Your Smart Devices Put You at Risk
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The Tangled Genealogy of Iot Malware
The Tangled Genealogy of IoT Malware Emanuele Cozzi Pierre-Antoine Vervier Matteo Dell’Amico emanuele:cozzi@eurecom:fr France della@linux:it EURECOM France Sophia Antipolis, France Yun Shen Leyla Bilge Davide Balzarotti yun:shen@nortonlifelock:com leylya:yumer@nortonlifelock:com davide:balzarotti@eurecom:fr NortonLifeLock, Inc. NortonLifeLock, Inc. EURECOM Reading, United Kingdom Sophia Antipolis, France Sophia Antipolis, France ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION The recent emergence of consumer off-the-shelf embedded (IoT) Over the last few years we have witnessed an increase in both the devices and the rise of large-scale IoT botnets has dramatically in- volume and sophistication of malware targeting IoT systems. Tra- creased the volume and sophistication of Linux malware observed ditional botnets and DDoS tools now cohabit with crypto-mining, in the wild. The security community has put a lot of effort to docu- spyware, ransomware, and targeted samples designed to conduct ment these threats but analysts mostly rely on manual work, which cyber espionage. To make things worse, the public availability of makes it difficult to scale and hard to regularly maintain. Moreover, the source code associated with some of the main IoT malware the vast amount of code reuse that characterizes IoT malware calls families have paved the way for myriads of variants and tangled for an automated approach to detect similarities and identify the relationships of similarities and code reuse. To make sense of this phylogenetic tree of each family. complex evolution, the security community has devoted a consider- In this paper we present the largest measurement of IoT malware able effort to analyze and document these emerging threats, mostly to date. -
Early Detection of Mirai-Like Iot Bots in Large-Scale Networks Through Sub-Sampled Packet Traffic Analysis
Early Detection Of Mirai-Like IoT Bots In Large-Scale Networks Through Sub-Sampled Packet Traffic Analysis Ayush Kumar and Teng Joon Lim Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077 [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. The widespread adoption of Internet of Things has led to many secu- rity issues. Recently, there have been malware attacks on IoT devices, the most prominent one being that of Mirai. IoT devices such as IP cameras, DVRs and routers were compromised by the Mirai malware and later large-scale DDoS at- tacks were propagated using those infected devices (bots) in October 2016. In this research, we develop a network-based algorithm which can be used to detect IoT bots infected by Mirai or similar malware in large-scale networks (e.g. ISP network). The algorithm particularly targets bots scanning the network for vul- nerable devices since the typical scanning phase for botnets lasts for months and the bots can be detected much before they are involved in an actual attack. We analyze the unique signatures of the Mirai malware to identify its presence in an IoT device. The prospective deployment of our bot detection solution is discussed next along with the countermeasures which can be taken post detection. Further, to optimize the usage of computational resources, we use a two-dimensional (2D) packet sampling approach, wherein we sample the packets transmitted by IoT devices both across time and across the devices. Leveraging the Mirai signatures identified and the 2D packet sampling approach, a bot detection algorithm is pro- posed. -
Turning Internet of Things(Iot) Into Internet of Vulnerabilities (Iov) : Iot Botnets
TURNING IOT INTO IOV : IOT BOTNETS 1 Turning Internet of Things(IoT) into Internet of Vulnerabilities (IoV) : IoT Botnets Kishore Angrishi Abstract—Internet of Things (IoT) is the next big evolutionary step in the world of internet. The main intention behind the IoT is to enable safer living and risk mitigation on different levels of life. Home Automation / With the advent of IoT botnets, the view towards IoT devices Smart Home has changed from enabler of enhanced living into Internet of vulnerabilities for cyber criminals. IoT botnets has exposed two Industrial Control Systems different glaring issues, 1) A large number of IoT devices are Smart City accessible over public Internet. 2) Security (if considered at all) is often an afterthought in the architecture of many wide spread Internet of Things (IoT) IoT devices. In this article, we briefly outline the anatomy of Autonomous the IoT botnets and their basic mode of operations. Some of the Vehicles Medical and healthcare major DDoS incidents using IoT botnets in recent times along Smart traffic & parking with the corresponding exploited vulnerabilities will be discussed. control We also provide remedies and recommendations to mitigate IoT Smart Metering & related cyber risks and briefly illustrate the importance of cyber Smart Grids insurance in the modern connected world. Index Terms—DDoS, IoT, IoT Botnets, Mirai Botnet, Cyber Insurance, Security I. INTRODUCTION Fig. 1. Internet of Things (IoT) The Internet of Things (IoT) is key in the digital world of connected living. The futuristic appeal to make life bit more enjoyable in a hectic day-to-day routine is enticing to many. -
On the State of Internet of Things Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Recent Countermeasures
On the State of Internet of Things Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Recent Countermeasures DEVKISHEN SISODIA, University of Oregon In this paper, we review the state of Internet of Things (IoT) security research, with a focus on recent countermeasures that attempt to address vulnerabilities and attacks in IoT networks. Due to the fact that IoT encompasses a large range of significantly distinct environments, each of which merits their own survey, our survey focuses mainly on the smart home environment. Based on the papers surveyed, we pinpoint several challenges and open issues that have yet to be adequately addressed in the realm of IoT security research. Lastly, in order to address these open issues, we provide a list of future research directions on which we believe researchers should focus. CCS Concepts: • Security and privacy → Mobile and wireless security. Additional Key Words and Phrases: Internet of Things (IoT); security; vulnerabilities; attacks; countermeasures 1 INTRODUCTION The Internet of Things (IoT) is a computer networking paradigm that refers to scenarios where network connectivity and computing capability extends to embedded sensors and everyday devices, allowing them to generate, exchange, consume, and act upon data with minimal to no human intervention. This paradigm is possible due to recent advancements in the miniaturization of electronics, networking capabilities, and computing power. Even in its relative infancy, IoT is already impacting our everyday lives in profound ways, from healthcare to home automation. In 2018, 7 billion devices were connected to the Internet [1] and this number is expected to increase to 19.8 billion by 2023 [2]. While IoT devices and traditional machines suffer from the same types of attacks, IoT devices tend to be harder to secure due to some unique properties. -
Early Detection of Iot Malware Network Activity Using Machine Learning Techniques
EDIMA: Early Detection of IoT Malware Network Activity Using Machine Learning Techniques Ayush Kumar and Teng Joon Lim Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—The widespread adoption of Internet of Things has open TELNET ports and attempting to login using a built-in led to many security issues. Post the Mirai-based DDoS attack dictionary of commonly used credentials (Remaiten, Hajime), in 2016 which compromised IoT devices, a host of new malware or more sophisticated malware that exploit software vulner- using Mirai’s leaked source code and targeting IoT devices have cropped up, e.g. Satori, Reaper, Amnesia, Masuta etc. These abilities to execute remote command injections on vulnera- malware exploit software vulnerabilities to infect IoT devices ble devices (Reaper, Satori, Masuta, Linux.Darlloz, Amnesia instead of open TELNET ports (like Mirai) making them more etc.). Even though TELNET port scanning can be countered difficult to block using existing solutions such as firewalls. In by deploying firewalls (at the user access gateway) which this research, we present EDIMA, a distributed modular solution block incoming/outgoing TELNET traffic, malware exploiting which can be used towards the detection of IoT malware network activity in large-scale networks (e.g. ISP, enterprise networks) software vulnerabilities involving application protocols such during the scanning/infecting phase rather than during an attack. as HTTP, SOAP, PHP etc. are more difficult to block using EDIMA employs machine learning algorithms for edge devices’ firewalls because those application protocols form a part of traffic classification, a packet traffic feature vector database, legitimate traffic as well. -
Mevlüt Serkan Tok Tez
TOBB EKONOMİ VE TEKNOLOJİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ NESNELERİN İNTERNETİNDE BOTNETLER: MIRAI ZARARLI YAZILIMI ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Mevlüt Serkan TOK Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Bilgi Güvenliği Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Ali Aydın SELÇUK Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim Programı : Herhangi Program AĞUSTOS 2019 Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Onayı ……………………….. Prof. Dr. Osman EROĞUL Müdür Bu tezin Yüksek Lisans derecesinin tüm gereksinimlerini sağladığını onaylarım. ………………………. Prof. Dr. Oğuz ERGİN Anabilimdalı Başkanı TOBB ETÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü’nün 171111132 numaralı Yüksek Lisans Öğrencisi Mevlüt Serkan TOK ‘un ilgili yönetmeliklerin belirlediği gerekli tüm şartları yerine getirdikten sonra hazırladığı “NESNELERİN İNTERNETİNDE BOTNETLER: MİRAİ ZARARLI YAZILIMI ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA” başlıklı tez 08.08.2019 tarihinde aşağıda imzaları olan jüri tarafından kabul edilmiştir. Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Ali Aydın SELÇUK .............................. TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi Jüri Üyeleri : Prof. Dr. Suat ÖZDEMİR (Başkan) ............................. Gazi Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Kemal BIÇAKCI .............................. TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi ii TEZ BİLDİRİMİ Tez içindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, alıntı yapılan kaynaklara eksiksiz atıf yapıldığını, referansların tam olarak belirtildiğini ve ayrıca bu tezin TOBB ETÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlandığını bildiririm. Mevlüt -
Before Toasters Rise Up: a View Into the Emerging Iot Threat Landscape
Before Toasters Rise Up: A View Into the Emerging IoT Threat Landscape Pierre-Antoine Vervier and Yun Shen Symantec Research Labs {pierre-antoine_vervier,yun_shen}@symantec.com Abstract. The insecurity of smart Internet-connected or so-called “IoT” devices has become more concerning than ever. The existence of bot- nets exploiting vulnerable, often poorly secured and configured Internet- facing devices has been known for many years. However, the outbreak of several high-profile DDoS attacks sourced by massive IoT botnets, such as Mirai, in late 2016 served as an indication of the potential dev- astating impact that these vulnerable devices represent. Since then, the volume and sophistication of attacks targeting IoT devices have grown steeply and new botnets now emerge every couple of months. Although a lot of research is being carried out to study new spurs of attacks and malware, we still lack a comprehensive overview of the current state of the IoT thread landscape. In this paper, we present the insights gained from operating low- and high-interaction IoT honeypots for a period of six months. Namely, we see that the diversity and sophistication of IoT botnets are both growing. While Mirai is still a dominating actor, it now has to coexist with other botnets such as Hajime and IoT Reaper. Cy- bercriminals also appear to be packing their botnets with more and more software vulnerability exploits targeting specific devices to increase their infection rate and win the battle against the other competing botnets. Finally, while the IoT malware ecosystem is currently not as sophisti- cated as the traditional one, it is rapidly catching up. -
10 Years of Iot Malware: a Feature-Based Taxonomy
10 Years of IoT Malware: a Feature-Based Taxonomy Benjamin Vignau∗, Raphaël Khoury∗, Sylvain Hallé∗ ∗Laboratoire d’informatique formelle Département d’informatique et de mahtématique Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada Email: {benjamin.vignau1, rkhoury}@uqac.ca, [email protected] Abstract—Over the past decade, there has been a rapidly 2018, that caused considerable damage to the IoT ecosystem. growing interest in IoT-connected devices. But as is usually the Most of these botnets were used to launch DDoS attacks, but case with computer systems and networks, malicious individuals we do not limit ourselves to this class of attack and instead soon noticed that these objects could be exploited for criminal purposes. The problem is particularly salient since the firmware cast a wide net over all IoT malware. Other objectives of IoT used in many Internet connected devices were developed without malware include industrial spying and crypto currency mining, taking into consideration the expertise and best security practices amongst other things. gained over the past several years by programmers in other Our analysis focuses on the features and capabilities of areas. Multiple attacks on IoT devices took place therefore over each malware and highlights the relationships of feature the last decade, culminating with the largest ever recorded DDoS attack, the Mirai botnet, which took advantage of the weaknesses borrowing that can be observed between malware. To make in the security of the IoT. In this survey, we seek to shed this relationship more salient, we propose two new visuals light on the evolution of the IoT malware. We compare the representations of the evolution of IoT malware over time. -
Measurement and Analysis of Hajime, a Peer-To-Peer Iot Botnet
Measurement and Analysis of Hajime, a Peer-to-peer IoT Botnet Stephen Herwig1 Katura Harvey1;2 George Hughey1 Richard Roberts1;2 Dave Levin1 1University of Maryland 2Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS) {smherwig, katura}@cs.umd.edu, [email protected], {ricro, dml}@cs.umd.edu Abstract—The Internet of Things (IoT) introduces an unprece- While there have been in-depth studies into the kinds of dented diversity and ubiquity to networked computing. It also attacks that IoT botnets have launched [8], as well as the introduces new attack surfaces that are a boon to attackers. vulnerabilities that make IoT botnets able to flourish [6], The recent Mirai botnet showed the potential and power of a [37], there remains much to understand about the underlying collection of compromised IoT devices. A new botnet, known as makeup of the vulnerable IoT devices themselves. For exam- Hajime, targets many of the same devices as Mirai, but differs ple: In what countries do more vulnerable devices reside? IoT considerably in its design and operation. Hajime uses a public peer-to-peer system as its command and control infrastructure, devices are often embedded devices; what architectures are and regularly introduces new exploits, thereby increasing its more vulnerable, and where are various architectures more resilience. popular? How large can a global IoT botnet grow today? Can an IoT botnet propagate software updates rapidly and We show that Hajime’s distributed design makes it a valu- thoroughly? able tool for better understanding IoT botnets. For instance, Hajime cleanly separates its bots into different peer groups To answer these questions and more, we present in this depending on their underlying hardware architecture. -
The Circle of Life: a Large-Scale Study of the Iot Malware Lifecycle
The Circle Of Life: A Large-Scale Study of The IoT Malware Lifecycle Omar Alrawi, Charles Lever, and Kevin Valakuzhy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ryan Court and Kevin Snow, Zero Point Dynamics; Fabian Monrose, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Manos Antonakakis, Georgia Institute of Technology https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity21/presentation/alrawi-circle This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 30th USENIX Security Symposium. August 11–13, 2021 978-1-939133-24-3 Open access to the Proceedings of the 30th USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX. The Circle Of Life: A Large-Scale Study of The IoT Malware Lifecycle Omar Alrawi?, Charles Lever?, Kevin Valakuzhy?, Ryan Court}, Kevin Snow}, Fabian Monrose†, Manos Antonakakis? ? Georgia Institute of Technology {alrawi, chazlever, kevinv, manos}@gatech.edu } Zero Point Dynamics {rccourt, kevin}@zeropointdynamics.com † University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill [email protected] Abstract ences. For RQ2, we qualitatively evaluate how traditional Our current defenses against IoT malware may not be ade- anti-malware techniques work and judge their efficacy based quate to remediate an IoT malware attack similar to the Mirai on empirical observations from the IoT malware ecosystem. botnet. This work seeks to investigate this matter by systemat- Answering RQ1 allows the security community to under- ically and empirically studying the lifecycle of IoT malware stand the evolutionary trend of IoT malware and respond and comparing it with traditional malware that target desktop accordingly. For example, how do malware adapt to infect and mobile platforms. We present a large-scale measurement and persist on IoT devices? Are there trends that can allow of more than 166K Linux-based IoT malware samples col- us to better predict the impact of IoT malware on future IoT lected over a year. -
Fauthesis Sample File
A NETWORK TELESCOPE APPROACH FOR INFERRING AND CHARACTERIZING IOT EXPLOITATIONS by Nataliia Neshenko AThesisSubmittedtotheFacultyof The College of Engenireeng & Computer Science In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL August 2018 Copyright 2018 by Nataliia Neshenko ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoeverypersonwhowasapartof my academic journey for all the support they have given me during this time. It has been honor and pleasure to work with my thesis advisor and mentor Dr. Bou-Harb, who certainly made a profound impact on my future career. His guidance had helped me navigate through the endless ocean of information and form solid knowledge in this field. His critical feedback had sharpened my ability to challenge every part of my work to produce an outcome that I can be proud of. By being an outstanding mentor, he had inspired me to soar above a level that seems to be impossible and had taught me how to encourage people to discover their potential and shape themselves. I would like to express my deep gratitude in advance to the committee members for their constructive feedback and valuable comments. This journey would not be possible without people who had shared with me the treasure of their knowledge. Dr. Mihaela Cardei, Dr. Eduardo Fernandez, Dr. Shihong Huang, Dr. Taghi Khoshgoftaar, Dr. Mehrdad Nojoumian, Dr. Dingding Wang, and Dr. KwangSoo Yang had been fantastic teachers who had given me a lot of things to think about besides homework, who had taught me to ask questions that unlock my passion for learning and exploring. -
WHY ROUTERS ARE the NEW BULLSEYE in CYBER ATTACKS Anurag Shandilya K7 Computing, India
WWW.VIRUSBULLETIN.COM/CONFERENCE 2019 LONDON 2 – 4 October 2019 ABSOLUTELY ROUTED!! WHY ROUTERS ARE THE NEW BULLSEYE IN CYBER ATTACKS Anurag Shandilya K7 Computing, India [email protected] ABSTRACT Routers are ubiquitous and highly vulnerable to attack. Despite being the central nervous system of any network, routers are disregarded when it comes to security, as can be proven by the fact that, although vulnerabilities in routers are identifi ed and reported, most devices remain unpatched, making easy targets for cybercriminals. In recent years we have seen threat actors shift their focus from complex operating system- and network-based attacks to comparatively simple router-based ones. Other than merely brute-forcing credentials, cyber gangs have been exploiting known and zero-day router vulnerabilities to host malicious code. CVE-2018-14847 is a vulnerability affecting MikroTik RouterOS from v6.29 to v6.42, which allowed arbitrary fi le read and write over WinBox port 8291, reported in April 2018. Although a patch was available almost immediately, Coinhive, a cryptominer, exploited this vulnerability from July 2018 onwards to inject Monero mining code into the error page served up by the device when a user accessed any HTTP page. CVE-2018-10561 was reported in DZS’ GPON routers, which was then exploited by multiple pieces of router malware including Satori and Hajime to carry out their botnet operations. The Satori malware family exploited this vulnerability to download and execute shell script on the device from the /tmp directory. More recently, CVE-2019-1652 has been reported, affecting Cisco routers and allowing command injection in the router’s certifi cate generation module.