Die Hydra Der Taliban

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Die Hydra Der Taliban Eingereicht von: Isabell Schaurhofer, BEd Angefertigt am: Institut für Neuere Geschichte und Zeitgeschichte Beurteiler: Dr. Thomas Spielbüchler Februar 2017 DIE HYDRA DER TALIBAN Auswirkungen der US-geleiteten Intervention Operation Enduring Freedom auf paschtunische Netzwerke in Afghanistan Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades JOHANNES KEPLER Master of Arts UNIVERSITÄT LINZ Altenberger Straße 69 im Masterstudium 4040 Linz, Österreich www.jku.at Politische Bildung Afghanistan: Isabell Schaurhofer, BEd Operation Enduring Freeom 0185166 Betreuer: Dr. Thomas Spielbüchler WS 2016/17 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Masterarbeit selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt bzw. die wörtlich oder sinngemäß entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit ist mit dem elektronisch übermittelten Textdokument identisch. Tragwein, am 9. Februar 2017 2 Afghanistan: Isabell Schaurhofer, BEd Operation Enduring Freeom 0185166 Betreuer: Dr. Thomas Spielbüchler WS 2016/17 Abstract The United States invaded Afghanistan after the attacks of 9/11 to fight the Global War on Terror against al Qaeda and to abolish the Taliban regime. This created high hopes of change for a peaceful future in the Afghan society, but the expectations stayed unfulfilled: The U.S.-led counterinsurgency Operation Enduring Freedom ignored the structure of tribal networks of the Pashtuns, their historical development and their Pashtunwali code, which led to a dramatic comeback of the revitalized Taliban. A lot of wrong political decisions and the unwillingness, to take responsibility for the nation-building process in Afghanistan affected the dynamics of the virulent insurgency. Especially poor Pashtun tribes in rural, underdeveloped areas in southern and eastern Afghanistan suffer from the consequences of state failure after the invasion, which pushed a revival of the Islamic extremists. The masterthesis „Die Hydra der Taliban. Auswirkungen der US-geleiteten Intervention Operation Enduring Freedom auf paschtunische Netzwerke in Afghanistan“ deals with the controversial war in Afghanistan, which was provoked by the United Stated. The comeback of the Taliban is linked with this military operation particularly between the years 2002 and 2007 and claryfies why the mission failed. 3 Afghanistan: Isabell Schaurhofer, BEd Operation Enduring Freeom 0185166 Betreuer: Dr. Thomas Spielbüchler WS 2016/17 Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand im Rahmen des Masterstudiums „Politische Bildung“. In erster Linie dient sie zur Vertiefung meines persönlichen Wissens über außenpolitische Gegebenheiten und Zusammenhänge. Mein spezielles Interesse an Zeitgeschichte weckte Herr Dr. Thomas Spielbüchler in einer seiner Vorlesungen, in denen er komplexe Umstände vor allem in Afrika erläuterte wie auch hinterfragte. Warum aber gerade das Land Afghanistan immer wieder als Spielball politischer Machenschaften genutzt werden konnte bzw. kann, wollte ich für mich persönlich genauer erschließen. Auch das Mitwirken der USA in zahlreichen Konflikten im asiatischen Raum weckte meine Neugier. Um meine Kenntnisse zu vertiefen, setzte ich daher den Schwerpunkt auf das Thema „Afghanistan: Operation Enduring Freedom“. Herr Spielbüchler, der sich bereit erklärte, meine Masterarbeit zu betreuen, brachte mir seine beständige Unterstützung entgegen. Er gab mir immer wieder hilfreiche Tipps, Anregungen sowie wertschätzende und gewinnbringende Rückmeldungen für die vorliegende Arbeit. Als Vollzeit berufstätige Studentin begleitete er mich geduldig über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg, wofür ich ihm auf diesem Wege meinen herzlichen Dank aussprechen möchte. Zudem bedanke ich mich bei meinem Interviewpartner für sein Interesse, sein Vertrauen und für die Zeit, die er für mich aufbrachte. Ohne die Familie und mir nahestehenden Menschen, die mir Beistand geleistet haben und mir auch im Alltag organisatorisch zur Seite gestanden sind, hätte ich die Masterarbeit nicht abschließen können. Besonderer Dank gilt hierbei meinem Sohn Laurenz, der mich in den Ferien in Ruhe arbeiten ließ und mir manch häusliche Arbeiten abnahm oder zumindest erleichterte. Ebenfalls hervorheben möchte ich meine Mutter, die mich in produktiven wie auch in unproduktiven Phasen des Schreibens stets positiv unterstützt und motiviert hat. Bei jenen weiteren Personen, die nicht explizit erwähnt wurden, sich von diesen Worten aber angesprochen fühlen, bedanke ich mich ebenfalls recht herzlich. 4 Afghanistan: Isabell Schaurhofer, BEd Operation Enduring Freeom 0185166 Betreuer: Dr. Thomas Spielbüchler WS 2016/17 Durch das Studium sowie durch das Auseinandersetzen mit der Masterarbeitsthematik konnte ich zahlreiche Erfahrungen sammeln, die mir in persönlicher wie auch in beruflicher Sicht bereits vor dem Abschluss sehr hilfreich waren. Tragwein, 31. Jänner 2017 Isabell Schaurhofer 5 Afghanistan: Isabell Schaurhofer, BEd Operation Enduring Freeom 0185166 Betreuer: Dr. Thomas Spielbüchler WS 2016/17 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ...................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Paschtunische Netzwerke – Allianzen der Taliban? ....................................................... 15 2.1. Die paschtunische Identität ............................................................................................... 17 2.1.1. Bedeutende Konföderationen .................................................................................. 20 2.1.2. Paschtunwali – Sozialkodex und Gesetz ............................................................... 23 2.1.2. Wirtschaftliche Situation ........................................................................................... 24 2.2. Der Paschtunengürtel: Geschichtspolitische Faktoren ............................................. 26 2.2.1. Die Durand-Linie ........................................................................................................ 28 2.2.2. Bedeutung pakistanischer Grenzregionen............................................................. 32 2.2.3. Die Rolle Pakistans ................................................................................................... 35 2.3. Ursprung und Entwicklung der Taliban .......................................................................... 38 2.3.1. Die Sowjetische Intervention (1979-1989) ............................................................. 39 2.3.2. Afghanischer Bürgerkrieg: Keimzelle der Taliban ................................................ 42 2.4. Der Aufstieg der Taliban ..................................................................................................... 43 2.4.1. Struktur der Taliban ................................................................................................... 49 2.4.2. Interessen der USA vor 9/11 .................................................................................... 52 2.4.3. Taliban und al-Qaida ................................................................................................. 54 3. Zeitenwende 9/11: Global War on Terror ............................................................................ 59 3.1. Politische Maßnahmen ........................................................................................................ 60 3.1.1. Operation Enduring Freedom: Blitzkrieg gegen die Taliban? ............................. 63 3.1.2. Regierungsbildung: Petersberger Abkommen ...................................................... 69 3.1.3. International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF) .................................................. 73 3.2. Phönix aus der Asche: Generation Neo-Taliban .......................................................... 77 3.2.1. Pakistan: Grenzgebiete der Anarchie ..................................................................... 79 3.2.2. Korruptes Afghanistan: Beispiel Kandahar ............................................................ 81 3.2.3. Amerikas Stiefkind: Südöstliches Afghanistan ...................................................... 85 6 Afghanistan: Isabell Schaurhofer, BEd Operation Enduring Freeom 0185166 Betreuer: Dr. Thomas Spielbüchler WS 2016/17 3.3. Vorgehensweise der USA & ihre Auswirkungen .......................................................... 87 3.3.1. Guantánamo Bay und Internierungslager Bagram ............................................... 88 3.3.2. Freund oder Feind? ................................................................................................... 93 3.3.3. Kollision der Weltbilder ............................................................................................. 97 3.3.4. Resonanz des Irak-Kriegs ...................................................................................... 100 3.4. Zellen der Neo-Taliban – Netzwerk von Netzwerken ................................................. 101 3.4.1. Afghanistans Schattenstaat: Quetta Shura ......................................................... 104 3.4.2. Struktur der Quetta Shura ...................................................................................... 108 3.4.3. Haqqani Netzwerk ................................................................................................... 111 3.4.4. Hizb-e Islami Gulbuddin.......................................................................................... 114 3.5. Die Rückkehr der Taliban ................................................................................................
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