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These Finale Tanoh Evelyne ii UNIVERSITÉ FÉLIX HOUPHOUËT BOIGNY - ABIDJAN-COCODY Et UNIVERSITÉ DE LIÈGE - GEMBLOUX AGRO-BIO TECH Thèse en Cotutelle Internationale Présentée par TANOH Amenan Evelyne pour l’obtention du grade de : Docteur de l’Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny en Chimie Organique et Substances Naturelles et Docteur de l’Université de Liège – Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech en Sciences agronomiques et Ingénierie biologique Etude phytochimique et biologique de trois plantes du genre Zanthoxylum Soutenue publiquement Mars 2021 Jury : Felix Zanahi TONZIBO, Professeur Titulaire Université Félix Houphouët Promoteur Boigny, Côte d’Ivoire Marie -Laure FAUCONNIER , Professeur Université de Liège, Belgique Promotrice Michel FREDERICH, Professeur Ordinaire Université de Liège, Belgique Rapporteur Jean-Brice BOTI, Maîtres de Conférences Université Félix Houphouët Rapporteur Boigny, Côte d’Ivoire Gustave Sahouo BEDI, Professeur Titulaire Ecole Normale Supérieure, Examinateur Côte d’Ivoire Philippe LEBAILLY, Professeur Ordinaire Université de Liège, Belgique Président © TANOH Amenan Evelyne, Mars 2021 ii Dédicace À la mémoire de mon père disparu trop tôt. Je dédie cet évènement marquant de ma vie comme preuve de reconnaissance de la part d’une fille qui a toujours prié pour le repos de son âme. Puisse Dieu, le tout puissant, l’avoir en sa sainte miséricorde ! À ma très chère mère Que ce mot de cinq lettres soit le don le plus précieux que je puisse t’offrir ˂˂ Merci >> pour les conseils et ta bienveillance qui m’ont permis d’affronter les obstacles de la vie. À ma mère adoptive Quoique je fasse, ou que je dise, je ne saurai te remercier comme il se doit. Merci de veiller chaque jour sur la famille. À mes frères et sœurs Puisse Dieu vous donner santé, bonheur, courage et surtout réussite. À tous mes parents et bienfaiteurs Que la lumière divine guide vos pas. iii Avant-propos Ce travail réalisé en cotutelle, est le fruit de la collaboration entre la faculté de l’UFR des Sciences des Structures et de la Matière et Technologie (UFR SSMT) de l’Université Félix Houphouët Boigny d’Abidjan et la faculté d’Agronomie Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, de l’Université de Liège Belgique. Il s’est déroulé sous la direction et supervision du Professeur TONZIBO Zanahi Felix du laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM) de l’Université Félix Houphouët Boigny et du Professeur FAUCONNIER Marie-Laure du laboratoire de Chimie des Molécules Naturelles de Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège. Ce travail a bénéficié d’une bourse d’étude du Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique de Côte d’Ivoire et de l’appui des équipes de recherche du laboratoire de Chimie des Molécules Naturelles de Gembloux Agro- Bio Tech, Université de Liège. iv Résumé Le genre Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) regroupe des plantes connues pour leurs utilisations en médecine traditionnelle à travers le monde. En Côte d’Ivoire, neuf espèces ont été identifiées ( Zanthoxylum atchoum, Z. leprieurii, Z. macrophilum, Z. mezoneurispinosum, Z. parvifoliolum, Z. psammophilum, Z. rusbescens, Z. gelletii et Z. zantoxyloides ). Le genre Zanthoxylum comprend des plantes possédant plusieurs propriétés biologiques intéressantes (antioxydant, anti-inflammatoire, anticancéreuse, antifongique, antibactérienne, antitumoral et antimicrobienne etc.). La présente recherche porte sur trois espèces de Zanthoxylum recensées en Côte d’Ivoire : Z. leprieurii, Z. psammphilum et Z. mezoneurispinosum. Elle a pour but de valoriser ces plantes à travers leurs métabolites secondaires volatils et non volatils. La première espèce Z. leprieurii est beaucoup utilisée en médecine traditionnelle compte tenu de ses nombreuses propriétés biologiques. Cependant, à ce jour, pour les deux dernières espèces endémiques à la Côte d’Ivoire aucune utilisation traditionnelle n’est connue. L’insuffisance de connaissance surtout sur Z. psammophilum et Z. mezoneurispinosum , a conduit à la réalisation d’une étude phytochimique pour la détermination d’activités biologiques des constituants de divers organes (les feuilles, les écorces du tronc, les racines et les fruits) de ces plantes. Les analyses de la composition chimique des huiles essentielles et les propriétés biologiques des différents organes ont été réalisées. À partir d’une hydrodistillation avec un appareil de type Clevenger, les huiles essentielles ont été extraites et ensuite analysées par une chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (CPG/SM). Pour l’espèce Z. leprieurii , une étude de l’effet de la saison sur la composition chimique des divers organes des huiles essentielles a été réalisée. L’analyse statistique des résultats obtenus a permis de distinguer trois classes. La première classe représentant la composition des HE des fruits est caractérisée par les monoterpènes dominés par le β-myrcène et le citronellol. La deuxième classe est celle de la composition chimique des HE des écorces avec une abondance en tridécan-2-one. La troisième classe est celle de la composition chimique des HE des feuilles dominées par le tridécan-2-one, le ( E)-β-caryophyllène et le dendrolasin. Chez Z. psammophilum, les composés chimiques identifiés dans l’HE des écorces sont essentiellement caractérisés par les composés non-terpéniques et dominés par le tridécan-2-one. Cependant, les huiles essentielles des feuilles et des racines sont caractérisées par les méthylcétones et les sesquiterpènes respectivement. Les caractéristiques principales des huiles essentielles isolées de Z. mezoneurispinosum sont les monoterpènes dominés par l’ α-pinène dans les parties aériennes, tandis que la partie souterraine est caractérisée par les sesquiterpènes dominées par le γ-élémène et le cyclosativène. v Les huiles essentielles extraites des trois plantes ont des activités biologiques satisfaisantes. Ce sont les activités antioxydantes, anti-inflammatoires, insecticides et anti plasmodiales. De plus l’étude phytochimique des feuilles de Z. mezoneurispinosum réalisée par chromatographie sur colonne, chromatographie liquide à haute pression (CLHP) et par la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) a permis d’isoler au total huit composés. Ils sont constitués de quatre alcaloïdes (1-hydroxy-3,4-diméthoxy-N- méthylacridone, chélérythrine, skimmianine et xanthoxoline), un triterpène (lupéol), un dérivé de l’acide cinnamique (méthyl 4-coumarate), un derivé de l’acide carboxylique (acide (E)-4-isobutylamino-4-but-enoïque) et un flavonoïde (4’- méthoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone ou acacétine). Les différents résultats indiquent que ces plantes peuvent être utiles à l’homme. En effet, une meilleure connaissance de la composition chimique des différentes huiles essentielles, de leurs activités biologiques et les composés isolés des feuilles de Z. mezoneurispinosum , peut favoriser une plus grande utilisation dans la parfumerie, l’alimentation, la cosmétique, la médecine, etc. Mots clés : Côte d’Ivoire, Zanthoxylum leprieurii , Zanthoxylum psammophilum , Zanthoxylum mezoneurispinosum . vi Abstract The genus Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) includes plants known for their uses in traditional medicine around the world. In Côte d'Ivoire, nine species have been identified ( Zanthoxylum atchoum, Z. leprieurii, Z. macrophilum, Z. mezoneurispinosum, Z. parvifoliolum, Z. psammophilum, Z. rusbescens, Z. gelletii and Z. zantoxyloides ). Zanthoxylum geniuscontains several plant exhibitingbiological properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifungal, antitumor and antimicrobial etc.). The present research focuses on three species of Zanthoxylum harvested in Côte d'Ivoire: Z. leprieurii, Z. psammphilum and Z. mezoneurispinosum . Its goal is to valorize these plants through their volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites. The first species Z. leprieurii is extensively used in traditional medicine because of its numerous biological properties. However, to date, no traditional use is known for the last two species endemic to Côte d'Ivoire. The lack of knowledge, especially on Z. psammophilum and Z. mezoneurispinosum , led to the realization of a phytochemical study for the determination and confirmation of biological activities of the constituents of various organs (leaves, trunk bark, roots and fruits) of these plants. The analyses of the chemical composition of essential oils and the biological properties of the various organs were realized. From a hydrodistillation with a Clevenger-type apparatus, the essential oils are extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). For the Z. leprieurii species, a study of the effect of the season on the chemical composition of the various organs of the essential oils was carried out. The statistical analysis of the results obtained made it possible to group the chemical compositions into three classes. The first class is characterized by constituents from fruits dominated by β-myrcene and citronellol. The second class was composed by compounds extracted from bark with an abundance of tridecan-2-one. The last class includes tridecan-2-one, ( E) β-caryophyllene and dendrolasin which are derived from essential oils extracted from the leaves. In Z. psammophilum , the chemical compounds extracted from the essential oil of the bark are mainly characterized by methylketones and dominated by tridecan-2-one. However, essential oils from the leaves and roots are represented by methylketone and sesquiterpenes respectively. The main characteristics of essential oils isolated from Z. mezoneurispinosum are monoterpenes ( α-pinene)
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