Ch 18: Kingdom of Protists

Home , Gametangium

9/30/12

DNA-based

(images not from the text are from the Internet - use a search engine & retrieve “Images”)

Oldest Eukaryotes - Notable inventions organelles Autogenous theory eg: ER, Golgi

Endosymbiotic theory eg: chloroplast, mitochondrion

Some other notable inventions sexual reproduction: gametes (sperm & egg) (sometimes in gametangium/gia)

meiosis = process to make haploid (1N) cells fertilization = process to make diploid (2N) cells -> first one: zygote

Alternation of Diplontic generations Haplontic

Spores

& some protists (protists)

1 9/30/12

Modern taxonomy uses a DNA-based family tree but also still uses: Morphology (form)= what kinds of bodies:

unicellular colony

filament multicellular/complex

Modern taxonomy uses a DNA-based family tree but also still uses: Biochemistry nutrition chemoheterotrophs photoautotrophs photoheterotrophs *very rare

Movement methods flagellum/a cilium/a amoeboid flow gliding on slime

Modern taxonomy uses a DNA-based family tree but also still uses: Habitat (where does it live) fresh-water marine terrestrial body (someone else’s) fluids Dormancy (does it do this and if it does, what does it form) statospores cysts

2 9/30/12

What is an alga {are algae (pl)}?

now usually used for photosynthetic protists

What are non-photosynthetic protists called? usually “protozoan/protozoa (pl)

P: Euglenophyta = Euglenozoa = euglenoids unicellular, mostly freshwater, started as chemoheterotrophs, now some are photoautotrophic (chl a & b) How?

Euglena Phacus

P: Dinophyta = Pyrrophyta = dinoflagellates

unicellular with “top”-like shape or colonial, mostly marine (“grass of the sea”),

most are photoautotrophic (chl a & c) but some are chemoheterotrophic (why?)

Another local: †Alexandrium catenella (causes PSP)

Ceratium † Gonyaulax = Lingulodinium

3 9/30/12

red tides algal bloom in response to nutrients

local version

long exposure from Vieques Island, PR Bioluminescence

P: Chromophyta = heterokonts (2 kinds of flagella when have them), usually photoautotrophic (chl a & c)

C: Chrysophyceae = golden(-brown) algae unicellular or colonial, freshwater Dinobryon statospores (misclassified in text)

4 9/30/12

P: Chromophyta C: Bacillariophyceae = diatoms unicellular or colonial, no flagella, glide, silica cell walls, mostly marine (“grass of the sea”)

centric shape

Cymatopleura Navicula pennate shape

Diatom life cycle - unique Diplontic one

Asexual reproduction by mitosis

Sexual fertilization reproduction 1N 2N

Uses of diatoms:

fossil diatoms

filler/stabilizer

filtering polishing

5 9/30/12

Optics test For fun & beauty

†

1 toxic: causes ASP = domoic acid poisoning

P: Chromophyta C: Phaeophyceae = brown algae filamentous to complex, 2N mostly marine adults eg: Fucus (Diplontic LC)

C: Phaeophyceae eg: other complex examples (most have alternation of generation LCs)

Macrocystis = Nereocystis giant kelp

Sargassum

6 9/30/12

Economically important Edible: Algin(ate) production eg: Undaria = wakame gelling agent, emulsifier

Kelp harvester (usually giant kelp)

(CA invader) Another edible: kombu

P: Chromophyta coccolith

C: Prymnesiophyceae = haptophytes

unicellular, marine (“grass of the sea”) eg: Emiliana coccolithophorid

P: Chromophyta C: Cryptophyceae = cryptomonads unicellular, marine & freshwater eg: Cryptomonas Some have nucleomorph

7 9/30/12

P: Chromophyta C: Xanthophyceae = yellow-green algae unicellular or filamentous, mostly freshwater

Vaucheria (filament)

Stipitococcus (unicellular)

P: Oomycota = water “molds” chemoheterotrophic eg: Saprolegnia mycelial/hyphal filaments

2N adult

Diplontic

P: Oomycota

Phytophthora infestans = Plasmopara viticola = late blight of potato downy mildew of grapes

8 9/30/12

P: Rhodophyta = red algae

unicellular to complex (red seaweeds), no flagellated cells, marine, photoautotrophic (chl a & phycobilins)

Botryocladia Gigartina

Stenogramme Gelidium

P: Rhodophyta complex alternation of generations

2N adult

Polysiphonia 2N adult

IN adults

P: Rhodophyta Porphyra = nori, economically important (purple) laver

Other food products Gelidium & Gracilaria -> agar Chondrus crispus = Irish moss -> carrageenan Palmaria palmata = dulse

Laundry starch Gloiopeltis -> funori

9 9/30/12

P: Chlorophyta = green algae unicellular to complex, mostly freshwater, photoautotrophic (chl a &b) C: Chlorophyceae eg: Chlamydomonas haplontic LC

Other unicellular ones Chlorella, Micromonas cells

C: Chlorophyceae eg: colonies

Volvox Pediastrum

Scenedesmus Hydrodictyon

P: Chlorophyceae

eg: filaments

1N adult 1N adult

Ulothrix (haplontic LC) Oedogonium (haplontic LC)

10 9/30/12

C: Ulvophyceae = marine green algae filamentous to complex (green seaweeds)

Cladophora Ulva = sea lettuce

Acetabularia = mermaid’s wineglass

C: Charophyceae = stoneworts Complex examples unicellular to complex, freshwater

Chara Coleochaete

C: Charophyceae

eg: filaments

Spirogyra (haplontic LC)

11 9/30/12

C: Charophyceae

eg: desmids (unicellular)

Closterium

Micrasterias

Other non-algal Protists P: Myxomycota = plasmodial slime molds plasmodium = coenocyte

Physarum 2N adult Diplontic LC

Other non-algal Protists P: Dictyosteliomycota = cellular slime molds eg: Dictyostelium

“slug”