9/30/12 Ch 18: Kingdom of Protists DNA-based (images not from the text are from the Internet - use a search engine & retrieve “Images”) Oldest Eukaryotes - Notable inventions organelles Autogenous theory eg: ER, Golgi Endosymbiotic theory eg: chloroplast, mitochondrion Some other notable inventions sexual reproduction: gametes (sperm & egg) (sometimes in gametangium/gia) meiosis = process to make haploid (1N) cells fertilization = process to make diploid (2N) cells -> first one: zygote Alternation of Diplontic generations Haplontic Spores & some protists (protists) 1 9/30/12 Modern taxonomy uses a DNA-based family tree but also still uses: Morphology (form)= what kinds of bodies: unicellular colony filament multicellular/complex Modern taxonomy uses a DNA-based family tree but also still uses: Biochemistry nutrition chemoheterotrophs photoautotrophs photoheterotrophs *very rare Movement methods flagellum/a cilium/a amoeboid flow gliding on slime Modern taxonomy uses a DNA-based family tree but also still uses: Habitat (where does it live) fresh-water marine terrestrial body (someone else’s) fluids Dormancy (does it do this and if it does, what does it form) statospores cysts 2 9/30/12 What is an alga {are algae (pl)}? now usually used for photosynthetic protists What are non-photosynthetic protists called? usually “protozoan/protozoa (pl) P: Euglenophyta = Euglenozoa = euglenoids unicellular, mostly freshwater, started as chemoheterotrophs, now some are photoautotrophic (chl a & b) How? Euglena Phacus P: Dinophyta = Pyrrophyta = dinoflagellates unicellular with “top”-like shape or colonial, mostly marine (“grass of the sea”), most are photoautotrophic (chl a & c) but some are chemoheterotrophic (why?) Another local: †Alexandrium catenella (causes PSP) Ceratium † Gonyaulax = Lingulodinium 3 9/30/12 red tides algal bloom in response to nutrients local version long exposure from Vieques Island, PR Bioluminescence P: Chromophyta = heterokonts (2 kinds of flagella when have them), usually photoautotrophic (chl a & c) C: Chrysophyceae = golden(-brown) algae unicellular or colonial, freshwater Dinobryon statospores (misclassified in text) 4 9/30/12 P: Chromophyta C: Bacillariophyceae = diatoms unicellular or colonial, no flagella, glide, silica cell walls, mostly marine (“grass of the sea”) centric shape Cymatopleura Navicula pennate shape Diatom life cycle - unique Diplontic one Asexual reproduction by mitosis 2N Sexual fertilization reproduction 1N 2N Uses of diatoms: fossil diatoms filler/stabilizer filtering polishing 5 9/30/12 Optics test For fun & beauty † 1 toxic: causes ASP = domoic acid poisoning P: Chromophyta C: Phaeophyceae = brown algae filamentous to complex, 2N mostly marine adults eg: Fucus (Diplontic LC) C: Phaeophyceae eg: other complex examples (most have alternation of generation LCs) Macrocystis = Nereocystis giant kelp Sargassum 6 9/30/12 Economically important Edible: Algin(ate) production eg: Undaria = wakame gelling agent, emulsifier Kelp harvester (usually giant kelp) (CA invader) Another edible: kombu P: Chromophyta coccolith C: Prymnesiophyceae = haptophytes unicellular, marine (“grass of the sea”) eg: Emiliana coccolithophorid P: Chromophyta C: Cryptophyceae = cryptomonads unicellular, marine & freshwater eg: Cryptomonas Some have nucleomorph 7 9/30/12 P: Chromophyta C: Xanthophyceae = yellow-green algae unicellular or filamentous, mostly freshwater Vaucheria (filament) Stipitococcus (unicellular) P: Oomycota = water “molds” chemoheterotrophic eg: Saprolegnia mycelial/hyphal filaments 2N adult Diplontic P: Oomycota Phytophthora infestans = Plasmopara viticola = late blight of potato downy mildew of grapes 8 9/30/12 P: Rhodophyta = red algae unicellular to complex (red seaweeds), no flagellated cells, marine, photoautotrophic (chl a & phycobilins) Botryocladia Gigartina Stenogramme Gelidium P: Rhodophyta complex alternation of generations 2N adult Polysiphonia 2N adult IN adults P: Rhodophyta Porphyra = nori, economically important (purple) laver Other food products Gelidium & Gracilaria -> agar Chondrus crispus = Irish moss -> carrageenan Palmaria palmata = dulse Laundry starch Gloiopeltis -> funori 9 9/30/12 P: Chlorophyta = green algae unicellular to complex, mostly freshwater, photoautotrophic (chl a &b) C: Chlorophyceae eg: Chlamydomonas haplontic LC Other unicellular ones Chlorella, Micromonas cells C: Chlorophyceae eg: colonies Volvox Pediastrum Scenedesmus Hydrodictyon P: Chlorophyceae eg: filaments 1N adult 1N adult Ulothrix (haplontic LC) Oedogonium (haplontic LC) 10 9/30/12 C: Ulvophyceae = marine green algae filamentous to complex (green seaweeds) Cladophora Ulva = sea lettuce Acetabularia = mermaid’s wineglass C: Charophyceae = stoneworts Complex examples unicellular to complex, freshwater Chara Coleochaete C: Charophyceae eg: filaments Spirogyra (haplontic LC) 11 9/30/12 C: Charophyceae eg: desmids (unicellular) Closterium Micrasterias Other non-algal Protists P: Myxomycota = plasmodial slime molds plasmodium = coenocyte Physarum 2N adult Diplontic LC Other non-algal Protists P: Dictyosteliomycota = cellular slime molds eg: Dictyostelium “slug” 12 .