule diagnosed patients (38). Previous pre-clinical studies with NK domains, e.g., CD28, OX40, or 4-1BB (signal 2). Fourth- cells expressing an anti-CD138 CAR showed potent anti- generation CARs, also known as T cells redirected for universal myeloma activity both in vitro and in vivo (41). Therefore, CD138 cytokine-mediated killing, express additional molecules to is a very attractive target for anti-MM therapy. enhance CAR-T cell efficacy, such as inducible interleukin As shown in Table 2, one report recorded the use of anti- (IL)-12 (13). CD138 CAR-T cells in a patient with refractory MM with To date, two CD19-specific CAR-T cell products (Kymriah extramedullary involvement. Here, the administration of 1.5 × and Yescarta) have been approved by the US Food and Drug 108 CAR-T cells led to partial response (PR) (31). A pilot clinical Administration and the European Medicines Agency. Although trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01886976) reported the the use of CAR-T cells in the treatment of MM is still confined to results of five patients with refractory and relapsed MM, pre- a handful of antigens and early-phase clinical trials, CAR-T cell treated with chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation, who therapy holds the potential to fulfill the unmet medical needs of received an average dose of 0.756 × 107 cells/kg of autologous patients with relapsed/refractory MM. CD138 CAR-T cells (Table 2) (32). All patients underwent a In multiple myeloma, B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is bone marrow examination, demonstrating CD138 expression a commonly used target antigen in CAR-T cell clinical trials in aspirates, and by biopsy. The CAR gene was continuously (14–16). BCMA, also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor observed in the patients’ blood for at least 4 weeks, and high superfamily member 17, is highly expressed on malignant plasma levels of CAR-T cells were detected in the bone marrow at the cells (17, 18). No expression of BCMA has been observed in first 2 months. Stable disease (SD) was achieved in four patients, normal cells/tissues, except for healthy, differentiated B cells ranging from 3 to 7 months, whereas the fifth patient progressed, where it is usually expressed at low level. BCMA appears to be even though CAR-T cells could be detected in the bone marrow a vital in promoting MM cell survival, proliferation, and drug for 90 days. resistance (19, 20) and can be used to monitor the disease course Although promising, CD138-targeted CARs should still be and predict patient outcomes (21). used with caution owing to the broad expression of CD138 in Table 1 summarizes the clinical outcome of all hitherto human tissues, including epithelial cells. For example, treatment published clinical trials of BCMA-targeting CAR-T cell therapies with BT062, an antibody-drug conjugate directed against CD138, in MM (22–27). BCMA CAR-T cell therapy produces objective resulted in skin and/or mucosal toxicity (42). Nevertheless, pre- response rates of up to 88% (Table 1). Nevertheless, the clinical work by Sun et al. has shown that CD138 CAR-T cells therapeutic effect is often temporary and relapses are commonly are safe and lack activity against normal epithelial cells (43). being reported. As shown in Table 1, the median progression- Like BCMA, CD138 can be shed from the MM cell surface, a free survival of BCMA CAR-T cell therapy is in the range of 12 possible escape route disrupting the effector functions of CD138- months. Downregulation or loss of BCMA expression is likely an targeted immune cells (44). This underlines the importance important mechanism underlying these relapses (28, 29). Hence, of combining CD138 CAR-T cells with other CAR target alternatives for BCMA are now under intensive investigation in antigens. Based on a search of the ClinicalTrials.gov registry the field of CAR-T cell therapy for MM (16, 30). The goal of this using the search terms “multiple myeloma” and “chimeric review is to outline the different target antigens other than BCMA antigen receptor” or “CAR” (final date of search May 1, that are currently being evaluated. In the first part, summarized 2019), numerous studies of CD138-targeted CAR-T cell therapy in Table 2, an overview is given of non-BCMA CAR-T cell trials in combination with other CARs are ongoing or planned for which (preliminary) results have already been published in (NCT03196414, NCT03473496, NCT03271632).

Load more