Ceretopteris Richardii

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Introducing C-Fern (Ceretopteris richardii) !"#$%&'()*+$%,-'./,0(*/(1** 2/34%$*5/6$307893$#*! Life Cycle of Plants! Terminology: alternation of generations: plants have two distinct generations that alternate in producing each other gametophyte: haploid (n) produces gametes sporophyte: diploid (2n) produces spores Fig. 17-3-1 Key Gametophyte Haploid (n) plant (n) Diploid (2n) Mitosis Sperm Gametes (n) Egg Fig. 17-3-2 Key Gametophyte Haploid (n) plant (n) Diploid (2n) Mitosis Sperm Gametes (n) Egg Fertilization Zygote (2n) Fig. 17-3-3 Key Gametophyte Haploid (n) plant (n) Diploid (2n) Mitosis Sperm Gametes (n) Egg Fertilization Zygote (2n) Mitosis Sporophyte plant (2n) Fig. 17-3-4 Key Gametophyte Haploid (n) plant (n) Diploid (2n) Mitosis Sperm Spores (n) Gametes (n) Egg Meiosis Fertilization Zygote (2n) Mitosis Sporophyte plant (2n) Fig. 17-3-5 Key Gametophyte Haploid (n) plant (n) Mitosis Diploid (2n) Mitosis Sperm Spores (n) Gametes (n) Egg Meiosis Fertilization Zygote (2n) Mitosis Sporophyte plant (2n) Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Sperm (n) Mitosis and development Female gametangium (n) Gametophyte (n) Spores (n) Egg (n) Meiosis Fertilization Clusters of sporangia 2 Zygote (2n) New sporophyte (2n) 3 Mitosis and development Mature sporophyte Fig. 17-5-1 Key 1 Haploid (n) Sperm (n) Diploid (2n) Archegonium (female gametangium) (n) Gametophyte (n) Egg (n) Fertilization Fig. 17-5-2 Key 1 Haploid (n) Sperm (n) Diploid (2n) Female gametangium (n) Gametophyte (n) Egg (n) Fertilization 2 Zygote (2n) Fig. 17-5-3 Key 1 Haploid (n) Sperm (n) Diploid (2n) Female gametangium (n) Gametophyte (n) Egg (n) Fertilization Clusters of 4 sporangia 2 Zygote (2n) New sporophyte (2n) 3 Mitosis and development Mature sporophyte Fig. 17-5-4 Key 1 Haploid (n) Sperm (n) Diploid (2n) 5 Mitosis and development Female gametangium (n) Gametophyte (n) Spores (n) Egg (n) Meiosis Fertilization Clusters of 4 sporangia 2 Zygote (2n) New sporophyte (2n) 3 Mitosis and development Mature sporophyte Sori and Sporangia: Spore-containing Structures! Sori and Sporangium with Spores! C-Fern! Life Cycle! Observing Gametophytes ! •! "#$%&'(!!"#$%&'()"*+,-("!'%$)(!*! +(,%$-+,./&0(!12!&%$3(45! •! 6(47,&8(!-+('.09-(4!.:!0+(!)"./%().+01,"!!125! $'/!7.;'0!23'+4')"./%().+01,"!'12!&%$3(45! •! <..%!0.!=&(>!$,7+(3.'&$!1:(%$)(!3$%(0$'3&$5! $'/!$'0+(,&/&$!1%$)(!3$%(0$'3&$5!2!1&%$3(45! •! ?//!40(,&)(!>$0(,!$'/!.84(,=(!,()($4(!.:!4-(,%! $'/!4>$,%&'3!'($,!$,7+(3.'&$!1&%$3(5! C-fern Phenotypes! hermaphrodite Males! Wild and Mutant Phenotypes! '51&0',-(" ' ''''''''''''''6$,%*,' Hermaphrodites! @.;'0!AB!,$'/.%!+(,%$-+,./&0(4!! Mutant and Wild! C7.,&'3!-+('.09-(4! wild gametophyte mutant gametophytes Gametangia ! antheridia archegonia Hermaphrodites! Wild and Mutant Phenotypes! D&)/! %;0$'0! %$0;,(!3$%(0.-+90(! 9.;'3!3$%(0.-+90(! D&)/! 9.;'3!3$%(0.-+90(! %;0$'0! %$0;,(!3$%(0.-+90(!.

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Fungi-Rhizopus
Characters of Fungi Some of the most important characters of fungi are as follows: 1. Occurrence 2. Thallus organization 3. Different forms of mycelium 4. Cell structure 5. Nutrition 6. Heterothallism and Homothallism 7. Reproduction 8. Classification of Fungi. 1. Occurrence: Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water soil and on plants and animals. They prefer to grow in warm and humid places. Hence, we keep food in the refrigerator to prevent bacterial and fungal infestation. 2. Thallus organization: Except some unicellular forms (e.g. yeasts, Synchytrium), the fungal body is a thallus called mycelium. The mycelium is an interwoven mass of thread-like hyphae (Sing, hypha). Hyphae may be septate (with cross wall) and aseptate (without cross wall). Some fungi are dimorphic that found as both unicellular and mycelial forms e.g. Candida albicans. 3. Different forms of mycelium: (a) Plectenchyma (fungal tissue): In a fungal mycelium, hyphae organized loosely or compactly woven to form a tissue called plectenchyma. It is two types: i. Prosenchyma or Prosoplectenchyma: In these fungal tissue hyphae are loosely interwoven lying more or less parallel to each other. ii. Pseudoparenchyma or paraplectenchyma: In these fungal tissue hyphae are compactly interwoven looking like a parenchyma in cross-section. (b) Sclerotia (Gr. Skleros=haid): These are hard dormant bodies consist of compact hyphae protected by external thickened hyphae. Each Sclerotium germinates into a mycelium, on return of favourable condition, e.g., Penicillium. (c) Rhizomorphs: They are root-like compactly interwoven hyphae with distinct growing tip. They help in absorption and perennation (to tide over the unfavourable periods), e.g., Armillaria mellea.
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Classifications of Fungi
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16. Plants.Pptx
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Evidence for Equal Size Cell Divisions During Gametogenesis in a Marine Green Alga Monostroma Angicava
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vol. 193, no. 5 the american naturalist may 2019 Evolution of the Two Sexes under Internal Fertilization and Alternative Evolutionary Pathways Jussi Lehtonen1,* and Geoff A. Parker2 1. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; and Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia; 2. Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom Submitted September 8, 2018; Accepted November 30, 2018; Electronically published March 18, 2019 Online enhancements: supplemental material. abstract: ogy. It generates the two sexes, males and females, and sexual Transition from isogamy to anisogamy, hence males and ﬂ females, leads to sexual selection, sexual conﬂict, sexual dimorphism, selection and sexual con ict develop from it (Darwin 1871; and sex roles. Gamete dynamics theory links biophysics of gamete Bateman 1948; Parker et al. 1972; Togashi and Cox 2011; limitation, gamete competition, and resource requirements for zygote Parker 2014; Lehtonen et al. 2016; Hanschen et al. 2018). survival and assumes broadcast spawning. It makes testable predic- The volvocine green algae are classically the group used to tions, but most comparative tests use volvocine algae, which feature study both the evolution of multicellularity (e.g., Kirk 2005; internal fertilization. We broaden this theory by comparing broadcast- Herron and Michod 2008) and transitions from isogamy to spawning predictions with two plausible internal-fertilization scenarios: gamete casting/brooding (one mating type retains gametes internally, anisogamy and oogamy (e.g., Knowlton 1974; Bell 1982; No- the other broadcasts them) and packet casting/brooding (one type re- zaki 1996; da Silva 2018; da Silva and Drysdale 2018; Han- tains gametes internally, the other broadcasts packets containing gametes, schen et al.
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Chapter 12: Life Cycles: Meiosis and the Alternation of Generations
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Mucormycosis: Botanical Insights Into the Major Causative Agents
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Plants, Fun Gi,And the Colonization of Land
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Sexual Reproduction in Fungi
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Protists, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2006 1 Evidence
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