United States In cooperation with Department of Cornell University Agriculture Agricultural Soil Survey of Experiment Station Natural Dutchess County, Resources Conservation Service New York

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How to Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Index to Map Units (see Contents), which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. An earlier soil survey of Dutchess County was published by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1955 (USDA, 1955). This survey updates the earlier one and provides additional information and maps that show the soils in greater detail. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1991. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1992. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1992. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Dutchess County Soil and Water Conservation District. Partial funding for this survey was provided by the Dutchess County Legislature with support from the County Executive. Additional funding was also provided by New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: Area of Nassau-Rock Outcrop-Cardigan association in the foreground overlooking the Hudson River.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”). 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 CtB—Chatfield-Hollis complex, undulating, very How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 rocky ...... 43 Contents ...... 5 CtC—Chatfield-Hollis complex, rolling, very Foreword ...... 9 rocky ...... 44 General Nature of the County ...... 11 CtD—Chatfield-Hollis complex, hilly, very Climate ...... 11 rocky ...... 45 History and Development ...... 12 CuA—Copake gravelly silt loam, nearly level ..... 46 Transportation Facilities ...... 12 CuB—Copake gravelly silt loam, undulating ...... 47 Physiography and Geology ...... 12 CuC—Copake gravelly silt loam, rolling ...... 48 Drainage ...... 13 CuD—Copake gravelly silt loam, hilly ...... 50 Water Supply ...... 14 CuE—Copake gravelly silt loam, 25 to 45 How This Survey Was Made ...... 14 percent slopes ...... 51 General Soil Map Units ...... 17 CwA—Copake channery silt loam, fan, 0 to 3 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 25 percent slopes ...... 51 BeB—Bernardston silt loam, 3 to 8 percent CwB—Copake channery silt loam, fan, 3 to 8 slopes ...... 26 percent slopes ...... 52 BeC—Bernardston silt loam, 8 to 15 percent CxB—Copake-Urban land complex, undulating . 53 slopes ...... 27 DuB—Dutchess silt loam, 3 to 8 percent BeD—Bernardston silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ...... 54 slopes ...... 28 DuC—Dutchess silt loam, 8 to 15 percent BeE—Bernardston silt loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes ...... 55 slopes ...... 29 DuD—Dutchess silt loam, 15 to 25 percent BgB—Bernardston-Urban land complex, 3 to 8 slopes ...... 56 percent slopes ...... 30 DwB—Dutchess-Cardigan complex, undulating, Ca—Canandaigua silt loam, neutral substratum ... 30 rocky ...... 57 Cc—Carlisle muck ...... 31 DwC—Dutchess-Cardigan complex, rolling, ChB—Charlton loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 32 rocky ...... 58 ChC—Charlton loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..... 33 DwD—Dutchess-Cardigan complex, hilly, ChD—Charlton loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ... 34 rocky ...... 60 ChE—Charlton loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes.... 35 DxB—Dutchess-Cardigan-Urban land complex, ClC—Charlton loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, undulating, rocky ...... 61 very stony ...... 36 DxC—Dutchess-Cardigan-Urban land complex, ClD—Charlton loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rolling, rocky ...... 62 very stony ...... 36 FcB—Farmington-Galway complex, undulating, ClE—Charlton loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, very rocky ...... 64 very stony ...... 37 FcC—Farmington-Galway complex, rolling, very CrB—Charlton-Chatfield complex, undulating, rocky ...... 65 rocky ...... 38 FcD—Farmington-Galway complex, hilly, very rocky CrC—Charlton-Chatfield complex, rolling, 66 rocky ...... 39 FeE—Farmington-Rock outcrop complex, CrD—Charlton-Chatfield complex, hilly, rocky .... 40 steep ...... 68 CrE—Charlton-Chatfield complex, steep, Ff—Fluvaquents-Udifluvents complex, rocky ...... 42 frequently flooded ...... 68 6

Fr—Fredon silt loam ...... 69 Hy—Hydraquents and Medisaprists soils, GfB—Galway-Farmington complex, undulating, ponded ...... 101 rocky ...... 70 Kn—Kingsbury and Rhinebeck soils ...... 101 GfC—Galway-Farmington complex, rolling, KrA—Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, nearly rocky ...... 72 level ...... 103 GfD—Galway-Farmington complex, hilly ...... 73 KrB—Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, GlB—Galway-Farmington-Urban land complex, undulating ...... 103 undulating, rocky ...... 75 KrC—Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, rolling ... 104 GlC—Galway-Farmington-Urban land complex, KrD—Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, hilly ...... 105 rolling, rocky ...... 76 KuA—Knickerbocker - Urban land complex, GsA—Georgia silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ... 77 nearly level...... 106 GsB—Georgia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ... 78 KuB—Knickerbocker-Urban land complex, GsC—Georgia silt loam, 8 to 15 percent undulating ...... 107 slopes ...... 79 Ln—Linlithgo silt loam ...... 107 Ha—Halsey mucky silt loam ...... 80 Lv—Livingston silty clay loam...... 108 HeA—Haven loam, nearly level...... 81 McC—Macomber-Taconic complex, rolling, HeB—Haven loam, undulating ...... 81 very rocky ...... 109 Hf—Haven-Urban land complex ...... 82 MnA—Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent HoC—Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 110 rolling ...... 83 MnB—Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent HoD—Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 111 hilly ...... 84 NwB—Nassau-Cardigan complex, undulating, HoE—Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop complex, very rocky ...... 112 steep ...... 85 NwC—Nassau-Cardigan complex, rolling, HoF—Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop complex, very rocky ...... 113 very steep ...... 86 NwD-Nassau-Cardigan complex, hilly, very HsA—Hoosic gravelly loam, nearly level ...... 87 rocky ...... 115 HsB—Hoosic gravelly loam, undulating...... 88 NxE—Nassau-Rock outcrop complex, steep ... 116 HsC—Hoosic gravelly loam, rolling ...... 89 NxF—Nassau-Rock outcrop complex, very HsD—Hoosic gravelly loam, hilly ...... 90 steep ...... 117 HsE—Hoosic gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent Pc—Palms muck ...... 117 slopes ...... 91 Pg—Pawling silt loam ...... 118 HtA—Hoosic channery loam, fan, 0 to 3 Ps—Pits, gravel...... 119 percent slopes ...... 92 Pu—Pits, quarry ...... 119 HtB—Hoosic channery loam, fan, 3 to 8 PwB—Pittstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 93 slopes ...... 119 HuA—Hoosic-Urban land complex, nearly level .. 94 PwC—Pittstown silt loam, 8 to 15 percent HuB—Hoosic-Urban land complex, undulating... 94 slopes ...... 120 HvB—Hudson and Vergennes soils, 3 to 8 PzA—Punsit silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... 121 percent slopes ...... 95 PzB—Punsit silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes .... 122 HvC—Hudson and Vergennes soils, 8 to 15 Ra—Raynham silt loam ...... 123 percent slopes ...... 97 Sc—Scio silt loam ...... 124 HvD—Hudson and Vergennes soils, hilly ...... 98 SkB—Stockbridge silt loam, 3 to 8 percent HvE—Hudson and Vergennes soils, steep ...... 99 slopes ...... 125 7

SkC—Stockbridge silt loam, 8 to 15 percent Canandaigua Series ...... 164 slopes ...... 126 Cardigan Series ...... 165 SkD—Stockbridge silt loam, 15 to 25 percent Carlisle Series ...... 165 slopes ...... 128 Charlton Series ...... 166 SkE—Stockbridge silt loam, 25 to 45 percent Chatfield Series ...... 167 slopes ...... 129 Copake Series...... 167 SmB—Stockbridge-Farmington complex, Dutchess Series ...... 168 undulating, rocky ...... 129 Farmington Series ...... 169 SmC—Stockbridge-Farmington complex, Fluvaquents...... 169 rolling, rocky ...... 131 Fredon Series...... 170 SmD—Stockbridge-Farmington complex, Galway Series ...... 170 hilly, rocky ...... 132 Georgia Series ...... 171 SrB—Stockbridge-Urban land complex, 3 to 8 Halsey Series ...... 172 percent slopes ...... 133 Haven Series...... 172 Su—Sun silt loam ...... 134 Hollis Series ...... 173 TmD—Taconic-Macomber-Rock outcrop Hoosic Series ...... 174 complex, hilly ...... 135 Hudson Series...... 175 TrE—Taconic-Rock outcrop complex, steep..... 136 Hydraquents ...... 175 TrF—Taconic-Rock outcrop complex, very Kingsbury Series ...... 176 steep ...... 137 Knickerbocker Series ...... 177 Ud-Udorthents, smoothed ...... 138 Linlithgo Series ...... 177 Ue—Udorthents, wet substratum ...... 138 Livingston Series ...... 178 UnB—Unadilla silt loam, undulating ...... 138 Macomber Series ...... 178 Ur—Urban land ...... 139 Massena Series ...... 179 We—Wappinger loam ...... 139 Medisaprists ...... 180 Wy—Wayland silt loam ...... 140 Nassau Series ...... 180 Prime Farmland ...... 143 Palms Series ...... 181 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 145 Pawling Series ...... 181 Crops and Pasture ...... 145 Pittstown Series ...... 182 Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 147 Punsit Series ...... 183 Recreation ...... 149 Raynham Series...... 183 Wildlife Habitat ...... 150 Rhinebeck Series ...... 184 Engineering ...... 151 Scio Series ...... 185 Building Site Development ...... 151 Stockbridge Series ...... 185 Sanitary Facilities ...... 153 Sun Series ...... 186 Construction Materials ...... 154 Taconic Series...... 187 Water Management...... 155 Udifluvents ...... 187 Soil Properties ...... 157 Udorthents ...... 188 Engineering Index Properties ...... 157 Unadilla Series ...... 188 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 158 Vergennes Series ...... 189 Soil and Water Features ...... 159 Wappinger Series ...... 190 Engineering Properties of Geologic Deposits ... 160 Wayland Series ...... 190 Classification of the Soils ...... 163 Formation of the Soils...... 193 Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 163 References ...... 197 Bernardston Series ...... 163 Glossary ...... 199 8

Tables ...... 213 Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 258 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation...... 214 Table 11.—Building Site Development ...... 269 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ...... 215 Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 282 Table 3.—Growing Season...... 215 Table 13.—Construction Materials...... 295 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Table 14.—Water Management ...... 306 of the Soils ...... 216 Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 318 Table 5.—Prime Farmland...... 219 Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields of the Soils ...... 339 per Acre of Crops and Pasture ...... 220 Table 17.—Soil and Water Features ...... 348 Table 7.—Capability Classes and Subclasses.. 228 Table 18.—The Relationship Between Soils, Table 8.—Woodland Management and their Parent Material, Landscape Position, Productivity ...... 229 and Drainage ...... 353 Table 9.—Recreational Development ...... 245 Table 19.—Classification of the Soils...... 356

Issued 2001 9

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Wayne M. Maresch State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

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Soil Survey of Dutchess County, New York

By Marjorie Faber, Soil Survey Party Leader, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Roger J. Case, Marjorie Faber, Wendy A. Greenberg, Stephen J. Page, Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station

General Nature of the County

DUTCHESS COUNTY is in the easternmost part of the mid-Hudson Valley in New York state (fig. 1). It covers 514,600 acres, or 804 square miles. The county has a population of 245,055. Poughkeepsie, the county seat, is in the west-central part of the county adjacent to the Hudson River and has a population of 29,757 (US. ALBANY Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, 1991). ✪ This section gives general information about the county. It describes climate, early history, transportation facilities, geology, drainage, and water resources.

Climate

In Dutchess County, winters are cold and summers Figure 1.—Location of Dutchess County in New York. are moderately warm with occasional hot spells. Mountains are markedly cooler than the main occurred at Millbroook on January 12, 1981, is -28 agricultural areas in the lowlands. Precipitation is well degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 68 distributed throughout the year and is nearly always degrees and the average daily maximum temperature adequate for all crops. Winter snows occur frequently, is 80 degrees. The highest recorded temperature, occasionally as blizzards. Snow covers the ground which occurred on September 2, 1953, is 99 degrees. much of the time. Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, for the survey area as recorded at Millbrook, New growing degree days accumulate by the amount that York, in the period 1951 to 1988. Table 2 shows the average temperature each day exceeds a base probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the accumulation is used to schedule single or successive growing season. plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring In winter, the average temperature is 26 degrees F and the first freeze in fall. and the average daily minimum temperature is 16 Of the total annual precipitation, 22 inches, or 55 degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which percent, usually falls in April through September. The 12 Soil Survey

growing season for most crops falls within this period. dairy farms and orchards. While industry dominates in In 2 years out of 10, the rainfall in April through the southern and western parts of the county, September is less than 18 inches. The heaviest 1-day agriculture is still important in the eastern section, in rainfall during the period of record was 5.68 inches on the Harlem Valley, and in the north. June 30, 1973. Thunderstorms occur on about 26 Tourism is a major industry in the county, largely days each year, and most occur in summer. because of the number of historic mansions and The average seasonal snowfall is about 49 inches. estates along the Hudson River, especially in and The greatest snow depth at any one time during the around Hyde Park, which was the home of President period of record was 37 inches. On the average, 22 Franklin D. Roosevelt. days of the year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground. The number of such days varies greatly from Transportation Facilities year to year. The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is The major east-west roads in the county are about 60 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the Interstate 84 in the south, New York Routes 44 and 55 average at dawn is about 80 percent. The sun shines in the center, and New York Route 199 in the north. 60 percent of the time possible in summer and 45 Major north-south roads are U.S. Route 9 in the west, percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the the Taconic State Parkway in the center, and New south. Average windspeed is highest, 11 miles per York Route 22 in the east. hour, in spring. Along the Hudson River, the Hudson Division of Metro-North railroad provides passenger service from History and Development Poughkeepsie, New Hamburg, and Beacon to New York City. The Harlem Division of Metro-North connects the Dutchess County was settled by the Delaware eastern communities of Dover Plains, Wassaic, and Indians, also known as the Algonquins. Several tribes, Pawling with New York City. Amtrak’s Northeast including the Mohicans and Wappingers, lived on the passenger line provides service to Poughkeepsie and east side of the Hudson River. These Indians were Rhinecliff. Conrail provides freight service for the sedentary, living in small permanent villages, growing western, southern, and eastern parts of the county. crops such as maize and squash. Dutch settlement of the county began in the late 1600s. English Quakers, from Rhode Island and Long Physiography and Geology Island, moved into the eastern part of the county in the David S. Sullivan, Staff Geologist, Natural Resources 1740s, followed by other English settlers from New Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section. York City and Connecticut. During the early period, Dutchess County included Dutchess County is located in southeastern New all of Putnam County and part of Columbia County. York state. It is bounded to the north by Columbia The county was divided into 13 patents (very large County, to the west by the Hudson River, to the south parcels) owned by influential New Yorkers. After 1750, of Putnam County, and to the east by the State of settlers were allowed to buy and sell their own land. Connecticut. The county is divided into two major Villages were established and farms flourished physiographic units: the Valley and Ridge Province, throughout the county. By the American Revolution, and the New England Province. The Valley and Ridge the population of the county reached 20,000. Province includes the Hudson Lowlands and the Low After the Revolution, most farmers grew wheat for Taconics. The Hudson Lowlands extend eastward 3 to New York City markets. The opening of the Erie Canal 6 miles from the Hudson River. Maximum elevations in 1825 ended the grain period, so farmers turned to there are 400 to 500 feet above mean sea level with beef. When the railroads began to carry milk to New 100 to 250 feet of relief (Isachsen, 1991). Bedrock is York City in the 1860s, the dairy industry flourished. predominantly easily eroded sedimentary rock such as Industries developed rapidly along the Hudson shale, graywacke and siltstone, which were deposited River corridor in the late nineteenth century resulting during the Cambrian and Ordovician Periods. To the in a rapid population increase, especially in the east are the Low Taconics, which consist of Cambrian manufacturing centers of Poughkeepsie and Beacon. and Ordovician graywacke, metagraywacke, shale, Over the years, southern Dutchess County rapidly phyllite, and schist. This 8 to 10 mile wide zone has became suburbanized because of its proximity to New 200 to 300 feet of relief, with maximum elevations of York City. In all parts of the county, residential 500 to 750 feet. development increased with a consequent decline in The New England Province includes the High Dutchess County, New York 13

Taconics, the Housatonic Highlands, and the Hudson lacustrine sands, silts, and clays as seen southwest of Highlands. East of the Low Taconics, Clove Mountain Rhinebeck. Lacustrine deposits occurred in Glacial and the region to the north make up the High Taconics. Lake Albany as well as in smaller glacial lakes in Maximum elevations there are between 1200 and 1400 Fishkill Creek, Sprout Creek, Wappingers Creek, and feet, with 700 to 900 feet of relief. Bedrock of the Crum Elbow Creek. An example of soils formed in a mountainous regions is metamorphic in origin and lacustrine environment is Hudson soils. includes schist, phyllite and metagraywacke. Layers of The Late Wisconsinan glacier began to retreat from marble and sedimentary deposits of limestone and the Terminal Moraine on Long Island about 12,000 dolomite underlie the valleys. On the eastern edge of years ago (Isachsen, 1991). As it retreated, the glacier the county, the Housatonic Highlands have a maximum readvanced slightly from time to time depositing a elevation of more than 1400 feet and almost 1000 feet series of ice margins (moraines) of glacial drift. of relief. The bedrock is Precambrian metasedimentary Between 17,000 and 18,000 years ago the glacier rocks and granite gneiss. To the south, the Hudson terminus had retreated to the northern slope of the Highlands form the remaining part of the New England Hudson Highlands where it deposited the oldest Province in Dutchess County. South Beacon Mountain moraine in Dutchess County, the Shenandoah has a maximum elevation of 1602 feet and a local Mountain. It extends eastward to Honess Mountain, relief of 1200 to 1300 feet. Bedrock is Proterzoic Greenhaven Prison, and Poughquag. Going north biotite and hornblende granite gneiss and is resistant from there, the next ice-margin is the Poughkeepsie to erosion (Fisher, 1970). Moraine. It has more than 90 feet of relief, is composed of stratified drift, and extends westward Glacial Geology from James Baird State Park to the city of Dutchess County was entirely covered by glacial ice Poughkeepsie. The Hyde Park Moraine is the next during the last ice age. Despite evidence of four major ice-margin to the north. It has 170 feet of relief and advances and retreats of the continental ice sheet in contains stratified drift and associated outwash. This other parts of the United States, only the last stage moraine traces east from Hyde Park to Salt Point. “the Wisconsinan” is evident in New York (Isachsen, Next to the north is the Pine Plains Moraine, which is 1991). A wide variety of stratified and unstratified named for exposures of stratified drift in the town of material was deposited in association with the glacier Pine Plains. This moraine is traced for about 7 miles during both advance and retreat phases. Unstratified from northwest and north of Stissing Mountain to the deposits within the county called till are generally Village of Pine Plains. The final moraine, located in the compact (dense) and clay rich. The till contains northwest corner of the county, is the Red Hook abundant rock clasts; however, they are not generally Moraine. This name refers to three closely related ice- in contact with each other. This type of till is called margin positions east of the village of Red Hook. The hardpan and may contain isolated layers of stratified ice margins previously described bend northeast to sand and gravel. The till is generally thin in the hilly southwest. This moraine complex extends northeast regions where there are scattered bedrock exposures, from Rhinebeck approximately 20 miles to Glenco but may be tens of feet thick adjacent to bedrock Mills in Columbia County. valley walls. Examples of soils formed in glacial till As the glacier continued to retreat, Glacial Lake include Bernardston, Georgia, Hollis, Nassau and Albany gradually expanded northward up the Hudson Nellis (Cline; Marshall, 1976). Valley remaining in contact with the terminus of the Stratified glacial material is deposited in a fluvial or retreating glacier. This large glacial lake remained in lacustrine environment. If sand and gravel are existence for at least 4,000 to 5,000 years (Isachsen, deposited immediately adjacent to the glacier, as in the 1991). Evidence for this expansion can be seen by the formation of kames and eskers, the deposits are called sequence of large deltas formed in Lake Albany by ice-contact. Ice-contact kames can be seen in the meltwater streams at Manchester Bridge, Vassar, town of LaGrange and at Moores Hill. Sediment deposit Hyde Park, Rhinebeck, and Red Hook. by a meltwater stream flowing away from the glacier is called outwash. Outwash was deposited near the Drainage headwaters of Wappingers Creek and Sprout Creek, as well as in the Pawling Valley. Alton and Hoosic Area Most of Dutchess County is in the Hudson River soils are examples of soils formed in these deposits. drainage basin. The eastern portion of the county is in Streams transporting sediment into a lake either the Ten Mile River watershed, which flows towards the deposit it in the form of a delta as at Manchester Housatonic River in Connecticut. Bridge, or carry it deeper into the lake and deposit it as Many smaller streams drain the northwestern towns 14 Soil Survey

of Dutchess County. These streams include the White millions of gallons of water daily from these aquifers. Clay Kill, Saw Kill, Mudder Kill, Rhinebeck Kill, Outwash terraces along the Ten Mile River, Sprout/ Landsman Kill, Crum Elbow Creek, and the Maritje Fishkill Creeks, Wappinger Creek, and the Crum Kill. Fall Kill Creek and the Casper Kill Creek have Elbow Creek are prime high yield aquifer systems. sizeable watersheds in the Poughkeepsie area. All of Private wells serve most homes outside the these streams flow into the Hudson River. community centers and in the rural areas. The watershed of the Wappinger Creek, with its two Deep glacial till and bedrock are other major major tributaries, the East Branch and Little sources of groundwater. Glacial till wells vary greatly Wappinger Creek, covers over twenty-five percent of in yield depending on the depth recharge area and the county (Dutchess Co. Department of Planning, composition of the till deposit. Wells in bedrock 1985). The Wappinger Creek drains the central part of generally yield adequate water for residential uses, but the county and enters the Hudson River in New the yields vary greatly depending on well depth, rock Hamburg. There are extensive sand and gravel density, rock fractures, and geologic faults. aquifer systems related to this watershed. Groundwater hardness and the presence of sulphur The watershed of the Fishkill Creek drains the or iron is a nuisance in some areas. In general, the southern part of the county. Major tributaries of the quality of surface and groundwater is good; however, Fishkill Creek are the Whortlekill Creek, the Sprout contamination is increasing as the county’s population Creek, and the Jackson Creek. The Fishkill Creek grows. watershed enters the Hudson River in Beacon. The Significant amounts of water are used in the largest sand and gravel aquifer system in Dutchess irrigation of orchards: specialty crops such as County lies within the Fishkill Creek basins. raspberries, blueberries, or strawberries; and truck The Ten Mile River drains the Harlem Valley and crops such as potatoes, sweet corn, and melons. Most the Oblong Valley and flows into Connecticut east of of this irrigation water is supplied from ponds Wingdale. Major tributaries from the north are the excavated into the water table of sand and gravel Wassaic Creek, the Amenia Creek, and the Webatuck aquifers. Creek. The Swamp River flows north from Pawling and joins the Ten Mile River in Dover. There are How This Survey Was Made extensive wetland systems associated with the deep sand and gravel aquifers located in the Harlem Valley This survey was made to provide information about and the Oblong Valley. the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. Most of the streams in the county are of fairly low The information includes a description of the soils and gradient. There are broad floodplains and linear miscellaneous areas and their location and a wetlands associated with the major streams in the discussion of their suitability, limitations, and county. management for specified uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of the Water Supply slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. Dutchess County has an adequate supply of They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is groundwater and surface water supplied by numerous the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil streams, wetlands, aquifers, and ponds. Water uses (fig. 2). The profile extends from the surface down into include agricultural, industrial, commercial, municipal, the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. and domestic along with recreation, fisheries, and The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and wildlife habitat. other living organisms and has not been changed by The largest source of water (surface water) is the other biological activity. Hudson River, which forms the western boundary of The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey the county. Poughkeepsie, the largest city, is supplied area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the with Hudson River water. In emergency situations the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural Chelsea Pump Station in the southwestern part of the vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and county pumps millions of gallons of Hudson River miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind water into the Catskill Aqueduct for New York City. The of landform or with a segment of the landform. By villages of Hyde Park and Rhinebeck also tap into the observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the Hudson River for their water supply. survey area and relating their position to specific Wells placed in deep, high yield sand and gravel segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a aquifers supply most communities. Industries draw concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, Dutchess County, New York 15

Figure 2.—Diagram of the horizons in a soil profile. during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification on the landscape. used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge and character of soil properties and the arrangement into one another as their characteristics gradually of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, classified and named the soils in the survey area, they soil scientists must determine the boundaries between compared the individual soils with similar soils in the the soils. They can observe only a limited number of same taxonomic class in other areas so that they soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, could confirm data and assemble additional data supplemented by an understanding of the soil- based on experience and research. vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to of the soils in the area generally are collected for determine the boundaries. laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the scientists interpret the data from these analyses and soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all reaction, and other features that enable them to of the soils are field tested through observation of the identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey soils in different uses and under different levels of area and determining their properties, the soil management. Some interpretations are modified to fit scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes local conditions, and some new interpretations are (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with from other sources, such as research information, 16 Soil Survey

production records, and field experience of specialists. and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries For example, data on crop yields under defined levels accurately. of management are assembled from farm records and This survey area was mapped at two levels of detail. from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil. At the more detailed level, map units are narrowly Predictions about soil behavior are based not only defined. Map unit boundaries were plotted and verified on soil properties, but also on such variables as at closely spaced intervals. At the less detailed level, climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are map units are broadly defined. Boundaries were predictable over long periods of time, but they are not plotted and verified at wider intervals. In the legend for predictable from year to year. For example, soil the detailed soil maps, narrowly defined units are scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of indicated by symbols in which the first letter is a accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table capital and the second is lowercase. For broadly within certain depths in most years, but they cannot defined units, the first and second letters are capitals. predict that a high water table will always be at a The descriptions, names, and delineations of the specific level in the soil on a specific date. soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those After soil scientists located and identified the of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial in series concepts, or variations in the intensity of photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, areas. 17

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication This unit covers about 3 percent of the county. The shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of unit is about 25 percent Hudson and similar soils, 25 soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the percent Vergennes and similar soils, 15 percent general soil map is a unique natural landscape. Raynham and similar soils, and 35 percent minor soils. Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or The Hudson soils are moderately well drained and miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or have a silt loam surface. The subsoil and substratum miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or are fine textured throughout. Permeability in the miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit subsoil and substratum is slow or very slow. The can occur in another but in a different pattern. seasonal high water table is between depths of 1.5 The general soil map can be used to compare the and 2 feet in the spring. They are mostly on broad, suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas irregularly shaped lowlands. The steep areas are of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, generally on the side slopes of drainageways. Slopes areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified. range from 3 to 45 percent. Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable The Vergennes soils are moderately well drained for planning the management of a farm or field or for and have a silty clay loam surface layer. The subsoil selecting a site for a road or building or other and substratum is clay with thin layers of silt. structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from Permeability in the subsoil and substratum is slow or place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other very slow. The seasonal high water table is between characteristics that affect management. depths of 1 and 3 feet in the winter and spring. They In some areas along the borders of Dutchess are mostly on broad, irregularly shaped lowlands. The County, the names of the general soil map units do not steep areas are generally on the side slopes of match those of adjoining counties. These drainageways. Slopes range from 3 to 45 percent. discrepancies exist because of differences in the detail The Raynham soils are somewhat poorly drained of mapping, changes in soil classification, and and have a silt loam surface layer. The subsoil and differences in the proportions of the same soil in substratum is silt loam. Permeability is moderate and adjoining counties. In those areas the units in the moderately slow in the subsoil and slow in the adjoining counties contain similar kinds of soils. substratum. The seasonal high water table is between depths of 0.5 and 2 feet in the winter and spring. Soil Descriptions Raynham soils are on broad lowlands. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Of minor extent are Kingsbury, Rhinebeck, 1. Hudson-Vergennes-Raynham Livingston, Canandaigua, Unadilla, Nassau, Cardigan, Dominantly nearly level to steep, very deep, Knickerbocker, Fredon, Scio, Hydraquents and moderately well drained and somewhat poorly Medisaprists, and Dutchess soils. Kingsbury and drained, medium to moderately fine textured soils; on Rhinebeck soils are somewhat poorly drained and lowlands and dissected lake plains throughout the unit. Very poorly drained Livingston soils and poorly drained and very poorly drained This unit consists of soils that formed in Canandaigua soils are in drainageways and slightly glaciolacustrine deposits with a medium to high concave or ponded areas. Well drained Unadilla soils content of silt and clay. The landscape is generally and moderately well drained Scio soils are in areas gently sloping and is dissected by deep drainageways transitional to sandier outwash areas. Shallow, from the main north-south terrace adjacent to the somewhat excessively drained Nassau soils, Hudson River. Slopes are dominantly 3 to 15 percent moderately deep, well drained Cardigan soils and very but are as much as 45 percent in some dissected deep, well drained Dutchess soils are in areas with areas, and as low as 0 percent in lowlands. shale bedrock. Somewhat excessively drained 18 Soil Survey

Knickerbocker soils and somewhat poorly drained mainly from limestone and schist. Permeability is Fredon soils are in areas of sandy glacial outwash. moderate or moderately rapid in the subsoil and very Hydraquents and Medisaprists are in very poorly rapid in the substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 45 drained tidal marshes adjacent to the Hudson River. percent. Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated crops, Soils of minor extent are Knickerbocker, Fredon, hay, or residential development. The steep areas are Halsey, Carlisle, Palms, Wappinger, Pawling, and wooded and are actively eroding. Some of the soils in Linlithgo. Knickerbocker soils are well drained and are this unit are highly erodible and require cross slope in areas where the outwash is sandy in the surface tillage, conservation tillage, careful crop rotations, and and subsoil. Somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils maintenance of permanent sod. Most areas used for and poorly drained and very poorly drained Halsey farming need drainage. soils are in drainageways and depressions in outwash Slow permeability, a seasonal high water table, areas. Carlisle and Palms are very poorly drained clayey texture, slope, erodibility, and frost action are organic soils and are in concave areas where water is the main limitations if this unit is used for community impounded. Well drained Wappinger soils are on development. broad flood plains subject to common, brief flooding. Some areas of this unit are managed woodland. Moderately well drained Pawling soils and somewhat Timber harvesting causes erosion, especially on steep poorly drained Linlithgo soils are on low areas of flood slopes. plains and are also subject to common, brief flooding. Most of the Hoosic and Copake areas of this unit 2. Hoosic-Wayland-Copake are used as cropland, hayland, or residential Dominantly nearly level to steep, very deep, development. Most of the Wayland areas of this unit somewhat excessively drained and well drained are wooded or are in water-tolerant brush and sedges. medium textured soils and very deep, very poorly The Hoosic and Copake soils are suitable for drained medium textured alluvial soils; on outwash community development; however, installation of septic plains, in lowlands and along streams tank absorption fields is a problem because of the poor filtering capacity of these soils. Wayland soils are not This unit consists of soils formed in glacial outwash suited to community development because of flooding. along the large tributary valleys of the Hudson River and alluvial deposits adjacent to the major streams of 3. Farmington-Galway-Stockbridge the county. Slopes range from 0 to 45 percent. Dominantly nearly level to very steep, shallow to very This unit covers about 14.5 percent of the county. deep, somewhat excessively drained to moderately The unit is about 35 percent Hoosic soils, 15 percent well drained medium textured soils formed in glacial Wayland soils, 15 percent Copake soils, and 35 till; on uplands percent minor soils. The Hoosic soils are somewhat excessively drained This unit consists of soils on hills influenced by the and have a gravelly loam surface layer. The subsoil is underlying limestone bedrock. Common outcrops of medium to moderately coarse textured and the limestone and marble occur. Slopes range from 1 to substratum is coarse textured. They formed in water 65 percent. sorted materials derived mainly from shale and This unit makes up about 8 percent of the county. quartzite. Permeability in the Hoosic soils is The unit is about 20 percent Farmington soils, 15 moderately rapid or rapid in the subsoil and very rapid percent Galway soils, 15 percent Stockbridge soils, in the substratum. Slopes range from 0 to 45 percent. and 50 percent rock outcrop and minor soils. The Wayland soils are very poorly drained and The Farmington soils are well drained to somewhat have a silt loam surface layer. The subsoil is medium excessively drained and are 10 to 20 inches deep to to moderately fine textured and the substratum is limestone bedrock. They have a loam surface layer medium textured. Wayland soils formed in alluvial and medium textured subsoil. Farmington soils are on deposits adjacent to streams and are subject to hilltops and hillsides. Permeability is moderate frequent, brief to long flooding, in the fall, winter, and throughout. Slopes range from 1 to 65 percent. spring. Permeability is slow in the subsoil and The Galway soils are well drained and moderately substratum. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. well drained and are 20 to 40 inches deep to limestone The Copake soils are well drained and have a bedrock. They have a gravelly loam surface layer and gravelly silt loam surface layer. The subsoil is medium the subsoil and substratum are medium textured textured and the substratum is coarse textured. throughout. Galway soils are on hilltops and toeslopes Copake soils formed in water sorted materials derived of hills. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil and Dutchess County, New York 19

substratum. The seasonal high water table is between drained and are 10 to 20 inches deep to shale bedrock. depths of 1.5 to 3 feet in the spring. Slopes range from They have a channery silt loam surface layer and the 1 to 45 percent slopes. subsoil is medium textured. Permeability is moderate The Stockbridge soils are well drained, very deep throughout the soil. Slopes range from 1 to 70 percent. and have a silt loam surface layer. Soils of minor extent are Sun, Palms, Carlisle, The subsoil and substratum is medium textured Canandaigua, Bernardston, Massena, Georgia, throughout. They are on hillsides and hilltops. Farmington, Galway, Stockbridge, and rock outcrop. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil and Poorly drained and very poorly drained medium moderately slow or slow in the substratum. Slopes textured Sun soils and moderately fine textured range from 2 to 45 percent. Canandaigua soils are in drainageways and Soils of minor extent are Sun, Georgia, Massena, depressions. Palms and Carlisle are organic soils and Copake, Nassau, Cardigan, Dutchess, and rock are in concave areas where water is impounded. outcrop. Poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun Palms soils have an organic layer 16 to 51 inches soils are in depressions and drainageways. thick and Carlisle soils have an organic layer thicker Moderately well drained Georgia soils are on concave than 51 inches. Well drained Bernardston soils have a footslopes. Somewhat poorly drained Massena soils dense substratum and are on hillsides. Moderately are on gently sloping and nearly level areas. Copake well drained Georgia soils are on concave footslopes soils are in areas of well drained outwash. Shallow and somewhat poorly drained Massena soils are on somewhat excessively drained Nassau soils, gently sloping and nearly level areas. Shallow well moderately deep well drained Cardigan soils, and very drained to somewhat excessively drained Farmington deep well drained Dutchess soils are in areas where soils, moderately deep well drained and moderately the bedrock is shale. Rock outcrop is in areas of well drained Galway soils, and very deep well drained exposed folded and tilted limestone. Stockbridge soils are in areas where the underlying Areas of this unit are used as woodland, bedrock is limestone. Rock outcrop is in areas of pastureland, or residential development. Depth to exposed folded and tilted shale. bedrock and steep slopes are the main limitations if Most areas of this unit are used as cropland, this unit is used for community development. pastureland, woodland, or residential development. Slope, depth to bedrock, and common rock outcrops 4. Cardigan-Dutchess-Nassau are the main limitations in the areas used for Dominantly nearly level to very steep, very deep to community development. shallow, well drained and somewhat excessively 5. Bernardston-Pittstown drained, medium textured soils that formed in glacial till; on uplands Dominantly gently sloping to steep, very deep, well drained and moderately well drained, medium textured This unit consists of soils on hills formed in glacial soils with a dense substratum; on uplands till influenced by the underlying shale bedrock. The landscape generally consists of folded bedrock ridges This unit consists of soils on hilltops and hillsides oriented north-south. Outcroppings of shale bedrock that formed in glacial till with a large content of shale are common, particularly in steep and very steep and phyllite. Slopes range from 3 to 45 percent (fig. 3). areas. Slopes range from 1 to 70 percent. This unit makes up about 4 percent of the county. This unit makes up about 32 percent of the county. The unit is about 50 percent Bernardston soils, 25 The unit is about 25 percent Cardigan soils, 20 percent Pittstown soils, and 25 percent minor soils. percent Dutchess soils, 10 percent Nassau soils, and The Bernardston soils are well drained, very deep 45 percent minor soils and rock outcrop. with a silt loam surface layer. The subsoil and The Cardigan soils are well drained and 20 to 40 substratum is medium textured throughout. They have inches deep to shale bedrock. They have a channery a firm dense substratum generally at a depth of 15 to silt loam surface layer, and the subsoil is medium 30 inches, but it is closer to the surface on some textured. Permeability is moderate throughout the soil. steep, eroded slopes. The substratum restricts root Slopes range from 1 to 45 percent. growth. The seasonal high water table is perched The Dutchess soils are well drained, very deep, and above the dense substratum during the spring. The have a silt loam surface layer. The subsoil and permeability is moderate in the subsoil and slow in the substratum is medium textured throughout. dense substratum. Slopes range from 3 to 45 percent. Permeability is moderate throughout the soil. Slopes The Pittstown soils are moderately well drained, range from 1 to 30 percent. very deep, with a silt loam surface layer. The subsoil The Nassau soils are somewhat excessively and substratum is medium textured throughout. They 20 Soil Survey

Bernardston

Pittstown Nassau-Cardigan Firm Gla cia l Till Hoosic

Glacial Till Glacial Outwash Folded Shale Bedrock

Figure 3.—Typical pattern of Bernardston-Pittstown general soil map unit and Nassau-Cardigan complex on uplands and Hoosic gravelly loam on outwash plains. have a firm dense substratum at a depth of 15 to 25 drained, medium and moderately coarse textured inches that restricts root growth. The seasonal high soils; on uplands water table is perched above the dense substratum in This unit consists of soils formed in glacial till the winter and spring. The permeability is moderate in dominated by granite, gneiss, and schist. The the subsoil, and slow or moderately slow in the dense landscape consists of hillsides and hilltops, with very substratum. Slopes range from 3 to 25 percent. complex topography and steep micro-relief. This unit Soils of minor extent are Punsit, Nassau, Cardigan, is in the southeastern part of the county. Bedrock Dutchess, Canandaigua, and Sun. Punsit soils are exposures, with very steep to nearly vertical bedrock somewhat poorly drained and are lower on the escarpments, are a common part of the landscape. landscape than Bernardston and Pittstown soils. Slopes are dominantly 5 to 30 percent, but range from Shallow somewhat excessively drained Nassau soils 1 to 70 percent. and moderately deep well drained Cardigan soils are This unit makes up about 10 percent of the county. on bedrock controlled landscapes. Well drained The unit is about 25 percent Charlton soils, 25 percent Dutchess soils are in areas where the substratum is Chatfield soils, 15 percent Hollis soils, and 35 percent not dense. Poorly drained and very poorly drained fine soils of minor extent and rock outcrop (fig. 4). textured Canandaigua soils and medium textured Sun The Charlton soils are very deep, well drained with soils are in depressions and drainageways. a loam surface texture. The subsoil and substratum is Some areas of this unit are used for growing medium textured throughout. They are on hillsides and cultivated crops and hay. Other areas are used as hilltops. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid woodland or residential development. Drainage is throughout the soil. Slopes range from 1 to 45 percent. common in farmed areas. Stripcropping and cross The Chatfield soils are somewhat excessively slope tillage help to reduce erosion on sloping areas. drained and well drained and are 20 to 40 inches deep Erosion is a hazard in woodlots managed for timber. to granite, gneiss, or schist bedrock. They have a fine Slow percolation rates in the substratum, the sandy loam surface layer. The subsoil is medium seasonal high water table, and slope are the main textured and the substratum is moderately coarse limitations in the areas used for community development. textured. Chatfield soils are on hillsides and hilltops. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid 6. Charlton-Chatfield-Hollis throughout the soil. Slopes range from 1 to 70 percent. Dominantly gently sloping to very steep, very deep to The Hollis soils are well drained and somewhat shallow, well drained and somewhat excessively excessively drained and are 10 to 20 inches deep to Dutchess County, New York 21

granite, gneiss or schist bedrock. They have a loam scattered bedrock outcrops, and steep slopes are the surface layer with a medium textured subsoil. Hollis main limitations in areas used for agriculture and soils are on the sides and tops of hills. Permeability is community development. moderate or moderately rapid throughout the soil. Slopes range from 1 to 70 percent. 7. Stockbridge-Georgia Soils of minor extent are Sun, Massena, Georgia, Dominantly nearly level to steep, very deep, well Nassau, Cardigan, Dutchess, and rock outcrop. Very drained and moderately well drained, medium textured deep poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils soils; on uplands are in depressions and drainageways. Very deep somewhat poorly drained Massena soils are in slight This unit consists of soils on hilltops and hillsides depressions. Very deep moderately well drained that formed in glacial till with a moderate to large Georgia soils are on concave footslopes. Shallow content of lime derived from local limestone bedrock. somewhat excessively drained Nassau soils, Slopes range from 0 to 45 percent. moderately deep well drained Cardigan soils, and very This unit makes up about 11 percent of the county. deep well drained Dutchess soils are in areas where The unit is about 50 percent Stockbridge soils, 15 the bedrock is shale. Rock outcrop is in areas of percent Georgia soils, and 35 percent minor soils. exposed folded and tilted granite, gneiss, and schist. The Stockbridge soils are well drained, very deep Most areas of this unit are wooded or are used for and have a silt loam surface layer. The subsoil and community development. A few areas are used for substratum is medium textured throughout. They are hay, pastures, and cultivated crops. Depth to bedrock, on hilltops and hillsides. Permeability is moderate in

Rock outcrop

Hollis-Chatfield Rock outcrop Rock outcrop

Hollis-Chatfield Sun Charlton Rock outcrop

Massena Hollis-Chatfield Friable G Rock outcrop Charlton lacial Gneiss and Schist Till l Till Bedrock cia la G Rock le Sun outcrop b Fria

Friable G G neiss and S lacial Till chist B

edrock

Figure 4.—Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Charlton-Chatfield-Hollis general soil map unit. 22 Soil Survey

Stockbridge

Georgia Sun

tockbridge tockbridge-Farmington S S Georgia Linlithgo Massena tockbridge S

Glacial Till appinger Glacial Till W Alluvium Folded Limestone Bedrock

Figure 5.—Typical pattern of soils and underlying material in the Stockbridge-Georgia general soil map unit. the subsoil and moderately slow or slow in the Slow percolation, moderate frost action, and slope substratum. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent. are the main limitations in the areas used for The Georgia soils are moderately well drained, community development. very deep and have a silt loam surface layer. The subsoil is medium to moderately coarse textured and 8. Taconic-Rock Outcrop-Macomber the substratum is moderately coarse textured. They are on hillsides and concave footslopes. Permeability Dominantly gently sloping to very steep, shallow and is moderate in the subsoil and moderately slow or moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained and slow in the substratum. The seasonal high water table well drained, medium textured soils that formed in is at a depth of 1.5 to 3 feet from November to May. glacial till, and rock outcrop; on uplands Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Soils of minor extent are Massena, Sun, This unit consists of soils on bedrock controlled Bernardston, Pittstown, Farmington, Galway, hillsides in the extreme northeastern part of the Wappinger, and Linlithgo (fig. 5). Somewhat poorly county. Slopes range from 5 to 80 percent. drained Massena soils are on gently sloping and These soils make up about 0.5 percent of the nearly level areas. Poorly drained and very poorly county. The unit is about 45 percent Taconic soils, 30 drained Sun soils are in depressions and along percent rock outcrop, 15 percent Macomber soils, and drainageways. Well drained Bernardston soils and 10 percent minor soils. moderately well drained Pittstown soils have dense The Taconic soils are somewhat excessively substrata. Shallow Farmington soils are in areas drained and are 10 to 20 inches deep to folded where the underlying limestone bedrock is at a depth phyllite, schist, or quartz bedrock. They have a between 10 and 20 inches. Moderately deep Galway channery silt loam surface layer and medium textured soils are in areas where the underlying limestone subsoil. Taconic soils are on hilltops and hillsides. bedrock is at a depth between 20 and 40 inches. Well Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid drained Wappinger soils and somewhat poorly drained throughout the soil. Slopes range from 5 to 80 percent. Linlithgo soils are on flood plains. The rock outcrop consists of folded phyllite, schist, Most areas of this unit are used as cultivated and quartz. Bedrock exposures occur throughout the cropland, hayland, or pastureland. Some areas are unit. Very steep or vertical escarpments are on wooded or in residential development. Stripcropping hillsides. Sloping bedrock outcrops are on hilltops. and cross slope tillage help to reduce erosion in The Macomber soils are well drained and are 20 to farmed areas. Georgia soils and the wetter included 40 inches deep to folded phyllite, schist, or quartz soils can be drained with tile. bedrock. They have a channery silt loam surface layer Dutchess County, New York 23

and medium textured subsoil. Macomber soils are on 9. Nassau-Rock Outcrop-Cardigan hilltops and toeslopes of hills. Permeability is moderate Dominantly undulating to very steep, shallow and throughout the soil. Slopes range from 5 to 25 percent. moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained and Soils of minor extent include poorly drained and well drained, medium textured soils that formed in very poorly drained Sun soils in depressions and glacial till, and rock outcrop; on uplands drainageways. Also included are areas of soils deeper than 40 inches. The deeper soils are in the less This unit consists of soils on hills formed in glacial sloping areas, usually at the base of steeper slopes. till dominated by shale. The landscape consists of Soils less than 10 inches to bedrock are common, hillsides and hilltops, with very complex topography particularly in steep and very steep areas. and steep micro-relief. Bedrock exposures, with very Most areas of this unit are wooded and part of the steep to nearly vertical bedrock escarpments, are a Taconic State Park and are used for recreation prominent part of the landscape. Slope ranges from 1 purposes. Most other areas of this unit are also to 70 percent. wooded, although a small portion is in brushland. This unit makes up about 11 percent of the county. These areas are also used for recreation. The unit is about 40 percent Nassau soils, 15 percent Slope and the depth to bedrock are the main rock outcrop, 10 percent Cardigan soils, and 35 limitations if this unit is used for community percent soils of minor extent (fig. 6). development. The Nassau soils are somewhat excessively

Figure 6.—Tree roots are restricted by the shallow depth to shale bedrock on this Nassau soil. 24

drained and are 10 to 20 inches deep to shale bedrock. excessively drained, medium and moderately coarse They have a channery silt loam surface layer and textured soils, and rock outcrop; on uplands medium textured subsoil. Nassau soils are on upper This unit consists of soils formed in glacial till slopes and hilltops. Permeability is moderate dominated by granite, gneiss, and schist. The throughout the soil. Slopes range from 1 to 70 percent. landscape consists of hillsides and hilltops, with very The rock outcrop consists of folded shale. Bedrock complex topography and steep micro-relief. This unit exposures occur throughout the unit. is in the southeastern part of the county. Bedrock The Cardigan soils are well drained and 20 to 40 exposures, with very steep to nearly vertical bedrock inches deep to shale bedrock. They have a channery escarpments, are a prominent part of the landscape. silt loam surface layer and medium textured subsoil. Slope is dominantly 5 to 30 percent, but ranges from 1 Cardigan soils are on lower concave slopes. to 70 percent. Permeability is moderate throughout the soil. Slopes This unit makes up about 6 percent of the county. range from 1 to 45 percent. The unit is about 40 percent Hollis soils, 20 percent Soils of minor extent are Dutchess, Sun, Palms, Chatfield soils, 20 percent rock outcrop, and 20 Carlisle, Canandaigua, Massena, Georgia, percent soils of minor extent. Farmington, Galway, Stockbridge, Hollis, Chatfield, The Hollis soils are well drained and somewhat and Charlton. Very deep well drained Dutchess soils excessively drained and are 10 to 20 inches deep to are in areas where the underlying bedrock is deeper granite, gneiss or schist bedrock. They have a loam than 60 inches. Poorly drained and very poorly drained surface layer and medium textured subsoil. Hollis soils medium textured Sun soils and moderately fine are on the sides and tops of hills. Permeability is textured Canandaigua soils are in drainageways and moderate or moderately rapid throughout the soil. depressions. Palms and Carlisle are very poorly Slopes range from 1 to 70 percent. drained organic soils and are in concave areas where The Chatfield soils are somewhat excessively water is impounded. Palms soils have an organic layer drained and well drained and are 20 to 40 inches deep 16 to 51 inches thick and Carlisle soils have an to granite, gneiss, or schist bedrock. They have a fine organic layer thicker than 51 inches. Moderately well sandy loam surface layer, medium textured subsoil, drained Georgia soils are on concave footslopes and and moderately coarse textured substratum. Chatfield somewhat poorly drained Massena soils are on gently soils are on hillsides and hilltops. Permeability is sloping and nearly level areas. Shallow well drained to moderate or moderately rapid throughout the soil. somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils, Slopes range from 1 to 70 percent. The rock outcrop moderately deep well drained and moderately well consists of folded granite, schist, and gneiss. Bedrock drained Galway soils, and very deep well drained exposures occur throughout the unit. Stockbridge soils are in areas where the underlying Soils of minor extent are Charlton, Sun, Massena, bedrock is limestone. Shallow well drained and Nassau, Cardigan, and Dutchess. Very deep well somewhat excessively drained Hollis soils, moderately drained Charlton soils are in areas where the deep somewhat excessively drained and well drained underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. Very Chatfield soils, and very deep well drained Charlton deep poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils soils are in areas where the underlying bedrock is are in depressions and drainageways. Very deep granite, gneiss, and schist. somewhat poorly drained Massena soils are in slight Most areas of this unit are wooded or used for depressions. Shallow somewhat excessively drained community development. A few areas are used for Nassau soils, moderately deep well drained Cardigan pasture. Depth to bedrock, scattered bedrock soils, and very deep well drained Dutchess soils are in outcrops, and slope are the main limitations if this unit areas where the bedrock is shale. is used for agriculture and community development. Most areas of this unit are wooded or are used for community development. A few areas are used for 10. Hollis-Chatfield-Rock Outcrop pasture. Depth to bedrock, scattered bedrock outcrops, Dominantly undulating to very steep, shallow to and steep slopes are the main limitations in areas moderately deep, well drained and somewhat used for agriculture and community development. 25

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so the back of this survey represent the soils or complex that it was impractical to make enough miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can areas on the landscape. be used to determine the suitability and potential of a The presence of included areas in a map unit in no unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the the management needed for those uses. More data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure information about each map unit is given under the taxonomic classes but rather to separate the heading “Use and Management of the Soils.” landscape into landforms or landform segments that A map unit delineation on a map represents an area have similar use and management requirements. The dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or delineation of such segments on the map provides miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and sufficient information for the development of resource named according to the taxonomic classification of the plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for soils and miscellaneous areas. the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes phenomena, and they have the characteristic general facts about the unit and gives the principal variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of hazards and limitations to be considered in planning some observed properties may extend beyond the for specific uses. limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the without including areas of other taxonomic classes. surface layer, all the soils of a series have major Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and and arrangement. some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic Soils of one series can differ in texture of the classes. surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of Most included soils have properties similar to those erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus On the basis of such differences, a soil series is they do not affect use and management. These are divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, that affects use or management. For example, however, have properties and behavioral Stockbridge silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes is a phase characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to of the Stockbridge series. require different management. These are called Some map units are made up of two or more major contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are are in small areas and could not be mapped complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups. separately because of the scale used. Some small A complex consists of two or more soils or areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. such small areas that they cannot be shown The included areas of contrasting soils or separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar descriptions. A few included areas may not have been in all areas. Nassau-Cardigan Complex, rolling, very observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in rocky is an example. 26 Soil Survey

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more Available Water Capacity: high soils or miscellaneous areas that could be mapped Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid individually but are mapped as one unit because Surface Runoff: medium similar interpretations can be made for use and Erosion Hazard: slight management. The pattern and proportion of the soils or Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. to 2.0 feet (Feb-Apr) An area can be made up of only one of the major soils Rooting Zone: restricted by the firm, dense substratum or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up of all of Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches them. Kingsbury and Rhinebeck soil is an Flooding Hazard: none undifferentiated group in this survey area. This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. areas have little or no soil material and support little or Most areas are used for cultivated crops or pasture. no vegetation. Urbanland is an example. Other areas are used for woodland or residential Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent development. of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for Erosion is a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms plant cover. The seasonal high water table can slightly used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. delay spring tillage and planting. Subsurface draining of wetter inclusions and diverting surface runoff from BeB—Bernardston silt loam, 3 to 8 higher areas will reduce wetness. Stripcropping, cross percent slopes slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper This map unit consists of very deep, gently sloping, moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain and well drained soils that formed in glacial till soil productivity over an extended period of time. deposits. It is on hilltops and broad till plains. Areas are This map unit is well suited to pasture. Overgrazing oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from and grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of 5 acres to 130 acres. Slopes are smooth. pasture management as they cause soil compaction The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. layers of the Bernardston soils are as follows— Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when the soil is wet, and proper stocking rates help to increase the Surface layer: quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam pasture productivity. Subsoil: The potential productivity for northern red oak is 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam moderate. Windthrow hazard is moderate, particularly 17 to 27 inches, light olive brown silt loam where the dense substratum is close to the surface restricting root penetration by larger trees. Substratum: The seasonal high water table is the main limitation 27 to 80 inches, olive brown silt loam, firm and dense if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. Included with this map unit in mapping are areas of Subsurface drainage, footing or foundation drains moderately well drained Pittstown soils, somewhat backfilled with gravel, waterproofing the outside of poorly drained Punsit soils, poorly drained and very basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas poorly drained Sun soils, and poorly drained and very will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of poorly drained Canandaigua soils. Pittstown and Punsit vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant soils are in slightly lower concave areas. Sun and cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during Canandaigua soils are in depressions and along construction. drainageways. Stockbridge soils are included where the Slow percolation is the main limitation if this unit is substratum is less acid and less dense. Also included used for septic tank absorption fields. Modifying a are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil. conventional system by extending the length of the Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit. distribution lines and adding fill above the impermeable substratum usually will allow onsite Important soil properties— sewage disposal in many places. Parent Material: glacial till The seasonal high water table and frost action are Permeability:moderate in the surface layer and subsoil, the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads and slow in the dense substratum and streets. Construction on raised fill materials, Dutchess County, New York 27

installing a drainage system, and providing a coarse Available Water Capacity: high grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce these Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid limitations. Surface Runoff: rapid The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Erosion Hazard: moderate if this map unit is used for camping, picnic areas, Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 playgrounds, and trails. Small stones are also a to 2.0 feet (Feb-Apr) limitation for camping and picnic areas and Rooting Zone: restricted by the firm, dense substratum playgrounds. Slope is also a limitation for playgrounds. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Adding sandy fill, subsurface drainage, and diverting Flooding Hazard: none runoff from higher areas will cover the small stones and reduce wetness. Grading will reduce the slope Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated limitation. crops or pasture. Other areas are used for woodland The capability subclass is IIe. or residential development. This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated BeC—Bernardston silt loam, 8 to 15 crops. Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on percent slopes areas left bare of plant cover. The seasonal high water table can slightly delay spring tillage and planting. This map unit consists of very deep, strongly Subsurface draining of wetter inclusions and diverting sloping and well drained Bernardston soils that formed surface runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. in glacial till deposits. It is on hills and side slopes. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, cover crops, Areas are oval, elongated, or irregularly shaped. They conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil commonly range from 5 to 275 acres. Slopes are erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve smooth. soil tilth and maintain soil productivity over an The typical sequence, depth, and composition of extended period of time. the layers of Bernardston soils are as follows— This map unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of Surface layer: plant cover during pasture establishment. Overgrazing Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam and grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of Subsoil: pasture management as they cause soil compaction 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. 17 to 27 inches, light olive brown silt loam Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when the soil is wet, and proper stocking rates help to increase the Substratum: quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain 27 to 80 inches, olive brown silt loam, firm and dense pasture productivity. Included with this map unit in mapping are a few The potential productivity for northern red oak is small areas of moderately well drained Pittstown soils, moderate. Windthrow hazard is moderate, particularly somewhat poorly drained Punsit soils, poorly drained where the dense substratum is close to the surface and very poorly drained Sun soils, and poorly drained restricting root penetration by larger trees. Logging and very poorly drained Canandaigua soils. Pittstown roads laid out across the slope reduce the risk of and Punsit soils are in slightly lower concave areas. erosion. Sun and Canandaigua soils are in depressions and The seasonal high water table and slope are the along drainageways. Included Stockbridge soils are main limitations if this map unit is used as a site for less acid and less dense in the substratum. Also dwellings with basements. Erosion is a moderate included are areas that have a higher clay content in hazard during construction. Subsurface drainage, the subsoil. Small areas of a similar soil are included in footing or foundation drains backfilled with gravel, the extreme northeastern part of the county that have waterproofing the outside of basement walls, and a mean annual soil temperature less than 47 degrees diverting runoff will reduce wetness. Minimizing the Fahrenheit and have a shorter growing season. removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. establishing plant cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during construction. Important soil properties— Slow percolation is the main limitation if this map Parent Material: glacial till unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Modifying Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and a conventional system by extending the length of the subsoil and slow in the dense substratum distribution lines and adding fill above the impermeable 28 Soil Survey

substratum will allow onsite sewage disposal in many Important soil properties— places. Parent Material: glacial till The seasonal high water table, slope, and frost Permeability: moderate in the surface and subsoil and action are the main limitations if this map unit is used slow in the dense substratum for local roads and streets. Constructing on raised fill Available Water Capacity: high materials, installing a drainage system, providing a Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid coarse grained subgrade to frost depth, and Surface Runoff: rapid constructing roads on the contour will reduce these Erosion Hazard: severe limitations. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 The seasonal high water table is the main limitation to 2.0 feet (Feb-Apr) if this map unit is used for camping and picnic areas, Rooting Zone: restricted by the firm, dense substratum playgrounds, and trails. Slope and small stones are Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches also limitations for camping and picnic areas and Flooding Hazard: none playgrounds. Grading, adding sandy fill, and diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce the limitations. Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland Water bars also will reduce wetness on trails. or pasture. Other areas are used for cropland or The capability subclass is IIIe. residential development. This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. BeD—Bernardston silt loam, 15 to 25 Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas left percent slopes bare of plant cover. Slope limits the safe operation of equipment. The seasonal high water table can slightly This map unit consists of very deep, moderately delay spring tillage and planting. Stripcropping, cross steep, and well drained soils that formed in glacial till slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and deposits. It is on hills and side slopes. Areas are crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain range from 5 to 200 acres. Slopes are smooth. soil productivity over an extended period of time. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of This map unit is moderately suited to pasture. the layers of Bernardston soils are as follows— Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing Surface layer: and grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam pasture management as they cause soil compaction Subsoil: and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when the soil is 17 to 27 inches, light olive brown silt loam wet, and maintaining proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage Substratum: and maintain pasture productivity. 27 to 80 inches, olive brown silt loam, firm and dense The potential productivity for northern red oak is Included in mapping are areas of moderately well moderate. Windthrow hazard is slight, particularly drained Pittstown soils, somewhat poorly drained where the dense substratum is close to the surface Punsit soils, poorly drained and very poorly drained restricting root penetration by larger trees. Logging Sun soils, and poorly drained and very poorly drained trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes reduce Canandaigua soils. Pittstown soils are at the lower the risk of erosion. Moderately steep slopes limit the margins of gentle slopes. Punsit soils are in slightly safe operation of equipment. lower concave areas. Sun and Canandaigua soils are Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for in depressions and along drainageways. Stockbridge dwellings with basements. The seasonal high water soils are included where the substratum is less acid table is also a limitation. Erosion is a severe hazard and less dense. Also included are soils that have during construction. Designing the dwelling to conform higher clay content in the subsoil. Small areas of a to the natural slope of the land will reduce the slope similar soil are included in the extreme northeastern limitation. Subsurface drainage, footing or foundation part of the county that have a mean annual soil drains backfilled with gravel, waterproofing the outside temperature less than 47 degrees Fahrenheit, and of basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher have a shorter growing season. Inclusions make up areas will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of about 15 percent of the unit. vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Dutchess County, New York 29

cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during drainageways. Stockbridge soils are included where the construction. A more suitable site on a less sloping substratum is less acid and less dense. Also included inclusion or nearby soil should be considered. are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil. Slow percolation and slope are the main limitations Inclusions make up about 10 percent of the unit. if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption Important soil properties— fields. Modifying a conventional system by extending the length of the distribution lines and adding fill above Parent Material: glacial till the impermeable substratum may allow onsite sewage Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and disposal. Placing distribution lines on the contour subsoil and slow in the dense substratum increases the efficiency of the system. A more suitable Available Water Capacity: high site should be considered in a less sloping, less dense Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid inclusion or nearby soil. Surface Runoff: very rapid Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used Erosion Hazard: very severe as a site for local roads and streets. The seasonal Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 high water table and frost action are also limitations. to 2.0 feet (Feb-Apr) Constructing roads on the contour or locating them on Rooting Zone: restricted by the firm, dense substratum less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Constructing on raised fill materials, installing a Flooding Hazard: none drainage system, and providing a coarse grained Most areas of this map unit are used as woodland. subgrade to frost depth will reduce wetness and frost This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and action. pasture because of steep slope. Erosion is a very Slope and the seasonal high water table are the severe hazard. main limitations if this map unit is used for trails. The potential productivity for northern red oak is Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, and moderate. Erosion is a severe hazard and is water bars will reduce these limitations. accelerated where timber harvest damages the The capability subclass is IVe. vegetative cover. Windthrow hazard is slight, particularly where the dense substratum is close to the BeE—Bernardston silt loam, 25 to 45 surface restricting root penetration by larger trees. percent slopes Logging trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. Steep slopes limit the safe This map unit consists of very deep, steep, and well operation of equipment. drained soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It is on Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for hills and side slopes. Areas are elongated or dwellings with basements. The seasonal high water irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 80 table is also a limitation. Erosion is a very severe acres. Slopes are smooth. hazard during construction. A more suitable site should The typical sequence, depth, and composition of be selected on a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. the layers of Bernardston soils are as follows— Slow percolation and steep slope are the main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank Surface layer: absorption fields. A more suitable site should be Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam selected in a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil with Subsoil: more rapid percolation. 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam Steep slope is the main limitation if this map unit is 17 to 27 inches, light olive brown silt loam used for local roads and streets. The seasonal high water table and frost action are also limitations. Substratum: Constructing roads on the contour or locating them on 27 to 80 inches, olive brown silt loam, firm and dense less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Included in mapping are a few small areas of Construction on raised fill materials, installing a somewhat poorly drained Punsit soils, poorly drained drainage system, and providing a coarse grained and very poorly drained Sun soils, and poorly drained subgrade to frost depth will reduce the wetness and and very poorly drained Canandaigua soils. Punsit frost action limitations. soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun and Steep slope is the main limitation if this map unit is Canandaigua soils are in depressions and along used for trails. The seasonal high water table is also a 30 Soil Survey

limitation. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid steps, and water bars will reduce these limitations. Surface Runoff: medium The capability subclass is VIIe. Erosion Hazard: slight Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 BgB—Bernardston-Urban land complex, 3 to 2.0 feet (Feb-Apr) to 8 percent slopes Rooting Zone: restricted by the firm, dense substratum Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches This map unit consists of very deep, gently sloping, Flooding Hazard: none well drained Bernardston soils that formed in glacial till This unit is in urban and suburban development. deposits and urban land. It is on hilltops and broad till The open areas between structures are used as plains. Areas are oval, rectangular, or irregularly lawns, gardens, woodland, or brushland. shaped. This unit consists of about 40 percent The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Bernardston soils, 35 percent urban land, and 25 if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. percent other soils. The Bernardston soils and urban Subsurface drainage with interceptor drains to divert land are in such an intricate pattern that they were not water away from the building, footing or foundation mapped separately. They commonly range from 5 to drains backfilled with gravel, and waterproofing the 150 acres. Slopes are smooth. outside of basement walls will reduce the risk of water The typical sequence, depth, and composition of damage to basements. Minimizing the removal of the layers of Bernardston soils are as follows— vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Surface layer: cover will help to control erosion and sedimentation Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam during construction. Slow percolation is the main limitation if this unit is Subsoil: used for septic tank absorption fields. Modifying a 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam conventional system by extending the length of the 17 to 27 inches, light olive brown silt loam distribution lines and adding fill above the Substratum: impermeable substratum usually will allow onsite 27 to 80 inches, olive brown silt loam, firm and dense sewage disposal in many places. The seasonal high water table and frost action are Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other and streets. Construction on raised fill materials, impervious surfaces which obscure soil identification. installing a drainage system, and providing a coarse The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed grained subgrade to frost depth will help reduce these with non-soil material such as bricks, broken concrete, limitations. or cinders. The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Included with this unit in mapping are areas of for camping and picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails. moderately well drained Pittstown soils, somewhat Small stones are also a limitation for camping and poorly drained Punsit soils, poorly drained and very picnic areas and playgrounds. Adding sandy fill will poorly drained Sun soils, and poorly drained and very cover the small stones and reduce wetness for poorly drained Canandaigua soils. Pittstown soils are camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. Water at the lower margins of slopes. Punsit soils are in bars will reduce wetness on trails. slightly lower and concave areas. Sun and A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. Canandaigua soils are in depressions and along drainageways. Udorthents are included adjacent to buildings and other structures. Also included are soils Ca—Canandaigua silt loam, neutral that are steeper and soils that have a higher clay substratum content in the subsoil. Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit. This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and poorly drained and very poorly drained soils that Important soil properties of the Bernardston soil— formed in lacustrine deposits. It is in depressions and Parent Material: glacial till along drainageways in the western part of the county. Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and Areas are elongated, oval, or irregularly shaped. They subsoil and slow in the dense substratum commonly range from 5 to 200 acres. Slopes are Available Water Capacity: high smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent. Dutchess County, New York 31

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of tank absorption fields, or local roads and streets. Slow the layers of Canandaigua soils are as follows— percolation is also a limitation for septic tank absorption fields. Frost action is also a limitation for Surface layer: local roads and streets. A more suitable site on a drier, Surface to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam coarser textured soil should be selected for all of these Subsoil: uses. 6 to 21 inches, dark gray silt loam with mottles This map unit has fair potential for wetland wildlife 21 to 31 inches, grayish brown silt loam with mottles habitat. 31 to 40 inches, gray silty clay loam with mottles The capability subclass is IVw. Substratum: 40 to 72 inches, gray silt loam and silty clay loam with Cc—Carlisle muck mottles This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level, Included in mapping are areas of somewhat poorly and very poorly drained soils that formed in organic drained Kingsbury soils and Punsit soils on slightly deposits. It is in bogs on outwash plains, till plains, higher areas. Also included are areas of somewhat and flood plains. Areas are broad or irregularly poorly drained Raynham soils on slightly higher areas shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 700 acres. with coarser texture. Sun soils are included in areas Slopes are smooth and range from 0 to 2 percent. with loamier textures and more rock fragments. Very The typical sequence, depth, and composition of poorly drained Livingston soils are included where the the layers of the Carlisle soils are as follows— soil has a higher clay content. Included areas make up Surface layer: about 20 percent of the unit. Surface to 12 inches, black muck Important soil properties— Subsurface layer: Parent Material: lacustrine deposits 12 to 80 inches, black muck Permeability: moderately slow in the surface layer, Included in mapping are areas of Palms soils, poorly subsoil and substratum drained and very poorly drained Canandaigua soils, Available Water Capacity: high and poorly drained and very poorly drained Wayland Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the soils, commonly around the perimeter of the unit. The surface and upper subsoil, neutral in the lower organic layer in Palms soils is between 16 and 51 subsoil and substratum inches thick. Canandaigua soils are silty throughout. Surface Runoff: very slow Wayland soils are on flood plains and are also silty Erosion Hazard: slight throughout. Areas of Fluvaquents and Udifluvents are Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: +1.0 to 1.0 included in areas where fast flowing streams enter the foot(Nov-May) unit. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of this unit. Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Important soil properties— Flooding Hazard: none Parent Material: organic matter Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland Permeability: moderately slow to moderately rapid or water tolerant bushes or grasses. Available Water Capacity: high This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to mildly alkaline pasture because of the prolonged seasonal high water Surface Runoff: very slow or ponded table and ponding. Erosion Hazard: slight The potential productivity of this map unit for red Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: +0.5 to 1 foot maple is moderate. Seedling mortality is high because (Sept-June) of the seasonal high water table. Windthrow hazard is Rooting Zone: restricted by the high water table severe because the high water table restricts root Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches growth. Wetness severely limits operation of Flooding Hazard: frequent (on flood plains) equipment. The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland if this unit is used for dwellings with basements, septic or water tolerant bushes or grasses. 32 Soil Survey

This map unit is unsuited to cropland or pasture The capability subclass is Vw. because of the prolonged seasonal high water table and frequent ponding. ChB—Charlton loam, 3 to 8 percent The potential productivity for red maple is slopes moderate. Wetness severely limits the operation of equipment. Seedling mortality is high because of the This map unit consists of very deep, gently sloping prolonged seasonal high water table and ponding. and well drained soils that formed in glacial till Windthrow hazard is severe because the high water deposits. It is on hilltops and broad till plains. Areas table restricts root growth. are oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly range Ponding and subsidence are the main limitations if from 5 to 175 acres. Slopes are smooth. this unit is used for dwellings with basements, septic The typical sequence, depth, and composition of tank absorption fields, or local roads and streets. Low the layers of Charlton soils are as follows— strength is also a limitation for dwellings with Surface layer: basements. Slow percolation is also a limitation for Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam septic tank absorption fields. Frost action is also a limitation for local roads and streets. A more suitable Subsoil: site on a drier soil should be selected for all of these uses. 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam This map unit has good potential for wetland wildlife 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam habitat (fig. 7). 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam

Figure 7.—Wetland vegetation is common in areas of very poorly drained Carlisle Muck. Dutchess County, New York 33

Substratum: dwellings with basements, septic tank absorption 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam fields, or local roads and streets. During construction, 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion Included in mapping are areas of moderately well and sedimentation. drained Georgia soils, somewhat poorly drained This map unit has few limitations for camping and Massena soils, and poorly drained and very poorly picnic areas or trails. Slope and small stones are the drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena soils are in main limitations for playgrounds. Grading and adding slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils are in sandy fill will reduce these limitations. depressions and along drainageways. Also included The capability subclass is IIe. are areas of Charlton soils where stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface and are 3 to 25 feet apart. Included Stockbridge soils are firmer in the substratum. ChC—Charlton loam, 8 to 15 percent Also included are areas of moderately deep well slopes drained and somewhat excessively drained Chatfield This map unit consists of very deep, strongly soils, and shallow well drained and somewhat sloping, and well drained soils that formed on glacial excessively drained Hollis soils where the underlying till deposits. It is on hills and side slopes. Areas are schist, granite, or gneiss bedrock is shallower than 40 oval, elongated, or irregularly shaped. They commonly inches. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the range from 5 to 200 acres. Slopes are smooth. unit. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Important soil properties— the layers of Charlton soils are as follows— Parent Material: glacial till Surface layer: Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam Available Water Capacity: moderate Subsoil: Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or moderately acid 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Surface Runoff: medium 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam Erosion Hazard: slight 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Rooting Zone: unrestricted Substratum: Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam Flooding Hazard: none 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. Included in mapping are areas of moderately well Most areas are used for cultivated crops or pasture. drained Georgia soils, somewhat poorly drained Other areas are used for woodland or residential Massena soils, and poorly drained and very poorly development. drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena soils are in This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils are in Erosion may be a hazard, particularly on areas left depressions and along drainageways. Areas of bare of plant cover. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, Stockbridge soils are included where the substratum cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations is firmer. Also included are areas of moderately deep will reduce erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content well drained and somewhat excessively drained will improve soil tilth and maintain soil productivity over Chatfield soils and shallow well drained and somewhat an extended period of time. excessively drained Hollis soils where the underlying This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. schist, granite, or gneiss bedrock is shallower than 40 Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture inches. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the management as it causes the reduction or loss of unit. desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing and proper Important soil properties— stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Parent Material: glacial till The potential productivity of this map unit for Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid northern red oak is moderate. Planting early in the Available Water Capacity: moderate spring helps reduce the impact of summer Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Surface Runoff: rapid This map unit does not have limitations for Erosion Hazard: moderate 34 Soil Survey

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly Rooting Zone: unrestricted range from 5 to 350 acres. Slopes are smooth. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Flooding Hazard: none the layers of Charlton soils are as follows— Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated Surface layer: crops or pasture. Other areas are used for woodland Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam or residential development. Subsoil: This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam crops. Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam areas left bare of plant cover. Stripcropping, cross 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce erosion. Tillage at proper Substratum: moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam soil productivity over an extended period of time. 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam This map unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a Included in mapping are areas of moderately well moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of drained Georgia soils and poorly drained and very plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia soils are in slightly major concern of pasture management as it causes lower and concave areas and Sun soils are in the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. depressions and along drainageways. Areas of Rotational grazing and maintaining proper stocking Stockbridge soils are included where the substratum rates help to increase the quantity and quality of feed is firmer. Also included are areas of moderately deep and forage and maintain pasture productivity. well drained and somewhat excessively drained The potential productivity of this map unit for Chatfield soils, and shallow well drained and northern red oak is moderate. Planting early in the somewhat excessively drained Hollis soils where the spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness underlying schist, granite, or gneiss bedrock is and reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails laid out shallower than 40 inches. Inclusions make up about across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. 10 percent of the unit. Slope is the main limitation for dwellings with basements. Erosion is a moderate hazard during Important soil properties— construction. Designing dwellings to conform to the Parent Material: glacial till natural slope of the land will reduce the slope Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid limitation. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, Available Water Capacity: moderate mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid control erosion and sedimentation. Surface Runoff: rapid Slope is the main limitation for septic tank Erosion Hazard: severe absorption fields. Placing distribution lines on the Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet contour increases the efficiency of the system. Rooting Zone: unrestricted Slope is the main limitation for local roads and Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches streets. Constructing roads on the contour will reduce Flooding Hazard: none the slope limitation. This map unit has few limitations for trails. Slope is Most areas of this map unit are used for the main limitation for camping and picnic areas and pastureland or woodland. Other areas are used for playgrounds. Small stones are also a limitation for cropland or residential development. playgrounds. Grading will help reduce the slope This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. limitation and adding sandy fill will cover the small Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas left stones. bare of plant cover. Slope limits the safe operation of The capability subclass is IIIe. equipment. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will ChD—Charlton loam, 15 to 25 percent reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content slopes will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an extended period of time. This map unit consists of very deep, moderately This map unit is moderately suited to pasture. steep, and well drained soils that formed on glacial till Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas left deposits. It is on hills and side slopes. Areas are bare of plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing Dutchess County, New York 35

is a major concern of pasture management as it 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam accelerates erosion and causes the reduction or loss Substratum: of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing and 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Included with this map unit in mapping are areas of The potential productivity of this map unit for poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils in northern red oak is moderate. Erosion is a moderate depressions and along drainageways. Areas of hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest Stockbridge soils are included where the substratum damages the vegetative cover. Planting early in the is firmer. Also included are areas of moderately deep spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness well drained and somewhat excessively drained and reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails, with Chatfield soils, and shallow well drained and water bars laid out across slopes, reduce the risk of somewhat excessively drained Hollis soils where the erosion. Moderately steep slopes limit the safe underlying schist, granite, or gneiss bedrock is operation of equipment. shallower than 40 inches. Inclusions make up about Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for 10 percent of the unit. dwellings with basements. Erosion is a severe hazard Important soil properties— during construction. Designing the dwelling to conform to the natural slope of the land will reduce the slope Parent Material: glacial till limitation. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid mulching and quickly establishing plant cover help to Available Water Capacity: moderate control erosion and sedimentation. A more suitable Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid site should be considered on a less sloping inclusion Surface Runoff: very rapid or nearby soil. Erosion Hazard: very severe Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet septic tank absorption fields. Placing distribution lines Rooting Zone: unrestricted on the contour increases the efficiency of the system. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches A more suitable sight should be considered in a less Flooding Hazard: none sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland. Slope is also the main limitation for local roads and This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and streets. Constructing roads on the contour or locating pasture because of steep slope. Erosion is a very them on less sloping inclusions will help reduce the severe hazard. slope limitation. The potential productivity of this map unit for Slope is the main limitation for trails. Constructing northern red oak is moderate. Erosion is a severe trails with switchbacks, log steps, and water bars will hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest reduce the slope limitation. damages the vegetative cover. Planting early in the The capability subclass is IVe. spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails, with ChE—Charlton loam, 25 to 45 percent water bars, laid out across slopes reduce the risk of slopes erosion. Steep slopes severely limit the safe operation of equipment. This map unit consists of very deep, steep, and well Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used drained soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It is on for septic tank absorption fields, or dwellings with hills and side slopes. Areas are elongated or basements. The erosion hazard is very severe during irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 90 construction. A more suitable site should be selected acres. Slopes are smooth. on a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used the layers of Charlton soils are as follows— for local roads and streets. Constructing roads on the contour or locating them on less sloping inclusions will Surface layer: reduce the slope limitation. Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used Subsoil: for trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam steps, and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam The capability subclass is VIIe. 36 Soil Survey

ClC—Charlton loam, 8 to 15 percent particularly on areas left bare of plant cover. slopes, very stony Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil This map unit consists of very deep, strongly erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve sloping, and well drained soils that formed in glacial till soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an deposits. It is on hills and side slopes. Stones cover extended period of time. 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface and are 3 to 25 feet This map unit is poorly suited to pasture because of apart. Areas are oval, elongated, or irregularly shaped. surface stoniness. Where the stones are cleared, this They commonly range from 5 to 125 acres. Slopes are map unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a smooth. moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of The typical sequence, depth, and composition of plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a the layers of Charlton soils are as follows— major concern of pasture management as it causes the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Surface layer: Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage Subsoil: and maintain pasture productivity. 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam The potential productivity of this map unit for 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam northern red oak is moderate. Planting early in the 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails laid out Substratum: across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. Surface 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam stoniness somewhat restricts equipment operation. 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used as a Included in mapping are areas of moderately well site for dwellings with basements. Erosion is a drained Georgia soils, somewhat poorly drained moderate hazard during construction. Designing Massena soils, and poorly drained and very poorly dwellings to conform to the natural slope of the land drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena soils are in will reduce the slope limitation. Minimizing the removal slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils are in of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant depressions and along drainageways. Also included cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. are areas of moderately deep well drained and Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used as a somewhat excessively drained Chatfield soils and site for septic tank absorption fields. Placing shallow well drained and somewhat excessively distribution lines on the contour increases the drained Hollis soils where the underlying schist, efficiency of the system. granite, or gneiss bedrock is shallower than 40 inches. Slope is the main limitation for local roads and Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit. streets. Constructing roads on the contour will reduce the slope limitation. Important soil properties— This map unit has few limitations for trails. Slope Parent Material: glacial till and large stones are the main limitations for camping Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid and picnic areas and playgrounds. Clearing the stones Available Water Capacity: moderate and grading will reduce these limitations. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid The capability subclass is VIs. Surface Runoff: rapid Erosion Hazard: moderate Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet ClD—Charlton loam, 15 to 25 percent Rooting Zone: unrestricted slopes, very stony Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches This map unit consists of very deep, moderately Flooding Hazard: none steep, and well drained soils that formed in glacial till Most areas of this map unit are used for pasture or deposits. It is on hills and side slopes. Stones cover woodland. Other areas are used for residential 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface and are 3 to 25 feet development. apart. Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. They This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops commonly range from 5 to 125 acres. Slopes are because of surface stoniness. Where the stones are smooth. cleared, this map unit is moderately suited to The typical sequence, depth, and composition of cultivated crops. Erosion is a moderate hazard, the layers of Charlton soils are as follows— Dutchess County, New York 37

Surface layer: The potential productivity of this map unit for Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam northern red oak is moderate. Erosion is a moderate hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest Subsoil: damages the vegetative cover. Planting early in the 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam and reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails, with 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam water bars, laid out across slopes reduce the risk of Substratum: erosion. Moderately steep slopes and surface 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam stoniness limit the safe operation of equipment. 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used as a site for dwellings with basements. Erosion is a severe Included in mapping are areas of poorly drained hazard during construction. Designing the dwelling to and very poorly drained Sun soils in depressions and conform to the natural slope of the land will reduce the along drainageways. Also included are areas of slope limitation. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, moderately deep well drained and somewhat mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to excessively drained Chatfield soils, and shallow well control erosion and sedimentation. A more suitable drained and somewhat excessively drained Hollis soils site should be considered on a less sloping inclusion where the underlying schist, granite, or gneiss or nearby soil. bedrock is shallower than 40 inches. Inclusions make Slope is the main limitation for septic tank up about 15 percent of the unit. absorption fields. Placing distribution lines on the Important soil properties— contour increases the efficiency of the system. A more suitable site should be considered in a less sloping Parent Material: glacial till inclusion or nearby soil. Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid Slope is the main limitation for local roads and Available Water Capacity: moderate streets. Constructing roads on the contour or locating Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid them in less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope Surface Runoff: rapid limitation. Erosion Hazard: severe Slope is the main limitation for trails. Constructing Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet trails with switchbacks, log steps, and water bars will Rooting Zone: unrestricted reduce the slope limitation. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches The capability subclass is VIs. Flooding Hazard: none Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland. Other areas are used for pastureland or residential ClE—Charlton loam, 25 to 45 percent development. slopes, very stony This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops This map unit consists of very deep, steep, and well because of surface stoniness. Where the stones are drained soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It is on cleared, this map unit is still poorly suited to cultivated hills and side slopes. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of crops because of slope. Erosion is a severe hazard, the surface and are 3 to 25 feet apart. Areas are particularly on areas left bare of plant cover. elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, cover crops, range from 5 to 60 acres. Slopes are smooth. conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil The typical sequence, depth, and composition of erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve the layers of Charlton soils are as follows— soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an extended period of time. Surface layer: This map unit is poorly suited to pasture because of Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam surface stoniness. Where the stones are cleared, this Subsoil: map unit is moderately suited to pasture. Erosion is a 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam severe hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a major 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam concern of pasture management as it causes the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Substratum: Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage. 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam 38 Soil Survey

Included with this map unit in mapping are areas of somewhat excessively drained Chatfield soils that poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils in formed in glacial till deposits. It is on hilltops and depressions and along drainageways. Also included undulating till plains that are underlain by folded schist, are areas of moderately deep well drained and granite, or gneiss bedrock. Charlton soils are somewhat excessively drained Chatfield soils and commonly on lower concave slopes and Chatfield shallow well drained and somewhat excessively soils are commonly on upper slopes, hilltops, and near drained Hollis soils where the underlying schist, areas of rock outcrop. This unit consists of about 50 granite, or gneiss bedrock is shallower than 40 inches. percent Charlton soils, 30 percent Chatfield soils, and Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit. 20 percent other soils, and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. The Charlton Important soil properties— and Chatfield soils and rock outcrop are in such an intricate pattern that they were not mapped separately. Parent Material: glacial till Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid range from 5 to 100 acres. Slopes are complex and Available Water Capacity: moderate range from 1 to 6 percent. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Surface Runoff: very rapid the layers of the Charlton soils are as follows— Erosion Hazard: very severe Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Surface layer: Rooting Zone: unrestricted Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Subsoil: Flooding Hazard: none 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland. 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam pasture because of steep slope and surface Substratum: stoniness. Erosion is a very severe hazard. 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam The potential productivity of this map unit for 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam northern red oak is moderate. Erosion is a severe hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest The typical sequence, depth, and composition of damages the vegetative cover. Planting early in the the layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails, with Surface layer: water bars, laid out across slopes reduce the risk of Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam erosion. Steep slopes severely limit the safe operation Subsoil: of equipment. 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine for dwellings with basements, or septic tank sandy loam absorption fields. The erosion hazard is very severe during construction. A more suitable site should be Substratum: selected on a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used sandy loam as a site for local roads and streets. Constructing Bedrock: roads on the contour or locating them on less sloping 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Steep slope is the main limitation for trails. Included with this unit in mapping are areas of Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, and moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat water bars will reduce the slope limitation. poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and The capability subclass is VIIs. very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils CrB—Charlton-Chatfield complex, are in depressions and along drainageways. Also undulating, rocky included are areas of well drained and somewhat excessively drained Hollis soils where the underlying This map unit consists of very deep, well drained bedrock is between 10 and 20 inches deep. Inclusions Charlton soils and moderately deep, well drained and and rock outcrop make up about 20 percent of the unit. Dutchess County, New York 39

Important soil properties of the Charlton soil— constructed in areas of very deep Charlton soils. During construction, minimizing the removal of Parent Material: glacial till vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. Available Water Capacity: moderate Frost action and depth to bedrock in areas of Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Chatfield soils and rock outcroppings over portions of Surface Runoff: medium the unit are the main limitations if this unit is used for Erosion Hazard: slight local roads and streets. Careful planning of grades Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet and road locations will avoid some removal of rock. Rooting Zone: unrestricted Providing a coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches action. Flooding Hazard: none This unit has few limitations for trails. Uneven slopes and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit Important soil properties of the Chatfield soil— are limitations for camping and picnic areas and Parent Material: glacial till playgrounds. Small stones are also a limitation for Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid playgrounds. Careful site selection, grading, and Available Water Capacity: low adding sandy fill will reduce these limitations. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid The capability subclass is IIs. Surface Runoff: medium Erosion Hazard: slight Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet CrC—Charlton-Chatfield complex, rolling, Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock rocky Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches This unit consists of very deep, well drained Flooding Hazard: none Charlton soils and moderately deep, well drained and Most areas of this unit are used for cropland or somewhat excessively drained Chatfield soils that pastureland. Other areas are in woodland or formed in glacial till deposits. It is on hilltops and side residential development. slopes that are underlain by folded schist, granite, or This unit is suited to cultivated crops. Erosion may gneiss bedrock. Charlton soils are commonly on lower be a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant concave slopes and Chatfield soils are commonly on cover. Operating machinery is somewhat restricted by upper slopes, hilltops, and near areas of rock outcrop. rock outcroppings and uneven slopes. Cross slope This unit consists of about 50 percent Charlton soils, tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop 30 percent Chatfield soils, and 20 percent other soils rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop covers 0.1 to 2 moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain percent of the surface. The Charlton and Chatfield soil productivity over an extended period of time. soils and areas of rock outcrop are in such an intricate This unit is suited to pasture. Operating machinery pattern that they were not mapped separately. Areas is somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and are oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly range uneven slopes. Overgrazing is a major concern of from 5 to 250 acres. Slopes are complex and range pasture management as it causes the reduction or from 5 to 16 percent. loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing The typical sequence, depth and composition of the and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity layers of Charlton soils are as follows— and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture Surface layer: productivity. Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam The potential productivity of this unit for northern red oak is moderate. Planting early in the spring helps Subsoil: to reduce the impact of summer droughtiness and 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam reduces seedling mortality. 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam Depth to bedrock in areas of Chatfield soils and 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the Substratum: main limitations if this unit is used as a site for septic 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam tank absorption fields or for dwellings with basements. 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam Uneven slopes and variable depth to bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, dwellings with The typical sequence, depth, and composition of basements or septic tank absorption fields should be the layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— 40 Soil Survey

Surface layer: Cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth and Subsoil: maintain productivity over an extended period of time. 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam This unit is suited to pasture. Erosion is a moderate 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant cover sandy loam during establishment. Operating machinery is Substratum: somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine slopes. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture sandy loam management as it causes the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing and proper Bedrock: stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Included with this unit in mapping are areas of The potential productivity of this unit for northern moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat red oak is moderate. Planting early in the spring helps poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and to reduce the impact of summer droughtiness and very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails laid out soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. are in depressions and along drainageways. Also Depth to bedrock in areas of Chatfield soils and included are areas of well drained and somewhat rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the excessively drained Hollis soils where the underlying main limitations if this unit is used as a site for septic bedrock is between 10 and 20 inches deep. Inclusions tank absorption fields or for dwellings with basements. and rock outcrop make up about 20 percent of the unit. Slope is also a limitation. Erosion is a moderate hazard during construction. Uneven slopes and Important soil properties of the Charlton soil— variable depth to bedrock reduce site selection. Septic Parent Material: glacial till tank absorption fields and dwellings with basements Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid should be constructed in areas of very deep Charlton Available Water Capacity: moderate soils. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid and quickly establishing plant cover help to control Surface Runoff: medium erosion and sedimentation. Erosion Hazard: moderate Slope, frost action, and the variable depth to Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet bedrock are the main limitations if this unit is used as Rooting Zone: unrestricted a site for local roads and streets. Constructing roads Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches on the contour will reduce the slope limitation. Careful Flooding Hazard: none planning of grades and road locations will avoid some removal of rock. Providing a coarse grained subgrade Important soil properties of the Chatfield soil— will reduce frost action. Parent Material: glacial till This unit has few limitations for trails. Rolling Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid uneven slopes and rock outcroppings over portions of Available Water Capacity: low the unit are limitations for camping and picnic areas Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid and playgrounds. Small stones are also a limitation for Surface Runoff: medium playgrounds. Carefully selecting a site, grading, and Erosion Hazard: moderate adding sandy fill will reduce these limitations. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet The capability subclass is IIIe. Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Flooding Hazard: none CrD—Charlton-Chatfield complex, hilly, rocky Most areas of this unit are used for cropland or pastureland. Other areas are used for woodland or This unit consists of very deep, well drained residential development. Charlton soils and moderately deep, well drained and This unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. somewhat excessively drained Chatfield soils that Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on areas left formed in glacial till deposits. It is on hills and side bare of plant cover. Operating machinery is somewhat slopes that are underlain by folded schist, granite, or restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven slopes. gneiss bedrock. Charlton soils are commonly on lower Dutchess County, New York 41

concave slopes and Chatfield soils are commonly on Erosion Hazard: severe upper slopes and near areas of rock outcrop. This unit Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet consists of about 40 percent Charlton soils, 40 percent Rooting Zone: unrestricted Chatfield soils, and 20 percent other soils and rock Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches outcrop. Rock outcrop covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the Flooding Hazard: none surface. The Charlton and Chatfield soils and areas of Important soil properties of the Chatfield soil— rock outcrop are in such an intricate pattern that they were not mapped separately. Areas are elongated or Parent Material: glacial till irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid 150 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 15 to Available Water Capacity: low 30 percent. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Surface Runoff: rapid the layers of Charlton soils are as follows— Erosion Hazard: severe Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Surface layer: Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Flooding Hazard: none Subsoil: 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. Other 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam areas are used for pasture or residential development. 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of slope. Pasture is a better use, but the suitability is Substratum: poor. Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam left bare of plant cover during establishment. Operating 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam machinery is somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven slopes. Overgrazing is a major concern of The typical sequence, depth, and composition of pasture management as it causes the reduction or the layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing Surface layer: and proper stocking help to increase the quantity and Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam quality of feed and forage and maintains pasture productivity. Subsoil: The potential productivity of this unit for northern 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam red oak is moderate. Logging trails, with water bars, 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine laid out across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. sandy loam Moderately steep slopes limit the safe operation of Substratum: equipment. Planting early in the spring reduces the 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling sandy loam mortality. Depth to bedrock in areas of Chatfield soils, rock Bedrock: outcroppings over portions of the unit, and slope are 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite the main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings Included with this unit in mapping are areas of with basements. Uneven slopes and variable depth to poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils in bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, depressions and along drainageways. Also included dwellings with basements should be constructed in are areas of well drained and somewhat excessively areas of very deep Charlton soils. Designing the drained Hollis soils where the underlying bedrock is dwelling to conform to the natural slope of the land will between 10 and 20 inches deep. Inclusions and rock reduce the slope limitation. Minimizing the removal of outcrop make up about 20 percent of the unit. vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. A Important soil properties of the Charlton soil— more suitable site should be considered on a less Parent Material: glacial till sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid Depth to bedrock rock in areas of Chatfield soils, Available Water Capacity: moderate rock outcroppings over portions of the unit, and slope Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid are the main limitations if this unit is used as a site for Surface Runoff: rapid septic tank absorption fields. Uneven slopes and 42 Soil Survey

variable depth to bedrock reduce site selection. Where Surface layer: possible, septic tank absorption fields should be Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam constructed in areas of very deep Charlton soils. Subsoil: Placing distribution lines on the contour increases the 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam efficiency of the system. A more suitable site should 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine be considered in a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. sandy loam Slope is the main limitation for local roads and streets. Frost action and the variable depth to bedrock Substratum: are also limitations. Constructing roads on the contour 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine will reduce the slope limitation. Careful planning of sandy loam grades and road locations will avoid some removal of Bedrock: rock. Providing a coarse grained subgrade will reduce 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite frost action. Slope is the main limitation for trails. Constructing Included with this unit in mapping are areas of trails with switchbacks, log steps, and water bars will poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils in reduce the slope limitation. depressions and along drainageways. Also included The capability subclass is VIe. are areas of well drained and somewhat excessively drained Hollis soils where the underlying bedrock is between 10 and 20 inches deep. Inclusions and rock CrE—Charlton-Chatfield complex, steep, outcrop make up about 20 percent of the unit. rocky Important soil properties of the Charlton soil— This unit consists of very deep, well drained Parent Material: glacial till Charlton soils and moderately deep, well drained and Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid somewhat excessively drained Chatfield soils that Available Water Capacity: moderate formed in glacial till deposits. It is on hills and side Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid slopes that are underlain by folded schist, granite, or Surface Runoff: very rapid gneiss bedrock. Charlton soils are commonly on lower Erosion Hazard: very severe concave slopes and Chatfield soils are commonly on Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet upper slopes and near areas of rock outcrop. This unit Rooting Zone: unrestricted consists of about 40 percent Charlton soils, 40 percent Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Chatfield soils and 20 percent other soils and rock Flooding Hazard: none outcrop. Rock outcrop covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. The Charlton and Chatfield soils and areas of Important soil properties of the Chatfield soil— rock outcrop are in such an intricate pattern that they Parent Material: glacial till were not mapped separately. Areas are elongated or Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Available Water Capacity: low 950 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 25 to Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid 45 percent. Surface Runoff: very rapid The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Erosion Hazard: very severe the layers of Charlton soils are as follows— Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Surface layer: Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Flooding Hazard: none Subsoil: 8 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. 12 to 26 inches, olive brown gravelly loam This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture 26 to 30 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam because of steep slope. Erosion is a very severe hazard. Substratum: The potential productivity of this unit for northern 30 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly loam red oak is moderate. Erosion is a moderate hazard 39 to 72 inches, olive gravelly loam and is accelerated where timber harvest damages The typical sequence, depth, and composition of vegetative cover. Logging trails, with water bars, laid the layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— out across the slope reduce the risk of erosion. Steep Dutchess County, New York 43

slopes severely limit the safe operation of equipment. Substratum: Planting early in the spring reduces the impact of 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. sandy loam Depth to bedrock rock in areas of Chatfield soils, Bedrock: rock outcroppings over portions of the unit, and steep 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite slope are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, or dwellings with The typical sequence, depth, and composition of basements. Uneven slopes and variable depth to the layers of Hollis soils are as follows— bedrock reduce site selection. A more suitable site Surface layer: should be selected on a less sloping inclusion or Surface to 3 inches, dark grayish brown loam nearby soil. Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used Subsoil: as a site for local roads and streets. Frost action and 3 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown loam the variable depth to bedrock are also limitations. 10 to 15 inches, olive brown loam Constructing roads on the contour or locating them on Bedrock: less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. 15 inches, folded micaceous schist Careful planning of grades and street locations will avoid some removal of rock. Providing a coarse Included with this unit in mapping are areas of grained subgrade will reduce frost action. moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat Steep slope is the main limitation for trails. poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, and very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena water bars will reduce the erosion and slope limitation. soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils The capability subclass is VIIe. are in depressions and along drainageways. Also included are areas of well drained Charlton soils where the underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 CtB—Chatfield-Hollis complex, inches. Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 30 undulating, very rocky percent of the unit. This unit consists of moderately deep, well drained Important soil properties of the Chatfield soil— and somewhat excessively drained Chatfield soils, Parent Material:glacial till and shallow, well drained and somewhat excessively Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid drained Hollis soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It Available Water Capacity: low is on hilltops, narrow ridges, and undulating till plains Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid that are underlain by folded schist, granite, or gneiss Surface Runoff: medium bedrock. Chatfield soils are commonly on lower Erosion Hazard: slight concave slopes and Hollis soils are commonly on Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet upper slopes, hilltops, and near areas of rock outcrop. Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock This unit consists of about 40 percent Chatfield soils, Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches 30 percent Hollis soils, and 30 percent rock outcrop Flooding Hazard: none and other soils. Rock outcrop covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. The Chatfield and Hollis soils and rock Important soil properties of the Hollis soil— outcrop are in such an intricate pattern that they were Parent Material: glacial till not separated in mapping. Areas of this unit are oval Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Available Water Capacity: very low 75 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 1 to 6 Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid percent. Surface Runoff: medium The typical sequence, depth and composition of the Erosion Hazard: slight layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Surface layer: Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Flooding Hazard: none Subsoil: 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam Most of areas of this unit are used for pasture or 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine woodland. Other areas are in residential development. sandy loam This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of 44 Soil Survey

the depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over and shallow, well drained and somewhat excessively portions of the unit. Pasture is a better use, but the drained Hollis soils that formed in glacial till deposits. suitability is poor. Erosion may be a moderate hazard, This unit is on hilltops, narrow ridges, and side slopes particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during that are underlain by folded schist, granite, or gneiss establishment. Rock outcroppings and uneven slopes bedrock. Chatfield soils are commonly on lower restrict operating machinery. Overgrazing is a major concave slopes and Hollis soils are commonly on concern of pasture management as it causes the upper slopes, hilltops, and near areas of rock outcrop. reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. This unit consists of about 40 percent Chatfield soils, Rotational grazing and proper stocking help to 40 percent Hollis soils, and 20 percent rock outcrop increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and other soils. Rock outcrop covers 2 to 10 percent and maintain pasture productivity. of the surface. The Chatfield and Hollis soils and rock The potential productivity of this unit for northern outcrop are in such an intricate pattern that they were red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality is moderate in not separated in mapping. Areas of this unit are oval areas of Hollis soils because of droughtiness, and or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to windthrow hazard is severe because of shallow depth 400 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 5 to 16 to bedrock. Planting early in the spring reduces the percent. impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling The typical sequence, depth, and composition of mortality. the layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main limitations if this unit Surface layer: is used as a site for dwellings with basements. Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam Erosion is a moderate hazard during construction. Subsoil: Dwellings can be built above the rock and landscaped 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam with additional fill. Minimizing the removal of 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant sandy loam cover during construction will help control erosion and sedimentation. Substratum: Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine portions of the unit are the main limitations for septic sandy loam tank absorption fields. The short uneven slopes are Bedrock: also a limitation. A pollution hazard exists because the 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite soil is not thick enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site should be considered in a deeper The typical sequence, depth, and composition of inclusion or nearby soil. the layers of Hollis soils are as follows— Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Hollis soils and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the Surface layer: main limitations for local roads and streets. Frost Surface to 3 inches, dark grayish brown loam action is also a limitation. Careful planning of grades Subsoil: and road locations will avoid some removal of rock. 3 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown loam Providing a coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost 10 to 15 inches, olive brown loam action. This unit has few limitations for trails. Shallow depth Bedrock: to bedrock in areas of Hollis soils and rock 15 inches, folded micaceous schist outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main Included with this unit in mapping are areas of limitations for camping and picnic areas and moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat playgrounds. Adding fill will reduce this limitation. poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and The capability subclass is VIs. very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils CtC—Chatfield-Hollis complex, rolling, are in depressions and along drainageways. Also very rocky included are areas of well drained Charlton soils where the underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 This unit consists of moderately deep, well drained inches. Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 20 and somewhat excessively drained Chatfield soils, percent of the unit. Dutchess County, New York 45

Important soil properties of the Chatfield soil— cover during construction will help control erosion and sedimentation. Parent Material: glacial till Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid portions of the unit are the main limitations for septic Available Water Capacity: low tank absorption fields. A pollution hazard exists Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid because the soil is not thick enough to filter the Surface Runoff: medium effluent. A more suitable site should be considered in a Erosion Hazard: moderate deeper inclusion or nearby soil. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Hollis soils Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches main limitations if this unit is used for local roads and Flooding Hazard: none streets. Slope and frost action are also limitations. Important soil properties of the Hollis soil— Careful planning of grades and road locations will avoid some removal of rock. Constructing roads on Parent Material: glacial till the contour will reduce the slope limitation. Providing a Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost action. Available Water Capacity: very low This unit has few limitations for trails. Shallow depth Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid to bedrock in areas of Hollis soils and rock outcrop Surface Runoff: medium over portions of the unit are the main limitations if this Erosion Hazard: moderate unit is used for camping and picnic areas and Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet playgrounds. Slope is also a limitation for playgrounds. Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Adding fill will reduce these limitations. Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches The capability subclass is VIs. Flooding Hazard: none Most areas of this unit are used for pasture or woodland. Other areas are used for residential CtD—Chatfield-Hollis complex, hilly, very development. rocky This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of This unit consists of moderately deep, well drained the depth to bedrock and the rock outcrop over and somewhat excessively drained Chatfield soils and portions of the unit. Pasture is a better use, but the shallow, well drained and somewhat excessively suitability is rated poor. Erosion is a moderate hazard, drained Hollis soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during is on hills and side slopes that are underlain by folded establishment. Rock outcroppings and uneven slopes schist, granite, or gneiss bedrock. Chatfield soils are restrict operating machinery. Overgrazing is a major commonly on lower concave slopes and Hollis soils concern of pasture management as it causes the are commonly on upper slopes and near areas of rock reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. outcrop. This unit consists of about 40 percent Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to Chatfield soils, 40 percent Hollis soils, and 20 percent increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage rock outcrop and other soils. Rock outcrop covers 2 to and maintain pasture productivity. 10 percent of the surface. The Chatfield and Hollis The potential productivity of this unit for northern soils and rock outcrop are in such an intricate pattern red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality is moderate in that they were not separated in mapping. Areas of this areas of Hollis soils because of droughtiness and unit are elongated or irregularly shaped. They windthrow hazard is severe because of the shallow commonly range from 5 to 1100 acres. Slopes are depth to bedrock. Logging trails laid out across slopes complex and range from 15 to 30 percent. reduce the risk of erosion. Planting early in spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness and The typical sequence, depth, and composition of reduces seedling mortality. the layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over Surface layer: portions of the unit are the main limitations for Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam dwellings with basements. The short uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a severe hazard during Subsoil: construction. Dwellings can be built above the rock and 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam landscaped with additional fill. Minimizing the removal 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine of vegetation, mulching and quickly establishing plant sandy loam 46 Soil Survey

Substratum: restrict operating machinery. Overgrazing is a major 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine concern of pasture management as it causes the sandy loam reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to Bedrock: increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite and maintain pasture productivity. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of The potential productivity of this unit for northern the layers of Hollis soils are as follows— red oak is moderate. Erosion is a moderate hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest damages the Surface layer: vegetative cover. Seedling mortality is moderate in Surface to 3 inches, dark grayish brown loam areas of Hollis soils because of droughtiness and Subsoil: windthrow hazard is severe because of the shallow 3 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown loam depth to bedrock. Logging trails, with water bars, laid 10 to 15 inches, olive brown loam out across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. Moderately steep slopes limit the safe operation of Bedrock: equipment. Planting early in spring reduces the impact 15 inches, folded micaceous schist of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling Included with this unit in mapping are areas of mortality. poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils in Depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions depressions and along drainageways. Also included of the unit, and slope are the main limitations if this are areas of well drained Charlton soils where the unit is used for dwellings with basements. The short underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a very Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 20 percent severe hazard during construction. Dwellings can be of the unit. built above the rock and landscaped with additional fill. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and Important soil properties of the Chatfield soil— quickly establishing plant cover during construction will Parent Material: glacial till help control erosion and sedimentation. A more Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid suitable site should be considered on a deeper, less Available Water Capacity: low sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions Surface Runoff: rapid of the unit, and slope are the main limitation if this unit Erosion Hazard: severe is used for septic tank absorption fields. The short Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet uneven slopes are also a limitation. A pollution hazard Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock exists because the soil is not thick enough to filter the Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches effluent. A more suitable site should be found in a Flooding Hazard: none deeper, less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Hollis soils, Important soil properties of the Hollis soil— rock outcroppings over portions of the unit, and slope Parent Material: glacial till are the main limitations for local roads and streets. Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid Frost action is also a limitation. Careful planning of Available Water Capacity: very low grades and road locations will avoid some removal of Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid rock. Constructing roads on the contour will reduce Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock the slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches subgrade will reduce frost action. Flooding Hazard: none Slope is the main limitation for trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, and water bars will Most of areas of this unit are used for woodland. reduce the slope limitation. Other areas are used for pasture or residential The capability subclass is VIs. development. This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of the depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions CuA—Copake gravelly silt loam, nearly of the unit, and slope. Pasture is a better use, but the level suitability is only poor. Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during This map unit consists of very deep, and well establishment. Rock outcroppings and uneven slopes drained soils that formed in glaciofluvial deposits high Dutchess County, New York 47

in limestone fragments. It is on valley floors and This map unit is very well suited to pasture. outwash plains. Areas are irregularly shaped. They Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture commonly range from 5 to 150 acres. Slopes are management as it causes the reduction or loss of complex and range from 0 to 2 percent. desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted The typical sequence, depth, and composition of grazing during dry periods, and proper stocking rates the layers of Copake soils are as follows— help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Surface layer: The potential productivity for northern red oak is Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly silt loam moderate. Planting early in the spring reduces the Subsoil: impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling 6 to 8 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam mortality. 8 to 24 inches, olive brown and yellowish brown This map unit has few limitations for dwellings with gravelly loam basements. Droughtiness can make the establishment 24 to 36 inches, light olive brown and yellowish brown and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the gravelly loam removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion and Substratum: sedimentation during construction. 36 to 80 inches, light olive brown very gravelly loamy Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used coarse sand for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of Included in mapping are areas of somewhat poorly groundwater pollution because the rapidly permeable drained Fredon soils and poorly drained and very substratum does not adequately filter effluent. poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon soils are in slightly Specially designed septic systems are necessary in lower areas and Halsey soils are in depressions and some places. along drainageways. Also included are areas of Frost action is the main limitation if this unit is used somewhat excessively drained acid Hoosic soils. for local roads and streets. Providing a coarse grained Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. subgrade will reduce frost action. This map unit has few limitations for trails. Small Important soil properties— stones are the main limitation if this unit is used for Parent Material: glacial outwash camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. Adding Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid in the sandy fill will cover the small stones. surface layer and subsoil, and very rapid in the The capability class is I. substratum Available Water Capacity: moderate Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the CuB—Copake gravelly silt loam, surface layer and subsoil, and slightly acid to undulating moderately alkaline in the substratum Surface Runoff: slow This map unit consists of very deep and well Erosion Hazard: slight drained soils that formed in glaciofluvial deposits high Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet in limestone fragments. It is on valley floors and Rooting Zone: unrestricted undulating outwash plains. Areas are oval or irregularly Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 175 acres. Flooding Hazard: none Slopes are complex and range from 2 to 6 percent. This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Most areas are used for cultivated cropland. Other the layers of Copake soils are as follows— areas are used for pastureland, woodland, residential Surface layer: development, or mined for sand and gravel. Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly silt loam This map unit is very well suited to cultivated crops. Lack of moisture during dry periods is a limitation and Subsoil: the use of irrigation increases productivity. Cover 6 to 8 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam crops, conservation tillage, crop rotations, and tillage 8 to 24 inches, olive brown and yellowish brown at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and gravelly loam maintain soil productivity over an extended period of 24 to 36 inches, light olive brown and yellowish brown time. gravelly loam 48 Soil Survey

Substratum: basements. Droughtiness can make establishment 36 to 80 inches, light olive brown very gravelly loamy and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the coarse sand removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion and Included in mapping are areas of somewhat poorly sedimentation during construction. drained Fredon soils and poorly drained and very Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon soils are in slightly as a site for septic tank absorption fields. There is a lower areas and Halsey soils are in depressions. Also hazard of groundwater pollution because the rapidly included are areas of somewhat excessively drained permeable substratum does not adequately filter acid Hoosic soils. Inclusions make up about 20 effluent. Specially designed septic systems are percent of the unit. necessary in places. Important soil properties— Frost action is the main limitation if this unit is used for local roads and streets. Providing a coarse grained Parent Material: glacial outwash subgrade will reduce frost action. Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid in the This map unit has few limitations for trails. Small surface layer and subsoil, and very rapid in the stones are the main limitations for camping and picnic substratum areas and playgrounds. Slope is also a limitation for Available Water Capacity: moderate playgrounds. Grading and adding sandy fill will reduce Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the these limitations. surface layer and subsoil, and slightly acid to The capability subclass is IIe. moderately alkaline in the substratum Surface Runoff: slow Erosion Hazard: slight CuC—Copake gravelly silt loam, rolling Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet This map unit consists of very deep, well drained Rooting Zone: unrestricted soils that formed in glaciofluvial deposits high in Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches limestone fragments. It is on valley sides and small Flooding Hazard: none hills. Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. They This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. commonly range from 5 to 200 acres. Slopes are Most areas are used for cultivated cropland. Other complex and range from 5 to 16 percent. areas are used for pasture, woodland, residential The typical sequence, depth, and composition of development, or mined for sand and gravel (fig. 8). the layers of Copake soils are as follows— This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Surface layer: Erosion may be a hazard, particularly on long slopes Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly silt loam or on areas left bare of plant cover. Lack of moisture during dry periods is a limitation and the use of Subsoil: irrigation increases productivity. Cross slope tillage, 6 to 8 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations 8 to 24 inches, olive brown and yellowish brown will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper moisture gravelly loam content will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil 24 to 36 inches, light olive brown and yellowish brown productivity over an extended period of time. gravelly loam This map unit is very well suited to pasture. Erosion Substratum: is a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant 36 to 80 inches, light olive brown very gravelly loamy cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a major coarse sand concern of pasture management as it causes the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Included with this map unit in mapping are areas of Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils and poorly periods, and proper stocking rates help to increase the drained and very poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain soils are in slightly lower areas and Halsey soils are in pasture productivity. depressions. Also included are areas of somewhat The potential productivity for northern red oak is excessively drained acid Hoosic soils. Inclusions moderate. Planting early in the spring reduces the make up about 15 percent of the unit. impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling Important soil properties— mortality. This map unit has few limitations for dwellings with Parent Material: glacial outwash Dutchess County, New York 49

Figure 8.—Copake gravelly silt loam, undulating, is prime farmland (foreground). Taconic-Rock Outcrop-Macomber Association is in the background.

Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid in the crops. Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on surface layer and subsoil, and very rapid in the areas left bare of plant cover. The lack of moisture substratum during dry periods is a limitation and the use of Available Water Capacity: moderate irrigation increases productivity. Cross slope tillage, Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations surface layer and subsoil, and slightly acid to will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper moisture moderately alkaline in the substratum content will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil Surface Runoff: medium productivity over an extended period of time. Erosion Hazard: moderate This map unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of Rooting Zone: unrestricted plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches major concern of pasture management as it causes Flooding Hazard: none the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry crops or pasture. Other areas are used for woodland, periods, and proper stocking rates help to increase the residential development, or mined for gravel. quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain This map unit is moderately well suited to cultivated pasture productivity. 50 Soil Survey

The potential productivity for northern red oak is areas of somewhat excessively drained acid Hoosic moderate. Planting early in the spring reduces the soils. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit. impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling Important soil properties— mortality. Logging trails laid out across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. Parent Material: glacial outwash Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid in the dwellings with basements. Erosion is a moderate surface layer and subsoil, and very rapid in the hazard during construction. Droughtiness can make substratum the establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. Available Water Capacity: moderate Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion surface layer and subsoil, and slightly acid to and sedimentation during construction. moderately alkaline in the substratum Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used Surface Runoff: medium for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of Erosion Hazard: severe groundwater pollution from absorption fields because Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet the rapidly permeable substratum does not adequately Rooting Zone: unrestricted filter effluent. Specially designed septic systems are Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches necessary in some places. Flooding Hazard: none Slope and frost action are the main limitations if this Most areas of this map unit are used for pastureland unit is used for local roads and streets. Constructing or woodland. Other areas are used for residential roads on the contour will reduce the slope limitation. development or mined for sand and gravel. Providing a coarse grained subgrade reduces frost This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops action. because of slope. Pasture is a better use, but This map unit has few limitations for trails. Slope suitability is only poor. Erosion is a severe hazard, and small stones are the main limitations for camping particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during and picnic areas and playgrounds. Grading and establishment. Overgrazing is a major concern of adding sandy fill will reduce these limitations. pasture management as it causes the reduction or The capability subclass is IIIe. loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry periods, and proper CuD—Copake gravelly silt loam, hilly stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture suitability. This map unit consists of very deep, well drained The potential productivity for northern red oak is soils that formed in glaciofluvial deposits high in moderate. Erosion is a moderate hazard and is limestone fragments. It is on valley sides, terrace accelerated where timber harvest damages vegetative faces, and hills. Areas are elongated or irregularly cover. Planting early in the spring reduces the impact shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 100 acres. of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling Slopes are complex and range from 15 to 30 percent. mortality. Logging trails, with water bars, laid out The typical sequence, depth, and composition of across the slope reduce the risk of erosion. Moderately the layers of Copake soils are as follows— steep slopes limit the safe operation of equipment. Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Surface layer: dwellings with basements. Erosion is a severe hazard Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly silt loam during construction. Droughtiness can make the Subsoil: establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. 6 to 8 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Designing the dwelling to conform to the natural slope 8 to 24 inches, olive brown and yellowish brown of the land will reduce the slope limitation. Minimizing gravelly loam the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly 24 to 36 inches, light olive brown and yellowish brown establishing plant cover help to control erosion and gravelly loam sedimentation during construction. A more suitable site should be considered on a less sloping inclusion or Substratum: nearby soil. 36 to 80 inches, light olive brown very gravelly loamy Slope and poor filtering are the main limitations if coarse sand this unit is used for the installation of septic tank Included in mapping are areas of somewhat poorly absorption fields. There is a hazard of groundwater drained Fredon soils in depressions. Also included are pollution from absorption fields because the rapidly Dutchess County, New York 51

permeable substratum does not adequately filter Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the effluent. Specially designed septic systems are surface layer and subsoil, and slightly acid to necessary in places. A more suitable site should be moderately alkaline in the substratum considered in a less sloping, less sandy and gravelly Surface Runoff: rapid inclusion, or nearby soil. Erosion Hazard: very severe Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet local roads and streets. Frost action is also a Rooting Zone: unrestricted limitation. Constructing roads on the contour or Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches locating them on less sloping inclusions will reduce the Flooding Hazard: none slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained subgrade Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland. will reduce frost action. Some areas are mined for sand and gravel. Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, pasture because of steep slope. Erosion is a very and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. severe hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant The capability subclass is VIe. cover during establishment. The potential productivity for northern red oak is CuE—Copake gravelly silt loam, 25 to 45 moderate. Erosion is a severe hazard. Planting early percent slopes in the spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging This map unit consists of very deep, steep, and well trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes reduce drained soils that formed in glaciofluvial deposits high the risk of erosion. Steep slopes limit the safe in limestone fragments. It is on valley sides and operation of equipment. terrace faces. Areas are elongated or irregularly Steep slope is the main limitation if this map unit is shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 50 acres. used for dwellings with basements. Erosion is a very Slopes are smooth. severe hazard during construction. A more suitable The typical sequence, depth, and composition of site should be selected on a less sloping inclusion or the layers of Copake soils are as follows— nearby soil. Surface layer: Steep slope and poor filtering are the main Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly silt loam limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of groundwater Subsoil: pollution from absorption fields because the rapidly 6 to 8 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam permeable substratum does not adequately filter 8 to 24 inches, olive brown and yellowish brown effluent. A more suitable site should be selected in a gravelly loam less sloping, less sandy, and gravelly inclusion or 24 to 36 inches, light olive brown and yellowish brown nearby soil. gravelly loam Steep slope is the main limitation if this map unit is Substratum: used for local roads and streets. Frost action is also a 36 to 80 inches, light olive brown very gravelly loamy limitation. Constructing roads on the contour or coarse sand locating them on less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained subgrade Included mapping are small areas of poorly drained will reduce frost action. and very poorly drained Halsey soils along Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for drainageways. Also included are areas of somewhat trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, excessively drained, acid, Hoosic soils. Inclusions and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. make up about 15 percent of the unit. The capability subclass is VIIe. Important soil properties— Parent Material: glacial outwash CwA—Copake channery silt loam, fan, Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid in the 0 to 3 percent slopes surface layer and subsoil, and very rapid in the substratum This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level Available Water Capacity: moderate and well drained soils that formed in glacial outwash 52 Soil Survey

deposits. It is on outwash fans near streams. Areas This map unit is very well suited to pasture. are elongated or fan shaped and in some places Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture traversed by tributary streams. They commonly range management, as it causes the reduction or loss of from 5 to 150 acres. Slopes are smooth. desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted The typical sequence, depth, and composition of during dry periods or brief periods of flooding, and the layers of Copake soils are as follows— proper stocking help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture Surface layer: productivity. Surface to 6 inches, dark brown channery silt loam The potential productivity for northern red oak is Subsoil: moderate. Planting early in the spring reduces the 6 to 8 inches, dark yellowish brown channery loam impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling 8 to 24 inches, olive brown and yellowish brown mortality. channery loam Rare flooding is the main limitation if this map unit is 24 to 36 inches, light olive brown and yellowish brown used for dwellings with basements. The seasonal high channery loam water table is also a limitation. Droughtiness can make the establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. Substratum: Building dwellings on higher areas of this map unit 36 to 80 inches, light olive brown very channery loamy with raised foundations and diversions will reduce the coarse sand flooding and wetness limitations. Minimizing the Included in mapping are small areas of somewhat removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly poorly drained Fredon soils and poorly drained and establishing plant cover help to control erosion and very poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon soils are in sedimentation during construction. slightly lower areas and Halsey soils are in depressions Poor filtering, the seasonal high water table, and and along drainageways. Also included are areas of rare flooding are the main limitations if this map unit is somewhat excessively drained, acid Hoosic soils. used for septic tank absorption fields. There is a Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. hazard of groundwater pollution because of the seasonal high water table. Also, the rapidly permeable Important soil properties— substratum does not adequately filter effluent. A more Parent Material: glacial outwash with alluvium suitable site should be selected in a drier, less sandy Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid in surface and gravelly inclusion or nearby soil. layer and subsoil, and very rapid in the substratum Frost action and rare flooding are the main Available Water Capacity: moderate limitations if this map unit is used for local roads and Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the streets. Providing a coarse grained subgrade to frost surface layer and subsoil, and slightly acid to depth will reduce frost action. Constructing roads on moderately alkaline in the substratum raised fill will reduce the flooding limitation. Surface Runoff: slow This map unit has few limitations for trails. Rare Erosion Hazard: slight flooding is the main limitation for camping areas. Small Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 3 to 6 feet (Apr- stones are the main limitation if this map unit is used May) for picnic areas and playgrounds. Adding sandy fill will Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table cover small stones. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches The capability subclass is I. Flooding Hazard: rare, brief This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. CwB—Copake channery silt loam, fan, Most areas are used for cultivated cropland. Other 3 to 8 percent slopes areas are used for pastureland, woodland, or residential development. This map unit consists of very deep, gently sloping This map unit is very well suited to cultivated crops. and well drained soils that formed in glacial outwash Lack of moisture during dry periods is a limitation, and deposits. It is on outwash fans near streams. Areas the use of irrigation increases productivity. In some years, are elongated or fan shaped and usually traversed by brief flooding damages crops and new seedlings. Cross a tributary stream. They commonly range from 5 to slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop 100 acres. Slopes are smooth. rotations will reduce any soil erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain The typical sequence, depth, and composition of soil productivity over an extended period of time. the layers Copake soils are as follows— Dutchess County, New York 53

Surface layer: is a hazard, particularly on long slopes or on areas left Surface to 6 inches, dark brown channery silt loam bare of plant cover. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture management, as it causes the reduction or Subsoil: loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, 6 to 8 inches, dark yellowish brown channery loam restricted grazing during dry periods or brief periods of 8 to 24 inches, olive brown and yellowish brown flooding, and proper stocking rates help to increase channery loam the quantity and quality of feed and forage and 24 to 36 inches, light olive brown and yellowish brown maintain pasture productivity. channery loam The potential productivity for northern red oak is Substratum: moderate. Planting early in the spring reduces the 36 to 80 inches, light olive brown very channery loamy impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling coarse sand mortality. Rare flooding is the main limitation if this map unit is Included with this map unit in mapping are small used for dwellings with basements. The seasonal high areas of somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils and water table is also a limitation. Droughtiness can make poorly drained and very poorly drained Halsey soils. the establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. Fredon soils are in slightly lower areas, and Halsey Building dwellings on higher areas of this map unit soils are in depressions and along drainageways. Also with raised foundations and diversions will reduce the included are areas of somewhat excessively drained, flooding and wetness limitations. Minimizing the acid Hoosic soils. Inclusions make up about 20 removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly percent of the unit. establishing plant cover help to control erosion and Important soil properties— sedimentation during construction. Poor filtering, the seasonal high water table, and Parent Material: glacial outwash with alluvium rare flooding are the main limitations if this map unit is Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid in the used for septic tank absorption fields. There is a surface layer and subsoil, and very rapid in the hazard of groundwater pollution because of the substratum seasonal high water table and the rapidly permeable Available Water Capacity: moderate substratum does not adequately filter effluent. A more Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the suitable site should be selected in a drier, less sandy surface layer and subsoil, and slightly acid to and gravelly inclusion or nearby soil. moderately alkaline in the substratum Frost action and rare flooding are the main Surface Runoff: slow limitations for local roads and streets. Providing a Erosion Hazard: slight coarse grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 3 to 6 feet (Apr- frost action. Constructing roads on raised fill will May) reduce the flooding limitation. Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table This map unit has few limitations for trails. Rare Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches flooding is the main limitation for camping areas. Small Flooding Hazard: rare, brief stones are the main limitation for picnic areas and playgrounds. Adding sandy fill will cover small stones. This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. The capability subclass is IIe. Most areas are used for cultivated cropland. Other areas are used for pastureland, woodland, or residential development. CxB—Copake-Urban land complex, This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. undulating Erosion may be a hazard, particularly on long slopes or on areas left bare of plant cover. Lack of moisture This unit consists of very deep, well drained Copake during dry periods is a limitation, and the use of soils that formed in glacial outwash deposits and urban irrigation increases productivity. In some years brief land. It is on valley floors and undulating outwash flooding damages crops and new seedlings. Cross plains. This unit consists of about 40 percent Copake slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and soils, 35 percent urban land, and 25 percent other crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at the soils. The Copake soils and urban land are in such an proper moisture content will improve soil tilth and intricate pattern that they were not mapped separately. maintain soil productivity over an extended period of Areas are irregularly shaped or rectangular. They time. commonly range from 5 to 100 acres. Slopes are This map unit is very well suited to pasture. Erosion complex and range from 1 to 6 percent. 54 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of establishing plant cover help to control erosion and the layers of Copake soils are as follows— sedimentation during construction. Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used Surface layer: for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly silt loam groundwater pollution from absorption fields because Subsoil: the rapidly permeable substratum does not adequately 6 to 8 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam filter effluent. Specially designed septic systems are 8 to 24 inches, olive brown and yellowish brown necessary in places. gravelly loam Frost action is the main limitation if this unit is used 24 to 36 inches, light olive brown and yellowish brown for local roads and streets. Providing a coarse grained gravelly loam subgrade reduces frost action. This unit has few limitations for trails. Small stones Substratum: are the main limitation for camping and picnic areas 36 to 80 inches, light olive brown very gravelly loamy and playgrounds. Slope is also a limitation for coarse sand playgrounds. Grading and adding sandy fill will reduce Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered these limitations. by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. impervious surfaces which obscure soil identification. The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed with non-soil material such as bricks, broken concrete, DuB—Dutchess silt loam, 3 to 8 percent or cinders. slopes Included with this unit in mapping are areas of This map unit consists of very deep, gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils and poorly and well drained soils formed in glacial till deposits. It drained and very poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon is on hilltops and broad till plains. Areas are oval or soils are in slightly lower areas and Halsey soils are in irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to depressions and along drainageways. Areas of 275 acres. Slopes are smooth. somewhat excessively drained, acid Hoosic soils are The typical sequence, depth, and composition of included. Also included are areas of Udorthents the layers of Dutchess soils are as follows— adjacent to buildings and other structures. Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit. Surface layer: Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam Important Soil Properties of the Copake soil— Subsoil: Parent Material: glacial outwash 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid in the 17 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam surface layer and subsoil, and very rapid in the substratum Substratum: Available Water Capacity: moderate 28 to 46 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the 46 to 86 inches, light olive brown channery silt loam surface layer and subsoil, and slightly acid to Included with this map unit in mapping are areas of moderately alkaline in the substratum moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat Surface Runoff: slow poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and Erosion Hazard: slight very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils Rooting Zone: unrestricted are in depressions and along drainageways. Also Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches included are areas of moderately deep Cardigan soils Flooding Hazard: none and shallow somewhat excessively drained Nassau This unit is in urban and suburban development. soils where the underlying shale bedrock is shallower The open areas are in lawns, gardens, and woodland than 40 inches. Inclusions make up about 15 percent or brush land between structures. of the unit. This unit has few limitations for dwellings with Important soil properties— basements. Droughtiness can make the establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the Parent Material: glacial till removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly Permeability: moderate Dutchess County, New York 55

Available Water Capacity: moderate well drained soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in is on hills and side slopes. Areas are oval, elongated, the solum, strongly acid to slightly acid in the or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to substratum 200 acres. Slopes are smooth. Surface Runoff: medium The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Erosion Hazard: slight the layers of Dutchess soils are as follows— Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Rooting Zone: unrestricted Surface layer: Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam Flooding Hazard: none Subsoil: This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam Most areas are used for cultivated crops or pasture. 17 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam Other areas are used for woodland or residential Substratum: development. 28 to 46 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. 46 to 86 inches, light olive brown channery silt loam Erosion may be a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant cover. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, Included in mapping are areas of moderately well cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations drained Georgia soils, somewhat poorly drained will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper moisture Massena soils, and poorly drained and very poorly content will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena soils are in productivity over an extended period of time. slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils are in This map unit is well suited to pasture. Overgrazing depressions and along drainageways. Also included are is a major concern of pasture management as it areas of moderately deep Cardigan soils and shallow causes the reduction or loss of desirable pasture somewhat excessively drained Nassau soils where the plants. Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates underlying shale bedrock is shallower than 40 inches. help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit. forage and maintain pasture productivity. The potential productivity of this map unit for Important soil properties— northern red oak is moderate. Planting early in the Parent Material: glacial till spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness Permeability: moderate and reduces seedling mortality. Available Water Capacity: moderate This map unit has few limitations if used as a site Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in for dwellings with basements. Minimizing the removal the solum, strongly acid to slightly acid in the of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant substratum cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. Surface Runoff: rapid Slow percolation is the main limitation if this unit is Erosion Hazard: moderate used for septic tank absorption fields. Modifying a Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet conventional system by extending the length of the Rooting Zone: unrestricted distribution lines will allow onsite sewage disposal in Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches many places. Flooding Hazard: none Frost action is the main limitation if this unit is used for local roads and streets. Providing a coarse grained Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated subgrade and removing stones will reduce these crops or pasture. Other areas are used for woodland limitations. or residential development. This map unit has few limitations for camping and This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated picnic areas or trails. Slope is the main limitation if this crops. Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on unit is used for playgrounds. Grading will reduce the areas left bare of plant cover. Stripcropping, cross slope limitation. slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and The capability subclass is IIe. crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth and maintain DuC—Dutchess silt loam, 8 to 15 percent soil productivity over an extended period of time. slopes This map unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of This map unit consists of very deep, sloping, and plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a 56 Soil Survey

major concern of pasture management as it causes depressions and along drainageways. Also included are the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. areas of moderately deep Cardigan soils and shallow Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to somewhat excessively drained Nassau soils where the increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage underlying shale bedrock is shallower than 40 inches. and maintain pasture productivity. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit. The potential productivity of this map unit for Important soil properties— northern red oak is moderate. Planting early in the spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness Parent Material: glacial till and reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails laid out Permeability: moderate across the slope reduce the risk of erosion. Available Water Capacity: moderate Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in for dwellings with basements. Minimizing the removal solum, strongly acid to slightly acid in substratum of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Surface Runoff: rapid cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. Erosion Hazard: severe Slope and slow percolation are the main limitations Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption Rooting Zone: unrestricted fields. Modifying a conventional system by extending Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches the length of the distribution lines will allow onsite Flooding Hazard: none sewage disposal in many places. Most areas of this map unit are used for pasture or Slope and frost action are the main limitations if this woodland. Other areas are used for cropland or map unit is used for local roads and streets. residential development. Constructing roads on the contour will reduce the This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained subgrade Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas left will reduce frost action. bare of plant cover. Slope limits the safe operation of This map unit has few limitations for trails. Slope is equipment. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, crop the main limitation for camping and picnic areas and rotations, and tillage at proper moisture content will playground. Grading will reduce the slope limitation. reduce soil erosion, improve soil tilth,and maintain soil The capability subclass is IIIe. productivity over an extended period of time. This map unit is moderately suited to pasture. DuD—Dutchess silt loam, 15 to 25 Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas left percent slopes bare of plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture management as it This map unit consists of very deep, moderately causes the reduction or loss of desirable pasture steep, and well drained soils that formed in glacial till plants. Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates deposits and is on hills and sideslopes. Areas are help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly forage and maintain pasture productivity. range from 5 to 100 acres. Slopes are smooth. The potential productivity of this map unit for The typical sequence, depth, and composition of northern red oak is moderate. Erosion is a moderate the layers of Dutchess soils are as follows— hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest damages the vegetative cover. Planting early in the Surface layer: spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam and reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails, with Subsoil: water bars, laid out across the slope reduces the risk 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam of erosion. Moderately steep slopes limit the safe 17 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam operation of equipment. Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used Substratum: as a site for dwellings with basements. Erosion is a 28 to 46 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam severe hazard during construction. Minimizing the 46 to 86 inches, light olive brown channery silt loam removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly Included in mapping are areas of moderately well establishing plant cover help to control erosion and drained Georgia soils and poorly drained and very sedimentation. A more suitable site should be poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia soils are in slightly considered on a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. lower and concave areas, and Sun soils are in Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used as a Dutchess County, New York 57

site for septic tank absorption fields. Slow percolation Surface layer: is also a limitation. Modifying a conventional system Surface to 8 inches, dark brown channery silt loam by extending the length of the distribution lines will Subsoil: allow onsite sewage disposal in places. A more 8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam suitable site should be considered in a less sloping 12 to 20 inches, yellowish brown channery loam inclusion or nearby soil. 20 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown channery silt Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used loam as a site for local roads and streets. Frost action is also a limitation. Constructing roads on the contour or Bedrock: locating them on less sloping inclusions will help 30 inches, folded shale bedrock overcome the slope limitation. Providing a coarse Included with this unit in mapping are areas of grained subgrade will reduce the frost action limitation. moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat Slope is a moderate limitation for trails. poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, and very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena waterbars will reduce the slope limitation. soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils The capability subclass is IVe. are in depressions and along drainageways. Somewhat excessively drained Nassau soils are included in DwB—Dutchess-Cardigan complex, areas where the underlying shale bedrock is shallower undulating, rocky than 20 inches. Also included are areas underlain by hard, dense graywacke bedrock. Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 30 percent of the unit. This unit consists of very deep, well drained Dutchess soils and moderately deep, well drained Important soil properties of the Dutchess soil— Cardigan soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It is Parent Material: glacial till on hilltops and undulating till plains that are underlain Permeability: moderate by folded shale bedrock. Dutchess soils are commonly Available Water Capacity: moderate on lower concave slopes and Cardigan soils are Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in commonly on upper slopes, hilltops, and near areas of solum, strongly acid to slightly acid in the rock outcrop. This unit consists of about 40 percent substratum Dutchess soils, 30 percent Cardigan soils, and 30 Surface Runoff: medium percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop Erosion Hazard: slight covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. The Dutchess Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet and Cardigan soils are in such an intricate pattern that Rooting Zone: unrestricted they were not mapped separately. Areas are oval or Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Flooding Hazard: none 3600 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 1 to 6 percent. Important soil properties of the Cardigan soil— The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Parent Material: glacial till the layers of Dutchess soils are as follows— Permeability: moderate Surface layer: Available Water Capacity: low Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Surface Runoff: medium Subsoil: Erosion Hazard: slight 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet 17 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Substratum: Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches 28 to 46 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam Flooding Hazard: none 46 to 86 inches, light olive brown channery silt loam Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated crops The typical sequence, depth and composition of the or pasture. Other areas are used for woodland or layers of Cardigan soil are as follows— residential development. 58 Soil Survey

This unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Erosion and picnic areas and playgrounds. Careful site may be a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of selection and grading will reduce these limitations. plant cover. Operating machinery is somewhat The capability subclass is IIs. restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven slopes. Cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at DwC—Dutchess-Cardigan complex, proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and rolling, rocky maintain soil productivity over an extended period of This unit consists of very deep, well drained time. Dutchess soils and moderately deep, well drained This unit is well suited to pasture. Operating Cardigan soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It is machinery is somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings on hilltops and side slopes that are underlain by folded and uneven slopes. Overgrazing is a major concern of shale bedrock. Dutchess soils are commonly on lower pasture management as it causes the reduction or concave slopes and Cardigan soils are commonly on loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing upper slopes, hilltops, and near areas of rock outcrop. and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity This unit consists of about 40 percent Dutchess soils, and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture 30 percent Cardigan soils, and 30 percent other soils productivity (fig. 9). and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop covers 0.1 to 2 The potential productivity of this unit for northern percent of the surface. The Dutchess and Cardigan red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality and the soils and rock outcrop are in such an intricate pattern windthrow hazard are moderate in areas of Cardigan that they were not mapped separately. Areas are oval soils because of droughtiness and depth to bedrock. or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Planting early in the spring reduces the impact of 500 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 5 to 16 summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. percent. Logging trails laid out across the slope reduce the risk The typical sequence, depth, and composition of of erosion. the layers of Dutchess soils are as follows— Depth to bedrock in areas of Cardigan soils and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the Surface layer: main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings with Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam basements. Uneven slopes and variable depth to bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, Subsoil: dwellings with basements should be constructed in 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam areas of very deep Dutchess soils. Removing stones 17 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam will reduce the stoniness limitation. Minimizing the Substratum: removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly 28 to 46 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam establishing plant cover help to control erosion and 46 to 86 inches, light olive brown channery silt loam sedimentation. Depth to bedrock in areas of Cardigan soils and The typical sequence, depth, and composition of rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main the layers of Cardigan soils are as follows— limitations if this unit is used for septic tank absorption Surface layer: fields. Slow percolation is the main limitation in areas Surface to 8 inches, dark brown channery silt loam of Dutchess soils. Uneven slopes and variable depth to bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, septic Subsoil: tank absorption fields should be located in areas of 8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam very deep Dutchess soils. Modifying a conventional 12 to 20 inches, yellowish brown channery loam system by extending the length of the distribution lines 20 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown channery silt will allow onsite sewage disposal in many places. loam Frost action and variable depth to bedrock are the Bedrock: main limitations for local roads and streets. Careful 30 inches, folded shale bedrock planning of grades and road locations will avoid some removal of rock. Providing a coarse grained subgrade Included in mapping are areas of moderately well will reduce frost action. drained Georgia soils, somewhat poorly drained This unit has few limitations for trails. Uneven Massena soils, and poorly drained and very poorly slopes and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena soils are in are the main limitations if this unit is used for camping slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils are in Dutchess County, New York 59

depressions and along drainageways. Somewhat Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock excessively drained Nassau soils are included in Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches areas where the underlying shale bedrock is shallower Flooding Hazard: none than 20 inches. Also included are areas underlain by Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated crops hard, dense graywacke bedrock. Inclusions and rock or pasture. Other areas are used for woodland or outcrop make up about 30 percent of the unit. residential development. Important soil properties of Dutchess soil— This unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on areas Parent Material: glacial till left bare of plant cover. Operating machinery is Permeability: moderate somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven Available Water Capacity: moderate slopes. Cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. solum, strongly acid to slightly acid in substratum Tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil Surface Runoff: rapid tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an extended Erosion Hazard: moderate period of time. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet This unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a Rooting Zone: unrestricted moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches plant cover during establishment. Operating Flooding Hazard: none machinery is somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven slopes. Overgrazing is a Important soil properties of the Cardigan soil— major concern of pasture management as it causes Permeability: moderate the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Available Water Capacity: low Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage Surface Runoff: rapid and maintain pasture productivity. Erosion Hazard: moderate The potential productivity of this unit for northern Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality and windthrow

Figure 9.—Dutchess-Cardigan complex, undulating, rocky, is well suited for pasture. 60 Soil Survey

hazard are moderate in areas of Cardigan soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop covers 0.1 to 2 because of droughtiness and depth to bedrock. percent of the surface. The Dutchess and Cardigan Planting early in the spring reduces the impact of soils and rock outcrop are in such an intricate pattern summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. that they were not mapped separately. Areas are Logging trails laid out across the slope reduce the risk elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly of erosion. range from 5 to 550 acres. Slopes are complex and Depth to bedrock in areas of Cardigan soils and range from 15 to 30 percent. rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the The typical sequence, depth, and composition of main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings with the layers of Dutchess soils are as follows— basements. Erosion is a moderate hazard during Surface layer: construction. Uneven slopes and variable depth to Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, dwellings with basements should be constructed in Subsoil: areas of very deep Dutchess soils. Minimizing the 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly 17 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam establishing plant cover help to control erosion and Substratum: sedimentation. 28 to 46 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam Slow percolation is the main limitation if Dutchess 46 to 86 inches, light olive brown channery silt loam soils are used for septic tank absorption fields. Depth to bedrock in areas of Cardigan soils and rock The typical sequence, depth, and composition of outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main the layers of Cardigan soils are as follows— limitations for septic tank absorption fields. Slope is Surface layer: also a limitation. Uneven slopes and variable depth to Surface to 8 inches, dark brown channery silt loam bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, septic tank absorption fields should be located in areas of Subsoil: very deep Dutchess soils. Modifying a conventional 8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam system by extending the length of the distribution lines 12 to 20 inches, yellowish brown channery loam will allow onsite sewage disposal in many places. 20 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown channery silt Slope, frost action, and variable depth to bedrock loam are the main limitations if this map unit is used for local Bedrock: roads and streets. Constructing roads on the contour 30 inches, folded shale bedrock will reduce the slope limitation. Careful planning of grades and road locations will avoid some removal of Included in mapping are areas of poorly drained rock. Providing a coarse grained subgrade will reduce and very poorly drained Sun soils in depressions and frost action. along drainageways. Also included are areas of This unit has few limitations for trails. Rolling somewhat excessively drained Nassau soils where uneven slopes and rock outcroppings over portions of the underlying bedrock is shallower than 20 inches. the unit are the main limitations for camping and picnic Some areas are underlain by hard, dense graywacke areas and playgrounds. Careful site selection and bedrock. Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about grading will reduce these limitations. 30 percent of the unit. The capability subclass is IIIe. Important soil properties of the Dutchess soil— DwD—Dutchess-Cardigan complex, hilly, Parent Material: glacial till rocky Permeability: moderate Available Water Capacity: moderate This unit consists of very deep, well drained Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in Dutchess soils and moderately deep, well drained the solum, strongly acid to slightly acid in the Cardigan soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It is substratum on hills and side slopes that are underlain by folded Surface Runoff: rapid shale bedrock. Dutchess soils are commonly on lower Erosion Hazard: severe concave slopes and Cardigan soils are commonly on Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet upper slopes and near areas of rock outcrop. This Rooting Zone: unrestricted map unit consists of about 40 percent Dutchess soils, Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches 30 percent Cardigan soils, and 30 percent other soils Flooding Hazard: none Dutchess County, New York 61

Important soil properties of the Cardigan soil— are the main limitations in areas of Cardigan soils. Uneven slopes, rock outcrops, and variable depth to Parent Material: glacial till bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, septic Permeability: moderate tank absorption fields should be located in areas of Available Water Capacity: low very deep Dutchess soils. Modifying a conventional Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid system by extending the length of the distribution lines Surface Runoff: rapid and placing the lines on the contour will allow onsite Erosion Hazard: severe sewage disposal in some places. A more suitable site Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet should be considered in a less sloping inclusion or Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock nearby soil. Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used Flooding Hazard: none for local roads and streets. Frost action and variable Most areas are used for woodland. Other areas are depth to bedrock are also limitations. Constructing used for pasture or residential development. roads on the contour or locating them on less sloping This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Careful slope. Pasture is a better use, but suitability is only planning of grades and road locations will avoid some poor. removal of rock. Providing a coarse grained subgrade Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas will reduce frost action. left bare of plant cover during establishment. Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used Operating machinery is somewhat restricted by rock for trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log outcroppings and uneven slopes. Overgrazing is a steps, and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. major concern of pasture management as it causes The capability subclass is VIe. the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage DxB—Dutchess-Cardigan-Urban land and maintain pasture productivity. complex, undulating, rocky The potential productivity of this unit for northern This unit consists of very deep, well drained red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality and windthrow Dutchess soils, moderately deep, well drained hazard are moderate in areas of Cardigan soils Cardigan soils, and urban land. It is on hilltops and because of droughtiness and depth to bedrock. undulating till plains underlain by folded shale bedrock. Erosion is a moderate hazard and is accelerated Dutchess soils are commonly on lower concave slopes where timber harvest damages vegetative cover. and Cardigan soils are commonly on upper slopes, Planting early in the spring reduces the impact of hilltops, and near areas of rock outcrop. This unit summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. consists of about 25 percent Dutchess soils, 25 Logging trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes percent Cardigan soils, 25 percent urban land, and 25 reduce the risk of erosion. Moderately steep slopes percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop limit the safe operation of equipment. covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. The Dutchess Depth to bedrock in areas of Cardigan soils, rock and Cardigan soils, urban land, and rock outcrop are outcroppings over portions of the unit, and slope are in such an intricate pattern that they were not mapped the main limitations if this map unit is used for separately. Areas are oval, irregularly shaped, or dwellings with basements. Erosion is a severe hazard rectangular. They commonly range from 5 to 600 acres. during construction. Uneven slopes and variable depth Slopes are complex and range from 1 to 6 percent. to bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, The typical sequence, depth, and composition of dwellings with basements should be constructed in the layers of Dutchess soils are as follows— areas of very deep Dutchess soils. Designing the dwelling to conform to the natural slope of the land will Surface layer: reduce the slope limitation. Minimizing the removal of Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Subsoil: cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. A 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam more suitable site should be considered on a less 17 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Slow percolation and slope is the main limitation if Substratum: this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields 28 to 46 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam in areas of Dutchess soils. Depth to bedrock and slope 46 to 86 inches, light olive brown channery silt loam 62 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet the layers of Cardigan soils are as follows— Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Surface layer: Flooding Hazard: none Surface to 8 inches, dark brown channery silt loam This unit is in urban and suburban development. Subsoil: The open areas are in lawns, gardens, and woodland 8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam or brushland between structures. 12 to 20 inches, yellowish brown channery loam Depth to bedrock in areas of Cardigan soils and 20 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown channery silt rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the loam main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings with Bedrock: basements. Uneven slopes and variable depth to 30 inches, folded shale bedrock bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, dwellings with basements should be constructed in Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered areas of very deep Dutchess soils. Minimizing the by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly impervious surfaces which obscure soil identification. establishing plant cover help to control erosion and The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed sedimentation. with non-soil material such as bricks, broken concrete, Depth to bedrock in areas of Cardigan soils and or cinders. rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the Included with this unit in mapping are areas of main limitations for septic tank absorption fields. Slow moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat percolation is the main limitation in areas of Dutchess poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and soils. Uneven slopes and variable depth to bedrock very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena reduce site selection. Where possible, septic tank soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils absorption fields should be located in areas of very are in depressions and along drainageways. Also deep Dutchess soils. Modifying a conventional system included are areas of somewhat excessively drained by extending the length of the distribution lines will Nassau soils where the underlying bedrock is allow onsite sewage disposal in many places. shallower than 20 inches and areas where the Frost action and variable depth to bedrock are the bedrock is hard, dense graywacke. Areas of main limitations if this unit is used for local roads and Udorthents are included adjacent to buildings and streets. Careful planning of grades and road locations other structures. Inclusions and rock outcrop make up will avoid some removal of rock. Providing a coarse about 25 percent of the unit. grained subgrade will reduce frost action. Important soil properties of the Dutchess soil— This unit has few limitations for trails. Uneven slopes and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit Parent Material: glacial till are the main limitations if this unit is used for camping Permeability: moderate and picnic areas and playgrounds. Careful site Available Water Capacity: moderate selection and grading will reduce these limitations. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. the solum, and strongly acid to slightly acid in the substratum Surface Runoff: medium DxC—Dutchess-Cardigan-Urban land Erosion Hazard: slight complex, rolling, rocky Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Rooting Zone: unrestricted This unit consists of very deep, well drained Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Dutchess soils, moderately deep, well drained Flooding Hazard: none Cardigan soils, and urban land. It is on hilltops and side slopes that are underlain by folded shale bedrock. Important soil properties of the Cardigan soil— Dutchess soils are commonly on lower concave Parent Material: glacial till slopes and Cardigan soils are commonly on upper Permeability: moderate slopes, hilltops, and near areas of rock outcrop. Rock Available Water Capacity: low outcrop covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. The Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid unit consists of about 25 percent Dutchess soils, 25 Surface Runoff: medium percent Cardigan soils, 25 percent urban land, and 25 Erosion Hazard: slight percent other soils and rock outcrop. The Dutchess Dutchess County, New York 63

and Cardigan soils, urban land, and rock outcrop are Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in in such an intricate pattern that they were not mapped the solum, and strongly acid to slightly acid in the separately. Areas are oval, irregularly shaped, or substratum rectangular. They commonly range from 5 to 600 Surface Runoff: rapid acres. Slopes are complex and range from 5 to 16 Erosion Hazard: moderate percent. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Rooting Zone: unrestricted The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches the layers of Dutchess soils are as follows— Flooding Hazard: none Surface layer: Important soil properties of the Cardigan soil— Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam Parent Material: glacial till Subsoil: Permeability: moderate 8 to 17 inches, yellowish brown silt loam Available Water Capacity: low 17 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Substratum: Surface Runoff: rapid 28 to 46 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam Erosion Hazard: moderate 46 to 86 inches, light olive brown channery silt loam Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches the layers of Cardigan soils are as follows— Flooding Hazard: none Surface layer: This unit is in urban and suburban development. Surface to 8 inches, dark brown channery silt loam The open areas are in lawns, gardens, and woodland Subsoil: or brushland between structures. 8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam Depth to bedrock in areas of Cardigan soils and 12 to 20 inches, yellowish brown channery loam rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the 20 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown channery silt main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings with loam basements. Erosion is a moderate hazard during construction. Uneven slopes and variable depth to Bedrock: bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, 30 inches, folded shale bedrock dwellings with basements should be constructed in Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered areas of very deep Dutchess soils. Minimizing the by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly impervious surfaces which obscure soil identification. establishing plant cover help to control erosion and The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed sedimentation. with non-soil material such as bricks, broken concrete, Depth to bedrock and slope in areas of Cardigan or cinders. soils and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit Included with this unit in mapping are areas of are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat tank absorption fields. Slow percolation and slope are poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and the main limitations in areas of Dutchess soils. very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena Uneven slopes and variable depth to bedrock reduce soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils site selection. Where possible, septic tank absorption are along drainageways. Also included are areas of fields should be located in areas of very deep somewhat excessively drained Nassau soils where Dutchess soils. Modifying a conventional system by the underlying bedrock is shallower than 20 inches extending the length of the distribution lines will allow and areas where the underlying bedrock is hard, dense onsite sewage disposal in many places. graywacke. Areas of Udorthents are included adjacent Slope, frost action, and variable depth to bedrock to buildings and other structures. Inclusions and rock are the main limitations if this unit is used for local outcrop make up about 25 percent of the unit. roads and streets. Constructing roads on the contour will reduce the slope. Careful planning of grades and Important soil properties of the Dutchess soil— road locations will avoid some removal of rock. Parent Material: glacial till Providing a coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost Permeability: moderate action. Available Water Capacity: moderate This unit has few limitations for trails. Rolling, 64 Soil Survey

uneven slopes and rock outcroppings over portions of soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils the unit are the main limitations for camping and picnic are along drainageways and depressions. Also areas and playgrounds. Careful site selection and included are areas of well drained Stockbridge soils grading will reduce these limitations. where the underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. inches. Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 30 percent of the unit. FcB—Farmington-Galway complex, Important soil properties of the Farmington soil— undulating, very rocky Parent Material: glacial till Permeability: moderate This unit consists of shallow, well drained and Available Water Capacity: very low somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils and Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in surface, moderately deep, well drained and moderately well moderately acid to mildly alkaline in subsoil drained Galway soils that formed in glacial till deposits. Surface Runoff: slow It is on hilltops, narrow ridges, and till plains that are Erosion Hazard: slight underlain by folded limestone bedrock. Farmington Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet soils are commonly on hilltops, upper slopes, and near Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock areas of rock outcrop and Galway soils are commonly Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches on lower concave slopes. This unit consists of about Flooding Hazard: none 40 percent Farmington soils, 30 percent Galway soils, and 30 percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock Important soil properties of the Galway soil— outcrop covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. The Parent Material: glacial till Farmington and Galway soils and rock outcrop are in Permeability: moderate such and intricate pattern that they were not mapped Available Water Capacity: low separately. Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the commonly range from 5 to 150 acres. Slopes are surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the complex and range from 1 to 6 percent. subsoil, mildly alkaline and moderately alkaline in The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the substratum the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— Surface Runoff: slow Erosion Hazard: slight Surface layer: Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam to 3.0 feet (Mar-Apr) Subsoil: Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Flooding Hazard: none Bedrock: 15 inches, hard gray limestone Most areas of this unit are used for pasture or woodland. Other areas are used for residential The typical sequence, depth, and composition of development. the layers of Galway soils are as follows— This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of Surface layer: the depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly loam portions of the unit. Pasture is a better use, but the suitability is only poor. Erosion is a moderate hazard, Subsoil: particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during 6 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam establishment. Rock outcroppings and uneven slopes 10 to 30 inches, dark brown gravelly loam restrict operating machinery. Overgrazing is a major Substratum: concern of pasture management as it causes the 30 to 31 inches, dark brown gravelly loam reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry Bedrock: periods, and proper stocking rates help to increase the 31 inches, white limestone quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain Included with this unit in mapping are areas of pasture productivity. moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat The potential productivity for northern red oak is poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and moderate. Seedling mortality is severe because of very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena droughtiness. Windthrow hazard is moderate because Dutchess County, New York 65

of the shallow depth to bedrock. Planting early in the on lower concave slopes. This unit consists of about spring helps to reduce the impact of summer 40 percent Farmington soils, 30 percent Galway soils, droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. and 30 percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings outcrop covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. The over portions of the unit are the main limitations for Farmington and Galway soils and rock outcrop are in dwellings with basements. The seasonal high water such an intricate pattern that they were not mapped table is also a limitation in areas of Galway soils. Short separately. Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a commonly range from 5 to 450 acres. Slopes are moderate hazard during construction. Dwellings can complex and range from 5 to 16 percent. be built above the rock and landscaped with additional The typical sequence, depth, and composition of fill. Diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— wetness. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to Surface layer: control erosion and sedimentation. Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings Subsoil: over portions of the unit are the main limitations for 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam septic tank absorption fields. The seasonal high water table is also a limitation in areas of Galway soils. A Bedrock: pollution hazard exists because the soil is not thick 15 inches, hard gray limestone enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site should be The typical sequence, depth, and composition of considered in a deeper inclusion or nearby soil. the layers of Galway soils are as follows— Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main limitations for Surface layer: local roads and streets. The seasonal high water table Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly loam is also a limitation in areas of Galway soils. Careful Subsoil: planning of grades and road locations will avoid some 6 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam removal of rock. Diverting runoff from higher areas 10 to 30 inches, dark brown gravelly loam and providing a coarse grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce wetness. Substratum: Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings 30 to 31 inches, dark brown gravelly loam over portions of this unit are the main limitations for Bedrock: camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. The 31 inches, white limestone seasonal high water table is also a limitation for camping and picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails in Included with this unit in mapping are areas of areas of Galway soils. Slope and small stones are moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat also limitations for playgrounds. Careful site selection, poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and grading, and adding sandy fill will reduce these very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena limitations for camping and picnic areas and soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils playgrounds. Water bars and diverting runoff from are along drainageways and in depressions. Also higher areas will reduce wetness for trails. included are areas of well drained Stockbridge soils The capability subclass is VIs. where the underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 30 FcC—Farmington-Galway complex, percent of this map unit. rolling, very rocky Important soil properties of Farmington soil— This unit consists of shallow, well drained and Parent Material: glacial till somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils and Permeability: moderate moderately deep, well drained and moderately well Available Water Capacity: very low drained Galway soils that formed in glacial till. It is on Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the hilltops, narrow ridges, and side slopes that are surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the underlain by folded limestone bedrock. Farmington subsoil soils are commonly on hilltops, upper slopes, and near Surface Runoff: medium areas of rock outcrop and Galway soils are commonly Erosion Hazard: moderate 66 Soil Survey

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock over portions of the unit are the main limitations if this Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. The Flooding Hazard: none seasonal high water table in areas of Galway soils is also a limitation. A pollution hazard exists because the Important soil properties of Galway soil— soil is not thick enough to filter effluent. A more Parent Material: glacial till suitable site should be considered in a deeper Permeability: moderate inclusion or nearby soil. Available Water Capacity: low Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the over portions of the unit are the main limitations for surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the local roads and streets. Seasonal wetness is also a subsoil, mildly alkaline and moderately alkaline in limitation in areas of Galway soils. Careful planning of the substratum grades and road locations will avoid some removal of Surface Runoff: medium rock. Diverting runoff from higher areas and providing Erosion Hazard: moderate a coarse grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 wetness. to 3.0 feet (Mar-Apr) Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock over portions of this unit are the main limitations for Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. The Flooding Hazard: none seasonal high water table is also a limitation for camping and picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails in Most areas of this unit are used for pastureland or areas of Galway soil. Slope is also a limitation for woodland. Other areas are used for residential camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. Small development. stones are also a limitation for playgrounds. Careful This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of site selection, grading, and adding sandy fill will reduce the depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over the limitations for camping and picnic areas and portions of the unit. Pasture is a better use, but the playgrounds. Water bars will reduce wetness for trails. suitability is only poor. Erosion is a moderate hazard, The capability subclass is VIs. particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during establishment. Rock outcroppings and uneven slopes restrict operating machinery. Overgrazing is a major FcD—Farmington-Galway complex, hilly, concern of pasture management as it causes the very rocky reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry periods, and This unit consists of shallow, well drained and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture moderately deep, well drained and moderately well productivity. drained Galway soils that formed in glacial till The potential productivity for northern red oak is deposits. It is on hills and side slopes that are moderate. Seedling mortality is severe because of underlain by folded limestone bedrock. Farmington droughtiness. Windthrow hazard is moderate because soils are commonly on upper slopes and near areas of of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting early in the rock outcrop and Galway soils are commonly on lower spring helps to reduce the impact of summer concave slopes. This unit consists of about 40 percent droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging Farmington soils, 30 percent Galway soils, and 30 trails laid out across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. The Farmington over portions of the unit are the main limitations if this and Galway soils and rock outcrop are in such an unit is used for dwellings with basements. The intricate pattern that they were not mapped separately. seasonal high water table is also a limitation in areas Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. They of Galway soils. Short uneven slopes are also a commonly range from 5 to 200 acres. Slopes are limitation. Erosion is a severe hazard during construction. complex and range from 15 to 30 percent. Dwellings can be built above the rock and landscaped The typical sequence, depth, and composition of with additional fill. Diverting runoff from higher areas the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Surface layer: cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam Dutchess County, New York 67

Subsoil: Flooding Hazard: none 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. Bedrock: Other areas are used for pasture or residential 15 inches, hard gray limestone development. This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions the layers of Galway soils are as follows— of the unit, and slope. Pasture is a better use, but the Surface layer: suitability is only poor. Erosion is a moderate hazard, Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly loam particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during establishment. Rock outcroppings and uneven slopes Subsoil: restrict operating machinery. Overgrazing is a major 6 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam concern of pasture management as it causes the 10 to 30 inches, dark brown gravelly loam reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Substratum: Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry 30 to 31 inches, dark brown gravelly loam periods, and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain Bedrock: pasture productivity. 31 inches, white limestone The potential productivity for northern red oak is Included with this unit in mapping are areas of moderate. Erosion is a moderate hazard and is poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils along accelerated where timber harvest damages vegetative drainageways and in depressions. Also included are cover. Seedling mortality is severe because of areas of well drained Stockbridge soils where the droughtiness, and windthrow hazard is moderate underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting early in Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 30 percent the spring helps to reduce the impact of summer of the unit. droughtiness. Logging trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. Moderately Important soil properties of Farmington soil— steep slopes limit the safe operation of equipment. Parent Material: glacial till Shallow depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over Permeability: moderate portions of the unit, the seasonal high water table in Available Water Capacity: very low areas of Galway soils, and slope are the main Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the limitations if this map unit is used for dwellings with surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the basements. Short uneven slopes are also a limitation. subsoil Erosion is a severe hazard during construction. Surface Runoff: rapid Dwellings can be built above the rock and landscaped Erosion Hazard: severe with additional fill. Diverting runoff from higher areas Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. A Flooding Hazard: none more suitable site should be considered on a deeper, less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Important soil properties of Galway soil— Shallow depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over Parent Material: glacial till portions of the unit, the seasonal high water table in Permeability: moderate areas of Galway soils, and slope are the main Available Water Capacity: low limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the absorption fields. A pollution hazard exists because surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the the soil is not thick enough to filter effluent. A more subsoil, mildly alkaline and moderately alkaline in suitable site should be considered in a deeper, less the substratum sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Surface Runoff: rapid Shallow depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over Erosion Hazard: severe portions of the unit, and slope are the main limitations Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 if this map unit is used for local roads and streets. The to 3.0 feet (Mar-Apr) seasonal high water table is also a limitation in areas Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock of Galway soils. Careful planning of grades and road Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches locations will avoid some removal of rock. Constructing 68 Soil Survey

roads on the contour or locating them in less sloping Surface Runoff: very rapid inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Diverting Erosion Hazard: very severe runoff from higher areas and providing a coarse Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce wetness. Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Slope and the seasonal high water table in Galway Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches soils are the main limitations for trails. Constructing Flooding Hazard: none trails with switchbacks, log steps, and water bars will Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. reduce these limitations. This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture The capability subclass is VIs. because of the steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and frequent rock outcroppings. FeE—Farmington-Rock outcrop complex, The potential productivity for northern red oak is steep moderate. Erosion is a severe hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest damages vegetative This unit consists of shallow, well drained and cover. Seedling mortality is severe because of somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils that droughtiness and windthrow hazard is moderate formed in glacial till deposits and areas of rock because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting early in outcrop. It is on hills and side slopes that are underlain the spring helps to reduce the impact of summer by folded limestone bedrock. This unit consists of droughtiness. Logging trails, with water bars, laid out about 60 percent Farmington soils, 20 percent rock across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. Steep slopes outcrop, and 20 percent other soils. The Farmington severely limit the safe operation of equipment. soils and areas of rock outcrop are in such an intricate Steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and pattern that they were not mapped separately. Areas frequent rock outcroppings are the main limitations if are elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly this unit is used as a site for dwellings with basements, range from 5 to 125 acres. Slopes are complex and or for septic tank absorption fields. A pollution hazard range from 25 to 65 percent. exists for septic tank absorption fields because the soil The typical sequence, depth, and composition of is not thick enough to filter effluent. A more suitable the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— site for these uses should be selected in a deeper, Surface layer: less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam Steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and frequent rock outcroppings are the main limitations if Subsoil: this unit is used for local roads and streets. Frost 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam action is also a limitation. Constructing roads on the Bedrock: contour or locating them on less sloping inclusions will 15 inches, hard gray limestone reduce the slope limitation. Careful planning of grades and road locations will avoid some removal of rock. Typically the rock outcrop consists of folded and Providing a coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost tilted limestone. action. Included with this unit in mapping are narrow areas Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used of poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils for trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log along drainageways. Also included are areas of well steps, and water bars will reduce this limitation. drained Stockbridge soils where the underlying The capability subclass is VIIs. bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. Well drained and moderately well drained Galway soils are included where the underlying limestone bedrock is between 20 Ff—Fluvaquents-Udifluvents complex, and 40 inches deep. Inclusions make up about 20 frequently flooded percent of the unit. This unit consists of nearly level, very deep, Important soil properties of Farmington soil— somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained Parent Material: glacial till Fluvaquents and very deep, moderately well drained Permeability: moderate to somewhat excessively drained Udifluvents. It is on Available Water Capacity: very low the most active part of flood plains. It is subject to Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the frequent flooding from nearby streams, which results surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the in stream scour, lateral erosion, and shifting of soil subsoil from place to place. Soil characteristics such as Dutchess County, New York 69

texture, gravel content, and drainage are so variable Parent Material: recent alluvium within short distances that mapping individual soil Permeability: very rapid to slow series was not practical. Fluvaquents are commonly in Available Water Capacity: high to low lower, wetter areas and Udifluvents are commonly on Soil Reaction: strongly acid to mildly alkaline higher, drier areas. This unit consists of about 50 Surface Runoff: slow to ponded percent Fluvaquents, 40 percent Udifluvents, and 10 Erosion Hazard: moderate (streambank) percent other soils. The Fluvaquents and Udifluvents Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: +0.5 to 1.5 foot are in such an intricate pattern that they were not (Oct-June) separated in mapping. Areas are elongated or Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches 300 acres. Slopes ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Flooding Hazard: frequent, brief to long (Oct-June) The sequence, depth, and composition of the layers Important soil properties of Udifluvents— of Fluvaquents is variable, but the range is as follows— Parent Material: recent alluvium Surface layer: Permeability: very rapid to slow Color: Black, gray, brown Available Water Capacity: high to low Thickness: 16 to 40 inches Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to mildly alkaline Texture: stratified layers of loamy material with Surface Runoff: slow to ponded less than 15 percent rock fragments Erosion Hazard: moderate (streambank) Substratum: Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 2.0 to 6.0 feet Color: gray, brown, yellowish brown, usually with (Nov-May) mottles Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table Thickness: 40 to 80 inches Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Texture: stratified layers of loamy or sandy Flooding Hazard: frequent, very brief to brief (Oct-June) materials with varying amounts of rock fragments, Most areas of this unit are used for woodland or usually more than 35 percent water tolerant bushes or grasses. The sequence, depth, and composition of layers of This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops, pasture, Udifluvents is variable, but the range is as follows— and timber production because of frequent flooding and the seasonal high water table. Surface layer: Frequent flooding and the high seasonal high water Color: brown table are the main limitations if this unit is used for Thickness: 5 to 35 inches dwellings with basements, septic tank absorption Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silt fields, or local roads and streets. Slow percolation is loam, with up to 50 percent rock fragments also a limitation for septic tank absorption fields. Frost Substratum: action is also a limitation for local roads and streets. A Color: brown, gray, olive more suitable site for all of these uses should be Thickness: 45 to 75 inches selected on a drier soil that does not flood. Texture: sand or loam, with 35 to 70 percent rock The capability subclass is Vw. fragments Included in this unit in mapping are a few small Fr—Fredon silt loam areas that do not flood frequently. Also included are areas of well drained Wappinger soils, moderately well This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level, drained Pawling soils, somewhat poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in Linlithgo soils, and poorly drained and very poorly glacial outwash deposits. It is in depressions and drained Wayland soils. Areas of very poorly drained along drainageways on valley floors and outwash Carlisle and very poorly drained Palms soils, formed in plains. Areas are oval, elongated or irregularly shaped. organic deposits, are included in depressions. Also They commonly range from 5 to 150 acres. Slopes are included are small areas of the fan phases of smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent. somewhat excessively drained Hoosic and well The typical sequence, depth, and composition of drained Copake soils. Inclusions make up about 10 the layers of Fredon soils are as follows— percent of the unit. Surface layer: Important soil properties of Fluvaquents— Surface to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam 70 Soil Survey

Subsoil: Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when the soil is 9 to 14 inches, light olive gray silt loam with mottles wet, and proper stocking rates help to increase the 14 to 22 inches, gray very fine sandy loam with quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain mottles pasture productivity. 22 to 29 inches, gray loam with mottles The potential productivity for northern red oak is 29 to 31 inches, light olive brown gravelly loam with moderate. Seedling mortality is high and windthrow mottles hazard is severe because of the seasonal high water table. Wetness severely limits the operation of Substratum: equipment. 31 to 70 inches, brown very gravelly loamy fine sand The seasonal high water table and rare flooding are Included in mapping are areas of a similar soil that the main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings is poorly drained. Poorly drained and very poorly with basements. Building dwellings with raised drained Halsey soils are included in depressions and foundations, subsurface drainage, footing or along drainageways. Also included are areas of foundation drains, waterproofing the outside of moderately well drained glacial outwash soils. basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit. will reduce the wetness and flooding limitations. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and Important soil properties of Fredon soil— quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion Parent Material: glacial outwash and sedimentation during construction. Permeability: moderate in the surface layer, Poor filtering, the seasonal high water table, and moderately slow or moderate in the subsoil, and rare flooding are the main limitations if this map unit is rapid in the substratum used for septic tank absorption fields. There is a Available Water Capacity: moderate severe hazard of groundwater pollution because of the Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the surface seasonal high water table and the rapidly permeable and subsoil, and slightly acid to moderately substratum does not adequately filter effluent. A more alkaline in the substratum suitable site should be selected in a drier, less sandy Surface Runoff: slow and gravelly soil that does not flood. Erosion Hazard: slight The seasonal high water table and frost action are Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0.5 to 1.5 feet the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads (Oct-June) and streets. Rare flooding is also a limitation. Rooting Zone: restricted by high a water table Providing a drainage system and a coarse grained Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches subgrade to frost depth will reduce these limitations. Flooding Hazard: rare The seasonal high water table and rare flooding are the main limitations if this unit is used for camping and Where drained, this map unit meets the criteria for picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails. Subsurface prime farmland. Most areas are in cultivated cropland, drainage and diverting runoff from higher areas will woodland, or brushland. Other areas are in pasture or reduce these limitations. residential development. The capability subclass is IIIw. This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. Where drained, this map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Tile drains covered with filter material GfB—Galway-Farmington complex, work well, but this map unit is in low positions in the undulating, rocky landscape and suitable outlets are difficult to establish. Cover crops, conservation tillage, crop rotations, and This unit consists of moderately deep, well drained tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and moderately well drained Galway soils and shallow, and maintain soil productivity over an extended period well drained and somewhat excessively drained of time. Farmington soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It is This map unit is moderately suited to pasture. on hilltops and till plains that are underlain by folded Where drained, this map unit is well suited to pasture. limestone bedrock. Galway soils are commonly on Tile drains covered with filter material work well, but lower concave slopes and Farmington soils are this map unit is in low positions in the landscape and commonly on hilltops, upper slopes, and near areas of suitable outlets may be hard to establish. Overgrazing rock outcrop. This unit consists of about 40 percent and grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of Galway soils, 30 percent Farmington soils, and 30 pasture management as they cause soil compaction percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. The Galway and Dutchess County, New York 71

Farmington soils and rock outcrop are in such an Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches intricate pattern that they were not mapped separately. Flooding Hazard: none Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly Important soil properties of the Farmington soil— range from 5 to 350 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 1 to 6 percent. Parent Material: glacial till Permeability: moderate The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Available Water Capacity: very low the layers of Galway soils are as follows— Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface, Surface layer: moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the subsoil Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly loam Surface Runoff: slow Erosion Hazard: slight Subsoil: Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet 6 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock 10 to 30 inches, dark brown gravelly loam Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Substratum: Flooding Hazard: none 30 to 31 inches, dark brown gravelly loam Most areas of this unit are used for pastureland or Bedrock: woodland. Other areas are used for cropland or 31 inches, white limestone residential development. This unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Erosion The typical sequence, depth, and composition of may be a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— plant cover. Operating machinery is somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven slopes. Surface layer: Cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at Subsoil: proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam maintain soil productivity over an extended period of time. Bedrock: This map unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion may 15 inches, hard gray limestone be a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant Included with this unit in mapping are areas of cover during establishment. Operating machinery is moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and slopes. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena management as it causes the reduction or loss of soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing and proper are along drainageways and in depressions. Also stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality included are areas of well drained Stockbridge soils of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. where the underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 The potential productivity for northern red oak is inches. Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 30 moderately high and moderate. Seedling mortality is percent of this map unit. high in areas of Farmington soils because of droughtiness, and windthrow hazard is moderate Important soil properties of Galway the soil— because of the shallow depth to bedrock. Planting Parent Material: glacial till early in the spring helps to reduce the impact of Permeability: moderate summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Available Water Capacity: low Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the surface, portions of the unit are the main limitations if this unit moderately acid to mildly alkaline in subsoil, mildly is used for dwellings with basements. The seasonal alkaline and moderately alkaline in the substratum high water table is also a limitation in areas of Galway Surface Runoff: slow soils. Short uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion Hazard: slight Erosion is a moderate hazard during construction. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 Dwellings can be built above the rock and landscaped to 3.0 feet (Mar-Apr) with additional fill. Diverting runoff from higher areas Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of 72 Soil Survey

vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Subsoil: cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. 6 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over 10 to 30 inches, dark brown gravelly loam portions of the unit are the main limitations if this unit Substratum: is used for septic tank absorption fields. The seasonal 30 to 31 inches, dark brown gravelly loam high water table is also a limitation in areas of Galway soils. A pollution hazard exists because the soil is not Bedrock: thick enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site 31 inches, white limestone should be considered in a deeper inclusion or nearby The typical sequence, depth, and composition of soil. the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over portions of this unit are the main limitations for local Surface layer: roads and streets. The seasonal high water table is Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam also a limitation in areas of Galway soils. Careful Subsoil: planning of grades and road locations will avoid some 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam removal of rock. Diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. Bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington 15 inches, hard gray limestone soils and rock outcroppings over portions of this unit Included with this unit in mapping are areas of are the main limitations if this unit is used for camping moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat and picnic areas and playgrounds. The seasonal high poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and water table is also a limitation for camping and picnic very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena areas, playgrounds, and trails in areas of Galway soils. soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils Slope and small stones are also limitations for are along drainageways and in depressions. Also playgrounds. Careful site selection, grading, and adding included are areas of well drained Stockbridge soils sandy fill will reduce these limitations for camping and where the underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 picnic areas and playgrounds. Water bars and diverting inches. Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 30 runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness for trails. percent of the unit. The capability subclass is IIs. Important soil properties of the Galway soil— GfC—Galway-Farmington complex, Parent Material: glacial till rolling, rocky Permeability: moderate Available Water Capacity: low This unit consists of moderately deep, well drained Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the and moderately well drained Galway soils and shallow, surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the well drained and somewhat excessively drained subsoil, mildly alkaline to moderately alkaline in Farmington soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It is the substratum on hilltops and side slopes that are underlain by folded Surface Runoff: medium limestone bedrock. Galway soils are commonly on Erosion Hazard: moderate lower concave slopes and Farmington soils are Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched from commonly on hilltops, upper slopes, and near areas of 1.5 to 3.0 feet (Mar-Apr) rock outcrop. This unit consists of about 40 percent Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Galway soils, 30 percent Farmington soils, and 30 Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop Flooding Hazard: none covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. The Galway and Farmington soils and rock outcrop are in such an Important soil properties of the Farmington soil— intricate pattern that they were not mapped separately. Parent Material: glacial till Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly Permeability: moderate range from 5 to 125 acres. Slopes are complex and Available Water Capacity: very low range from 5 to 16 percent. Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the The typical sequence, depth, and composition of surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the the layers of Galway soils are as follows— subsoil Surface layer: Surface Runoff: medium Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly loam Erosion Hazard: moderate Dutchess County, New York 73

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet roads and streets. The seasonal high water table and Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock frost action in areas of Galway soils and slope are also Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches limitations. Careful planning of grades and road Flooding Hazard: none locations will avoid some removal of rock. Diverting runoff from higher areas and providing a coarse Most areas of this unit are used for pastureland or grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce wetness woodland. Other areas are used for cropland or and frost action. Constructing roads on the contour will residential development. reduce the slope limitation. This unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on areas soils and rock outcroppings over portions of this unit left bare of plant cover. Operating machinery is are the main limitations for camping and picnic areas somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven and playgrounds. The seasonal high water table in slopes. Cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation areas of Galway soils is also a limitation for camping tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. and picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails. Slope is also Tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil a limitation if this unit is used for camping and picnic tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an extended areas and for playgrounds. Small stones are also a period of time. limitation for playgrounds. Careful site selection, This map unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a grading, and adding sandy fill will reduce these moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of limitations for camping and picnic areas and plant cover during establishment. Operating machinery playgrounds. Water bars will reduce wetness for trails. is somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and The capability subclass is IIIe. uneven slopes. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture management as it causes the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing GfD—Galway-Farmington complex, hilly and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture This unit consists of moderately deep, well drained productivity. and moderately well drained Galway soils and shallow, The potential productivity for northern red oak is well drained and somewhat excessively drained moderately high to moderate. Seedling mortality is high Farmington soils that formed in glacial till deposits. It is in areas of Farmington soils because of droughtiness, on hilltops and side slopes that are underlain by folded and windthrow hazard is moderate because of shallow limestone bedrock. Galway soils are commonly on depth to bedrock. Planting early in the spring helps to lower concave slope and Farmington soils are reduce the impact of summer droughtiness. Logging commonly on hilltops, upper slopes, and near areas of trails laid out across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. rock outcrop. This unit consists of about 40 percent Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over Galway soils, 35 percent Farmington soils, and 25 portions of the unit are the main limitations if this unit percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop is used for dwellings with basements. The seasonal covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. The Galway high water table is also a limitation in areas of Galway and Farmington soils and rock outcrop are in such an soils. Short uneven slopes are also a limitation. intricate pattern that they were not mapped separately. Erosion is a severe hazard during construction. Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly Dwellings can be built above the rock and landscaped range from 5 to 75 acres. Slopes are complex and with additional fill. Diverting runoff from higher areas range from 15 to 30 percent. will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of The typical sequence, depth, and composition of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant the layers of Galway soils are as follows— cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. Surface layer: Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly loam portions of the unit are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. The seasonal Subsoil: high water table in areas of Galway soils is also a 6 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam limitation. A pollution hazard exists because the soil is 10 to 30 inches, dark brown gravelly loam not thick enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site Substratum: should be considered in a deeper inclusion or nearby 30 to 31 inches, dark brown gravelly loam soil. Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over Bedrock: portions of this unit are the main limitations for local 31 inches, white limestone 74 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of left bare of plant cover during establishment. the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— Operating machinery is somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven slopes. Overgrazing is a Surface layer: major concern of pasture management as it causes Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Subsoil: Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Bedrock: The potential productivity for northern red oak is 15 inches, hard gray limestone moderately high to moderate. Erosion is a moderate Included with this unit in mapping are areas of hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils along damages vegetative cover. Seedling mortality is high drainageways and in depressions. Also included are in areas of Farmington soils because of droughtiness areas of well drained Stockbridge soils where the and windthrow hazard is moderate because of shallow underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. depth to bedrock. Planting early in the spring helps to Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 25 percent reduce the impact of summer droughtiness and of the unit. reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes, reduce the risk of Important soil properties of the Galway soil— erosion. Moderately steep slopes limit the safe operation of equipment. Parent Material: glacial till Depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions Permeability: moderate of the unit, the seasonal high water table in areas of Available Water Capacity: low Galway soils, and slope are the main limitations if this Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the unit is used for dwellings with basements. Short surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a very subsoil, mildly alkaline and moderately alkaline in severe hazard during construction. Dwellings can be the substratum built above the rock and landscaped with additional fill. Surface Runoff: rapid Diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. Erosion Hazard: severe Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion to 3.0 feet (Mar-Apr) and sedimentation. A more suitable site should be Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock considered on a less sloping, deeper inclusion or Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches nearby soil. Flooding Hazard: none Depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions Important soil properties of the Farmington soil— of the unit, the seasonal high water table in areas of Galway soils, and slope are the main limitations if this Parent Material: glacial till unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. A Permeability: moderate pollution hazard exists because the soil is not thick Available Water Capacity: very low enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site should be Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the considered in a deeper, less sloping inclusion or surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the nearby soil. subsoil Depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions Surface Runoff: rapid of the unit, and slope are the main limitations if this Erosion Hazard: severe unit is used for local roads and streets. The seasonal Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet high water table and frost action are also limitations in Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock areas of Galway soils. Careful planning of grades and Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches road locations will avoid some removal of rock. Flooding Hazard: none Constructing roads on the contour or locating them on Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Other areas are for pasture or residential Diverting runoff from higher areas and providing a development. coarse grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of wetness and frost action. slope. Pasture is a better use, but the suitability is only Slope and the seasonal high water table in areas of poor. Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas Galway soils are the main limitations for trails. Dutchess County, New York 75

Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, and Included with this unit in mapping are areas of water bars will reduce these limitations. moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat The capability subclass is VIe. poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena GlB—Galway-Farmington-Urban land soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils complex, undulating, rocky are along drainageways and in depressions. Areas of well drained Stockbridge soils are included where the This unit consists of moderately deep, well drained underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. Also and moderately well drained Galway soils; shallow, well included are areas of Udorthents adjacent to buildings drained and somewhat excessively drained Farmington and other structures. Inclusions and rock outcrop soils; and urban land. It is on hilltops and till plains that make up about 20 percent of the map unit. are underlain by folded limestone bedrock. Galway Important soil properties of the Galway soil— soils are commonly on lower concave slopes and Farmington soils are commonly on hilltops, upper Parent Material: glacial till slopes, and near areas of rock outcrop. This unit Permeability: moderate consists of about 30 percent Galway soils, 25 percent Available Water Capacity: low Farmington soils, 25 percent urban land, and 20 Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. The Galway subsoil, mildly alkaline and moderately alkaline in and Farmington soils, urban land, and rock outcrop the substratum are in such an intricate pattern that they were not Surface Runoff: medium mapped separately. Areas are oval or irregularly Erosion Hazard: slight shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 100 acres. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 Slopes are complex and range from 1 to 6 percent. to 3.0 feet (Mar-Apr) The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock the layers of Galway soils are as follows— Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Flooding Hazard: none Surface layer: Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly loam Important soil properties of the Farmington soil— Subsoil: Parent Material: glacial till 6 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Permeability: moderate 10 to 30 inches, dark brown gravelly loam Available Water Capacity: very low Substratum: Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the 30 to 31 inches, dark brown gravelly loam surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the subsoil Bedrock: Surface Runoff: medium 31 inches, white limestone Erosion Hazard: slight Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Surface layer: Flooding Hazard: none Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam This unit is in urban and suburban development. Subsoil: The open areas are used for lawns, gardens, and 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam woodland or brushland between structures. Depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions Bedrock: of the unit, and the seasonal high water table in areas 15 inches, hard gray limestone of Galway soils are the main limitations if this unit is Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered used for dwellings with basements. Short uneven by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a moderate impervious surfaces which obscure soil identification. hazard during construction. Dwellings can be built The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed above the rock and landscaped with additional fill. with non-soil material such as bricks, broken concrete, Diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. or cinders. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and 76 Soil Survey

quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion Subsoil: and sedimentation. 6 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions 10 to 30 inches, dark brown gravelly loam of the unit, and the seasonal high water table in areas Substratum: of Galway soils are the main limitations if this unit is 30 to 31 inches, dark brown gravelly loam used for septic tank absorption fields. A pollution hazard exists because the soil is not thick enough to Bedrock: filter effluent. A more suitable site should be 31 inches, white limestone considered in a deeper inclusion or nearby soil. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Depths to bedrock and rock outcroppings over the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— portions of this unit are the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads and streets. The seasonal high Surface layer: water table is also a limitation in areas of Galway soils. Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam Careful planning of grades and road locations will Subsoil: avoid some removal of rock. Diverting runoff from 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam higher areas will reduce wetness. Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington Bedrock: soils and rock outcroppings over portions of this unit 15 inches, hard gray limestone are the main limitations if this unit is used for camping Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered and picnic areas and playgrounds. The seasonal high by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other water table is also a limitation in areas of Galway soils impervious surfaces which obscure soil identification. for camping and picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails. The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed Slope and small stones are also limitations for with non-soil material such as bricks, broken concrete, playgrounds. Careful site selection, grading, and adding or cinders. sandy fill will reduce these limitations for camping and Included with this unit in mapping are areas of picnic areas and playgrounds. Water bars and diverting moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness for trails. poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia and Massena soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils GlC—Galway-Farmington-Urban land are along drainageways and in depressions. Areas of complex, rolling, rocky well drained Stockbridge soils are included where the underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. Also included are areas of Udorthents adjacent to buildings This unit consists of moderately deep, well drained and other structures. Inclusions and rock outcrop and moderately well drained Galway soils; shallow, well make up about 20 percent of the map unit. drained and somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils; and urban land. It is on hilltops and till plains that Important soil properties of the Galway soil— are underlain by folded limestone bedrock. Galway Parent Material: glacial till soils are commonly on lower concave slopes and Permeability: moderate Farmington soils are commonly on hilltops, upper Available Water Capacity: low slopes, and near areas of rock outcrop. This unit Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the consists of about 30 percent Galway soils, 25 percent surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the Farmington soils, 25 percent urban land, and 20 subsoil, mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline in percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop the substratum covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. The Galway Surface Runoff: medium and Farmington soils, urban land, and rock outcrop Erosion Hazard: moderate are in such an intricate pattern that they were not Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 mapped separately. Areas are oval or irregularly to 3.0 feet (Mar-Apr) shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 100 acres. Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Slopes are complex and range from 5 to 16 percent. Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Flooding Hazard: none the layers of Galway soils are as follows— Important soil properties of the Farmington soil— Surface layer: Surface to 6 inches, dark brown gravelly loam Parent Material: glacial till Dutchess County, New York 77

Permeability: moderate A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. Available Water Capacity: very low Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the GsA—Georgia silt loam, 0 to 3 percent subsoil slopes Surface Runoff: medium This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level, Erosion Hazard: moderate and moderately well drained soils that formed in glacial Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet till deposits. It is on broad hilltops, concave footslopes, Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock and along drainageways on till plains. The areas are Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches oval, elongated, or irregularly shaped. They commonly Flooding Hazard: none range from 5 to 250 acres. Slopes are smooth. This unit is used for urban and suburban The typical sequence, depth, and composition of development. The open areas are used for lawns, the layers of Georgia soils are as follows— gardens, and woodland or brushland between Surface layer: structures. Surface to 8 inches, very dark brown silt loam Depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions of the unit, and the seasonal high water table in areas Subsoil: of Galway soils are the main limitations if this unit is 8 to 17 inches, olive brown loam used for dwellings with basements. Short uneven 17 to 21 inches, olive brown loam with mottles slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a severe hazard 21 to 27 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam during construction. Dwellings can be built above the with mottles rock and landscaped with additional fill. Diverting Substratum: runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. 27 to 80 inches, olive gravelly fine sandy loam with Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and mottles quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. Included with this map unit in mapping are areas of Depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions well drained Charlton soils, Stockbridge soils, and of the unit, and the seasonal high water table in areas Dutchess soils on slightly higher areas. Also included of Galway soils are the main limitations if this unit is are areas of somewhat poorly drained Massena soils used for septic tank absorption fields. A pollution in slightly lower areas and poorly drained and very hazard exists because the soil is not thick enough to poorly drained Sun soils in depressions and along filter effluent. A more suitable site should be drainageways. Areas of somewhat poorly drained considered in a deeper inclusion or nearby soil. Punsit soils are included where the substratum is Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over denser. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the portions of this unit are the main limitations for local map unit. roads and streets. The seasonal high water table in areas of Galway soils and slope are also limitations. Important soil properties— Careful planning of grades and road locations will Parent Material: glacial till avoid some removal of rock. Diverting runoff from Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and higher areas and providing a coarse subgrade will subsoil, slow in the substratum reduce wetness and frost action. Constructing roads Available Water Capacity: high on the contour will reduce the slope limitation. Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington and subsoil, slightly acid to neutral in the soils and rock outcroppings over portions of this unit substratum are the main limitations if this unit is used for camping Surface Runoff: slow and picnic areas and playgrounds. The seasonal high Erosion Hazard: slight water table in areas of Galway soils is also a limitation Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 for camping and picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails. to 3.0 feet (Nov- May) Slope is a limitation for camping and picnic areas and Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table playgrounds. Small stones are a limitation for Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches playgrounds. Careful site selection, grading, and Flooding Hazard: none adding sandy fill will reduce these limitations for camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. Water This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. bars will reduce wetness for trails. Most areas are used for cultivated crops or pasture. 78 Soil Survey

Other areas are used for woodland or residential and along drainageways on till plains. Areas are oval, development. elongated, or irregularly shaped. They commonly This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The range from 5 to 350 acres. Slopes are smooth. seasonal high water table can delay spring tillage. Tile The typical sequence, depth, and composition of drainage and diversions will reduce wetness. Cover the layers of Georgia soils are as follows— crops, conservation tillage, crop rotations, and tillage Surface layer: at proper moisture content improve soil tilth, and Surface to 8 inches, very dark brown silt loam maintain soil productivity over an extended period of time. Subsoil: This map unit is well suited to pasture. Overgrazing 8 to 17 inches, olive brown loam and grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of 17 to 21 inches, olive brown loam with mottles pasture management as they cause soil compaction 21 to 27 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. with mottles Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when the soil is Substratum: wet, and proper stocking rates help to increase the 27 to 80 inches, olive gravelly fine sandy loam with quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain mottles pasture productivity. The potential productivity for sugar northern red oak Included with this map unit in mapping are areas of is moderately high. well drained Charlton soils, Stockbridge soils, and The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Dutchess soils on slightly higher areas. Also included if this map unit is used for dwellings with basements. are somewhat poorly drained Massena soils in slightly Subsurface drains, footing or foundation drains lower areas and drainageways. Areas of Pittstown backfilled with gravel, waterproofing the outside of soils are included where the substratum is denser. basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the map unit. will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of Important soil properties— vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during Parent Material: glacial till construction. Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and Slow percolation and the seasonal high water table subsoil, slow in the substratum are the main limitations if this map unit is used for Available Water Capacity: high septic tank absorption fields. Modifying a conventional Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface system by extending the length of the distribution lines and subsoil, slightly acid to neutral in the will allow onsite sewage disposal in many places. substratum Installing a drainage system around the filter field with Surface Runoff: medium diversions to intercept runoff from higher areas will Erosion Hazard: slight reduce wetness. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 Frost action is the main limitation if this map unit is to 3.0 feet (Nov-May) used for local roads and streets. Installing drainage Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table and providing a coarse grained subgrade frost depth Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches will reduce this limitation. Flooding Hazard: none The seasonal high water table is the main limitation This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. if this map unit is used for camping and picnic areas. Most areas are used for cultivated crops or pasture. Small stones are also a limitation for playgrounds. Other areas are in woodland or residential Subsurface drainage and diverting runoff from higher development. areas will reduce wetness. Adding sandy fill will cover This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. small stones. Erosion may be a hazard, particularly on areas left The capability subclass is IIw. bare of plant cover. The seasonal high water table can delay spring tillage. Tile drainage and diversions will GsB—Georgia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent reduce wetness. Cross slope tillage, cover crops, slopes conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. This map unit consists of very deep, gently sloping, Tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil and moderately well drained soils that formed in glacial tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an extended till deposits. It is on broad hilltops, concave footslopes, period of time. Dutchess County, New York 79

This map unit is well suited to pasture. Overgrazing 17 to 21 inches, olive brown loam with mottles and grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of 21 to 27 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam pasture management as they cause soil compaction with mottles and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Substratum: Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when the soil is 27 to 80 inches, olive gravelly fine sandy loam with wet, and proper stocking rates help to increase the mottles quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Included with this map unit in mapping are areas of The potential productivity for northern red oak is well drained Charlton soils, Stockbridge soils, and moderately high. Dutchess soils in slightly higher areas. Also included The seasonal high water table is the main limitation are areas of somewhat poorly drained Massena soils if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. in slightly lower areas and poorly drained and very Subsurface drains, footing or foundation drains poorly drained Sun soils in depressions and along backfilled with gravel, waterproofing the outside of drainageways. Areas of Pittstown soils are included basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas where the substratum is denser. Inclusions make up will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of about 20 percent of the map unit. vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Important soil properties— cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during construction. Parent Material: glacial till Slow percolation and the seasonal high water table Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic subsoil, slow in the substratum tank absorption fields. Modifying a conventional Available Water Capacity: high system by extending the length of the distribution lines Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface will allow onsite sewage disposal in many places. and subsoil, slightly acid to neutral in the Installing a drainage system around the filter field with substratum diversions to intercept runoff from higher areas will Surface Runoff: rapid reduce wetness. Erosion Hazard: moderate Frost action is the main limitation if this unit is used Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 as a site for local roads and streets. Installing drainage to 3.0 feet (Nov-May) and providing a coarse grained subgrade frost depth Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table will reduce this limitation. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Flooding Hazard: none for camping and picnic areas. Slope and small stones Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated are also limitations for playgrounds. Subsurface crops or pasture. Other areas are used for woodland drainage and diverting runoff from higher areas will or residential development. reduce wetness. Grading will reduce the slope This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated limitation and adding sandy fill will cover small stones. crops. Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on The capability subclass is IIe. areas left bare of plant cover. The seasonal high water table can delay spring tillage. Tile drainage and GsC—Georgia silt loam, 8 to 15 percent diversions will reduce wetness. Stripcropping, cross slopes slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper This map unit consists of very deep, sloping, and moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain moderately well drained soils that formed in glacial till soil productivity over an extended period of time. deposits. Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. This map unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a They commonly range from 5 to 75 acres. Slopes are moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of smooth. plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing and The typical sequence, depth, and composition of grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of the layers of Georgia soils are as follows— pasture management as they cause soil compaction and reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Surface layer: Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when the soil is Surface to 8 inches, very dark brown silt loam wet, and proper stocking rates help to increase the Subsoil: quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain 8 to 17 inches, olive brown loam pasture productivity. 80 Soil Survey

The potential productivity for northern red oak is 29 to 33 inches, dark gray gravelly sandy loam with moderately high. Logging trails laid out across the mottles slopes reduce the risk of erosion. Substratum: The seasonal high water table is the main limitation 33 to 72 inches, very dark gray loamy sand and gravel if this map unit is used for dwellings with basements. Slope is also a limitation. Erosion is a moderate Included in mapping are areas of somewhat poorly hazard during construction. Subsurface drains, footing drained Fredon soils on slightly higher areas. Areas of or foundation drains backfilled with gravel, very poorly drained Palms soils with an organic layer waterproofing the outside of basement walls, and between 16 and 51 inches thick, and very poorly diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. drained Carlisle soils with an organic layer thicker than Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and 51 inches are also included. Palms and Carlisle soils quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion are in marshy areas. Inclusions make up about 20 and sedimentation. percent of the unit. Slow percolation and the seasonal high water table Important soil properties— are the main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Slope is also a limitation. Parent Material: glacial outwash Modifying a conventional system by extending the Permeability: moderate in the surface layer, moderate length of the distribution lines and placing lines on the or moderately rapid in the subsoil and rapid in the contour will allow onsite sewage disposal in many substratum places. Installing a drainage system around the filter Available Water Capacity: moderate field with diversions to intercept runoff from higher Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the areas will reduce wetness. surface layer and subsoil, slightly acid to Frost action is the main limitation for local roads moderately alkaline in the substratum and streets. Slope is also a limitation. Installing Surface Runoff: slow to ponded drainage and providing a coarse grained subgrade Erosion Hazard: slight frost depth will reduce frost action. Constructing roads Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 0.5 feet on the contour will reduce the slope limitation. (Sept-June) The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table if this map unit is used for camping and picnic areas. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Slope and small stones are also limitations for Flooding Hazard: rare (Sept-June) playgrounds. Subsurface drainage and diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. Grading will Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland reduce the slope limitation, and adding sandy fill will or water tolerant bushes or grasses. cover small stones. This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and The capability subclass is IIIe. pasture because of the prolonged seasonal high water table and ponding. Ha—Halsey mucky silt loam The potential productivity for red maple on this map unit is moderate. Seedling mortality is high because of This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level, the seasonal high water table. Windthrow hazard is poorly drained and very poorly drained soils that severe because the high water table restricts root formed in glacial outwash deposits. It is along growth. Wetness severely limits the operation of drainageways and in depressions on outwash plains. equipment. Areas are oval, elongated, or irregularly shaped. They The seasonal high water table, rare flooding, and commonly range from 5 to 150 acres. Slopes are ponding are the main limitations if this map unit is smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent. used for dwellings with basements, septic tank The typical sequence, depth, and composition of absorption fields, or local roads and streets. Poor the layers of Halsey soils are as follows— filtering is also a limitation for septic tank absorption fields. Frost action is also a limitation for local roads Surface layer: and streets. A more suitable site for all of these uses Surface to 9 inches, black mucky silt loam should be selected on a drier soil that does not flood. Subsoil: This map unit has good potential for wetland wildlife 9 to 19 inches, gray silt loam with mottles habitat. 19 to 29 inches, gray gravelly loam with mottles The capability subclass is Vw. Dutchess County, New York 81

HeA—Haven loam, nearly level This map unit is very well suited to pasture. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture This map unit consists of very deep, and well management as it causes reduction or loss of drained soils that formed in glacial outwash deposits. desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted It is on valley floors and outwash plains. Areas are grazing during dry periods, and proper stocking rates irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and 600 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 0 to 2 forage and maintain pasture productivity. percent. The potential productivity for northern red oak is The typical sequence, depth, and composition of moderate. Planting seedlings in the spring reduces the the layers of Haven soils are as follows— impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Surface layer: This map unit has few limitations for dwellings with Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam basements. Droughtiness can make establishment Subsoil: and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the 7 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown loam removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly 12 to 19 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam establishing plant cover help to control erosion and 19 to 23 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy sedimentation during construction. loam Poor filtering is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. There is a Substratum: hazard of groundwater pollution from absorption fields 23 to 72 inches, brown very gravelly sand because the rapidly permeable substratum does not Included in mapping are areas of somewhat adequately filter effluent. Specially designed septic excessively drained sandy and gravelly Hoosic soils systems are necessary in places. and somewhat excessively drained sandy Frost action is the main limitation if this map unit is Knickerbocker soils. Also included are areas of used for local roads and streets. Providing a coarse somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils and poorly grained subgrade will reduce frost action. drained and very poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon This map unit has few limitations for camping and soils are in slightly lower areas and Halsey soils are in picnic areas and trails. Small stones are the main depressions and along drainageways. Inclusions limitation if this map unit is used for playgrounds. make up about 15 percent of the unit. Adding sandy fill will cover the small stones. The capability class is I. Important soil properties— Parent Material: glacial outwash Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and HeB—Haven loam, undulating subsoil, very rapid in the substratum This map unit consists of very deep and well Available Water Capacity: moderate drained soils that formed in glacial outwash deposits. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid It is on valley floors and outwash plains. Areas are Surface Runoff: slow oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from Erosion Hazard: slight 5 to 125 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 2 Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet to 6 percent. Rooting Zone: unrestricted The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches the layers of Haven soils are as follows— Flooding Hazard: none Surface layer: This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam Most areas are used for cultivated crops. Other areas are used as pasture, woodland, or residential Subsoil: development. 7 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown loam This map unit is very well suited to cultivated crops. 12 to 19 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Lack of moisture during dry periods is a limitation, but 19 to 23 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy the use of irrigation increases productivity. Cover loam crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will Substratum: reduce any erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content 23 to 72 inches, brown very gravelly sand will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an extended period of time. Included with this map unit in mapping are areas of 82 Soil Survey

somewhat excessively drained sandy and gravelly hazard of groundwater pollution because the rapidly Hoosic soils and somewhat excessively drained sandy permeable substratum does not adequately filter Knickerbocker soils. Also included are areas of effluent. Specially designed septic systems are somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils and poorly necessary in places. drained and very poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon Frost action is the main limitation for local roads soils are in slightly lower areas and Halsey soils are in and streets. Providing a coarse grained subgrade will depressions and along drainageways. Inclusions reduce frost action. make up about 15 percent of the unit. This map unit has few limitations for camping and picnic areas or trails. Slope and small stones are the Important soil properties— main limitations for playgrounds. Grading and adding Parent Material: glacial outwash sandy fill will reduce these limitations. Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and The capability subclass is IIe. subsoil, and very rapid in the substratum Available Water Capacity: moderate Hf—Haven-Urban land complex Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Surface Runoff: slow This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, well Erosion Hazard: slight drained Haven soils and urban land. It is on valley Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet floors and outwash plains. This unit consists of about Rooting Zone: unrestricted 40 percent Haven soils, 35 percent urban land, and 25 Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches percent other soils. The Haven soils and urban land Flooding Hazard: none are in such an intricate pattern that they were not mapped separately. Areas are irregularly shaped or This map unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. rectangular. They commonly range from 5 to 300 Most areas are used for cultivated crops. Other areas acres. Slopes are complex and range from 0 to 2 are used for pasture, woodland, or residential percent. development. This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Erosion is a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of the layers of Haven soils are as follows— plant cover. Lack of moisture during dry periods is a Surface layer: limitation, but the use of irrigation increases Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam productivity. Cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil Subsoil: erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve 7 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown loam soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an 12 to 19 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly loam extended period of time. 19 to 23 inches, dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy This map unit is very well suited to pasture. loam Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture Substratum: management as it causes reduction or loss or 23 to 72 inches, brown very gravelly sand desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry periods, and proper stocking rates Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other forage and maintain pasture productivity. impervious surfaces which obscure soil identification. The potential productivity for northern red oak is The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed moderate. Planting seedlings in the spring reduces the with non-soil material such as bricks, broken concrete, impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling or cinders. mortality. Included with this unit in mapping are areas of This map unit has few limitations for dwellings with somewhat excessively drained sandy and gravelly basements. Droughtiness can make establishment Hoosic soils and somewhat excessively drained sandy and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the Knickerbocker soils. Also included are areas of removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils and poorly establishing plant cover help to control erosion and drained and very poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon sedimentation during construction. soils are in slightly lower areas and Halsey soils are in Poor filtering is the main limitation if this map unit is depressions and along drainageways. Areas of used for septic tank absorption fields. There is a Udorthents are included adjacent to buildings and other Dutchess County, New York 83

structures. Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the rock outcrop are in such an intricate pattern that they unit. were not separated in mapping. Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Important soil properties of the Haven soil— 400 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 5 to 16 Parent Material: glacial outwash percent. Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and The typical sequence, depth, and composition of subsoil, very rapid in the substratum the layers of Hollis soils are as follows— Available Water Capacity: moderate Surface layer: Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Surface to 3 inches, dark grayish brown loam Surface Runoff: medium Erosion Hazard: slight Subsoil: Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet 3 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown loam Rooting Zone: unrestricted 10 to 15 inches, olive brown very fine sandy loam Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Bedrock: Flooding Hazard: none 15 inches, folded micaceous schist This unit is used as urban and suburban development. The open areas are used as lawns, The typical sequence, depth, and composition of gardens, and woodland or brushland between the layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— structures. Surface layer: This unit has few limitations for dwellings with Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam basements. Droughtiness can make establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the Subsoil: removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam establishing plant cover help to control erosion and 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sedimentation during construction. sandy loam Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used Substratum: for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine groundwater pollution because the rapidly permeable sandy loam substratum does not adequately filter effluent. Specially designed septic systems are necessary in Bedrock: places. 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite Frost action is the main limitation if this unit is used for local roads and streets. Providing a coarse grained Typically, the rock outcrop consists of folded and subgrade will reduce frost action. tilted schist, granite, or gneiss. This map unit has few limitations for camping and Included with this unit in mapping are areas of picnic areas or trails. Small stones are the main somewhat poorly drained Massena soils and poorly limitation for playgrounds. Adding sandy fill will cover drained and very poorly drained Sun soils. Massena the small stones. soils are in concave areas and Sun and soils are in A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. depressions and along drainageways. Also included are areas of well drained Charlton soils where the HoC—Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. complex, rolling Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. Important soil properties of Hollis soil— This unit consists of shallow, well drained and somewhat excessively drained Hollis soils, moderately Parent Material: glacial till deep, well drained and somewhat excessively drained Permeability: moderate to moderately rapid Chatfield soils, and areas of rock outcrop. It is on Available Water Capacity: very low hilltops and narrow ridges underlain by folded schist, Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid granite, or gneiss bedrock. Hollis soils are commonly Surface Runoff: medium on upper areas near rock outcrop and Chatfield soils Erosion Hazard: moderate are commonly on lower concave areas. This unit Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet consists of about 35 percent Hollis soils, 30 percent Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Chatfield soils, 15 percent rock outcrop, and 20 Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches percent other soils. The Hollis and Chatfield soils and Flooding Hazard: none 84 Soil Survey

Important soil properties of Chatfield soil— somewhat excessively drained Hollis soils; moderately deep, well drained and somewhat excessively drained Parent Material: glacial till Chatfield soils; and areas of rock outcrop. It is on hills Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid and side slopes that are underlain by folded schist, Available Water Capacity: low granite, or gneiss bedrock. Hollis soils are commonly Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid on upper slopes and near areas of rock outcrop and Surface Runoff: medium Chatfield soils are commonly on lower concave Erosion Hazard: moderate slopes. This unit consists of about 40 percent Hollis Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet soils, 30 percent Chatfield soils, 15 percent rock Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock outcrop, and 15 percent other soils. The Hollis and Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Chatfield soils and rock outcrop are in such an Flooding Hazard: none intricate pattern that they were not separated in Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. mapping. Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. Other areas are used as residential development. They commonly range from 5 to 2000 acres. Slopes This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture are complex and range from 15 to 30 percent. because of the shallow depth to bedrock and frequent The typical sequence, depth, and composition of rock outcroppings. Erosion is a moderate hazard. the layers of Hollis soils are as follows— The potential productivity of this unit for northern Surface layer: red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality is moderate Surface to 3 inches, dark grayish brown loam because of droughtiness. Windthrow hazard is severe because of shallow depth to bedrock. Logging trails Subsoil: laid out across the slope will reduce the risk of 3 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown loam erosion. Planting early in spring reduces the impact of 10 to 15 inches, olive brown very fine sandy loam summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock and frequent rock 15 inches, folded micaceous schist outcroppings are the main limitations if this unit is used as a site for dwellings with basements. The short The typical sequence, depth, and composition of uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a the layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— severe hazard during construction. Dwellings can be Surface layer: built above the rock and landscaped with additional fill. Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover during construction will Subsoil: help control erosion and sedimentation. 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam Shallow depth to bedrock and frequent rock 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine outcroppings are the main limitations if this unit is sandy loam used for septic tank absorption fields. A pollution Substratum: hazard exists because the soil is not thick enough to 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine filter effluent. A more suitable site should be sandy loam considered in a deeper inclusion or nearby soil. Shallow depth to bedrock and frequent rock Bedrock: outcroppings are the main limitations if this unit is 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite used as a site for local roads and streets. Slope and Typically, the rock outcrop consists of folded and frost action are also limitations. Careful planning of tilted schist, granite, or gneiss. grades and road locations will avoid some removal of Included with this unit in mapping are areas of rock. Constructing roads on the contour will reduce poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils in the slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained depressions and along drainageways. Also included subgrade will reduce frost action. are areas of well drained Charlton soils where the This unit does not have limitations for trails. The underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. capability subclass is VIs. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit. Important soil properties of the Hollis soil— HoD—Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop complex, hilly Parent Material: glacial till Permeability: moderate and moderately rapid This unit consists of shallow, well drained and Available Water Capacity: very low Dutchess County, New York 85

Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid locations will avoid some removal of rock. Surface Runoff: rapid Constructing roads on the contour or locating them on Erosion Hazard: severe less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Providing a coarse subgrade will reduce frost action. Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, Flooding Hazard: none and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. The capability subclass is VIs. Important soil properties of the Chatfield soil— Parent Material: glacial till Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid HoE—Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop Available Water Capacity: low complex, steep Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid This unit consists of shallow, well drained and Surface Runoff: rapid somewhat excessively drained Hollis soils; moderately Erosion Hazard: severe deep, well drained and somewhat excessively drained Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Chatfield soils; and areas of rock outcrop. It is on hills Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock and side slopes that are underlain by folded schist, Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches granite, or gneiss bedrock. Hollis soils are commonly Flooding Hazard: none on upper slopes and near areas of rock outcrop and Most of areas of this unit are used for woodland. Chatfield soils are commonly on lower concave Other areas are used for residential development. slopes. This unit consists of about 40 percent Hollis This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture soils, 30 percent Chatfield soils, 20 percent rock because of shallow depth to bedrock, frequent rock outcrop, and 10 percent other soils. The Hollis and outcroppings, and slope. Erosion is a severe hazard. Chatfield soils and areas of rock outcrop are in such The potential productivity of this unit for northern an intricate pattern that they were not separated in red oak is moderate. Erosion is a moderate hazard mapping. Areas of this unit are elongated or irregularly and is accelerated where timber harvest damages shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 600 acres. vegetative cover. Seedling mortality is moderate Slopes are complex and range from 25 to 45 percent. because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is The typical sequence, depth, and composition of severe because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting the layers of Hollis soils are as follows— early in spring reduces the impact of summer Surface: droughtiness. Logging trails, with water bars, laid out Surface to 3 inches, dark grayish brown loam across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. Shallow depth to bedrock, frequent rock Subsoil: outcroppings, and slope are the main limitations if this 3 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown loam unit is used for dwellings with basements. The short 10 to 15 inches, olive brown very fine sandy loam uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a Bedrock: severe hazard during construction. Dwellings can be 15 inches, folded micaceous schist built above the rock and landscaped with additional fill. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and The typical sequence, depth, and composition of quickly establishing plant cover during construction will the layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— help control erosion and sedimentation. A more Surface layer: suitable site should be considered on a deeper, less Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Shallow depth to bedrock, frequent rock Subsoil: outcroppings, and slope are the main limitations if this 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. A 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine pollution hazard exists because the soil is not thick sandy loam enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site should be Substratum: selected in a deeper, less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine Shallow depth to bedrock, frequent rock sandy loam outcroppings, and slope are the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads and streets. Frost action is Bedrock: also a limitation. Careful planning of grades and road 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite 86 Soil Survey

Typically, the rock outcrop consists of folded and uses should be selected in a deeper, less steep tilted schist, granite, or gneiss. inclusion or nearby soil. Included with this unit in mapping are narrow areas Steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and frequent of poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils rock outcroppings are the main limitations if this unit is along drainageways. Also included are areas of very used for local roads and streets. Frost action is also a deep well drained Charlton soils where the underlying limitation. Careful planning of grades and road locations bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. Inclusions make up will avoid some removal of rock. Constructing roads about 10 percent of the unit. on the contour or locating them on less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Providing a Important soil properties of the Hollis soil— coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost action. Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Parent Material: glacial till trails. Constructing trails with switchback, log steps, Permeability: moderate and moderately rapid and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. Available Water Capacity: very low The capability subclass is VIIs. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Surface Runoff: very rapid Erosion Hazard: very severe HoF—Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet complex, very steep Rooting Zone: restricted by depth of bedrock This unit consists of shallow, well drained and Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches somewhat excessively drained Hollis soils; moderately Flooding Hazard: none deep, well drained and somewhat excessively drained Important soil properties of the Chatfield soil— Chatfield soils; and areas of rock outcrop. It is on hills and side slopes that are underlain by folded schist, Permeability: glacial till granite, or gneiss bedrock. Hollis soils are commonly Available Water Capacity: moderate and moderately on upper areas near rock outcrop and Chatfield soils rapid are commonly on lower concave areas. This unit Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid consists of about 40 percent Hollis soils, 25 percent Surface Runoff: very rapid Chatfield soils, 25 percent rock outcrop, and 10 Erosion Hazard: very severe percent other soils. The Hollis and Chatfield soils and Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet areas of rock outcrop are in such an intricate pattern Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock that they were not separated in mapping. Areas of this Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches unit are elongated or irregularly shaped. They Flooding Hazard: none commonly range from 5 to 3000 acres. Slopes are Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. complex and range from 45 to 70 percent. This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture The typical sequence, depth, and composition of because of steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and the layers of Hollis soils are as follows— frequent rock outcroppings. Surface: The potential productivity of this unit for northern Surface to 3 inches, dark grayish brown loam red oak is moderate. Erosion is a severe hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest damages Subsoil: vegetative cover. Seedling mortality is moderate 3 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown loam because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is 10 to 15 inches, olive brown very fine sandy loam severe because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting Bedrock: early in spring reduces the impact of summer 15 inches, folded micaceous schist droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes reduce The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the risk of erosion. Steep slopes severely limit the safe the layers of Chatfield soils are as follows— operation of equipment. Surface layer: Steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and frequent Surface to 9 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam rock outcroppings are the main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings with basements or septic tank Subsoil: absorption fields. A pollution hazard exists for septic 9 to 23 inches, olive brown loam tank absorption fields because the thin soil is not thick 23 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site for these sandy loam Dutchess County, New York 87

Substratum: frequent rock outcroppings are the main limitations if 27 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine this unit is used for dwellings with basements and sandy loam septic tank absorption fields. A pollution hazard exists for septic tank absorption fields because the thin soil is Bedrock: not thick enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site 30 inches, folded micaceous schist and granite for these uses should be selected in a deeper, less Typically, the rock outcrop consists of folded and steep inclusion or nearby soil. tilted schist, granite, or gneiss. Very steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and Included with this unit in mapping are narrow areas frequent rock outcroppings are the main limitations if of poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils this unit is used for local roads and streets. Frost along drainageways. Also included are areas of very action is also a limitation. Careful planning of grades deep, well drained Charlton soils where the underlying and road locations will avoid some removal of rock. bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. Inclusions make up Constructing roads on the contour or locating them on about 10 percent of the unit. less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost Important soil properties of the Hollis soil— action. Parent Material: glacial outwash Very steep slope is the main limitation for trails. Permeability: moderate and moderately rapid Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, and Available Water Capacity: very low water bars will reduce the slope limitation. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid The capability subclass is VIIs. Surface Runoff: very rapid Erosion Hazard: very severe Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet HsA—Hoosic gravelly loam, nearly level Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock This map unit consists of very deep, somewhat Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches excessively drained soils that formed in glacial Flooding Hazard: none outwash deposits. It is on valley floors and outwash Important soil properties of the Chatfield soil— plains. Areas are irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 850 acres. Slopes are complex and Parent Material: glacial till range from 0 to 2 percent. Permeability: moderate and moderately rapid The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Available Water Capacity: low the layers of Hoosic soils are as follows— Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Surface Runoff: very rapid Surface layer: Erosion Hazard: very severe Surface to 9 inches, dark brown gravelly loam Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Subsoil: Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock 9 to 15 inches, yellowish brown gravelly loam Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches 15 to 24 inches, yellowish brown very gravelly sandy Flooding Hazard: none loam Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. 24 to 31 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture brown very gravelly loamy sand because of very steep slope, shallow depth to Substratum: bedrock, and frequent rock outcroppings. 31 to 70 inches, dark brown extremely gravelly loamy The potential productivity of this unit for northern sand red oak is moderate. Erosion is a severe hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest damages Included in mapping are areas of somewhat poorly vegetative cover. Seedling mortality is moderate drained Fredon soils and poorly drained and very because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon soils are in slightly severe because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting lower areas and Halsey soils are along drainageways early in spring reduces the impact of summer and in depressions. Areas of Knickerbocker soils and droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging well drained Haven soils are included in transitional trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes reduce areas approaching finer textured soils. Also included the risk of erosion. Very steep slopes severely limit the are areas of well drained Copake soils in areas where safe operation of equipment. limestone dominates the rock fragments in the soil. Very steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. 88 Soil Survey

Important soil properties of the Hoosic soil— Specially designed septic systems are necessary in places. Parent Material: glacial outwash This map unit has few limitations for local roads and Permeability: rapid and moderately rapid in the surface streets. layer and subsoil, very rapid in the substratum This map unit has few limitations for trails. Small Available Water Capacity: low stones are the main limitation if this map unit is used Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid for camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. Adding above 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid sandy fill will cover small stones. below 30 inches The capability subclass is IIIs. Surface Runoff: slow Erosion Hazard: slight Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet HsB—Hoosic gravelly loam, undulating Rooting Zone: unrestricted This map unit consists of very deep, somewhat Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches excessively drained soils that formed in glacial Flooding Hazard: none outwash deposits. It is on valley floors and undulating Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated outwash plains. Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. cropland. Other areas are used as pastureland, They commonly range from 5 to 500 acres. Slopes are woodland, residential development, or are mined for complex and range from 2 to 6 percent. sand and gravel. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated the layers of the Hoosic soil are as follows— crops. In the absence of irrigation, crop yields are Surface layer: severely reduced by moisture stress during the Surface to 9 inches, dark brown gravelly loam growing season. The application of manure and return of crop residue build up soil organic matter content Subsoil: which increases the water holding capacity. Surface 9 to 15 inches, yellowish brown gravelly loam stones may interfere with the operation of equipment. 15 to 24 inches, yellowish brown very gravelly sandy Cover crops, conservation tillage, crop rotations, and loam tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth 24 to 31 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish and maintain soil productivity over an extended period brown very gravelly loamy sand of time. Substratum: This map unit is well suited to pasture, but available 31 to 70 inches, dark brown extremely gravelly loamy moisture for forage is usually limiting. Overgrazing is a sand major concern of pasture management as it causes the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Included in mapping are areas of somewhat poorly Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry drained Fredon soils in slightly lower areas and poorly periods, and maintaining proper stocking rates help to drained and very poorly drained Halsey soils along increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage drainageways and in depressions. Areas of and maintain pasture productivity. Knickerbocker soils and well drained Haven soils are The potential productivity for northern red oak is included in transitional areas approaching finer moderately high. Planting early in spring reduces the textured soils. Also included are areas of well drained impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling Copake soils in areas where limestone dominates the mortality. rock fragments in the soil. Inclusions make up about This map unit has few limitations if used for 20 percent of the unit. dwellings with basements. Droughtiness can make Important soil properties— establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and Parent Material: glacial outwash quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion Permeability: rapid to moderately rapid in the surface and sedimentation during construction. layer and subsoil, very rapid in the substratum Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used Available Water Capacity: low for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid groundwater pollution because the rapidly permeable above 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid substratum does not adequately filter effluent. below 30 inches Dutchess County, New York 89

Surface Runoff: slow HsC—Hoosic gravelly loam, rolling Erosion Hazard: slight Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet This map unit consists of very deep and somewhat Rooting Zone: unrestricted excessively drained soils that formed in glacial Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches outwash deposits. It is on valley sides and small hills. Flooding Hazard: none Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 100 acres. Slopes are Most areas are used for cultivated cropland. Other complex and range from 5 to 16 percent. areas are used as pastureland, woodland, residential The typical sequence, depth, and composition of development, or are mined for sand and gravel. the layers of Hoosic soil are as follows— This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. Erosion may be a hazard, particularly on areas Surface layer: left bare of plant cover. In the absence of irrigation, Surface to 9 inches, dark brown gravelly loam crop yields are severely reduced by moisture stress Subsoil: during the growing season. The application of manure 9 to 15 inches, yellowish brown gravelly loam and return of crop residues builds up soil organic 15 to 24 inches, yellowish brown very gravelly sandy matter content, which increases water-holding loam capacity. Surface stones may interfere with the 24 to 31 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish operation of equipment. Cover crops, conservation brown very gravelly loamy sand tillage, crop rotations, and tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth and maintain soil Substratum: productivity over an extended period of time. 31 to 70 inches, dark brown extremely gravelly loamy This map unit is well suited to pasture, but available sand moisture for forage is usually limiting. Overgrazing is a Included with this unit in mapping are small areas of major concern of pasture management as it causes somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils in slightly lower the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. areas and poorly drained and very poorly drained Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry Halsey soils along drainageways and in depressions. periods, and proper stocking rates help to increase the Knickerbocker soils are included in transitional areas quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain approaching finer textured soils. Well drained Copake pasture productivity. soils are included in areas where limestone dominates The potential productivity for northern red oak is the rock fragments in the soil. Inclusions make up moderately high. Planting early in spring reduces the about 20 percent of the unit. impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Important soil properties— This map unit has few limitations for dwellings with Parent Material: glacial outwash basements. Droughtiness can make the establishment Permeability: rapid and moderately rapid in the surface and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the and subsoil, very rapid in the substratum removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly Available Water Capacity: low establishing plant cover help to control erosion and Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid above sedimentation during construction. 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid below Poor filtering is the main limitation if this map unit is 30 inches used for septic tank absorption fields. There is a Surface Runoff: medium hazard of groundwater pollution because the rapidly Erosion Hazard: moderate permeable substratum does not adequately filter Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet effluent. Specially designed septic systems are Rooting Zone: unrestricted necessary in places. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches This map unit has few limitations for local roads and Flooding Hazard: none streets. This map unit has few limitations for trails. Small Most areas are used for cultivated cropland or stones are the main limitation if this map unit is used pastureland. Other areas are mined for sand and gravel for camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. Slope or are used for woodland or residential development. is also a limitation for playgrounds. Adding sandy fill This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated will cover small stones. Grading will reduce the slope crops. Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on limitation. areas left bare of plant cover. In the absence of The capability subclass is IIIs. irrigation, crop yields are severely reduced by moisture 90 Soil Survey

stress during the growing season. The application of They commonly range from 5 to 50 acres. Slopes are manure and return of crop residues build up soil complex and range from 15 to 30 percent. organic matter content, which increases water-holding The typical sequence, depth, and composition of capacity. Surface stones may interfere with the the layers of Hoosic soils are as follows— operation of equipment. Cover crops, conservation Surface layer: tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Surface to 9 inches, dark brown gravelly loam Tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an extended Subsoil: period of time. 9 to 15 inches, yellowish brown gravelly loam This map unit is well suited to pasture, but available 15 to 24 inches, yellowish brown very gravelly sandy moisture for forage is usually limiting. Erosion is a loam moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of 24 to 31 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a brown very gravelly loamy sand major concern of pasture management as it causes Substratum: the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. 31 to 70 inches, dark brown extremely gravelly loamy Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry sand periods, and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain Included in this unit in mapping are areas of pasture productivity. somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils along The potential productivity for northern red oak is drainageways and in depressions. Also included are moderately high. Planting early in spring reduces the areas of Knickerbocker soils in transitional areas impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling approaching finer textured soils, and well drained mortality. Logging trails laid out across slopes reduce Copake soils in areas where limestone dominates the the risk of erosion. rock fragments in the soil. Inclusions make up about Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used 15 percent of the unit. for dwellings with basements. Erosion is a moderate Important soil properties— hazard during construction. Droughtiness can make the establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. Parent Material: glacial outwash Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and Permeability: rapid or moderately rapid in the surface quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion layer and subsoil, very rapid in the substratum and sedimentation during construction. Available Water Capacity: low Poor filtering is the main limitation if this map unit is Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid used for septic tank absorption fields. There is a above 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid hazard of groundwater pollution because the rapidly below 30 inches permeable substratum does not adequately filter Surface Runoff: rapid effluent. Specially designed septic systems are Erosion Hazard: severe necessary in places. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used Rooting Zone: unrestricted for local roads and streets. Constructing roads on the Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches contour will reduce the slope limitation. Flooding Hazard: none This map unit has few limitations for trails. Slope Most areas are used for pastureland or woodland. and small stones are the main limitations if this map Other areas are mined for sand and gravel or are unit is used for camping and picnic areas. Slope is a used for residential development. severe limitation for playgrounds. Adding sandy fill will This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops because of cover small stones. Grading will reduce the slope slope. Pasture is a better use, but the suitability is only limitation. poor. Available moisture for forage is usually limiting. The capability subclass is IIIe. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture management as it causes the reduction or loss of HsD—Hoosic gravelly loam, hilly desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry periods, and proper stocking rates This soil consists of very deep and somewhat help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and excessively drained soils that formed in glacial forage and maintain pasture productivity. outwash deposits. It is on valley sides, terrace faces, The potential productivity for northern red oak is and hills. Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. moderately high. Planting early in spring reduces the Dutchess County, New York 91

impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling Substratum: mortality. Logging trails laid out across slopes reduce 31 to 70 inches, dark brown extremely gravelly loamy the risk of erosion. Moderately steep slopes limit the sand safe operation of equipment. Included in this unit in mapping are small areas of Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils along dwellings with basements. Erosion is a severe hazard drainageways and in depressions. Areas of finer during construction. Droughtiness can make the textured outwash soils with or without rock fragments establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. are included. Also included are small areas of well Designing the dwelling to conform to the natural slope drained Copake soils in areas where limestone of the land will reduce the slope limitation. Minimizing dominates the rock fragments in the soil. Inclusions the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly make up about 15 percent of the unit. establishing plant cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during construction. A more suitable site Important soil properties— should be considered on a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Parent Material: glacial outwash Poor filtering and slope are the main limitations if Permeability: rapid or moderately rapid in the surface this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. There layer and subsoil, very rapid in the substratum is a hazard of groundwater pollution because the Available Water Capacity: low rapidly permeable substratum does not adequately Soil Reaction: very strongly acid and strongly acid filter effluent. Specially designed septic systems are above 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid necessary in places. A more suitable site should be below 30 inches considered in a less sloping, less sandy and gravelly Surface Runoff: very rapid inclusion or nearby soil. Erosion Hazard: very severe Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet local roads and streets. Rooting Zone: unrestricted Constructing roads on the contour or locating them Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches on less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope Flooding Hazard: none limitation. Most areas are used for woodland. Some areas are Slope is the main limitation for trails. Constructing mined for sand and gravel. trails with switchbacks, log steps, and water bars will This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture reduce the slope limitation. because of steep slope. Erosion is a very severe The capability subclass is VIe. hazard. The potential productivity for northern red oak is HsE—Hoosic gravelly loam, 25 to 45 moderately high. Erosion is a severe hazard and is percent slopes accelerated where timber harvest damages the vegetative cover. Planting seedlings in spring reduces This unit consists of very deep, steep, and the impact of summer droughtiness and reduces somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in seedling mortality. Logging trails, with water bars, laid glacial outwash deposits. It is on valley sides and out across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. Steep terrace faces. Areas are elongated or irregularly slopes severely limit the safe operation of equipment. shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 125 acres. Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used Slopes are smooth. for dwellings with basements. Erosion is a very severe The typical sequence, depth, and composition of hazard during construction. A more suitable site should the layers of Hoosic soils are as follows— be selected on a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Steep slope and poor filtering are the main Surface layer: limitations if this unit is used for septic tank absorption Surface to 9 inches, dark brown gravelly loam fields. There is a hazard of groundwater pollution Subsoil: because the rapidly permeable substratum does not 9 to 15 inches, yellowish brown gravelly loam adequately filter effluent. A more suitable site should 15 to 24 inches, yellowish brown very gravelly sandy be selected in a less sloping, less sandy and gravelly loam inclusion. 24 to 31 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used brown very gravelly loamy sand for local roads and streets. Constructing roads on the 92 Soil Survey

contour or locating them on less sloping inclusions will Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table reduce the slope limitation. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Steep slope is the main limitation for trails. Flooding Hazard: rare, brief Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, and Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated water bars will reduce the slope limitation. cropland. Other areas are used for pastureland, The capability subclass is VIIe. woodland, or residential development. This soil is moderately suited to cultivated crops. In HtA—Hoosic channery loam, fan, 0 to 3 the absence of irrigation, crop yields are severely percent slopes reduced by moisture stress during the growing season. The application of manure and return of crop This unit consists of the very deep, nearly level, and residues builds up the soil organic matter content, well drained Hoosic soils that formed in glacial which increases the water holding capacity. In some outwash deposits. It is on outwash fans near streams. years, brief flooding damages crops and new Areas are elongated or fan shaped and are traversed seedlings. Cover crops, conservation tillage, crop by tributary streams in places. They commonly range rotations, and tillage at proper moisture content will from 5 to 200 acres. Slopes are smooth. improve soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an The typical sequence, depth, and composition of extended period of time. the layers of Hoosic soils are as follows— This soil is well suited to pasture, but available moisture for forage is usually limiting. Overgrazing is a Surface layer: major concern of pasture management as it causes Surface to 9 inches, dark brown channery loam the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Subsoil: Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry 9 to 15 inches, yellowish brown channery loam periods or brief periods of flooding, and proper 15 to 24 inches, yellowish brown very channery sandy stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality loam of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. 24 to 31 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish The potential productivity for northern red oak is brown very channery loamy sand moderately high. Planting early in spring reduces the impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling Substratum: mortality. 31 to 70 inches, dark brown extremely channery Rare flooding is the main limitation if this unit is loamy sand used for dwellings with basements. The seasonal high Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of water table is also a limitation. Droughtiness can make somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils and poorly establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. drained and very poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon Building dwellings with raised foundations on higher soils are in slightly lower areas and Halsey soils are in areas of this unit will reduce the flooding and wetness depressions and along drainageways. Knickerbocker limitations. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, soils and well drained Haven soils are included in mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to transitional areas approaching finer textured soils. control erosion and sedimentation during construction. Also included are areas of well drained Copake soils Poor filtering, the seasonal high water table, and where limestone dominates the rock fragments in the rare flooding are the main limitations if this unit is used soil. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of groundwater pollution because of the seasonal high Important soil properties— water table. Also, the rapidly permeable substratum Parent Material: glacial outwash with alluvium does not adequately filter effluent. A more suitable site Permeability: rapid and moderately rapid in the surface should be selected in a drier, less sandy and gravelly layer and subsoil, very rapid in the substratum inclusion or nearby soil. Available Water Capacity: low Frost action and rare flooding are the main Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid above limitations if this unit is used for local roads and 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid below streets. Providing a coarse grained subgrade to frost 30 inches depth will reduce frost action. Constructing roads on Surface Runoff: slow raised fill will reduce the flooding limitation. Erosion Hazard: slight This soil has few limitations for trails. Rare flooding Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 3.0 to 6.0 feet is the main limitation if this unit is used for camping (Mar-Apr) areas. Small stones are also a limitation for picnic Dutchess County, New York 93

areas and playgrounds. Adding sandy fill will cover Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated small stones. cropland. Other areas are used for pastureland, The capability subclass is IIIs. woodland, or residential development. This soil is moderately suited to cultivated crops. HtB—Hoosic channery loam, fan, 3 to 8 Erosion may be a hazard, particularly on long slopes percent slopes or on areas left bare of plant cover. In the absence of irrigation, crop yields are severely reduced by This unit consists of the very deep, gently sloping, moisture stress during the growing season. The and well drained Hoosic soils that formed in glacial application of manure and return of crop residues build outwash deposits. It is on outwash fans near streams. up the soil organic matter content, which increases the Areas are elongated or fan shaped and are traversed water holding capacity. In some years, brief flooding by tributary streams in places. They commonly range damages crops and new seedlings. Cover crops, from 5 to 200 acres. Slopes are smooth. conservation tillage, crop rotations, and tillage at The typical sequence, depth, and composition of proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and the layers of Hoosic soils are as follows— maintain soil productivity over an extended period of time. Surface layer: This soil is well suited to pasture, but available Surface to 9 inches, dark brown channery loam moisture for forage is usually limiting. Erosion may be Subsoil: a hazard, particularly on long slopes left bare of plant 9 to 15 inches, yellowish brown channery loam cover. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture 15 to 24 inches, yellowish brown very channery sandy management as it causes the reduction or loss of loam desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted 24 to 31 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish grazing during dry periods or brief periods of flooding, brown very channery loamy sand and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture Substratum: productivity. 31 to 70 inches, dark brown extremely channery The potential productivity for northern red oak is loamy sand moderately high. Planting early in spring reduces the Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils and poorly mortality. drained and very poorly drained Halsey soils. Fredon Rare flooding is the main limitation if this unit is soils are in slightly lower areas and Halsey soils are in used for dwellings with basements. The seasonal high depressions and along drainageways. Knickerbocker water table is also a limitation. Droughtiness can make soils and well drained Haven soils are included in establishment and maintenance of lawns difficult. transitional areas approaching finer textured soils. Building dwellings with raised foundations on higher Also included are areas of well drained Copake soils areas of this soil will reduce the flooding and wetness where limestone dominates the rock fragments in the limitations. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, soil. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during construction. Important soil properties— Poor filtering, the seasonal high water table, and Parent Material: glacial outwash with alluvium rare flooding are the main limitations if this unit is used Permeability: rapid and moderately rapid in the surface for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of layer and subsoil, very rapid in the substratum groundwater pollution because of the seasonal high Available Water Capacity: low water table. Also, the rapidly permeable substratum Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid does not adequately filter effluent. A more suitable site above 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid should be selected in a drier, less sandy and gravelly below 30 inches inclusion or nearby soil. Surface Runoff: slow Frost action and rare flooding are the main Erosion Hazard: slight limitations if this unit is used for local roads and Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 3.0 to 6.0 feet streets. Providing a coarse grained subgrade to frost (Mar-Apr) depth will reduce frost action. Constructing roads on Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table raised fill will reduce the flooding limitation. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches This soil has few limitations for trails. Rare flooding Flooding Hazard: rare, brief is the main limitation if this unit is used for camping 94 Soil Survey

areas. Small stones are the main limitation if this unit Available Water Capacity: low is used for picnic areas and playgrounds. Slope is also Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid a limitation for playgrounds. Adding sandy fill will cover above 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid small stones. Grading will reduce the slope limitation. below 30 inches The capability subclass is IIIs. Surface Runoff: slow Erosion Hazard: slight Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet HuA—Hoosic-Urban land complex, nearly Rooting Zone: unrestricted level Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Flooding Hazard: none This unit is very deep and somewhat excessively drained. It is on valley floors and outwash plains. This This unit is used as urban and suburban unit consists of about 40 percent Hoosic soils, 35 development. The open areas are used for lawns, percent urban land, and 25 percent other soils. The gardens, and woodland or brushland between Hoosic soils and urban land are in such an intricate structures. pattern that they were not mapped separately. Areas This soil has few limitations for dwellings with are irregularly shaped or rectangular. They commonly basements. Droughtiness can make the establishment range from 5 to 200 acres. Slopes are complex and and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the range from 0 to 2 percent. removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly The typical sequence, depth, and composition of establishing plant cover help to control erosion and the layers of Hoosic soils are as follows— sedimentation during construction. Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used Surface layer: for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of Surface to 9 inches, dark brown gravelly loam groundwater pollution because the rapidly permeable Subsoil: substratum does not adequately filter effluent. Specially 9 to 15 inches, yellowish brown gravelly loam designed septic systems are necessary in places. 15 to 24 inches, yellowish brown very gravelly sandy This soil has few limitations for local roads and loam streets. 24 to 31 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish This soil has few limitations for trails. Small stones brown very gravelly loamy sand are the main limitation if this unit is used for camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. Adding sandy fill Substratum: will cover small stones. 31 to 70 inches, dark brown extremely gravelly loamy A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. sand Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered HuB—Hoosic-Urban land complex, by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other impervious undulating surfaces, which obscure soil identification. The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed with non-soil This unit is very deep and somewhat excessively material such as bricks, broken concrete, or cinders. drained. It is on valley floors and outwash plains. This Included with this unit in mapping are areas of unit consists of about 40 percent Hoosic soils, 35 somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils in slightly lower percent urban land, and 25 percent other soils. The areas and poorly drained and very poorly drained Hoosic soils and urban land are in such an intricate Halsey soils along drainageways and in depressions. pattern that they were not mapped separately. Areas Knickerbocker soils and well drained Haven soils are are irregularly shaped or rectangular. They commonly included in transitional areas approaching finer range from 5 to 75 acres. Slopes are complex and textured soils. Areas of well drained Copake soils are range from 2 to 6 percent. included where limestone dominates the rock The typical sequence, depth, and composition of fragments in the soil. Also included are areas of the layers of Hoosic soils are as follows— Udorthents adjacent to buildings and other structures. Surface layer: Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit. Surface to 9 inches, dark brown gravelly loam Important soil properties of the Hoosic soils— Subsoil: Parent Material: glacial outwash 9 to 15 inches, yellowish brown gravelly loam Permeability: rapid and moderately rapid in the surface 15 to 24 inches, yellowish brown very gravelly sandy layer and subsoil, very rapid in the substratum loam Dutchess County, New York 95

24 to 31 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish Specially designed septic systems are necessary in brown very gravelly loamy sand places. This soil has few limitations for local roads and Substratum: streets. 31 to 70 inches, dark brown extremely gravelly loamy This soil has few limitations for trails. Small stones sand are the main limitation if this unit is used for camping Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered and picnic areas and playgrounds. Slope is also a by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other limitation for playgrounds. Adding sandy fill will cover impervious surfaces which obscure soil identification. small stones. Grading will reduce the slope limitation. The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. with non-soil material such as bricks, broken concrete, or cinders. Included with this unit in mapping are small areas of HvB—Hudson and Vergennes soils, 3 to 8 somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils in slightly lower percent slopes areas and poorly drained and very poorly drained This unit consists of very deep, gently sloping, Halsey soils along drainageways and in depressions. moderately well drained soils that formed in lacustrine Knickerbocker soils and well drained Haven soils are deposits. It is on broad lowlands near the Hudson included in transitional areas approaching finer River. Some areas consist mostly of Hudson soils, textured soils. Small areas of well drained Copake some of mostly Vergennes soils, and some of both. soils are included where limestone dominates the rock This unit consists of 40 percent Hudson soils, 40 fragments in the soil. Also included are areas of percent Vergennes soils, and 20 percent other soils. Udorthents adjacent to buildings and other structures. Areas are irregularly shaped. They commonly range Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit. from 5 to 150 acres. Slopes are smooth. Important soil properties of the Hoosic soils— The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of Hudson soils are as follows— Parent Material: glacial outwash Permeability: rapid and moderately rapid in the Surface: surface layer and subsoil, very rapid in the Surface to 9 inches, dark brown silt loam substratum Subsurface: Available Water Capacity: low 9 to 12 inches, brown silt loam Soil reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid above 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid below Subsoil: 30 inches 12 to 25 inches, yellowish brown silty clay loam Surface Runoff: slow 25 to 34 inches, olive brown silt loam and silty clay Erosion Hazard: slight loam Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Substratum: Rooting Zone: unrestricted 34 to 60 inches, olive brown, reddish brown and brown Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches silt loam and silty clay loam Flooding Hazard: none The typical sequence, depth, and composition of This unit is in urban and suburban development. the layers of Vergennes soils are as follows— The open areas are used for lawns, gardens, and woodland or brushland between structures. Surface layer: This soil has few limitations for dwellings with Surface to 6 inches, brown silty clay loam basements. Droughtiness can make establishment Subsurface layer: and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the 6 to 11 inches, light olive brown silty clay and light removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly brownish gray silt loam establishing plant cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during construction. Subsoil: Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used 11 to 20 inches, grayish brown clay for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of 20 to 28 inches, light olive brown clay with mottles groundwater pollution because the rapidly permeable 28 to 37 inches, light olive brown clay and yellowish substratum does not adequately filter effluent. brown silt 96 Soil Survey

Substratum: wet will damage soil structure and result in a hard 37 to 80 inches, grayish brown and brown clay varves, cloddy seedbed and a crusty surface when the soil interbedded with thin varves of yellowish brown silt dries. Surface drainage will help reduce problems related to wetness. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, Included with this unit in mapping are areas of conservation tillage, cover crops, and crop rotations somewhat poorly drained Kingsbury and Rhinebeck will reduce soil erosion, improve soil tilth, and maintain soils in slightly lower areas. Also included are small soil productivity over an extended period of time. Sod areas of very poorly drained Livingston soils in buffer strips adjacent to steeply sloping areas will help depressions and along drainageways. Inclusions control erosion. make up about 20 percent of the unit. This soil is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a Important soil properties of the Hudson soils— moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing and Parent Material: lacustrine deposits grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of Permeability: moderately slow and moderate in the pasture management as they cause soil compaction surface layer and subsurface, slow and very slow and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. in the subsoil and substratum Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when wet, and Available Water Capacity: high proper stocking rates increase the quantity and Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture and subsurface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline productivity. in the subsoil, neutral to moderately alkaline in the The potential productivity of northern red oak is substratum moderately high or moderate. Clayey texture and the Surface Runoff: medium seasonal high water table restrict the use of Erosion Hazard: moderate equipment. Harvesting when the soil is frozen will Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 reduce equipment damage to the soil. to 2.0 feet (Nov-Apr) The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Rooting Zone: unrestricted if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Erosion is a moderate hazard during construction. Flooding Hazard: none Locating dwellings in the highest part of the unit, Important soil properties of the Vergennes soils— footing or foundation drains backfilled with gravel to a suitable outlet, waterproofing the outside of basement Parent Material: lacustrine deposits walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas will Permeability: slow or moderately slow in the surface reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, layer and subsurface, slow or very slow in the mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to subsoil, very slow in the substratum control erosion and sedimentation. Available Water Capacity: high The seasonal high water table and slow Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the permeability are the main limitations if this unit is used surface and upper subsoil, moderately acid to for septic tank absorption fields. Modifying a mildly alkaline in the lower subsoil, moderately conventional system by extending the length of the alkaline in the substratum distribution lines and adding fill usually will allow onsite Surface Runoff: medium sewage disposal in many places. Erosion Hazard: moderate Low bearing strength and frost action are the main Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 1.0 to 3.0 feet limitations for local roads and streets. Providing a (Dec-May) coarse grained subgrade will reduce these limitations. Rooting Zone: unrestricted The seasonal high water table and slow percolation Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches are the main limitations if this unit is used for camping Flooding Hazard: none and picnic areas and playgrounds. Slope is also a Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated limitation for playgrounds. High erodibility is the main cropland or pastureland. Other areas are used for limitation for trails. Surface drainage, diverting runoff woodland or residential development. from higher areas, adding fill, and grading will reduce This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. Erosion is the limitations for camping and picnic areas and a moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of playgrounds. Switchbacks and water bars will reduce plant cover. The seasonal high water table and slow the risk of erosion on trails. A more suitable site for permeability cause the soil to warm very slowly in the allof these uses should be considered on a coarser spring and make tillage difficult. Tillage while the soil is textured soil. Dutchess County, New York 97

The capability subclass is IIe. Important soil properties of the Hudson soils— Parent Material: lacustrine deposits HvC—Hudson and Vergennes soils, 8 to Permeability: moderately slow or moderate in the 15 percent slopes surface layer and subsurface, slow or very slow in the subsoil and substratum This soil unit consists of very deep, sloping, Available Water Capacity: high moderately well drained soils that formed in lacustrine Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface deposits. It is on small hills and side slopes, near the and subsurface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline Hudson River. Some areas consist mostly of Hudson in the subsoil, neutral to moderately alkaline in the soils, some of mostly Vergennes soils, and some of substratum both. This unit consists of 40 percent Hudson soils, 40 Surface Runoff: rapid percent Vergennes soils, and 20 percent other soils. Erosion Hazard: severe Areas are irregularly shaped. They commonly range Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 from 5 to 75 acres. Slopes are smooth. to 2.0 feet (Nov-Apr) The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Rooting Zone: unrestricted the layers of Hudson soils are as follows— Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Surface: Flooding Hazard: none Surface to 9 inches, dark brown silt loam Important soil properties of the Vergennes soils— Subsurface: Parent Material: lacustrine deposits 9 to 12 inches, brown silt loam Permeability: slow or moderately slow in the surface Subsoil: layer and subsurface, slow or very slow in the 12 to 25 inches, yellowish brown silty clay loam subsoil, very slow in the substratum 25 to 34 inches, olive brown silt loam and silty clay Available Water Capacity: high loam Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the surface and upper subsoil, moderately acid to Substratum: mildly alkaline in the lower subsoil, moderately 34 to 60 inches, olive brown, reddish brown and brown alkaline in the substratum silt loam and silty clay loam Surface Runoff: rapid The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Erosion Hazard: severe the layers of Vergennes soils are as follows— Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 1.0 to 3.0 feet (Dec-May) Surface layer: Rooting Zone: unrestricted Surface to 6 inches, brown silty clay loam Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Subsurface layer: Flooding Hazard: none 6 to 11 inches, light olive brown silty clay and light Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated brownish gray silt loam cropland or pastureland. Other areas are in woodland Subsoil: or residential development. 11 to 20 inches, grayish brown clay This soil is moderately suited to cultivated crops. 20 to 28 inches, light olive brown clay with mottles Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas left 28 to 37 inches, light olive brown clay and yellowish bare of plant cover. The seasonal high water table and brown silt slow permeability cause the soil to warm very slowly in the spring and make tillage difficult. Tillage while the Substratum: soil is wet will damage soil structure and result in a 37 to 80 inches, grayish brown and brown clay varves hard cloddy seedbed and a crusty surface when the interbedded with thin varves of yellowish brown silt soil dries. Surface drainage will help reduce problems Included with this unit in mapping are areas of related to wetness. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, somewhat poorly drained Kingsbury and Rhinebeck conservation tillage, cover crops, and crop rotations soils in slightly lower areas. Small areas of very poorly will reduce soil erosion, improve soil tilth, and maintain drained Livingston soils are included in depressions soil productivity over an extended period of time. Sod and along drainageways. Also included are soils that buffer strips adjacent to steeply sloping areas will help contain slightly less clay. Inclusions make up about 20 control erosion. percent of the unit. This soil is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a 98 Soil Survey

severe hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant both. This unit consists of 40 percent Hudson soils, 40 cover during establishment. Overgrazing and grazing percent Vergennes soils, and 20 percent other soils. when the soil is wet are major concerns of pasture Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. They management as they cause soil compaction and the commonly range from 5 to 600 acres. Slopes are reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. complex and range from 15 to 30 percent. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when wet, and The typical sequence, depth, and composition of proper stocking increase the quantity and quality of the layers of Hudson soils are as follows— feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Surface: The potential productivity of northern red oak is Surface to 9 inches, dark brown silt loam moderately high to moderate. Clayey texture and seasonal high water table restrict the use of Subsurface: equipment. Harvesting when the soil is frozen will 9 to 12 inches, brown silt loam reduce equipment damage to the soil. Logging trails Subsoil: laid out across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. 12 to 25 inches, yellowish brown silty clay loam The seasonal high water table is the main limitation 25 to 34 inches, olive brown silt loam and silty clay if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. loam Erosion is a severe hazard during construction. Locating dwellings in the highest part of the unit, Substratum: footing or foundation drains backfilled with gravel to a 34 to 60 inches, olive brown, reddish brown and brown suitable outlet, waterproofing the outside of basement silt loam and silty clay loam walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, The typical sequence, depth, and composition of mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to the layers of Vergennes soils are as follows— control erosion and sedimentation. Surface layer: The seasonal high water table and slow Surface to 6 inches, brown silty clay loam permeability are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Modifying a Subsurface layer: conventional system by extending the length of the 6 to 11 inches, light olive brown silty clay and light distribution lines and adding fill will allow onsite brownish gray silt loam sewage disposal in many places. Subsoil: Low bearing strength and frost action are the main 11 to 20 inches, grayish brown clay limitations if this unit is used for local roads and 20 to 28 inches, light olive brown clay with mottles streets. Providing a coarse grained subgrade will 28 to 37 inches, light olive brown clay and yellowish reduce these limitations. brown silt The seasonal high water table and slow percolation are the main limitations if this unit is used for camping Substratum: and picnic areas and playgrounds. Slope is also a 37 to 80 inches, grayish brown and brown clay varves limitation for playgrounds. High erodibility is the main interbedded with thin varves of yellowish brown silt limitation if this unit is used for trails. Surface drainage, Included with this unit in mapping are areas of diverting runoff from higher areas, adding fill, and somewhat poorly drained Kingsbury and Rhinebeck grading will reduce the limitations for camping and soils in slightly lower areas. Small areas of very poorly picnic areas and playgrounds. Switchbacks, log steps, drained Livingston soils are included in depressions and water bars will reduce the risk of erosion on trails. and along drainageways. Also included are soils that A more suitable site for all of these uses should be contain slightly less clay. Inclusions make up about 20 considered on a coarser textured soil. percent of the unit. The capability subclass is IIIe. Important soil properties of the Hudson soils— HvD—Hudson and Vergennes soils, hilly Parent Material: lacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately slow and moderate in the This unit consists of very deep, moderately steep surface layer and subsurface, slow and very slow moderately well drained soils that formed in lacustrine in the subsoil and substratum deposits. It is on hills and side slopes, near the Available Water Capacity: high Hudson River. Some areas consist mostly of Hudson Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface soils, some of mostly Vergennes soils, and some of and subsurface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline Dutchess County, New York 99

in the subsoil, neutral to moderately alkaline in the damages vegetative cover. Clayey texture and substratum seasonal high water table restrict the use of Surface Runoff: rapid equipment. Harvesting when the soil is frozen will Erosion Hazard: very severe reduce equipment damage to the soil. Moderately Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 steep slopes limit the safe operation of equipment. to 2.0 feet (Nov-Apr) Logging trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes Rooting Zone: unrestricted reduce the risk of erosion. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches The seasonal high water table and slope are the Flooding Hazard: none main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. Erosion is a very severe hazard during Important soil properties of the Vergennes soils— construction. Locating dwellings in the highest part of Parent Material: lacustrine deposits the unit, footing or foundation drains backfilled with Permeability: slow or moderately slow in the surface gravel to a suitable outlet, waterproofing the outside of layer and subsurface, slow or very slow in the basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas subsoil, very slow in the substratum will reduce wetness. Designing the dwelling to Available Water Capacity: high conform to the natural slope of the land will reduce the Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the slope limitation. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, surface and upper subsoil, moderately acid to mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to mildly alkaline in the lower subsoil, moderately control erosion and sedimentation. A more suitable alkaline in the substratum site should be considered on a less sloping inclusion Surface Runoff: rapid or nearby soil. Erosion Hazard: very severe The seasonal high water table, low permeability, Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 1.0 to 3.0 feet and slope are the main limitations if this unit is used (Dec-May) for septic tank absorption fields. Modifying a Rooting Zone: unrestricted conventional system by extending the length of the Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches distribution lines, placing the lines on the contour, and Flooding Hazard: none adding fill will allow onsite sewage disposal in places. A more suitable site should be considered in a less Most areas of this unit are used for pastureland or sloping inclusion or nearby soil with faster percolation. woodland. Other areas are used cultivated cropland or Low bearing strength, frost action, and slope are residential development. the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. Erosion and streets. Constructing roads on the contour or is a very severe hazard, particularly on areas left bare locating them on less sloping inclusions will reduce the of plant cover. The seasonal high water table and slow slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained subgrade permeability cause the soil to warm very slowly in the will improve bearing strength and reduce frost action. spring and make tillage difficult. Tillage while the soil is High erodibility is the main limitation if this unit is wet will damage soil structure and result in a hard used for trails. Slope is also a limitation. Switchbacks, cloddy seedbed and a crusty surface when the soil log steps, and water bars will reduce these limitations. dries. Surface drainage will help reduce problems A more suitable site should be considered on a related to wetness. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, coarser textured soil. conservation tillage, cover crops, and crop rotations The capability subclass is IVe. will reduce soil erosion, improve soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an extended period of time. This soil is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a very HvE—Hudson and Vergennes soils, steep severe hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing and grazing This unit consists of very deep, moderately well when the soil is wet are major concerns of pasture drained soils that formed in lacustrine deposits. It is on management as they cause soil compaction and the hills and side slopes, mainly near the Hudson River. reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Some areas consist mostly of Hudson soils, some of Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when wet, and mostly Vergennes soils, and some of both. This unit proper stocking rates increase the quantity and quality consists of 45 percent Hudson soils, 45 percent of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Vergennes soils, and 10 percent other soils. Areas are The potential productivity of northern red oak is elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly moderately high or moderate. Erosion is a moderate range from 5 to 500 acres. Slopes are complex and hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest range from 25 to 45 percent. 100 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Rooting Zone: unrestricted the layers of the Hudson soil are as follows— Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Surface: Flooding Hazard: none Surface to 9 inches, dark brown silt loam Important soil properties of the Vergennes soils— Subsurface: Parent Material: lacustrine deposits 9 to 12 inches, brown silt loam Permeability: slow and moderately slow in the surface Subsoil: layer and subsurface, slow or very slow in the 12 to 25 inches, yellowish brown silty clay loam subsoil, very slow in the substratum 25 to 34 inches, olive brown silt loam and silty clay Available Water Capacity: high loam Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the surface and upper subsoil, moderately acid to Substratum: mildly alkaline in the lower subsoil, moderately 34 to 60 inches, olive brown, reddish brown and brown alkaline in the substratum silt loam and silty clay loam Surface Runoff: very rapid The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Erosion Hazard: very severe the layers of the Vergennes soil are as follows— Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 1.0 to 3.0 feet (Dec-May) Surface layer: Rooting Zone: unrestricted Surface to 6 inches, brown silty clay loam Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Subsurface layer: Flooding Hazard: none 6 to 11 inches, light olive brown silty clay and light Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. brownish gray silt loam This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture Subsoil: because of steep slope. Erosion is a very severe 11 to 20 inches, grayish brown clay hazard. 20 to 28 inches, light olive brown clay with mottles The potential productivity of northern red oak is 28 to 37 inches, light olive brown clay and yellowish moderately high or moderate. Erosion is a moderate brown silt hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest damages vegetative cover. The clayey texture and Substratum: seasonal high water table restrict the use of 37 to 80 inches, grayish brown and brown clay varves equipment. Harvesting when the soil is frozen will interbedded with thin varves of yellowish brown silt reduce equipment damage to the soil. Steep slopes Included with this unit in mapping are areas of severely limit the safe operation of equipment. somewhat poorly drained Kingsbury and Rhinebeck Logging trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes soils in slightly lower areas. Small areas of very poorly reduce the risk of erosion. drained Livingston soils are included along Steep slope and the seasonal high water table are drainageways. Also included are soils that contain the main limitations if this unit is used for septic tank slightly less clay. Inclusions make up about 10 percent absorption fields or dwellings with basements. Slow of the unit. permeability is also a limitation for septic tank absorption fields. Erosion is a very severe hazard Important soil properties of the Hudson soils— during construction. A more suitable site for these Parent Material: lacustrine deposits uses should be selected on a less sloping inclusion or Permeability: moderately slow and moderate in the nearby soil. surface layer and subsurface, slow and very slow Steep slope, low bearing strength, and frost action in the subsoil and substratum are the main limitations if this unit is used for local Available Water Capacity: high roads and streets. Constructing roads on the contour or Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface locating them on less sloping inclusions will reduce the and subsurface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained subgrade in the subsoil, neutral to moderately alkaline in the will improve bearing strength and reduce frost action. substratum Steep slope and high erodibility are the main Surface Runoff: very rapid limitations if this unit is used for trails. Switchbacks, Erosion Hazard: very severe log steps, and water bars will reduce these limitations. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 A more suitable site should be selected on a coarser to 2.0 feet (Nov-Apr) textured soil. Dutchess County, New York 101

The capability subclass is VIe. Available Water Capacity: high Soil Reaction: variable Hy—Hydraquents and Medisaprists soils, Surface Runoff: slow ponded Erosion Hazard: slight Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: +3.0 to 1.0 feet This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, very Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table poorly drained soils. It is on tidal influenced land near Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches the Hudson River and is subject to daily flooding. Flooding Hazard: daily Some areas consist of mostly Hydraquents, some of mostly Medisaprists, and some of both. This unit Important soil properties of Medisaprists— consists of 45 percent Hydraquents, 45 percent Parent Material: organic matter Medisaprists, and 10 percent other soils. Areas are Permeability: moderately slow to moderately rapid irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Available Water Capacity: high 150 acres. Slopes are smooth and range from 0 to 1 Soil Reaction: variable percent. Surface Runoff: slow The sequence, depth, and composition of the layers Erosion Hazard: slight of Hydraquents are variable, but the range is as Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: +5.0 to 0.5 feet follows— Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table Surface layer: Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Color: Black, dark gray, very dark brown Flooding Hazard: daily Thickness: 4 to 15 inches Most areas of this unit are in water tolerant bushes Texture: Muck, silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or or grasses. sandy loam with 0 to 35 percent rock This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture fragments because of wetness and daily flooding. Most areas of Substratum: this unit will not support grazing animals. Color: Gray, olive gray, dark grayish brown The seasonal high water table and daily flooding Thickness: 35 to 65 inches are the main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings Texture: Silty clay through loamy fine sand with 0 to with basements, septic tank absorption fields, and 35 percent rock fragments local roads and streets. Low bearing strength is also a limitation. A more suitable site, such as a drier soil that The sequence, depth, and composition of layers of does not flood, should be selected for all of these Medisaprists are variable, but the range is as follows— uses. Surface organic layer: This unit has good potential for wetland wildlife Color: Black, very dark grayish brown, dark olive habitat. The capability subclass is Vw. gray Thickness: 16 inches or greater Texture: Muck Kn—Kingsbury and Rhinebeck soils Underlying mineral layer: This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, Texture: silty clay through gravelly loamy sand or somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in bedrock in lower part lacustrine deposits. It is on broad flat lands, mostly near the Hudson River in the northwestern part of the Included with this unit in mapping are areas of county. Some areas consist of mostly Kingsbury soils, somewhat excessively drained or well drained some of mostly Rhinebeck soils, and some of both. Udorthents and moderately well drained Udorthents, This unit consists of 40 percent Kingsbury soils, 40 wet substratum near roads and railroads. Soils with percent Rhinebeck soils, and 20 percent other soils. sulfuric horizons or sulfidic materials deeper than 40 Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. They inches are included in some areas. Also included are commonly range from 5 to 250 acres. Slopes are areas where bedrock is less than 60 inches deep. smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent. Inclusions make up about 10 percent of the unit. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Important soil properties of the Hydraquents— the layers of Kingsbury soils are as follows— Parent Material: recent alluvium Surface layer: Permeability: variable Surface to 9 inches, dark grayish brown silty clay loam 102 Soil Survey

Subsurface layer: Available Water Capacity: high 9 to 14 inches, mottled light brownish gray silty clay Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface, loam strongly acid to mildly alkaline in the subsoil, slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the Subsoil: substratum 14 to 29 inches, mottled olive clay Surface Runoff: slow 29 to 38 inches, olive clay Erosion Hazard: moderate Substratum: Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 0.5 38 to 72 inches, mottled olive layers of silty clay loam to 1.5 feet (Jan-May) with thin varves of silt loam Rooting Zone: restricted by the high water table Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Flooding Hazard: none the layers of Rhinebeck soils are as follows— Most areas of this unit are used for pastureland, Surface layer: woodland, or brushland. Other areas are used for Surface to 9 inches, dark grayish brown silt loam cultivated cropland or residential development. This unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. Subsurface layer: The seasonal high water table and slow permeability 9 to 15 inches, gray silty clay loam with mottles cause the soil to warm very slowly in the spring and Subsoil: makes tillage difficult. Tillage while the soil is wet will 15 to 31 inches, light olive brown silty clay loam with damage soil structure and result in a hard cloddy mottles seedbed and crusty surface when the soil dries. Surface drainage will help reduce problems related to Substratum: wetness. Cover crops, conservation tillage, crop 31 to 72 inches, brown silt loam with gray streaks rotations, and tillage at proper moisture content will Included with this unit in mapping are areas of very reduce soil erosion, improve soil tilth, and maintain soil poorly drained Livingston soils and poorly drained and productivity over an extended period of time. very poorly drained Canandaigua soils in depressions This unit is moderately suited to pasture. and along drainageways. Moderately well drained Overgrazing and grazing when the soil is wet are Hudson and Vergennes soils are included on slightly major concerns of pasture management as they cause higher areas. Also included are areas with slopes up soil compaction and the reduction or loss of desirable to 6 percent and areas of less clayey Raynham soils. pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing Inclusions make up about 20 percent of this unit. when the soil is wet, and proper stocking rates help increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage Important soil properties of the Kingsbury soils— and maintain pasture productivity. Parent Material: lacustrine deposits The potential productivity of northern red oak is Permeability: slow in the surface layer and moderately high. Windthrow hazard is moderate subsurface, very slow in the subsoil and because the seasonal high water table restricts rooting substratum depth. The clayey texture and seasonal high water Available Water Capacity: high table restrict the use of equipment. Harvesting when Soil Reaction: strongly acid to mildly alkaline in the the soil is frozen will reduce equipment damage to the surface, subsurface, and subsoil, mildly alkaline to soil. strongly alkaline in the substratum The seasonal high water table and high shrink-swell Surface Runoff: slow potential are the main limitations if this unit is used for Erosion Hazard: moderate dwellings with basements. Locating dwellings in the Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 0.5 highest part of the unit with footing or foundation to 1.5 feet (Dec-May) drains backfilled with gravel to a suitable outlet, Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table waterproofing the outside of basement walls, and Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness Flooding Hazard: none and shrink-swell. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Important soil properties of the Rhinebeck soils— cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during Parent Material: lacustrine deposits construction. Permeability: moderately slow in the surface layer, The seasonal high water table and slow percolation very slow and slow in the subsoil and substratum are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic Dutchess County, New York 103

tank absorption fields. A more suitable site should be Rooting Zone: unrestricted selected in a drier, coarser textured inclusion or Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches nearby soil. Flooding Hazard: none Low bearing strength, the seasonal high water This soil meets the criteria for prime farmland. Most table, and frost action are the main limitations if this areas are used for cultivated cropland or woodland. unit is used for local roads and streets. Installing Other areas are used for pasture or residential drainage and providing a coarse grained subgrade to development. frost depth will reduce these limitations. This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. In the The seasonal high water table and slow percolation absence of irrigation, crop yields are severely reduced are the main limitations if this unit is used for camping by moisture stress during the growing season. The and picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails. A more application of manure and return of crop residues will suitable site should be found for all of these uses. build up soil organic matter content, which increases The capability subclass is IIIw. the water-holding capacity. Cover crops, conservation tillage, crop rotations, and tillage at proper moisture KrA—Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, content will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil nearly level productivity over an extended period of time. This soil is well suited to pasture, but available This unit consists of very deep and somewhat moisture for forage is usually limiting. Overgrazing is a excessively drained Knickerbocker soils that formed in major concern of pasture management as it causes glacial ouwash deposits. It is on valley floors and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. outwash plains. Areas are irregularly shaped. They Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry commonly range from 5 to 125 acres. Slopes are periods, and proper stocking rates help to increase the complex and range from 0 to 2 percent. quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain The typical sequence, depth, and composition of pasture productivity. the layers of Knickerbocker soils are as follows— The potential productivity for northern red oak is moderately high. Planting early in spring reduces the Surface layer: impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling Surface to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam mortality. Subsoil: This soil has few limitations for dwellings with 10 to 19 inches, yellowish brown sandy loam basements. Droughtiness can make the establishment 19 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly Substratum: establishing plant cover help to control erosion and 30 to 60 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand sedimentation during construction. 60 to 72 inches, dark brown loamy sand Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used Included with this soil in mapping are areas of for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils in slightly lower groundwater pollution because the rapidly permeable areas and poorly drained and very poorly drained substratum does not adequately filter effluent. Halsey soils along drainageways and in depressions. Specially designed septic systems are necessary in Areas of Hoosic soils that contain more gravel are places. included. Also included are areas of well drained This soil has few limitations as sites for local roads Haven soils which have a loamier surface and subsoil. and streets. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the map unit. This soil has few limitations for camping and picnic areas or trails. Small stones are the main limitation if Important soil properties— this unit is used for playgrounds. Adding sandy fill will Parent Material: glacial outwash cover small stones. Permeability: moderately rapid in the surface layer and The capability subclass is IIs. upper subsoil, rapid or very rapid in the lower subsoil and substratum KrB—Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, Available Water Capacity: low undulating Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Surface Runoff: slow This soil consists of very deep and somewhat Erosion Hazard: slight excessively drained Knickerbocker soils that formed in Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet glacial outwash deposits. It is on valley floors and 104 Soil Survey

outwash plains. Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. major concern of pasture management as it causes They commonly range from 5 to 100 acres. Slopes are the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. complex and range from 2 to 6 percent. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry The typical sequence, depth, and composition of periods, and proper stocking rates help to increase the the layers of Knickerbocker soils are as follows— quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Surface layer: The potential productivity for northern red oak is Surface to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam moderately high. Planting early in spring reduces the Subsoil: impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling 10 to 19 inches, yellowish brown sandy loam mortality. 19 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand This soil has few limitations for dwellings with basements. Droughtiness can make the establishment Substratum: and maintenance of lawns difficult. Minimizing the 30 to 60 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly 60 to 72 inches, dark brown loamy sand establishing plant cover help to control erosion and Included with this soil in mapping are areas of sedimentation during construction. somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils in slightly lower Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used areas and poorly drained and very poorly drained for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of Halsey soils along drainageways and in depressions. groundwater pollution because the rapidly permeable Hoosic soils are included in areas that contain more substratum does not adequately filter effluent. gravel. Also included are areas of well drained Haven Specially designed septic systems are necessary in soils which have a loamier surface and subsoil. places. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the map unit. This soil has few limitations if used as a site for local roads and streets. Important soil properties— This soil has few limitations for camping and picnic Parent Material: glacial outwash areas or trails. Slope and small stones are the main Permeability: moderately rapid in the surface layer and limitations if this unit is used for playgrounds. Grading upper subsoil, rapid or very rapid in the lower and will cover small stones. subsoil and substratum The capability subclass is IIs. Available Water Capacity: low Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Surface Runoff: slow KrC—Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, Erosion Hazard: slight rolling Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet This soil consists of very deep and somewhat Rooting Zone: unrestricted excessively drained Knickerbocker soils that formed in Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches glacial outwash deposits. It is on valley sides and Flooding Hazard: none small hills. Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They This soil meets the criteria for prime farmland. Most commonly range from 5 to 125 acres. Slopes are areas are used for cultivated cropland or woodland. complex and range from 5 to 16 percent. Other areas are used for pasture or residential The typical sequence, depth, and composition of development. the layers of Knickerbocker soils are as follows— This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. Erosion Surface layer: may be a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of Surface to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam plant cover. In the absence of irrigation, crop yields are severely reduced by moisture stress during the growing Subsoil: season. The application of manure and return of crop 10 to 19 inches, yellowish brown sandy loam residues will build up soil organic matter content, 19 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand which increases the water-holding capacity. Cross Substratum: slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and 30 to 60 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper 60 to 72 inches, dark brown loamy sand moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an extended period of time. Included with this soil in mapping are areas of This soil is well suited to pasture, but available somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils in slightly lower moisture for forage is usually limiting. Overgrazing is a areas and poorly drained and very poorly drained Dutchess County, New York 105

Halsey soils along drainageways and in depressions. for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of Also included are areas of Hoosic soils that contain groundwater pollution because the rapidly permeable more gravel. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of substratum does not adequately filter effluent. the map unit. Specially designed septic systems are necessary in places. Important soil properties— Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Parent Material: glacial outwash local roads and streets. Constructing roads on the Permeability: moderately rapid in the surface layer and contour will reduce the slope limitation. upper subsoil, rapid or very rapid in the lower This soil has few limitations for trails. Slope is the subsoil and substratum main limitation if this unit is used for camping and Available Water Capacity: low picnic areas and playgrounds. Small stones are also a Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid limitation for playgrounds. Grading and adding sandy Surface Runoff: medium fill will reduce these limitations. Erosion Hazard: moderate The capability subclass is IIIe. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Rooting Zone: unrestricted Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches KrD—Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, Flooding Hazard: none hilly Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated This soil consists of very deep and somewhat cropland or woodland. Other areas are used for excessively drained Knickerbocker soils that formed in pasture or residential development. glacial outwash deposits. It is on valley sides, terrace This soil is moderately suited to cultivated crops. faces, and hills. Areas are elongated or irregularly Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on areas shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 75 acres. left bare of plant cover. In the absence of irrigation, Slopes are complex and range from 15 to 30 percent. crop yields are severely reduced by moisture stress The typical sequence, depth, and composition of during the growing season. The application of manure the layers of Knickerbocker soils are as follows— and return of crop residues will build up soil organic Surface layer: matter content, which increases the water-holding Surface to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam capacity. Cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil Subsoil: erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve 10 to 19 inches, yellowish brown sandy loam soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an 19 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand extended period of time. Substratum: This soil is well suited to pasture, but available 30 to 60 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand moisture for forage is usually limiting. Erosion is a 60 to 72 inches, dark brown loamy sand moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a Included with this soil in mapping are areas of major concern of pasture management as it causes somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils along the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. drainageways and in depressions. Also included are Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry areas of Hoosic soils which contain more gravel. periods, and proper stocking rates help to increase the Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the map unit. quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain Important soil properties— pasture productivity. The potential productivity for northern red oak is Parent Material: glacial outwash moderately high. Planting early in the spring reduces Permeability: moderately rapid in the surface layer and the impact of summer droughtiness and reduces upper subsoil, rapid or very rapid in the lower seedling mortality. Logging trails laid out across slopes subsoil and substratum reduce the risk of erosion. Available Water Capacity: low Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid dwellings with basements. Erosion is a moderate Surface Runoff: rapid hazard during construction. Minimizing the removal of Erosion Hazard: severe vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. Rooting Zone: unrestricted Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches 106 Soil Survey

Flooding Hazard: none percent urban land, and 25 percent other soils. The Knickerbocker soils and urban land are in such an Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated intricate pattern that they were not separated in cropland or woodland. Other areas are used for mapping. Areas are rectangular or irregularly shaped. pasture or residential development. They commonly range from 5 to 450 acres. Slopes are This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops because of complex and range from 0 to 2 percent. slope. Pasture is a better use, but the suitability is only The typical sequence, depth, and composition of poor. Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas the layers of the Knickerbocker soils are as follows— left bare of plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture Surface layer: management as it causes the reduction or loss of Surface to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted Subsoil: grazing during dry periods, and proper stocking rates 10 to 19 inches, yellowish brown sandy loam help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and 19 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand forage and maintain pasture productivity. The potential productivity for northern red oak is Substratum: moderately high. Planting early in spring reduces the 30 to 60 inches, dark yellowish brown sand impact of summer droughtiness and reduces seedling 60 to 72 inches, dark brown loamy sand mortality. Logging trails, with water bars, laid out Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. Moderately by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other steep slopes limit the safe operation of equipment. impervious surfaces which obscure soil identification. Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed dwellings with basements. Erosion is a severe hazard with non-soil material such as bricks, broken concrete, during construction. Designing the dwelling to conform or cinders. to the natural slope of the land will reduce the slope Included with this unit in mapping are areas of limitation. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils in slightly lower mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to areas and poorly drained and very poorly drained control erosion and sedimentation. A more suitable Halsey soils along drainageways and in depressions. site should be considered on a less sloping inclusion Hoosic soils are included in areas that contain more or nearby soil. gravel. Small areas of well drained Haven soils are Poor filtering and slope are the main limitations if included which have a loamier surface and subsoil. this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. There Also included are areas of Udorthents adjacent to is a hazard of groundwater pollution because the buildings and other structures. Inclusions make up rapidly permeable substratum does not adequately about 25 percent of the unit. filter effluent. Specially designed septic systems are necessary in places. A more suitable site should be Important soil properties of the Knickerbocker considered in a less sloping, less sandy inclusion or soils— nearby soil. Parent Material: glacial outwash Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Permeability: moderately rapid in the surface layer and local roads and streets. Constructing roads on the upper subsoil, rapid or very rapid in the lower contour or locating them on less sloping inclusions will subsoil and substratum reduce the slope limitation. Available Water Capacity: low Slope is the main limitation for trails. Constructing Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid trails with switchbacks, log steps, and water bars will Surface Runoff: slow reduce the slope limitation. Erosion Hazard: slight The capability subclass is VIe. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Rooting Zone: unrestricted KuA—Knickerbocker - Urban land Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches complex, nearly level Flooding Hazard: none This unit consists of very deep, somewhat This unit is used as urban and suburban excessively drained Knickerbocker soils and urban development. The open areas are in lawns, gardens, land. It is on valley floors and outwash plains. This unit and woodland or brushland between structures. consists of about 40 percent Knickerbocker soils, 35 This unit has few limitations for dwellings with Dutchess County, New York 107

basements. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, Also included are areas of Udorthents adjacent to mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to buildings and other structures. Inclusions make up control erosion and sedimentation during construction. about 25 percent of the unit. Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used Important soil properties of the Knickerbocker for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of soils— groundwater pollution because the rapidly permeable substratum does not adequately filter effluent. Parent Material: glacial outwash Specially designed septic systems are necessary in Permeability: moderately rapid in the surface layer and places. upper subsoil, rapid or very rapid in the lower This unit has few limitations for local roads and subsoil and substratum streets. Available Water Capacity: low This unit has few limitations for camping and picnic Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid areas or trails. Small stones are the main limitation for Surface Runoff: slow playgrounds. Adding sandy fill will reduce these Erosion Hazard: slight limitations. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet A capability subclass is not assigned to this unit. Rooting Zone: unrestricted Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Flooding Hazard: none KuB—Knickerbocker-Urban land complex, undulating This unit is in urban and suburban development. The open areas are in lawns, gardens, and woodland This unit consists of very deep, somewhat or brushland between structures. excessively drained Knickerbocker soils and urban This soil has few limitations for dwellings with land. It is on valley floors and outwash plains. This unit basements. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, consists of about 40 percent Knickerbocker soils, 35 mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to percent urban land, and 25 percent other soils. The control erosion and sedimentation during construction. Knickerbocker soils and urban land are in such an Poor filtering is the main limitation if this unit is used intricate pattern that they were not separated in for septic tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of mapping. Areas are oval, rectangular, or irregularly groundwater pollution because the rapidly permeable shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 60 acres. substratum does not adequately filter effluent. Slopes are complex and range from 2 to 6 percent. Specially designed septic systems are necessary in The typical sequence, depth, and composition of places. the layers of the Knickerbocker soils are as follows— This soil has few limitations for local roads and streets. Surface layer: This soil has few limitations for camping and picnic Surface to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam areas or trails. Slope and small stones are the main Subsoil: limitations if this unit is used for playgrounds. Grading 10 to 19 inches, yellowish brown sandy loam and adding sandy fill will reduce these limitations. 19 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand A capability subclass is not assigned to this unit. Substratum: 30 to 60 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy sand Ln—Linlithgo silt loam 60 to 72 inches, dark brown loamy sand This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered somewhat poorly drained Linlithgo soils that formed in by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other impervious alluvium deposits. It is on flood plains. Areas are surfaces which obscure soil identification. The natural elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly soil layers have been altered or mixed with non-soil range from 5 to 150 acres. Slopes are smooth and material such as bricks, broken concrete, or cinders. range from 0 to 3 percent. Included with this unit in mapping are areas of The typical sequence, depth, and composition of somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils in slightly lower the layers of Linlithgo soils are as follows— areas and poorly drained and very poorly drained Surface layer: Halsey soils along drainageways and in depressions. Surface to 9 inches, dark brown silt loam Hoosic soils are included in areas that contain more gravel. Small areas of well drained Haven soils are Subsoil: included which have a loamier surface and subsoil. 9 to 14 inches, pale brown silt loam with mottles 108 Soil Survey

14 to 21 inches, light brownish gray silt loam with high water table and flooding. Wetness severely limits mottles the operation of equipment. Flooding and the seasonal high water table are the Substratum: main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings with 21 to 26 inches, gray loamy sand basements. A more suitable site should be selected on 26 to 72 inches, grayish brown gravelly loamy fine a drier soil that does not flood. sand with mottles Flooding, the seasonal high water table, and poor Included with this soil in mapping are areas of well filtering are the main limitations if this unit is used for drained Wappinger soils, moderately well drained septic tank absorption fields. There is a severe hazard Pawling soils, and poorly drained and very poorly of groundwater and stream water pollution because of drained Wayland soils. Wappinger and Pawling soils the seasonal high water table. Also, flooding and the are on slightly higher convex portions of the floodplains. rapidly permeable substratum does not adequately Wayland soils are in depressions and swales. filter effluent. A more suitable site should be selected Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. in a drier, less permeable soil that does not flood. Flooding, the seasonal high water table, and frost Important soil properties— action are the main limitations if this unit is used for Parent Material: recent alluvium local roads and streets. Providing drainage and Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and building on raised fill with a coarse-grained subgrade subsoil, moderately rapid to very rapid in the to frost depth will reduce these limitations. A more substratum suitable site should be considered on a drier soil that Available Water Capacity: high does not flood. Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the The seasonal high water table and flooding are the surface and subsoil, moderately acid to neutral in main limitations if this unit is used for camping and the substratum picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails. A more suitable Surface Runoff: slow site should be selected on a drier soil that does not Erosion Hazard: slight flood. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0.5 to 1.5 feet The capability subclass is IIIw. (Jan-May) Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Lv—Livingston silty clay loam Flooding Hazard: occasional, brief (Nov-May) This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and Where drained, this soil meets the criteria for prime very poorly drained Livingston soils that formed in farmland. Most areas are used for cropland, lacustrine deposits. It is in depressions and along pastureland, or woodland. drainageways. Areas are elongated, oval, or irregularly This soil is moderately suited to cultivated crops. shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 100 acres. Where drained, this soil is well suited to cultivated Slopes are smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent. crops. Flooding may briefly delay planting early in The typical sequence, depth, and composition of spring. Using cover crops and including sod crops in the layers of Livingston soils are as follows— the cropping system help to maintain good soil tilth Surface layer: and protect the soil during periods of flooding. Planting Surface to 8 inches, very dark gray silty clay loam trees along the streambank will help reduce streambank erosion. Subsoil: This soil is moderately suited to pasture. Where 8 to 30 inches, gray clay with mottles drained, this soil is well suited to pasture. Tile drains 30 to 38 inches, gray clay with mottles covered with filter material work well. Overgrazing and Substratum: grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of 38 to 72 inches, olive gray clay with mottles pasture management as they cause soil compaction and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Included with this soil in mapping are areas of Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when wet, and somewhat poorly drained Kingsbury and Rhinebeck proper stocking rates increase the quantity and quality soils on slightly higher areas. Small areas of poorly of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. drained and very poorly drained Canandaigua soils The potential productivity for northern red oak is are included where the soil contains slightly less clay. moderately high. Seedling mortality is high and Also included are areas of somewhat poorly drained windthrow hazard is severe because of the seasonal Raynham soils on slightly higher areas with coarser Dutchess County, New York 109

texture. Included areas make up about 15 percent of temperature is less than 47 degrees Fahrenheit. This the unit. map unit consists of about 40 percent Macomber soils, 40 percent Taconic soils, and 20 percent other Important soil properties— soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop covers 2 to 10 Parent Material: lacustrine deposits percent of the surface. The Macomber and Taconic Permeability: moderately slow in the surface layer, soils and rock outcrop are in such an intricate pattern slow or very slow in the subsoil and substratum that they were not separated in mapping. Areas are Available Water Capacity: high oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface 5 to 150 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 5 and upper subsoil, neutral to moderately alkaline to 16 percent. in the lower subsoil and substratum The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Surface Runoff: very slow the layers of Macomber soils are as follows— Erosion Hazard: slight Surface layer: Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 1.0 feet Surface to 4 inches, black channery silt loam (Sept-July) Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table Subsoil: Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches 4 to 24 inches, dark yellowish brown very channery Flooding Hazard: none loam and extremely channery loam Most areas of this soil are used for woodland or Bedrock: water tolerant bushes or grasses. 24 inches, folded schist bedrock This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture The typical sequence, depth, and composition of because of the prolonged seasonal high water table the layers of Taconic soils are as follows— and ponding. The potential productivity of this soil for red maple Surface layer: is moderate. Seedling mortality is high because of the 0 to 3 inches, black channery silt loam seasonal high water table. Windthrow hazard is Subsoil: severe because the seasonal high water table restricts 3 to 12 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam root growth. Wetness severely limits the operation of equipment. Bedrock: The seasonal high water table is the main limitation 12 inches, folded phyllite and quartzite bedrock if this unit is used for dwellings with basements, septic Included with this unit in mapping are areas of tank absorption fields, or local roads and streets. High poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils in shrink-swell potential is also a limitation for dwellings depressions and along drainageways. Also included with basements. Slow percolation is also a limitation are areas of soils where the underlying bedrock is for septic tank absorption fields. Low bearing strength deeper than 40 inches. Inclusions and rock outcrop and frost action are also limitations for local roads and make up about 20 percent of the unit. streets. A more suitable site should be selected for all of these uses on a drier, coarser textured inclusion or Important soil properties of the Macomber soils— nearby soil. Parent Material: glacial till This soil has fair potential for wetland wildlife Permeability: moderate habitat. Available Water Capacity: moderate The capability subclass is Vw. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid Surface Runoff: medium McC—Macomber-Taconic complex, Erosion Hazard: moderate rolling, very rocky Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock This unit consists of moderately deep, well drained Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Macomber soils and shallow, somewhat excessively Flooding Hazard: none drained Taconic soils that formed in glacial till Important soil properties of the Taconic soils— deposits. It is on mountaintops and side slopes that are underlain by folded phyllite, schist, slate, or quartzite Parent Material: glacial till bedrock. It is in mountainous areas in the northeastern Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid part of the county where the mean annual soil Available Water Capacity: very low 110 Soil Survey

Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main Surface Runoff: medium limitations for camping and picnic areas and Erosion Hazard: moderate playgrounds. Slope and small stones are also Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet limitations for playgrounds. Grading and adding sandy Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock fill will reduce these limitations. Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches The capability subclass is VIs. Flooding Hazard: none All areas of this unit are in woodland. MnA—Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of slopes the depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings over portions of the unit, and short growing season. Pasture is a This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and better use, but the suitability is only poor. Erosion is a somewhat poorly drained Massena soils that formed in moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of glacial till deposits. It is in depressions and along plant cover during establishment. Rock outcroppings drainageways on till plains. Areas are oval, elongated, and uneven slopes restrict operating equipment. or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture 50 acres. Slopes are smooth. management as it causes the reduction or loss of The typical sequence, depth, and composition of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted the layers of Massena soils are as follows— grazing during the short growing season, and proper Surface layer: stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality Surface to 7 inches, dark grayish brown silt loam of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. The potential productivity of this unit for northern Subsoil: red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality is moderate in 7 to 14 inches, yellowish brown loam with mottles areas of Taconic soils because of droughtiness and 14 to 19 inches, grayish brown fine sandy loam with windthrow is severe because of shallow depth to mottles bedrock. Planting early in spring will reduce the impact 19 to 33 inches, grayish brown loam with mottles of summer droughtiness and reduce seedling Substratum: mortality. Logging trails laid out across the slope 33 to 47 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam reduce the risk of erosion. with mottles Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over 47 to 72 inches, grayish brown fine sandy loam with portions of the unit are the main limitations if this unit mottles is used for dwellings with basements. The short uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a Included with this soil in mapping are areas of severe hazard during construction. Dwellings can be moderately well drained Georgia soils and poorly built above the rock and landscaped with additional fill. drained and very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and soils are in slightly higher areas and Sun soils are in quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion depressions. Also included are areas of Punsit soils and sedimentation. where the substratum is denser. Inclusions make up Depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over about 20 percent of the unit. portions of the unit are the main limitations if this unit Important soil properties— is used for septic tank absorption fields. A pollution hazard exists because the soil is not thick enough to Parent Material: glacial till filter effluent. A more suitable site should be selected Permeability: moderate in the surface layer, moderately in a deeper inclusion or nearby soil. slow or slow in the subsoil and substratum Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Taconic soils Available Water Capacity: high and rock outcrops over portions of the unit are the Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads and surface and subsoil, neutral to moderately alkaline streets. Slope and frost action are also limitations. in the substratum Careful planning of grades and road locations will Surface Runoff: slow avoid some removal of rock. Constructing roads on Erosion Hazard: slight the contour will reduce the slope limitation. Providing a Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 1.0 to 1.5 feet coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost action. (Nov -May) This soil does not have limitations for trails. Shallow Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table depth to bedrock in areas of Taconic soils and rock Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Dutchess County, New York 111

Flooding Hazard: none coarse grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce these limitations. Where drained, this soil meets the criteria for prime The seasonal high water table is the main limitation farmland. Most areas are used for cultivated cropland, if this unit is used for camping and picnic areas, woodland, or brushland. Other areas are used for playgrounds, and trails. Subsurface drainage and pasture or residential development. diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce these This soil is moderately suited to cultivated crops. limitations. Where drained, this soil is well suited to cultivated The capability subclass is IIIw. crops. Tile drains covered with filter material work well, but this soil is in low positions in the landscape and suitable outlets are hard to establish. Cover crops, MnB—Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent conservation tillage, crop rotations, and tillage at slopes proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an extended period of This unit consists of very deep, gently sloping, and time. somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in glacial till This soil is moderately suited to pasture. Where deposits. It is on concave foot slopes and along drained, this soil is well suited to pasture. Tile drains drainageways on till plains. Areas are oval, elongated, covered with filter material work well, but this soil is in or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to low positions in the landscape and suitable outlets are 75 acres. Slopes are smooth. hard to establish. Overgrazing and grazing when the The typical sequence, depth, and composition of soil is wet are major concerns of pasture management the layers of Massena soils are as follows— as they cause soil compaction and the reduction or Surface layer: loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, Surface to 7 inches, dark grayish brown silt loam restricted grazing when the soil is wet, and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality Subsoil: of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. 7 to 14 inches, yellowish brown loam with mottles The potential productivity for northern red oak is 14 to 19 inches, grayish brown fine sandy loam with moderately high. Seedling mortality and windthrow mottles hazard are moderate because of the seasonal high 19 to 33 inches, grayish brown loam with mottles water table. Wetness limits the use of equipment. Substratum: The seasonal high water table is the main limitation 33 to 47 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. with mottles Building dwellings with raised foundations, subsurface 47 to 72 inches, grayish brown fine sandy loam with drainage, footing or foundation drains, waterproofing mottles the outside of basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce the wetness. Minimizing Included in mapping are areas of moderately well the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly drained Georgia soils and poorly drained and very establishing plant cover help to control erosion and poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia soils are in slightly sedimentation during construction. higher areas and Sun soils are in depressions and The seasonal high water table and slow percolation along drainageways. Also included are areas of Punsit are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic soils where the substratum is denser. Inclusions make tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of up about 20 percent of the unit. groundwater pollution because of the seasonal high Important soil properties— water table. Adding fill and installing a drainage system around the filter field with diversions to Parent Material: glacial till intercept runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. Permeability: moderate in the surface layer, moderately Modifying a conventional system by extending the slow and slow in the subsoil and substratum length of the distribution lines will reduce the slow Available Water Capacity: high percolation limitation. A more suitable site should be Soil Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the surface considered in a drier soil that has faster percolation. and subsoil, neutral to moderately alkaline in the The seasonal high water table and frost action are substratum the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads Surface Runoff: medium and streets. Providing a drainage system and a Erosion Hazard: moderate 112 Soil Survey

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 1.0 to 1.5 feet percolation limitation. A more suitable site should be (Nov -May) considered in a drier soil that has faster percolation. Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table The seasonal high water table and frost action are Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads Flooding Hazard: none and streets. Providing a drainage system and a coarse grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce these Where drained, this soil meets the criteria for prime limitations. farmland. Most areas are used for cultivated cropland, The seasonal high water table is the main limitation woodland, or brushland. Other areas are used for if this unit is used for camping and picnic areas, pasture or residential development. playgrounds, and trails. Slope is also a limitation for This soil is moderately suited to cultivated crops. playgrounds. Subsurface drainage and diverting runoff Where drained, this soil is well suited to cultivated from higher areas will reduce wetness. Grading will crops. Erosion is a hazard, particularly on areas left reduce the slope limitation. bare of plant cover. Tile drains covered with filter The capability subclass is IIIw. material work well, but this soil is in low positions in the landscape and suitable outlets are hard to establish. Cross slope tillage, cover crops, NwB—Nassau-Cardigan complex, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce soil undulating, very rocky erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth and maintain soil productivity over an This unit consists of shallow, somewhat excessively extended period of time. drained Nassau soils and moderately deep, well This soil is moderately suited to pasture. Where drained Cardigan soils that formed in glacial till drained, this soil is well suited to pasture. Tile drains deposits. It is on hilltops and undulating till plains that covered with filter material work well, but this soil is in are underlain by folded shale bedrock. Nassau soils low positions in the landscape and suitable outlets are are commonly on upper slopes, hilltops, and near hard to establish. Overgrazing and grazing when the areas of rock outcrop and Cardigan soils are soil is wet are major concerns of pasture management commonly on lower concave slopes. This unit consists as they cause soil compaction and the reduction or of about 40 percent Nassau soils, 40 percent Cardigan loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, soils, and 20 percent other soils and rock outcrop. restricted grazing when the soil is wet, and proper Rock outcrop covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality The Nassau and Cardigan soils and rock outcrop are of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. in such an intricate pattern that they were not The potential productivity for northern red oak is separated in mapping. Areas are oval or irregularly moderately high. Seedling mortality and windthrow shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 400 acres. hazard are moderate because of the seasonal high Slopes are complex and range from 1 to 6 percent. water table. Wetness limits the use of equipment. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of The seasonal high water table is the main limitation the layers of Nassau soils are as follows— if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. Surface: Building dwellings with raised foundations, subsurface Surface to 5 inches, dark grayish brown channery silt drainage, footing or foundation drains, waterproofing loam the outside of basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce the wetness. Minimizing Subsoil: the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly 5 to 16 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam establishing plant cover help to control erosion and Bedrock: sedimentation during construction. 16 inches, folded dark gray shale The seasonal high water table and slow percolation are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic The typical sequence, depth, and composition of tank absorption fields. There is a hazard of the layers of Cardigan soils are as follows— groundwater pollution because of the seasonal high Surface layer: water table. Adding fill and installing a drainage Surface to 8 inches, dark brown channery silt loam system around the filter field with diversions to intercept runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. Subsoil: Modifying a conventional system by extending the 8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam length of the distribution lines will reduce the slow 12 to 20 inches, yellowish brown channery loam Dutchess County, New York 113

20 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown channery silt red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality is moderate loam because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is severe because of shallow depth to bedrock. Bedrock: Planting early in spring reduces the impact of 30 inches, folded shale bedrock summer droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Included with this unit in mapping are areas of Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings somewhat poorly drained Massena soils and poorly over portions of the unit are the main limitations if this drained and very poorly drained Sun soils. Massena unit is used for dwellings with basements. The short soils are in concave areas and Sun soils are in uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a depressions and along drainageways. Well drained moderate hazard during construction. Dwellings can be Dutchess soils are included where the underlying built above the rock and landscaped with additional fill. bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. Also included are Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and small areas where the underlying bedrock is hard, quickly establishing plant cover during construction will dense graywacke. Inclusions and rock outcrop make help control erosion and sedimentation. up about 20 percent of the unit. Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main limitations if this Important soil properties of the Nassau soils— unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. A Parent Material: glacial till pollution hazard exists because the soil is not thick Permeability: moderate enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site should be Available Water Capacity: very low selected in a deeper inclusion or nearby soil. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings Surface Runoff: medium over portions of the unit are the main limitations for Erosion Hazard: slight local roads and streets. Frost action is also a Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet limitation. Careful planning of grades and road Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock locations will avoid some removal of rock. Providing a Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost action. Flooding Hazard: none Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main limitations for Important soil properties of the Cardigan soils— camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. Slope and Parent Material: glacial till small stones are also limitations for playgrounds. Permeability: moderate Careful site selection, grading, and adding sandy fill Available Water Capacity: low will reduce these limitations. This soil has few Soil Reaction: very strongly through moderately acid limitations for trails. Surface Runoff: medium The capability subclass is VIs. Erosion Hazard: slight Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock NwC—Nassau-Cardigan complex, rolling, Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches very rocky Flooding Hazard: none This unit consists of shallow, somewhat excessively Most areas of this unit are in woodland or pastureland. drained Nassau soils and moderately deep, well Other areas are used as residential development. drained Cardigan soils that formed in glacial till This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of deposits. It is on hilltops and side slopes that are the shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings underlain by folded shale bedrock. Nassau soils are over portions of the unit. Pasture is a better use, but commonly on upper slopes, hilltops, and near areas of the suitability is only poor. Erosion may be a hazard, rock outcrop and Cardigan soils are commonly on particularly on areas left bare during establishment. lower concave slopes. This unit consists of about 40 Rock outcroppings and uneven slopes restrict percent Nassau soils, 40 percent Cardigan soils, and operating machinery. Overgrazing is a major concern 20 percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop of pasture management as it causes the reduction or covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. The Nassau and loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, Cardigan soils and rock outcrop are in such an restricted grazing during dry periods, and proper intricate pattern that they were not separated in stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality mapping. Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. commonly range from 5 to 750 acres. Slopes are The potential productivity of this unit for northern complex and range from 5 to 16 percent. 114 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Surface Runoff: medium the layers of Nassau soils are as follows— Erosion Hazard: moderate Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Surface: Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Surface to 5 inches, dark grayish brown channery silt Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches loam Flooding Hazard: none Subsoil: Most areas of this unit are used for woodland or 5 to 16 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam pastureland. Other areas are used for residential Bedrock: development. 16 inches, folded dark gray shale This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of the shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings The typical sequence, depth, and composition of over portions of the unit. Pasture is a better use, but the layers of Cardigan soils are as follows— the suitability is only poor. Erosion is a moderate Surface layer: hazard, particularly on areas left bare during Surface to 8 inches, dark brown channery silt loam establishment. Rock outcroppings and uneven slopes restrict operating machinery. Overgrazing is a major Subsoil: concern of pasture management as it causes the 8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. 12 to 20 inches, yellowish brown channery loam Rotational grazing, restricted grazing during dry 20 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown channery silt periods, and proper stocking rates help to increase the loam quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain Bedrock: pasture productivity. 30 inches, folded shale bedrock The potential productivity of this unit for northern red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality is moderate Included with this unit in mapping are narrow areas because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is of poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils severe because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting along drainageways. Inclusions of soils that are less early in spring reduces the impact of summer than 10 inches to bedrock are common next to areas droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging of rock outcrop. Areas of well drained Dutchess soils trails laid out across slopes reduce the risk of erosion. are included where the underlying bedrock is deeper Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings than 60 inches. Also included are small areas where over portions of the unit are the main limitations if this the underlying bedrock is hard, dense graywacke. unit is used for dwellings with basements. The short Inclusions and rock outcrop make up about 30 percent uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a of the unit. severe hazard during construction. Dwellings can be Important soil properties of the Nassau soils— built above the rock and landscaped with additional fill. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and Parent Material: glacial till quickly establishing plant cover during construction will Permeability: moderate help control erosion and sedimentation. Available Water Capacity: very low Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid over portions of the unit are the main limitations if this Surface Runoff: medium unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. A Erosion Hazard: moderate pollution hazard exists because the soil is not thick Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site should be Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock selected in a deeper inclusion or nearby soil. Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings Flooding Hazard: none over portions of the unit are the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads and streets. Slope and frost Important soil properties of the Cardigan soils— action are also limitations. Careful planning of grades Parent Material: glacial till and road locations will avoid some removal of rock. Permeability: moderate Constructing roads on the contour will reduce the Available Water Capacity: low slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained subgrade Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid will reduce frost action. Dutchess County, New York 115

Shallow depth to bedrock, rock outcroppings, slope poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils along over portions of the unit are the main limitations if this drainageways and in depressions. Areas of well unit is used for camping and picnic areas and drained Dutchess soils are included where the playgrounds. Small stones are also a limitation for underlying bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. Also playgrounds. Careful site selection, grading, and included are small areas where the underlying adding sandy fill will reduce these limitations. This soil bedrock is hard, dense graywacke. Inclusions and has few limitations for trails. rock outcrop make up about 25 percent of the unit. The capability subclass is VIs. Important soil properties of the Nassau soils— Parent Material: glacial till NwD-Nassau-Cardigan complex, hilly, Permeability: moderate very rocky Available Water Capacity: very low Soil Reaction: very strongly acid and strongly acid This unit consists of shallow, somewhat excessively Surface Runoff: rapid drained Nassau soils and moderately deep, well Erosion Hazard: severe drained Cardigan soils that formed in glacial till Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet deposits. It is on hills and side slopes that are Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock underlain by folded shale bedrock. Nassau soils are Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches commonly on upper slopes and near areas of rock Flooding Hazard: none outcrop and Cardigan soils are commonly on lower concave slopes. This unit consists of about 45 percent Important soil properties of the Cardigan soils— Nassau soils, 30 percent Cardigan soils, and 25 Parent Material: glacial till percent other soils and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop Permeability: moderate covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. The Nassau and Available Water Capacity: low Cardigan soils and rock outcrop are in such an Soil Reaction: very strongly to moderately acid intricate pattern that they were not separated in Surface Runoff: rapid mapping. Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. Erosion Hazard: severe They commonly range from 5 to 2500 acres. Slopes Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet are complex and range from 15 to 30 percent. Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches the layers of Nassau soils are as follows— Flooding Hazard: none Surface: Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. Surface to 5 inches, dark grayish brown channery silt Other areas are used for pasture or residential loam development. Subsoil: This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of 5 to 16 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt the shallow depth to bedrock and rock outcroppings loam over portions of the unit. Pasture is a better use, but the suitability is only poor. Erosion is a severe hazard, Bedrock: particularly on areas left bare during establishment. 16 inches, folded dark gray shale Rock outcroppings and uneven slopes restrict The typical sequence, depth, and composition of operating machinery. Overgrazing is a major concern the layers of Cardigan soils are as follows— of pasture management as it causes the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, Surface layer: restricted grazing during dry periods, and proper Surface to 8 inches, dark brown channery silt loam stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality Subsoil: of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. 8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown channery silt loam The potential productivity of this unit for northern 12 to 20 inches, yellowish brown channery loam red oak is moderate. Erosion is a moderate hazard 20 to 30 inches, dark yellowish brown channery silt and is accelerated where timber harvest damages loam vegetative cover. Seedling mortality is moderate because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is Bedrock: severe because of the shallow depth to bedrock. 30 inches, folded shale bedrock Planting early in spring reduces the impact of summer Included with this unit in mapping are areas of droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging 116 Soil Survey

trails, with water bars, laid out across slopes reduce loam the risk of erosion. Moderately steep slopes limit the Subsoil: safe operation of equipment. 5 to 16 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam Slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main Bedrock: limitations if this unit is used for dwellings with 16 inches, folded dark gray shale basements. The short uneven slopes are also a Typically, the rock outcrop consists of folded and limitation. Erosion is a very severe hazard during tilted shale. construction. Dwellings can be built above the rock Included with this unit in mapping are narrow areas and landscaped with additional fill. Minimizing the of poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly along drainageways. Well drained Dutchess soils are establishing plant cover during construction will help included where the underlying bedrock is deeper than control erosion and sedimentation. A more suitable 60 inches and well drained Cardigan soils are included site should be considered on a deeper less sloping where the underlying bedrock is between 20 and 40 inclusion or nearby soil. inches deep. Also included are small areas where the Slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and rock underlying bedrock is hard, dense graywacke. outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit. limitations if this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. A pollution hazard exists because the soil is not Important soil properties of the Nassau soils— thick enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site Parent Material: glacial till should be selected in a deeper, less sloping inclusion Permeability: moderate or nearby soil. Available Water Capacity: very low Slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and rock Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid outcroppings over portions of the unit are the main Surface Runoff: very rapid limitations if this unit is used for local roads and Erosion Hazard: very severe streets. Frost action is also a limitation. Careful Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet planning of grades and road locations will avoid some Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock removal of rock. Constructing roads on the contour or Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches locating them on less sloping inclusions will reduce the Flooding Hazard: none slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost action. Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, because of the steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. and frequent rock outcroppings. The capability subclass is VIs. The potential productivity of this unit for northern red oak is moderate. Erosion is a severe hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest damages the NxE—Nassau-Rock outcrop complex, vegetative cover. Seedling mortality is moderate steep because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is severe because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting This unit consists of shallow, somewhat excessively early in spring reduces the impact of summer drained Nassau soils and areas of rock outcrop. It is droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging on hills and side slopes that are underlain by folded trails, with water bars, laid out across the slope reduce shale bedrock. This unit consists of about 45 percent the risk of erosion. Steep slopes severely limit the safe Nassau soils, 30 percent rock outcrop, and 25 percent operation of equipment. other soils. The Nassau soils and areas of rock Steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and outcrop are in such an intricate pattern that they were frequent rock outcroppings are the main limitations if not separated in mapping. Areas are elongated or this unit is used for dwellings with basements or septic irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to tank absorption fields. A pollution hazard exists for 600 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 25 to septic tank absorption fields because the soil is not 45 percent. thick enough to filter effluent. A more suitable site for The typical sequence, depth, and composition of these uses should be selected on a deeper, less the layers of Nassau soils are as follows— sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Surface: Steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and frequent Surface to 5 inches, dark grayish brown channery silt rock outcroppings are the main limitations if this unit is Dutchess County, New York 117

used for local roads and streets. Frost action is also a Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet limitation. Careful planning of grades and road Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock locations will avoid some removal of rock. Constructing Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches roads on the contour or locating them on less sloping Flooding Hazard: none inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Providing a Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost action. This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used because of the very steep slope, shallow depth to for trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log bedrock, and frequent rock outcroppings. steps, and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. The potential productivity of this unit for northern The capability subclass is VIIs. red oak is moderate. Erosion is a severe hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest damages the NxF—Nassau-Rock outcrop complex, vegetative cover. Seedling mortality is moderate very steep because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is severe because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting This unit consists of shallow, somewhat excessively early in spring reduces the impact of summer drained Nassau soils and areas of rock outcrop. It is droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging on hills and side slopes that are underlain by folded trails, with water bars, laid out across the slope reduce shale bedrock. This unit consists of about 50 percent the risk of erosion. Very steep slopes limit the safe Nassau soils, 30 percent rock outcrop, and 20 percent operation of equipment. other soils. The Nassau soils and areas of rock Steep slope and shallow depth to bedrock are the outcrop are in such an intricate pattern that they were main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings with not separated in mapping. Areas are elongated or basements or septic tank absorption fields. A pollution irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to hazard exists for septic tank absorption fields because 500 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 45 to the soil is not thick enough to filter effluent. A more 70 percent. suitable site should be selected in a deeper, less The typical sequence, depth, and composition of sloping inclusion or nearby soil. the layers of Nassau soils are as follows— Very steep slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and frequent rock outcroppings are the main limitations if Surface: this unit is used for local roads and streets. Frost Surface to 5 inches, dark grayish brown channery silt action is also a limitation. Careful planning of grades loam and road locations will avoid some removal of rock. Subsoil: Constructing roads on the contour or locating them on 5 to 16 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost Bedrock: action. 16 inches, folded dark gray shale Very steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is Typically, the rock outcrop consists of folded and used for trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log tilted shale. steps, and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. Included with this unit in mapping are narrow areas The capability subclass is VIIs. of poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils along drainageways. Well drained Cardigan soils are included where the underlying bedrock is between 20 Pc—Palms muck and 40 inches deep. Also included are small areas This soil consists of very deep, nearly level, and where the underlying bedrock is hard, dense very poorly drained Palms soils that formed in organic graywacke. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of deposits. It is in depressions between hills and on the unit. outwash, till, and flood plains. Areas are oval, Important soil properties of the Nassau soils— elongated, or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 100 acres. Slopes are smooth and Parent Material: glacial till range from 0 to 2 percent. Permeability: moderate The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Available Water Capacity: very low the layers of Palms soils are as follows— Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid Surface Runoff: very rapid Surface layer: Erosion Hazard: very severe Surface to 12 inches, black muck 118 Soil Survey

Subsurface layers: The capability subclass is Vw. 12 to 20 inches, black muck 20 to 30 inches, dark gray muck Pg—Pawling silt loam Substratum: This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and 30 to 80 inches, gray gravelly fine sandy loam moderately well drained Pawling soils that formed in Included with this soil in mapping are areas of alluvium deposits. It is on flood plains. Areas are Carlisle soils where the organic material is greater elongated of irregularly shaped. They commonly range than 51 inches deep. Areas of poorly drained and very from 5 to 475 acres. Slopes are smooth and range poorly drained loamy Sun soils are included around from 0 to 3 percent. the perimeter of the unit. Also included are areas of The typical sequence, depth, and composition of somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained the layers of Pawling soils are as follows— Fluvaquents and moderately well drained to somewhat Surface layer: excessively drained Udifluvents where fast flowing Surface to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam streams enter the unit. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. Subsoil: 8 to 14 inches, dark brown silt loam Important soil properties— 14 to 25 inches, dark brown silt loam with mottles Parent Material: organic matter 25 to 33 inches, dark brown loam with mottles Permeability: moderately slow to moderately rapid in Substratum: the surface layer and subsurface, moderately slow 33 to 37 inches, grayish brown gravelly loamy sand or moderate in the substratum 37 to 72 inches, brown very gravelly sand Available Water Capacity: high Soil Reaction: strongly acid to moderately alkaline Included in mapping are areas of well drained Surface Runoff: very slow or ponded Wappinger soils, somewhat poorly drained Linlithgo Erosion Hazard: slight soils, and poorly drained and very poorly drained Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: +1.0 to 1.0 foot Wayland soils. Wappinger soils are on slightly higher (Nov-May) convex areas. Linlithgo soils are on slightly lower Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table areas. Wayland soils are in depressions and swales. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. Flooding Hazard: none Important soil properties— Most areas of this soil are used for woodland or Parent Material: recent alluvium water tolerant bushes and grasses. Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and subsoil, This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture moderately rapid to rapid in the substratum because of the prolonged seasonal high water table Available Water Capacity: high and ponding. Soil Reaction: strongly acid to moderately acid above Potential productivity of this soil for red maple is 20 inches, moderately acid to neutral below 20 moderate. Seedling mortality is high because of the inches prolonged seasonal high water table. Windthrow Surface Runoff: slow hazard is severe because the seasonal high water Erosion Hazard: slight table restricts root growth. Wetness and low bearing Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 1.5 to 2.0 feet strength severely limit the use of equipment. (Feb-Apr) Ponding and subsidence are the main limitations if Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table this unit is used for dwellings with basements, septic Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches tank absorption fields, or local roads and streets. Low Flooding Hazard: occasional, brief (Nov-May) bearing strength is also a limitation for dwellings with basements. Slow percolation is also a limitation for This soil meets the criteria for prime farmland. Most septic tank absorption fields. Frost action is also a areas are used for cropland, pastureland, or limitation for local roads and streets. A more suitable woodland. site for all of these uses should be selected on a drier This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. Flooding soil. can briefly delay planting early in spring. Using cover This soil has good potential for wetland wildlife crops and including sod crops in the cropping system habitat. help to maintain good soil tilth and protect the soil Dutchess County, New York 119

during periods of flooding. Planting trees along the are areas of Udorthents where the overlying soil streambank will help reduce streambank erosion. material has been disturbed and rock outcrop where This soil is well suited to pasture. Overgrazing and the underlying bedrock has been exposed. Inclusions grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of make up about 30 percent of the unit. pasture management as they cause soil compaction Surface runoff ranges from slow to rapid. and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Permeability is rapid or very rapid. Other soils Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when wet, and properties vary greatly and can be determined only by proper stocking rates increase the quantity and quality onsite investigation. of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Older abandoned pits have some drought tolerant The potential productivity for northern red oak is grasses and shrubs. Pits that are no longer mined moderately high. Brief flooding restricts the operation should be smoothed and reclaimed to prevent erosion. of equipment. Some abandoned pits are used for urban Flooding and the seasonal high water table are the development. Onsite investigation is needed to determine main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings with the suitability of this unit for most uses. Poor filtering is basements. A more suitable site should be selected on a severe limitation for septic tank absorption fields. a drier soil that does not flood. A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. Flooding, the seasonal high water table, and poor filtering are the main limitations if this unit is used for Pu—Pits, quarry septic tank absorption fields. There is a severe hazard of groundwater and stream water pollution because of This unit consists of exposed bedrock in areas the seasonal high water table and flooding. Also, the partially quarried for rock material. Areas are oval or rapidly permeable substratum does not adequately irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to filter effluent. A more suitable site should be selected 800 acres. These pits have rolling or hilly surfaces on a drier, less permeable soil that does not flood. with steep or very steep slopes along the edges. Flooding, the seasonal high water table, and frost Because of the variability of this unit, a typical pedon action are the main limitations if this unit is used for is not provided. local roads and streets. Providing drainage and Included with this unit in mapping are areas of building on raised fill with a coarse-grained subgrade Chatfield, Hollis, Galway, Farmington, Nassau, and to frost depth will reduce these limitations. A more Cardigan soils where the overlying soil material is suitable site should be considered on a drier soil that undisturbed. Areas of poorly drained and very poorly does not flood. drained Sun soils are included in undisturbed The seasonal high water table and flooding are the depressions and along drainageways. Also included main limitations if this unit is used for camping and are areas of Udorthents where the overlying soil picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails. A more suitable material has been disturbed. Inclusions make up site should be selected on a drier soil that does not about 30 percent of the unit. flood. Surface runoff ranges from very slow to rapid. The capability subclass is IIw. Other soils properties vary greatly and can be determined only by on site investigation. Some abandoned quarries are used for urban Ps—Pits, gravel development. On-site investigation is needed to determine the suitability of this unit for most uses. This unit consists of areas that have been A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. excavated for gravel. Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 100 acres. These pits have undulating or rolling surfaces with PwB—Pittstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent steep or very steep slopes along the edges. Because slopes of the variability of this unit, a typical pedon is not provided. This unit consists of very deep, gently sloping, and Included with this unit in mapping are areas of moderately well drained Pittstown soils that formed in somewhat excessively drained Hoosic soils and well glacial till deposits. It is on broad hilltops, concave foot drained Copake soils where the overlying soil material slopes, and along drainageways on till plains. Areas is undisturbed. Areas of somewhat poorly drained are oval, elongated, or irregularly shaped. They Fredon soils and poorly drained and very poorly commonly range from 5 to 275 acres. Slopes are drained Halsey soils are included in undisturbed smooth. depressions and along drainageways. Also included The typical sequence, depth, and composition of 120 Soil Survey

the layers of Pittstown soils are as follows— This soil is well suited to pasture. Overgrazing and Surface layer: grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam pasture management as they cause soil compaction 8 to 10 inches, pale brown silt loam and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when the soil is Subsoil: wet, and proper stocking rates help to increase the 10 to 22 inches, light olive brown silt loam with mottles quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain Substratum: pasture productivity. 22 to 35 inches, dark yellowish brown channery silt The potential productivity for northern red oak on loam with mottles, firm and dense this soil is moderate. Windthrow hazard is moderate, 35 to 80 inches, light olive brown channery silt loam particularly where the dense substratum is close to the with mottles, very firm and dense surface restricting root penetration by larger trees. The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Included with this soil in mapping are areas of well if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. drained Bernardston soils, somewhat poorly drained Subsurface drainage, footing or foundation drains Punsit soils, poorly drained and very poorly drained backfilled with gravel, waterproofing the outside of Sun soils, and poorly drained and very poorly drained basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas fine textured Canandaigua soils. Bernardston soils are will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of on slightly higher areas and Punsit soils are in slightly vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant lower areas. Sun soils and Canandaigua soils are cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during along drainageways and in depressions. Areas of construction. Georgia soils are included where the substratum is The seasonal high water table and slow percolation less dense. Also included are soils that have a higher are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic clay content in the subsoil. Inclusions make up about tank absorption fields. Modifying a conventional 20 percent of the unit. system by extending the length of the distribution lines, adding fill above the impermeable substratum, Important soil properties— and installing a drainage system around the filter field Parent Material: glacial till with diversions to intercept runoff from higher areas Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and will allow onsite sewage disposal in many places. subsoil, slow or moderately slow in the substratum The seasonal high water table and frost action are Available Water Capacity: high the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid and streets. Construction on raised fill materials, above 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid installing a drainage system, and providing a coarser below 30 inches grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce these Surface Runoff: medium limitations. Erosion Hazard: slight The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 if this unit is used for camping and picnic areas, to 3.0 feet (Nov-Apr) playgrounds, and trails. Slope and small stones are Rooting Zone: restricted by firm, dense substratum also limitations for playgrounds. Adding sandy fill, Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches subsurface drainage, and diverting runoff from higher Flooding Hazard: none areas will cover small stones and reduce wetness. Grading will reduce the slope limitation. This soil meets the criteria for prime farmland. Most The capability subclass is IIe. areas are used for cultivated crops or pasture. Other areas are used for woodland or residential development. This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. Erosion PwC—Pittstown silt loam, 8 to 15 percent may be a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of slopes plant cover. The seasonal high water can delay spring tillage and planting. Subsurface drainage to drain This unit consists of very deep, sloping, and wetter inclusions and diverting surface runoff from moderately well drained Pittstown soils that formed in higher areas will reduce wetness. Stripcropping, cross glacial till deposits. It is on hills and side slopes. Areas slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and are elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper range from 5 to 75 acres. Slopes are smooth. moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain The typical sequence, depth, and composition of soil productivity over an extended period of time. the layers of Pittstown soils are as follows— Dutchess County, New York 121

Surface layer: moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of Surface to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing and 8 to 10 inches, pale brown silt loam grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of pasture management as they cause soil compaction Subsoil: and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. 10 to 22 inches, light olive brown silt loam with mottles Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when the soil is Substratum: wet, and proper stocking rates help to increase the 22 to 35 inches, dark yellowish brown channery silt quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain loam with mottles, firm and dense pasture productivity. 35 to 80 inches, light olive brown channery silt loam The potential productivity for northern red oak on with mottles, very firm and dense this unit is moderate. Windthrow hazard is moderate, particularly where the dense substratum is close to the Included in mapping are areas of well drained surface restricting root penetration by larger trees. Bernardston soils, somewhat poorly drained Punsit Logging trails laid out across slopes will reduce the soils, poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun risk of erosion. soils, and poorly drained and very poorly drained The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Canandaigua soils. Bernardston soils are on slightly if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. higher areas and Punsit soils are in slightly lower Subsurface drainage, footing or foundation drains areas. Sun soils and fine textured Canandaigua soils backfilled with gravel, waterproofing the outside of are along drainageways and in depressions. Areas of basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas Georgia soils are included where the substratum is will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of less dense. Also included are soils that have a higher vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant clay content in the subsoil. Inclusions make up about cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during 20 percent of the unit. construction. Important soil properties— The seasonal high water table and slow percolation are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic Parent Material: glacial till tank absorption fields. Modifying a conventional Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and system by extending the length of the distribution subsoil, slow or moderately slow in the substratum lines, adding fill above the impermeable substratum, Available Water Capacity: high and installing a drainage system around the filter field Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid with diversions to intercept runoff from higher areas above 30 inches, very strongly acid to slightly acid will allow onsite sewage disposal in many places. below 30 inches The seasonal high water table, slope, and frost Surface Runoff: rapid action are limitations for local roads and streets. Erosion Hazard: moderate Construction on raised fill materials, installing a Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 1.5 drainage system, and providing a coarser grained to 3.0 feet (Nov-Apr) subgrade to frost depth will reduce these limitations. Rooting Zone: restricted by firm, dense substratum The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches if this unit is used for camping and picnic areas, Flooding Hazard: none playgrounds, and trails. Slope is also a limitation for Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. Small cropland or pastureland. Other areas are used for stones are also a limitation for playgrounds. Adding woodland or residential development. sandy fill, subsurface drainage, and diverting runoff This soil is moderately suited to cultivated crops. from higher areas will cover small stones and reduce Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on areas left wetness. Water bars will also reduce wetness on bare of plant cover. The seasonal high water can delay trails. Grading will reduce the slope limitation. spring tillage and planting. Subsurface drainage to drain The capability subclass is IIIe. wetter inclusions and diverting surface runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. Stripcropping, cross PzA—Punsit silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, and slopes crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and soil productivity over an extended period of time. somewhat poorly drained Punsit soils that formed in This unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a glacial till deposits. It is in depressions and along 122 Soil Survey

drainageways on till plains. Areas are oval, elongated, This soil is moderately suited to pasture. or irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Overgrazing and grazing when the soil is wet are 50 acres. Slopes are smooth. major concerns of pasture management as they cause The typical sequence, depth, and composition of soil compaction and the reduction or loss of desirable the layers of Punsit soils are as follows— pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when the soil is wet, and proper stocking rates help to Surface: increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage Surface to 6 inches, brown silt loam and maintain pasture productivity. Subsoil: The potential productivity for northern red oak on 6 to 11 inches, light brownish gray silt loam with this soil is moderately high. Windthrow hazard is mottles moderate, particularly where the dense substratum is 11 to 17 inches, grayish brown silt loam with mottles close to the surface restricting root penetration by larger trees. Seedling mortality is moderate because Substratum: of the seasonal high water table. Wetness limits the 17 to 80 inches, olive silt loam with mottles, firm and use of equipment. dense The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Included with this soil in mapping are areas of if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. moderately well drained Pittstown soils, poorly drained Subsurface drainage, footing or foundation drains and very poorly drained Sun soils, and poorly drained backfilled with gravel, waterproofing the outside of and very poorly drained fine textured Canandaigua basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas soils. Pittstown soils are in slightly higher areas. Sun will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of soils and Canandaigua soils are in depressions and vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant along drainageways. Areas of Massena soils are cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during included where the substratum is less dense. Also construction. included are soils that have a higher clay content in The seasonal high water table and slow percolation the subsoil. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic the unit. tank absorption fields. Modifying a conventional system by extending the length of the distribution Important soil properties— lines, adding fill above the impermeable substratum, Parent Material: glacial till and installing a drainage system around the filter field Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and with diversions to intercept runoff from higher areas subsoil, slow in the substratum will allow onsite sewage disposal in some places. A Available Water Capacity: high more suitable site should be considered on a drier Soil Reaction: slightly acid or moderately acid inclusion or nearby soil with faster percolation. Surface runoff: slow The seasonal high water table and frost action are Erosion Hazard: slight the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 0.5 and streets. Construction on raised fill materials, to 1.5 feet (Feb-Apr) installing a drainage system, and providing a coarse Rooting Zone: restricted by firm, dense substratum grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce these Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches limitations. Flooding Hazard: none The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this unit is used for camping and picnic areas, Where drained, this unit meets the criteria for prime playgrounds, and trails. Adding sandy fill, subsurface farmland. Most areas of this soil are used for drainage, and diverting runoff from higher areas will pastureland, woodland, or brushland. Other areas are cover small stones and reduce these limitations. used for cultivated cropland or residential development. The capability subclass is IIIw. This unit is moderately suited for cultivated crops. The seasonal high water table delays spring planting and tillage. Subsurface drainage and diverting runoff PzB—Punsit silt loam, 3 to 8 percent from higher areas will reduce wetness. Cover crops, slopes conservation tillage, crop rotations, and tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and This unit consists of very deep, gently sloping, and maintain soil productivity over an extended period of somewhat poorly drained Punsit soils that formed in time. glacial till deposits. It is on concave foot slopes and Dutchess County, New York 123

along drainageways on till plains. Areas are oval, concerns of pasture management as they cause soil elongated, or irregularly shaped. They commonly compaction and the reduction or loss of desirable range from 5 to 50 acres. Slopes are smooth. pasture plants. Rotational grazing, restricted grazing The typical sequence, depth, and composition of when the soil is wet, and proper stocking rates help to the layers of Punsit soils are as follows— increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Surface: The potential productivity for northern red oak on Surface to 6 inches, brown silt loam this unit is moderately high. Windthrow hazard is Subsoil: moderate, particularly where the dense substratum is 6 to 11 inches, light brownish gray silt loam with close to the surface restricting root penetration by mottles larger trees. Seedling mortality is moderate because 11 to 17 inches, grayish brown silt loam with mottles of the seasonal high water table. Wetness limits operation of equipment. Substratum: The seasonal high water table is the main limitation 17 to 80 inches, olive silt loam with mottles, firm and if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. dense Subsurface drainage, footing or foundation drains Included in mapping are areas of moderately well backfilled with gravel, waterproofing the outside of drained Pittstown soils, poorly drained and very poorly basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas drained Sun soils, and poorly drained and very poorly will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of drained Canandaigua soils. Pittstown soils are in vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant slightly higher areas. Sun soils and fine textured cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during Canandaigua soils are in depressions and along construction. drainageways. Areas of Massena soils are included The seasonal high water table and slow percolation where the substratum is less dense. Also included are are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil. tank absorption fields. Modifying a conventional Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. system by extending the length of the distribution lines, adding fill above the impermeable substratum, Important soil properties— and installing a drainage system around the filter field Parent Material: glacial till with diversions to intercept runoff from higher areas Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and allows onsite sewage disposal in some places. A more subsoil, slow in the substratum suitable site should be considered on a drier inclusion Available Water Capacity: high or nearby soil with faster percolation. Soil Reaction: slightly acid or moderately acid The seasonal high water table and frost action are Surface Runoff: medium the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads Erosion Hazard: slight and streets. Construction on raised fill materials, Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: perched at 0.5 installing a drainage system, and providing a coarse to 1.5 feet (Feb-Apr) grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce these Rooting Zone: restricted by firm, dense substratum limitations. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Flooding Hazard: none if this unit is used for camping and picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails. Slope is also a limitation for Where drained, this unit meets the criteria for prime playgrounds. Adding sandy fill, subsurface drainage, farmland. Most areas of this unit are used for and diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce pastureland, woodland, or brushland. Other areas are wetness. Grading will reduce the slope limitation. used for cultivated crops or residential development. The capability subclass is IIIw. This unit is moderately suited for cultivated crops. The seasonal high water table delays spring planting and tillage. Subsurface drainage and diverting runoff Ra—Raynham silt loam from higher areas will reduce wetness. Cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will reduce any This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content will improve somewhat poorly drained Raynham soils that formed soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an in lacustrine deposits. It is on broad depressions and extended period of time. flat lowlands. Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. This soil is moderately suited to pasture. They commonly range from 5 to 225 acres. Slopes are Overgrazing and grazing when the soil is wet are major smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent. 124 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of to establish. Cover crops, conservation tillage, crop the layers of Raynham soils are as follows— rotations, and tillage at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity over an Surface layer: extended period of time. Surface to 2 inches, very dark brown silt loam This soil is poorly suited to pasture. The seasonal Subsurface layer: high water table limits the selection of forage crops 2 to 8 inches, dark grayish brown silt loam that can be grown and interferes with farming operations. Overgrazing and grazing when the soil is Subsoil: wet are major concerns of pasture management as 8 to 26 inches, dark gray silt loam with mottles they cause soil compaction and the reduction or loss 26 to 30 inches, grayish brown silt loam with mottles of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, Substratum: restricted grazing when the soil is wet, and proper 30 to 80 inches, gray very fine sandy loam with stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality mottles of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. The potential productivity for red maple is moderate. Included in mapping are areas of a similar soil that Seedling mortality is moderate and windthrow hazard is poorly drained. Also included are areas of well is severe because of the seasonal high water table. drained Unadilla soils, moderately well drained Scio Wetness severely limits the use of equipment. soils, very poorly drained Livingston soils, and poorly The seasonal high water table is the main limitation drained and very poorly drained Canandaigua soils. if this unit is used for dwellings with basements or Unadilla soils and Scio soils are in higher areas. septic tank absorption fields. Slow percolation is also a Livingston soils and Canandaigua soils are in limitation for septic tank absorption fields. A more depressions and drainageways. Also included are suitable site should be considered for these uses in a areas of finer textured Kingsbury and Rhinebeck soils. drier inclusion or nearby soil. Massena soils and poorly drained and very poorly Frost action and the seasonal high water table are drained Sun soils are along the perimeter of the unit the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads near uplands. Included areas make up about 15 and streets. Construction on raised fill materials, percent of the map unit. installing a drainage system, and providing a coarser Important soil properties— grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce these limitations. Parent Material: lacustrine deposits This unit has fair potential for wetland wildlife Permeability: moderate or moderately slow in the habitat. surface layer and subsoil, slow in the substratum The capability subclass is IIIw. Available Water Capacity: high Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface and subsoil, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in Sc—Scio silt loam the substratum This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and Surface Runoff: slow moderately well drained Scio soils that formed in Erosion Hazard: slight lacustrine deposits. It is on broad flatlands and valley Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0.5 to 2.0 feet floors. Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. They (Nov-May) commonly range from 5 to 50 acres. Slopes are Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent. Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Flooding Hazard: none the layers of Scio soils are as follows— Where drained, this unit meets the criteria for prime Surface layer: farmland. Most areas of this unit are used for Surface to 8 inches, dark grayish brown silt loam cultivated cropland, woodland, or brushland. Other areas are used for pasture or residential development. Subsoil: This unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. Where 8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown silt loam drained, this soil is moderately suited to cultivated 12 to 23 inches, brown very fine sandy loam with crops. Tile drains covered with filter material and mottles diversion ditches work well, but this soil is in low 23 to 29 inches, yellowish brown very fine sandy loam positions in the landscape and suitable outlets are hard with mottles Dutchess County, New York 125

29 to 34 inches, olive gray silt loam with mottles The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this unit is used for dwellings with basements. Substratum: Erosion is a moderate hazard during construction. 34 to 72 inches, brown silt loam and very fine sandy Subsurface drains, footing or foundation drains loam with mottles backfilled with gravel, waterproofing the outside of Included in mapping are areas of well drained basement walls, and diverting runoff from higher areas Unadilla soils, somewhat poorly drained Raynham will reduce wetness. Minimizing the removal of soils, and very poorly drained Livingston soils. vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant Unadilla soils are in slightly higher soils. Raynham cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. soils are in slightly lower areas and along The seasonal high water table is the main limitation drainageways. Livingston soils are in clayey areas in if this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. depressions and drainageways. Some included soils Installing a drainage system around the filter field with have higher reactions in the surface layer and subsoil diversions to intercept runoff from higher areas will because of liming. Also included are areas with slopes reduce wetness. up to 6 percent. Inclusions make up about 20 percent Frost action is the main limitation if this unit is used of the unit. for septic tank absorption fields. Installing a drainage system and providing a coarse grained subgrade to Important soil properties— frost depth will reduce this limitation. Parent Material: lacustrine deposits The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and if this unit is used for camping and picnic areas, subsoil, and moderately rapid or rapid in the playground, and trails. Subsurface drainage and substratum diverting runoff from higher areas will reduce wetness. Available Water Capacity: high The capability subclass is IIw. Soil Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid in the surface and subsoil, strongly acid to mildly alkaline in the substratum SkB—Stockbridge silt loam, 3 to 8 Surface Runoff: slow percent slopes Erosion Hazard: slight This unit consists of very deep, gently sloping, and Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 1.5 to 2.0 feet well drained Stockbridge soils that formed in glacial till (Mar-May) deposits. It is on hilltops and broad till plains. Areas Rooting Zone: restricted by seasonal high water table are oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly range Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches from 5 to 375 acres. Slopes are smooth. Flooding Hazard: none The typical sequence, depth and composition of the This unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. Most layers of Stockbridge soils are as follows— areas are used for cultivated crops or pasture. Other Surface layer: areas are used for woodland or residential development. Surface to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam This unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Erosion may be a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of Subsoil: plant cover. The seasonal high water table can delay 6 to 11 inches, dark brown silt loam spring tillage. Tile drainage and diversions will reduce 11 to 23 inches, yellowish brown silt loam wetness. Cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop Substratum: rotations will improve soil tilth, and maintain 23 to 80 inches, brown silt loam productivity. This soil is well suited to pasture. Erosion may be a Included with this soil in mapping are areas of hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant cover moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat during establishment. Overgrazing and grazing when poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and the soil is wet are major concerns of pasture very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia soils and management as they cause soil compaction and the Massena soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational Sun soils are along drainageways and in depressions. grazing, restricted grazing when wet, and proper Also included are areas of Bernardston soils where the stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality substratum is denser and more acid. Charlton soils of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. are included in areas where the soil is more acid and The potential productivity for northern red oak is the rock fragments are dominated by schist, granite, moderately high. or gneiss. Also included are areas of moderately deep 126 Soil Survey

well drained and moderately well drained Galway soils, This soil has few limitations for trails. Slow and shallow well drained and somewhat excessively percolation is the main limitation if this unit is used for drained Farmington soils where the underlying camping and picnic areas. Slope and small stones are limestone bedrock is shallower than 40 inches. the main limitations for playgrounds. Subsurface Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. drainage will reduce the slow percolation limitation. Adding sandy fill will cover small stones, and grading Important soil properties— will reduce the slope limitation. Parent Material: glacial till The capability subclass is IIe. Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and subsoil, slow and moderately slow in the substratum SkC—Stockbridge silt loam, 8 to 15 Available Water Capacity: high percent slopes Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface, This unit consists of very deep, sloping, and well moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil, drained Stockbridge soils that formed in glacial till moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the deposits. It is on hills and side slopes. The areas are substratum oval, elongated, or irregularly shaped. They commonly Surface Runoff: medium range from 5 to 400 acres. Slopes are smooth. Erosion Hazard: slight The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet the layers of Stockbridge soils are as follows— Rooting Zone: unrestricted Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Surface layer: Flooding Hazard: none Surface to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam This unit meets the criteria for prime farmland. Most Subsoil: areas are used for cropland, pastureland, or woodland. 6 to 11 inches, dark brown silt loam Other areas are used for residential development. 11 to 23 inches, yellowish brown silt loam This unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Erosion Substratum: may be a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of 23 to 80 inches, brown silt loam plant cover. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, crop rotations, and tillage Included in mapping are areas of moderately well at proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and drained Georgia soils, somewhat poorly drained maintain soil productivity over an extended period of Massena soils, and poorly drained and very poorly time. drained Sun soils. Georgia soils and Massena soils This unit is well suited to pasture and hay. are in slightly lower and concave areas. Sun soils are Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture along drainageways and in depressions. Also included management, as it causes the reduction or loss of are areas of Bernardston soils where the substratum desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing and proper is denser and more acid. Charlton soils are included in stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality areas where the soils are more acid and the rock of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. fragments are dominated by schist, granite, or gneiss. The potential productivity for northern red oak is Also included are areas of moderately deep well moderately high. drained and moderately well drained Galway soils. This unit has few limitations for dwellings with Shallow well drained and somewhat excessively basements. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, drained Farmington soils are included where the mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to underlying limestone bedrock is shallower than 40 control erosion and sedimentation during construction. inches. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the Slow percolation is the main limitation if this unit is unit. used for septic tank absorption fields. Modifying a Important soil properties— conventional system by extending the length of the distribution lines will allow onsite sewage disposal in Parent Material: glacial till most places. Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and Frost action is the main limitation if this unit is used subsoil, slow to moderately slow in and the for local roads and streets. Providing coarse grained substratum subgrade to frost depth will reduce this limitation. Available Water Capacity: high Dutchess County, New York 127

Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface, content will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil, productivity over an extended period of time (fig. 10). moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the This unit is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a substratum moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of Surface Runoff: rapid plant cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a Erosion Hazard: moderate major concern of pasture management as it causes Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rooting Zone: unrestricted Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage Flooding Hazard: none and maintain pasture productivity. The potential productivity for northern red oak is Most areas of this unit are used for cropland, moderately high. Logging trails laid out across slopes pastureland, or woodland. Other areas are used for reduce the risk of erosion. residential development. Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for This unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. dwellings with basements. Erosion is a moderate Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on areas left hazard during construction. Minimizing the removal of bare of plant cover. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, vegetation, mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper moisture Slow percolation is the main limitation if this unit is

Figure 10.—Stripcropping reduces soil erosion on steeper Stockbridge soil (background). 128 Soil Survey

used for septic tank absorption fields. Modifying a Important soil properties— conventional system by extending the length of the Parent Material: glacial till distribution lines will allow on-site sewage disposal in Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and most places. subsoil, slow to moderately slow in the substratum Slope and frost action are the main limitations if this Available Water Capacity: high unit is used for local roads and streets. Constructing Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface, roads on the contour will reduce the slope limitation. moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil, Providing coarse grained subgrade to frost depth will moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the reduce frost action. substratum This unit has few limitations for trails. Slope is the Surface Runoff: rapid main limitation if this unit is used for camping and Erosion Hazard: severe picnic areas and playgrounds. Slow percolation is also Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet a limitation for camping and picnic areas. Small stones Rooting Zone: unrestricted are also a limitation for playgrounds. Grading will Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches reduce the slope limitation. Subsurface drainage will Flooding Hazard: none reduce the slow percolation limitation. Adding sandy fill will cover small stones. Most areas of this soil are used for pastureland or The capability subclass is IIIe. woodland. Other areas are used for cropland or residential development. SkD—Stockbridge silt loam, 15 to 25 This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. Erosion percent slopes is a severe hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant cover. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, cover This unit consists of very deep, moderately steep, crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will and well drained Stockbridge soils that formed in reduce soil erosion. Tillage at proper moisture content glacial till deposits. It is on hills and side slopes. Areas will improve soil tilth, and maintain soil productivity are elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly over an extended period of time. range from 5 to 350 acres in size. Slopes are smooth. This soil is moderately suited to pasture. Erosion is The typical sequence, depth, and composition of a severe hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant the layers of Stockbridge soils are as follows— cover during establishment. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture management, as it causes the Surface layer: reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Surface to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to Subsoil: increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage 6 to 11 inches, dark brown silt loam and maintain pasture productivity. 11 to 23 inches, yellowish brown silt loam The potential productivity for northern red oak is moderately high. Erosion is a moderate hazard and is Substratum: accelerated where timber harvest damages vegetative 23 to 80 inches, brown silt loam cover. Logging trails, with water bars, laid out across Included in mapping are areas of moderately well the slope reduce the risk of erosion. Moderately steep drained Georgia soils and poorly drained and very slopes limit the safe operation of equipment. poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia soils are in slightly Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for lower and concave areas and Sun soils are along dwellings with basements. Erosion is a severe hazard drainageways and in depressions. Also included are during construction. Designing the dwelling to conform areas of Bernardston soils where the substratum is to the natural slope on the land will reduce the slope denser and more acid. Charlton soils are included limitation. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, where the soil is more acid and the rock fragments are mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to dominated by schist, granite, or gneiss. Also included control erosion and sedimentation. A more suitable are areas of moderately deep well drained and site should be considered on a less sloping inclusion moderately well drained Galway soils and shallow well or nearby soil. drained and somewhat excessively drained Slow percolation and slope are the main limitations Farmington soils where the underlying limestone if this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. bedrock is shallower than 40 inches. Included areas Modifying a conventional system by extending the make up about 20 percent of the unit. length of the distribution lines and placing the lines on Dutchess County, New York 129

the contour will allow onsite sewage disposal in some moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil, places. A more suitable site should be considered in a moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the less sloping inclusion or nearby soil with faster substratum percolation. Surface Runoff: very rapid Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Erosion Hazard: very severe local roads and streets. Frost action is also a Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet limitation. Constructing roads on the contour or Rooting Zone: unrestricted locating them on less sloping inclusions will reduce the Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches slope limitation. Providing a coarse grained subgrade Flooding Hazard: none to frost depth will reduce frost action. Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. Slope is the main limitation for trails. Constructing This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture trails with switchbacks, log steps, and water bars will because of steep slope. Erosion is a very severe reduce the slope limitation. hazard. The capability subclass is IVe. The potential productivity for northern red oak is moderately high. Erosion is a severe hazard and is SkE—Stockbridge silt loam, 25 to 45 accelerated where timber harvest damages vegetative percent slopes cover. Logging trails, with water bars, laid out across the slope reduce the risk of erosion. Steep slopes This unit consists of very deep, steep, and well severely limit the safe use of equipment. drained Stockbridge soils that formed in glacial till Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used deposits. It is on hills and side slopes. Areas are for dwellings with basements or septic tank absorption elongated or irregularly shaped. They commonly fields. Slow percolation is also a limitation for septic range from 5 to 50 acres in size. Slopes are smooth. tank absorption fields. Erosion is a very severe hazard The typical sequence, depth, and composition of during construction. A more suitable site for these the layers of Stockbridge soils are as follows— uses should be selected on a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Surface layer: Steep slope is the main limitation if this unit is used Surface to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam for local roads and streets. Frost action is also a Subsoil: limitation. Constructing roads on the contour or 6 to 11 inches, dark brown silt loam locating them on less sloping inclusions will reduce the 11 to 23 inches, yellowish brown silt loam slope limitation. Providing coarse grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce frost action. Substratum: Steep slope is the main limitation for trails. 23 to 80 inches, brown silt loam Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, and Included in mapping are areas of poorly drained water bars will reduce the slope limitation. and very poorly drained Sun soils in depressions and The capability subclass is VIe. along drainageways. Also included are areas of Bernardston soils where the substratum is denser and SmB—Stockbridge-Farmington complex, more acid. Charlton soils are included in areas where undulating, rocky the soil is more acid and the rock fragments are dominated by schist, granite, or gneiss. Also included This unit consists of very deep, well drained are areas of moderately deep, well drained and Stockbridge soils and shallow, well drained and moderately well drained Galway soils and shallow, somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils that well drained and somewhat excessively drained formed in glacial till deposits. It is on hilltops and till Farmington soils where the underlying limestone plains that are underlain by folded limestone bedrock. bedrock is shallower than 40 inches. Included areas Stockbridge soils are commonly on lower concave make up about 15 percent of this map unit. slopes and Farmington soils are commonly on hilltops, upper slopes, and near areas of rock outcrop. This unit Important soil properties— consists of about 50 percent Stockbridge soils, 30 Parent Material: glacial till percent Farmington soils, and 20 percent other soils Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop covers 0.1 to 2 percent subsoil, slow or moderately slow in the substratum of the surface. The Stockbridge and Farmington soils Available Water Capacity: high and rock outcrop are in such an intricate pattern that Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface, they were not mapped separately. Areas are oval or 130 Soil Survey

irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the 100 acres. Slopes are complex and range from 1 to 6 surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the percent. subsoil The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Surface Runoff: slow the layers of Stockbridge soils are as follows— Erosion Hazard: slight Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Surface layer: Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Surface to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Subsoil: Flooding Hazard: none 6 to 11 inches, dark brown silt loam Most areas of this unit are used for cropland, 11 to 23 inches, yellowish brown silt loam pastureland, or woodland. Other areas are in Substratum: residential development. 23 to 80 inches, brown silt loam This unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Erosion may be a hazard, particularly on areas left bare of The typical sequence, depth, and composition of plant cover. Operating machinery is somewhat the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven slopes. Cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, Surface layer: and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and Subsoil: maintain soil productivity over an extended period of 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam time. This soil is well suited to pasture. Erosion may be a Bedrock: hazard, particularly on areas left bare of plant cover 15 inches, hard gray limestone during establishment. Operating machinery is Included with this unit in mapping are areas of somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat slopes. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and management, as it causes the reduction or loss of very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia soils and desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing and proper Massena soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality Sun soils are along drainageways and in depressions. of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Also included are areas of well drained and moderately The potential productivity for northern red oak is well drained Galway soils where the underlying bedrock moderately high or moderate. Seedling mortality is is between 20 and 40 inches deep. Inclusions and high in areas of Farmington soils because of rock outcrop make up about 20 percent of the unit. droughtiness and windthrow hazard is moderate because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting early in Important soil properties of the Stockbridge soils— the spring helps to reduce the impact of summer Parent Material: glacial till droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington subsoil, slow or moderately slow in the substratum soils and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit Available Water Capacity: high are the main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in surface, with basements. Erosion is a moderate hazard during moderately acid to neutral in subsoil, moderately construction. Uneven slopes and variable depth to acid to moderately alkaline in substratum bedrock reduce site selection. Where possible, Surface Runoff: medium dwellings with basements should be constructed in Erosion Hazard: slight areas of very deep Stockbridge soils. Minimizing the Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly Rooting Zone: unrestricted establishing plant cover help to control erosion and Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches sedimentation. Flooding Hazard: none Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington soils and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit Important soil properties of the Farmington soils— are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic Parent Material: glacial till tank absorption fields. Slow percolation in areas of Permeability: moderate Stockbridge soils is also a limitation. Uneven slopes Available Water Capacity: very low and variable depth to bedrock reduce site selection. Dutchess County, New York 131

Locating septic tank absorption fields in areas of very Surface layer: deep Stockbridge soils and modifying conventional Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam systems by extending the length of the distribution Subsoil: lines will allow onsite sewage disposal in most places. 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington soils and rock outcroppings over portions of this unit Bedrock: are the main limitations for local roads and streets. 15 inches, hard gray limestone Frost action is also a limitation. Careful planning of Included with this unit in mapping are areas of grades and road locations will avoid some removal of moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat rock. Providing coarse grained subgrade to frost depth poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and will reduce frost action. very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia soils and This unit has few limitations for trails. Shallow depth Massena soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. to bedrock in areas of Farmington soils and rock Sun soils are along drainageways and in depressions. outcroppings over portions of this unit are the main Also included are areas of well drained and moderately limitations if this unit is used for camping and picnic well drained Galway soils where the underlying bedrock areas and playgrounds. Slope and small stones are is between 20 and 40 inches deep. Inclusions and also limitations for playgrounds. Careful site selection, rock outcrop make up about 20 percent of the unit. grading, and adding sandy fill will reduce these limitations. Important soil properties of the Stockbridge soils— The capability subclass is IIe. Parent Material: glacial till SmC—Stockbridge-Farmington complex, Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and rolling, rocky subsoil, slow or moderately slow in the substratum Available Water Capacity: high This unit consists of very deep, well drained Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface, Stockbridge soils and shallow, well drained and moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil, somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils that moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the formed in glacial till deposits. It is on hilltops and side substratum slopes that are underlain by folded limestone bedrock. Surface Runoff: medium Stockbridge soils are commonly on lower concave Erosion Hazard: moderate slopes and Farmington soils are commonly on hilltops, Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet upper slopes, and near areas of rock outcrop. This Rooting Zone: unrestricted unit consists of about 50 percent Stockbridge soils, 30 Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches percent Farmington soils, and 20 percent other soils Flooding Hazard: none and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop covers 0.1 to 2 Important soil properties of the Farmington soils— percent of the surface. The Stockbridge and Farmington soils and rock outcrop are in such an Parent Material: glacial till intricate pattern that they were not mapped separately. Permeability: moderate Areas are oval or irregularly shaped. They commonly Available Water Capacity: very low range from 5 to 200 acres. Slopes are complex and Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the range from 5 to 16 percent. surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the The typical sequence, depth, and composition of subsoil the layers of Stockbridge soils are as follows— Surface Runoff: medium Erosion Hazard: moderate Surface layer: Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Surface to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Subsoil: Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches 6 to 11 inches, dark brown silt loam Flooding Hazard: none 11 to 23 inches, yellowish brown silt loam Most areas of this unit are used for cropland or Substratum: pastureland. Other areas are used for woodland or 23 to 80 inches, brown silt loam residential development. This unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Erosion is a moderate hazard, particularly on areas left the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— bare of plant cover. Operating machinery is somewhat 132 Soil Survey

restricted by rock outcroppings and uneven slopes. This unit has few limitations for trails. Shallow depth Cross slope tillage, cover crops, conservation tillage, to bedrock in areas of Farmington soils and rock and crop rotations will reduce soil erosion. Tillage at outcroppings over portions of this unit are the main proper moisture content will improve soil tilth, and limitations if this unit is used for camping and picnic maintain soil productivity over an extended period of areas and playgrounds. Slope is a limitation for time. camping and picnic areas and playgrounds. Small This soil is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a stones are also a limitation for playgrounds. Careful moderate hazard, particularly on areas left bare of site selection, grading, and adding sandy fill will plant cover during establishment. Operating machinery reduce these limitations. is somewhat restricted by rock outcroppings and The capability subclass is IIIe. uneven slopes. Overgrazing is a major concern of pasture management, as it causes the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing SmD—Stockbridge-Farmington complex, and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity hilly, rocky and quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture This unit consists of very deep, well drained productivity. Stockbridge soils and shallow, well drained and The potential productivity for northern red oak is somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils that moderately high or moderate. Seedling mortality is high formed in glacial till deposits. It is on hills and side in areas of Farmington soils because of droughtiness slopes and are underlain by folded limestone bedrock. and windthrow hazard is moderate because of shallow Stockbridge soils are commonly on lower concave depth to bedrock. Planting early in the spring helps to slopes and Farmington soils are commonly on upper reduce the impact of summer droughtiness and slopes and near areas of rock outcrop. This unit reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails laid out consists of about 50 percent Stockbridge soils, 30 across the slope reduce the risk of erosion. percent Farmington soils, and 20 percent other soils Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington and rock outcrop. Rock outcrop covers 0.1 to 2 soils and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit percent of the surface. The Stockbridge and are the main limitations if this unit is used for dwellings Farmington soils and rock outcrop are in such an with basements. Slope is also a limitation. Erosion is a intricate pattern that they were not mapped separately. severe hazard during construction. Uneven slopes Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. They and variable depth to bedrock reduce site selection. commonly range from 5 to 100 acres. Slopes are Where possible, dwellings with basements should be complex and range from 15 to 30 percent. constructed in areas of very deep Stockbridge soils. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and the layers of Stockbridge soils are as follows— quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion and sedimentation. Surface layer: Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington Surface to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam soils and rock outcroppings over portions of the unit Subsoil: are the main limitations if this unit is used for septic 6 to 11 inches, dark brown silt loam tank absorption fields. Slow percolation in areas of 11 to 23 inches, yellowish brown silt loam Stockbridge soils is also a limitation. Uneven slopes and variable depth to bedrock reduce site selection. Substratum: Locating septic tank absorption fields in areas of very 23 to 80 inches, brown silt loam deep Stockbridge soils and modifying a conventional The typical sequence, depth, and composition of system by extending the length of the distribution lines the layers of Farmington soils are as follows— will allow onsite sewage disposal in most places. Surface layer: Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington Surface to 7 inches, dark brown loam soils and rock outcroppings over portions of this unit are the main limitations if this unit is used for local Subsoil: roads and streets. Slope and frost action are also 7 to 15 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam limitations. Careful planning of grades and road Bedrock: locations will avoid some removal of rock. 15 inches, hard gray limestone Constructing roads on the contour will reduce the slope limitation. Providing coarse grained subgrade to Included with this unit in mapping are areas of frost depth will reduce frost action. poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils along Dutchess County, New York 133

drainageways and in depressions. Also included are depth to bedrock. Planting early in the spring helps to areas of well drained and moderately well drained reduce the impact of summer droughtiness and Galway soils where the underlying bedrock is between reduces seedling mortality. Logging trails, with water 20 and 40 inches deep. Inclusions and rock outcrop bars, laid out across the slope reduce the risk of make up about 20 percent of the unit. erosion. Moderately steep slopes limit safe operation of equipment. Important soil properties of the Stockbridge soils— Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington Parent Material: glacial till soils, rock outcroppings over portions of the unit, and Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and slope are the main limitations if this unit is used for subsoil, slow or moderately slow in the substratum dwellings with basements. Erosion is a very severe Available Water Capacity: high hazard during construction. Uneven slopes and Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface, variable depth to bedrock reduce site selection. Where moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil, possible, dwellings with basements should be moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the constructed in areas of very deep Stockbridge soils. substratum Designing the dwelling to conform to the natural slope Surface Runoff: rapid of the land will reduce the slope limitation. Minimizing Erosion Hazard: severe the removal of vegetation, mulching, and quickly Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet establishing plant cover help to control erosion and Rooting Zone: unrestricted sedimentation. A more suitable site should be Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches considered in a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Flooding Hazard: none Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington soils, rock outcroppings over portions of the unit, and Important soil properties of the Farmington soils— slope are the main limitations if this unit is used for Parent Material: glacial till septic tank absorption fields. Slow percolation in areas Permeability: moderate of Stockbridge soils is also a limitation. Uneven slopes Available Water Capacity: very low and variable depth to bedrock reduce site selection. Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the Locating septic tank absorption fields in areas of very surface, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the deep Stockbridge soils and modifying conventional subsoil systems by extending the length of the distribution Surface Runoff: rapid lines and placing lines on the contour will allow onsite Erosion Hazard: severe sewage disposal in places. A more suitable site should Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet be considered in a less sloping inclusion or nearby soil. Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock Shallow depth to bedrock in areas of Farmington Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches soils, rock outcroppings over portions of this unit, and Flooding Hazard: none slope are the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads and streets. Frost action is also a limitation. Most areas of this unit are used for woodland. Other Careful planning of grades and road locations will avoid areas are used for pasture or residential development. some removal of rock. Constructing roads on the This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops because of contour or locating them on less sloping inclusions will slope. Pasture is a better use, but the suitability is only reduce the slope limitation. Providing coarse grained poor. Erosion is a severe hazard, particularly on areas subgrade to frost depth will reduce frost action. left bare of plant cover during establishment. Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Operating equipment is somewhat restricted by rock trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, outcroppings and uneven slopes. Overgrazing is a and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. major concern of pasture management as it causes The capability subclass is VIe. the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality of feed and forage SrB—Stockbridge-Urban land complex, 3 and maintain pasture productivity. to 8 percent slopes The potential productivity for northern red oak is moderately high to moderate. Erosion is a moderate This unit consists of very deep, gently sloping, well hazard and is accelerated where timber harvest drained Stockbridge soils and urban land. It is on damages vegetative cover. Seedling mortality is high hilltops and broad till plains. The unit consists of about in areas of Farmington soils because of droughtiness 40 percent Stockbridge soils, 35 percent urban land, and windthrow hazard is moderate because of shallow and 25 percent other soils. The Stockbridge soils and 134 Soil Survey

urban land are in such an intricate pattern that they This unit is in urban and suburban development. were not separated in mapping. Areas are oval, The open areas are used for lawns, gardens, and rectangular, or irregularly shaped. They commonly woodland or brushland between structures. range from 5 to 100 acres in size. Slopes are smooth. This unit has few limitations for dwellings with The typical sequence, depth, and composition of basements. Minimizing the removal of vegetation, the layers of Stockbridge soils are as follows— mulching, and quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion and sedimentation during construction. Surface layer: Slow percolation is the main limitation if this unit is Surface to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam used for septic tank absorption fields. Modifying a Subsoil: conventional system by extending the distribution lines 6 to 11 inches, dark brown silt loam will allow onsite sewage disposal in most places. 11 to 23 inches, yellowish brown silt loam Frost action is the main limitation if this unit is used for local roads streets. Providing coarse grained Substratum: subgrade to frost depth will reduce this limitation. 23 to 80 inches, brown silt loam This unit has few limitations for trails. Slow Typically, the urban land consists of areas covered percolation is the main limitation for camping and by buildings, streets, parking lots, and other picnic areas. Slope and small stones are the main impervious surfaces which obscure soil identification. limitations for playgrounds. Subsurface drainage will The natural soil layers have been altered or mixed reduce the slow percolation limitation. Adding sandy fill with non-soil material such as bricks, broken concrete, will cover the small stones, and grading will reduce the or cinders. slope limitation. Included with this unit in mapping are areas of A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and Su—Sun silt loam very poorly drained Sun soils. Georgia soils and Massena soils are in slightly lower and concave areas. This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and Sun soils are along drainageways and in depressions. poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils that Also included are areas of Bernardston soils where formed in glacial till deposits. It is in depressions and the subsoil is denser and more acid. Areas of along drainageways between hills and on till plains. moderately deep, well drained and moderately well Areas of this unit are oval, elongated, or irregularly drained Galway soils, and shallow, well drained and shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 250 acres in somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils are size. Slopes are smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent. included where the underlying limestone bedrock is The typical sequence, depth, and composition of shallower than 40 inches. Also included are areas of the layers of Sun soils are as follows— Udorthents adjacent to buildings and other structures. Surface layer: Inclusions make up about 25 percent of this complex. Surface to 4 inches, dark grayish brown silt loam Important soil properties of the Stockbridge soils— Subsoil: Parent Material: glacial till 4 to 9 inches, light brownish gray silt loam with mottles Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and 9 to 16 inches, grayish brown loam with mottles subsoil, slow or moderately slow in the substratum 16 to 22 inches, olive gray gravelly loam with mottles Available Water Capacity: high Substratum: Soil Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface, 22 to 80 inches, olive gray gravelly loam with mottles moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil, moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the Included with this soil in mapping are areas of very substratum poorly drained Palms soils in the center of depressions. Surface Runoff: slow Also included are areas of somewhat poorly drained Erosion Hazard: slight Massena soils on slightly higher areas. Also included Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet are areas of Canandaigua soils where the soil has a Rooting Zone: unrestricted higher clay content. Small areas where the soil has a Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches mean annual soil temperature less than 47 degrees Flooding Hazard: none Fahrenheit are included in the mountains of the Dutchess County, New York 135

extreme northeastern part of the county. Stony areas installing a drainage system, and providing a coarser and soils that have a surface layer of water deposited grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce these materials are also included. Inclusions make up about limitations. 20 percent of the unit. This soil has good potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Important soil properties— The capability subclass is Vw. Parent Material: glacial till Permeability: moderate in the surface layer, slow or very slow in the subsoil and substratum TmD—Taconic-Macomber-Rock outcrop Available Water Capacity: high complex, hilly Soil Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the This unit consists of shallow, somewhat excessively surface, moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil, drained Taconic soils, moderately deep, well drained neutral to moderately alkaline in the substratum Macomber soils and areas of rock outcrop. It is on Surface Runoff: very slow mountains and side slopes that are underlain by folded Erosion Hazard: slight phyllite, schist, slate, or quartzite bedrock. It is in Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: +1.0 to 0.5 feet mountainous areas in the northeastern part of the (Nov-Apr) county where the mean annual soil temperature is less Rooting Zone: restricted by high water table than 47 degrees Fahrenheit. Taconic soils are Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches commonly on upper slopes and near areas of rock Flooding Hazard: none outcrop and Macomber soils are commonly on lower Most areas of this soil are used for woodland, concave slopes. This unit consists of about 40 percent brushland, or water tolerant sedges and alders. Taconic soils, 35 percent Macomber soils, 15 percent This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. Where rock outcrop, and 10 percent other soils. The Taconic drained, this soil is moderately suited to cultivated and Macomber soils and rock outcrop are in such an crops. Tile drains covered with filter material and intricate pattern that they were not separated in diversion ditches reduce wetness, but this soil is in low mapping. Areas are elongated with a north-south positions in the landscape and suitable outlets are orientation or are irregularly shaped. They commonly hard to establish. Cover crops, conservation tillage, range from 5 to 250 acres. Slopes are complex and crop rotations, and tillage at proper moisture content range from 15 to 30 percent. will reduce soil erosion, improve soil tilth, and maintain The typical sequence, depth, and composition of soil productivity over an extended period of time. the layers of Taconic soils are as follows— This soil is poorly suited to pasture. The seasonal Surface layer: high water table limits the selection of forage crops 0 to 3 inches, black channery silt loam that can be grown and interferes with farming operations. Overgrazing and grazing when the soil is Subsoil: wet are major concerns of pasture management as 3 to 12 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam they cause soil compaction and the reduction or loss Bedrock: of desirable pasture plants. Rotational grazing, 12 inches, folded phyllite and quartz bedrock restricted grazing when the soil is wet, and proper stocking rates help to increase the quantity and quality The typical sequence, depth, and composition of of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. the layers of Macomber soils are as follows— The potential productivity for red maple is moderate. Surface layer: Seedling mortality is moderate and windthrow hazard Surface to 4 inches, black very channery silt loam and is severe because of the seasonal high water table. extremely channery loam Wetness severely limits the use of equipment. The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Subsoil: if this unit is used for dwellings with basements, or 4 to 24 inches, dark yellowish brown channery loam septic tank absorption fields. Slow percolation is also a Bedrock: limitation for septic tank absorption fields. A more 24 inches, folded schist bedrock suitable site should be selected for these uses in a drier inclusion or nearby soil. Typically, the rock outcrop consists of folded Frost action and the seasonal high water table are phyllite, schist, slate, or quartzite. the main limitations if this unit is used for local roads Included with this unit in mapping are areas of and streets. Construction on raised fill materials, poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils in 136 Soil Survey

depressions and along drainageways. Also included pollution hazard exists because the soil is not thick are areas of soils where the underlying bedrock is enough to filter the effluent. A more suitable site deeper than 40 inches. Inclusions make up about 10 should be selected in a deeper, less sloping soil. percent of the unit. Shallow depth to bedrock, frequent rock outcroppings, and slope are the main limitations if this Important soil properties of the Taconic soils— unit is used for local roads and streets. Frost action is Parent Material: glacial till also a limitation. Careful planning of grades and road Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid locations will avoid some removal of rock. Available Water Capacity: very low Constructing roads on the contour or locating them on Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid less sloping inclusions will reduce the slope limitation. Surface Runoff: rapid Providing a coarse grained subgrade will reduce frost Erosion Hazard: severe action. Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. Flooding Hazard: none The capability subclass is VIs. Important soil properties of the Macomber soils— Parent Material: glacial till TrE—Taconic-Rock outcrop complex, Permeability: moderate steep Available Water Capacity: moderate This unit consists of shallow, somewhat excessively Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid drained Taconic soils and areas of rock outcrop. It is Surface Runoff: rapid on mountains and side slopes that are underlain by Erosion Hazard: severe folded phyllite, schist, slate, or quartzite bedrock. It is Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet in mountainous areas in the northeastern part of the Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock county where the mean annual soil temperature is less Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches than 47 degrees Fahrenheit. Taconic soils are Flooding Hazard: none commonly on upper slopes and near areas of rock All areas of this unit are used for woodland. outcrop. This unit consists of about 50 percent Taconic This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture soils, 40 percent rock outcrop, and 10 percent other because of shallow depth to bedrock, frequent rock soils. The Taconic soils and rock outcrop are in such outcroppings, short growing season, and slope. an intricate pattern that they were not separated in The potential productivity of this unit for northern mapping. Areas are elongated with a north-south red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality is moderate orientation or are irregularly shaped. They commonly because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is range from 5 to 250 acres. Slopes are complex and severe because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting range from 25 to 45 percent. early in spring reduces the impact of summer The typical sequence, depth, and composition of droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging the layers of Taconic soils are as follows— trails, with water bars, laid out across the slope reduce Surface layer: the risk of erosion. Moderately steep slopes limit the 0 to 3 inches, black channery silt loam safe operation of equipment. Slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and frequent rock Subsoil: outcroppings are the main limitations if this unit is 3 to 12 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam used for dwellings with basements. The short uneven Bedrock: slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a very severe 12 inches, folded phyllite and quartz bedrock hazard during construction. Dwellings may be built above the bedrock and landscaped with additional fill. Typically, the rock outcrop consists of folded Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and phyllite, schist, slate, or quartzite. quickly establishing plant cover will help to control Included with this unit in mapping are areas of well erosion and sedimentation. A more suitable site should drained Macomber soils where the underlying bedrock be considered on a deeper, less sloping soil. is between 20 and 40 inches deep. Poorly drained and Shallow depth to bedrock, frequent rock very poorly drained Sun soils are in depressions and outcroppings, and slope are the main limitations if this along drainageways. Inclusions make up about 10 unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. A percent of the unit. Dutchess County, New York 137

Important soil properties of the Taconic soils— orientation or are irregularly shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 750 acres. Slopes are complex and Parent Material: glacial till range from 45 to 70 percent. Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Available Water Capacity: very low the layers of Taconic soils are as follows— Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid Surface Runoff: very rapid Surface layer: Erosion Hazard: very severe 0 to 3 inches, black channery silt loam Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Subsoil: Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock 3 to 12 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Flooding Hazard: none Bedrock: 12 inches, folded phyllite and quartz bedrock All areas of this unit are used for woodland. This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture Typically, the rock outcrop consists of folded because of slope, shallow depth to bedrock, frequent phyllite, schist, slate, or quartzite. rock outcroppings, and a short growing season. Included with this unit in mapping are areas of well The potential productivity of this unit for northern drained Macomber soils where the underlying bedrock red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality is severe is between 20 and 40 inches deep. Poorly drained and because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is very poorly drained Sun soils are in depressions and moderate because of shallow depth to bedrock. along drainageways. Inclusions make up about 10 Planting early in spring reduces the impact of summer percent of the unit. droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging Important soil properties of the Taconic soils— trails, with water bars, laid out across the slope reduce the risk of erosion. Steep slopes limit safe operation of Parent Material: glacial till equipment. Permeability: moderate or moderately rapid Slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and frequent rock Available Water Capacity: very low outcroppings are the main limitations if this unit is Soil Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid used for dwellings with basements, septic tank Surface Runoff: very rapid absorption fields, and local roads and streets. The Erosion Hazard: very severe short uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet very severe hazard during construction. A more Rooting Zone: restricted by bedrock suitable site for these uses should be selected in a Depth to Bedrock: 10 to 20 inches deeper, less sloping soil. Flooding Hazard: none Slope is the main limitation for trails. Constructing All areas of this unit are used for woodland. This trails with switchbacks, log steps, and water bars will unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture reduce the slope limitation. because of slope, shallow depth to bedrock, frequent The capability subclass is VIIs. rock outcroppings, and a short growing season. The potential productivity of this unit for northern TrF—Taconic-Rock outcrop complex, very red oak is moderate. Seedling mortality is moderate steep because of droughtiness and windthrow hazard is severe because of shallow depth to bedrock. Planting This unit consists of shallow, somewhat excessively early in spring reduces the impact of summer drained Taconic soils and areas of rock outcrop. It is droughtiness and reduces seedling mortality. Logging on mountains and side slopes that are underlain by trails, with water bars, laid out across the slope reduce folded phyllite, schist, slate, or quartzite bedrock. It is the risk of erosion. Steep slopes limit the safe in mountainous areas in the northeastern part of the operation of equipment. county where the mean annual soil temperature is less Slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and frequent rock than 47 degrees Fahrenheit. Taconic soils are outcroppings are the main limitations if this unit is commonly on upper slopes and near areas of rock used for dwellings with basements, septic tank outcrop. This unit consists of about 50 percent Taconic absorption fields, or local roads and streets. The short soils, 40 percent rock outcrop, and 10 percent other uneven slopes are also a limitation. Erosion is a very soils. The Taconic soils and rock outcrop are in such severe hazard during construction. A more suitable an intricate pattern that they were not separated in site for these uses should be selected in a deeper, mapping. Areas are elongated with a north-south less sloping soil. 138 Soil Survey

Slope is the main limitation if this unit is used for areas, fill consists partly of non-soil materials such as trails. Constructing trails with switchbacks, log steps, broken concrete, household garbage, and vegetative and water bars will reduce the slope limitation. debris. Texture of the buried soils ranges from loamy The capability subclass is VIIs. or sandy mineral matter to organic deposits. Included with this unit in mapping are areas of excessively drained and well drained Udorthents, Ud-Udorthents, smoothed smoothed, which are in higher portions of the landscape; urban land; rock outcrop; and undisturbed This unit consists of very deep, somewhat soils that have not been cut or filled. Undisturbed soil excessively drained to moderately well drained soils is in areas where the fill is very thin. Urban land is in that have been altered by cutting and filling. It is in and residential or commercial developments. Rock outcrop adjacent to urban areas, industrial areas, schoolyards, is in areas where the soil has been removed, exposing and borrow areas. Areas are rectangular or irregularly bedrock. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 275 acres. unit. Slopes are dominantly 0 to 8 percent but range from 8 The characteristics of this unit are so variable that to 25 percent on the sides of excavations and along an onsite investigation is required to determine the highways. suitability for proposed uses. Because of the variability of the unit, a typical A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. pedon is not provided. Fill material is greater than 20 inches thick over original soil and is dominantly loamy, although it ranges from silt loam to sand. Rock fragment UnB—Unadilla silt loam, undulating content ranges from 0 to 60 percent. In some areas, This unit consists of very deep and well drained fill consists partly of non-soil materials such as broken Unadilla soils that formed in lacustrine deposits. It is concrete, household garbage, and vegetative debris. on broad flatlands. Areas are irregularly shaped. They Included with this unit in mapping are areas of commonly range from 5 to 75 acres. Slopes are Udorthents which have a wet substratum, urban land, complex and range from 2 to 6 percent. rock outcrop, and undisturbed soils. Urban land is The typical sequence, depth, and composition of adjacent to built up areas. Rock outcrop is in areas the layers of Unadilla soils are as follows— which have been cut, exposing bedrock. Undisturbed soils are in areas where the fill is very thin. Inclusions Surface layer: having a wet substratum are in filled areas which were Surface to 9 inches, dark brown silt loam formerly somewhat poorly drained to very poorly Subsoil: drained. Also included are reclaimed gravel and sand 9 to 19 inches, yellowish brown silt loam pits and the soil is dominated by gravel and sand in 19 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown very fine sandy these areas. Inclusions make up about 25 percent of loam the unit. The characteristics of this unit are so variable that Substratum: an onsite investigation is required to determine the 28 to 70 inches, olive brown very fine sandy loam suitability for proposed uses. Included with this soil in mapping are areas of A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. moderately well drained Scio soils and somewhat poorly drained Raynham soils. Scio soils are in the Ue—Udorthents, wet substratum slightly lower areas. Raynham soils are in shallow depressions and along drainageways. Inclusions This unit consists of moderately well drained soils make up about 15 percent of this map unit. that have been altered by filling. It is on filled Important soil properties— depressions, drainageways, and areas of tidal marsh. Areas are rectangular or irregularly shaped. They Parent Material: lacustrine deposits commonly range from 5 to 80 acres. Slopes are Permeability: moderate dominantly 0 to 3 percent, but range up to 8 percent. Available Water Capacity: high Because of the variability of this unit, a typical Soil Reaction: high pedon is not provided. Fill material is usually greater Surface Runoff: slow than 20 inches thick over the original soil surface and Erosion Hazard: moderate ranges in texture from silt loam to sand. In some Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: more than 6 feet Dutchess County, New York 139

Rooting Zone: unrestricted Udorthents, smoothed; and moderately well drained Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Udorthents, wet substratum. Udorthents, smoothed Flooding Hazard: none are in disturbed areas not covered by buildings and structures. Udorthents, wet substratum, are in areas This soil meets the criteria for prime farmland. Most where several feet of fill have been placed over areas are used for cultivated cropland or woodland. swamps. Also included are areas of undisturbed soils Other areas are used for pastureland or residential and rock outcrop. Undisturbed soils are in areas development. between buildings and structures. Inclusions make up This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. Erosion is about 10 percent of the unit. a moderate hazard, especially on areas left bare of Runoff of rainwater is high and often flows into plant cover. Stripcropping, cross slope tillage, cover storm drainage systems. If improperly channeled, the crops, conservation tillage, and crop rotations will increased runoff from nearby areas can cause severe reduce soil erosion, improve soil tilth, and maintain soil erosion. Vegetation is generally in narrow row strips productivity over an extended period of time. along sidewalks, between roadways, and in isolated This soil is very well suited to pasture. Overgrazing islands. is a major concern of pasture management as it Reclamation is required if urban land is converted causes reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. from its present use. Inclusions in the unit that are not Rotational grazing, restricted during dry periods, and covered by structures may be suitable for uses that proper stocking help to increase the quantity and are compatible with urban development. On-site quality of feed and forage and maintain pasture investigation is required to determine the suitability for productivity. proposed uses. The potential productivity for northern red oak is A capability subclass is not assigned for this unit. moderately high. This soil has few limitations for septic tank absorption fields, or dwellings with basements. We—Wappinger loam Minimizing the removal of vegetation, mulching, and This soil is very deep, nearly level, and well drained quickly establishing plant cover help to control erosion that formed in alluvium deposits. It is on flood plains and sedimentation during construction. and alluvial terraces. Areas are elongated or irregularly Frost action is the main limitation if this unit is used shaped. They commonly range from 5 to 150 acres. for local roads and streets. Providing a coarse grained Slopes are smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent. subgrade will reduce frost action. The typical sequence, depth, and composition of This soil has few limitations for camping and picnic the layers of Wappinger soils are as follows— areas. Slope is the main limitation for playgrounds and high erodibility is the main limitation for trails. Grading Surface layer: will reduce the slope limitation for playgrounds. Surface to 9 inches, dark yellowish brown loam Constructing trails with switchbacks and water bars Subsoil: will reduce the risk of erosion on trails. 9 to 21 inches, dark yellowish brown loam The capability subclass is IIe. 21 to 33 inches, dark yellowish brown loam with mottles Ur—Urban land Substratum: 33 to 37 inches, dark brown sandy loam with mottles This unit consists of areas where the soil surface is 37 to 60 inches, dark brown extremely gravelly sand covered by impervious materials. It is in the business centers of villages and cities, mostly in the western Included with this soil in mapping are areas of and southern portions of the county. Areas are moderately well drained Pawling soils, somewhat elongated or rectangular. They commonly range from poorly drained Linlithgo soils, and poorly drained and 5 to 700 acres. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. very poorly drained Wayland soils. Pawling soils and Because these areas are greatly altered by Linlithgo soils are in slightly lower areas. Wayland construction, a typical pedon is not provided. The soils are in depressions and swales. Inclusions make impervious materials include parking lots, shopping up about 20 percent of the unit. centers, industrial parks, and institutional sites. Important soil properties— Included with this unit in mapping are areas of somewhat excessively drained and well drained Parent Material: recent alluvium 140 Soil Survey

Permeability: moderate in the surface layer and The capability class is I. subsoil, moderately rapid to rapid in the substratum Wy—Wayland silt loam Available Water Capacity: high Soil Reaction: strongly acid to moderately acid in the This unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and surface and subsoil, moderately acid to neutral in poorly drained and very poorly drained Wayland soils the substratum that formed in alluvium deposits. It is on flood plains. Surface Runoff: slow Areas are elongated or irregularly shaped. They range Erosion Hazard: slight from 6 to 1200 acres. Slopes are smooth and range Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 3 to 5 feet from 0 to 3 percent. (Feb-Apr) The typical sequence, depth, and composition of Rooting Zone: unrestricted the layers Wayland soils are as follows— Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches Surface layer: Flooding Hazard: occasional, brief (Nov-May) Surface to 9 inches, very dark gray silt loam This soil meets the criteria for prime farmland. Most Subsoil: areas are in cropland, pasture, or woodland. 9 to 13 inches, gray silt loam This soil is very well suited to cultivated crops. 13 to 21 inches, gray silty clay loam with mottles Flooding can briefly delay planting early in spring. 21 to 31 inches, gray silt loam with mottles Using cover crops and including sod crops in the cropping system help to maintain good soil tilth and Substratum: protect the soil during periods of flooding. Planting 31 to 80 inches, gray silt loam trees along the streambank will help reduce Included with this soil in mapping are areas of streambank erosion. moderately well drained Pawling soils and somewhat This soil is very well suited to pasture. Overgrazing poorly drained Linlithgo soils on slightly higher portions and grazing when the soil is wet are major concerns of of the flood plain. Somewhat poorly drained and poorly pasture management as they cause soil compaction drained Fluvaquents and moderately well drained and and the reduction or loss of desirable pasture plants. somewhat excessively drained Udifluvents are Rotational grazing, restricted grazing when wet, and included in areas where fast flowing streams enter the proper stocking rates increase the quantity and quality unit. Also included are areas of very poorly drained of feed and forage and maintain pasture productivity. Palms soils and Carlisle soils which have organic The potential productivity for northern red oak is materials greater than 16 inches deep. Inclusions moderately high. Brief flooding restricts the operation make up about 20 percent of the unit. of equipment. Flooding is the main limitation if this unit is used for Important soil properties— dwellings with basements. A more suitable site should Parent Material: recent alluvium be selected on a soil that does not flood. Permeability: moderately slow or moderate in the Flooding and poor filtering are the main limitations if surface layer, slow in the subsoil and substratum this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. There Available Water Capacity: high is a severe hazard of groundwater and stream water Soil Reaction: neutral pollution because of the seasonal high water table and Surface Runoff: slow flooding. Also, the rapidly permeable substratum does Erosion Hazard: slight not adequately filter effluent. A more suitable site Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: +0.5 to 1.0 foot should be selected in a less permeable soil that does (Nov-June) not flood. Rooting Zone: restricted by a high water table Flooding and frost action are the main limitations if Depth to Bedrock: more than 60 inches this unit is used for local roads and streets. Providing Flooding Hazard: frequent, brief to long (Nov-June) drainage and building on raised fill with a coarse grained subgrade to frost depth will reduce these Most areas of this soil are used for woodland or limitations. A more suitable site should be considered water tolerant bushes and grasses. on a soil that does not flood. This unit is unsuited to cultivated crops and pasture Flooding is the main limitation if this unit is used for because of flooding and a prolonged seasonal high camping and picnic areas, playgrounds, and trails. A water table. more suitable site should be selected on a soil that Potential productivity of this soil for red maple is does not flood. moderate. Seedling mortality is high and windthrow Dutchess County, New York 141

hazard is severe because of the seasonal high water absorption fields. Low bearing strength is also a table. Wetness and flooding severely limit the limitation for local roads and streets. A more suitable operation of equipment. site for all of these uses should be selected on a drier Flooding and ponding are the main limitations if this soil that does not flood. unit is used for dwellings with basements, septic tank This soil has good potential for wetland wildlife absorption fields, or local roads and streets. Slow habitat. percolation is also a limitation for septic tank The capability subclass is Vw.

143

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important The map units in the survey area that are farmland defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. considered prime farmland are listed at the end of this It is of major importance in meeting the Nation’s short- section. This list does not constitute a recommendation and long-range needs for food and fiber. Because the for a particular land use. On some soils included in the supply of high-quality farmland is limited, the U.S. list, measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, Department of Agriculture recognizes that responsible such as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are levels of government, as well as individuals, should needed. Onsite evaluation is needed to determine encourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation’s whether or not the hazard or limitation has been prime farmland. overcome by corrective measures. The extent of each Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department listed map unit is shown in table 5. The location is of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of shown on the detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that physical and chemical characteristics for producing affect use and management are described under the food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, The map units that meet the requirements for prime pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not farmland are: urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are BeB Bernardston silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes those needed for the soil to economically produce ChB Charlton loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes sustained high yields of crops when proper CuA Copake gravelly silt loam, nearly level management, including water management, and CuB Copake gravelly silt loam, undulating acceptable farming methods are applied. In general, CwA Copake channery silt loam, fan, 0 to 3 percent prime farmland has an adequate and dependable slopes supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a CwB Copake channery silt loam, fan, 3 to 8 percent favorable temperature and growing season, slopes acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and DuB Dutchess silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes sodium content, and few or no rocks. It is permeable Fr Fredon silt loam (where drained) to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or GsA Georgia silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes saturated with water for long periods, and it either is GsB Georgia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes not frequently flooded during the growing season or is HeA Haven loam, nearly level protected from flooding. Slope ranges mainly from 0 to HeB Haven loam, undulating 6 percent. More detailed information about the criteria KrA Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, nearly level for prime farmland is available at the local office of the KrB Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, undulating Natural Resources Conservation Service. Ln Linlithgo silt loam (where drained) The survey area contains about 65,621 acres of MnA Massena silt loam 0 to 3 percent slopes prime farmland. That acreage makes up about 12 (where drained) percent of the total acreage in the survey area. The MnB Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes areas are throughout the county, but many are in (where drained) major valleys. Pg Pawling silt loam A recent trend in land use in some parts of the PwB Pittstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland PzA Punsit silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime drained) farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal PzB Punsit silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes (where lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, drained) and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. Ra Raynham silt loam (where drained) 144

Sc Scio silt loam UnB Unadilla silt loam, undulating SkB Stockbridge silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes We Wappinger loam 145

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of system of land capability classification used by the the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained. land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural Planners of management systems for individual resources and the environment. Also, it can help to fields or farms should consider the detailed information prevent soil-related failures in land uses. given in the description of each soil under the heading In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific information can be conservationists, engineers, and others collect obtained from the local office of the Natural Resources extensive field data about the nature and behavioral Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension characteristics of the soils. They collect data on Service. erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that Erosion is a potential hazard on much of the land in affect various soil uses and management. Field the survey area. It is a principal source of sediment, experience and collected data on soil properties and which is a major cause of water pollution. All soils are performance are used as a basis in predicting soil subject to erosion. Exposed soil surfaces, following behavior. cultivation or removal of the vegetative cover, Information in this section can be used to plan the especially on sloping soils, greatly increases the use and management of soils for crops and pasture; potential for accelerated erosion. On soils susceptible as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, to accelerated erosion, such as Stockbreeder silt loam, highways and other transportation systems, and parks 8 to 15 percent slopes, a cropping system that reduces and other recreational facilities; for agricultural waste runoff and erosion is needed in combination with other management; and as wildlife habitat. It can be used to erosion control practices. As used here, cropping identify the potentials and limitations of each soil for system refers to the sequence of crops grown in specific land uses and to help prevent construction combination with management that includes minimum failures caused by unfavorable soil properties. tillage or no-till, planting mulch, using crop residues, Planners and others using soil survey information growing cover crops and green manure crops, and can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on using lime and fertilizer. Other useful practices to productivity and on the environment in all or part of the reduce erosion are contour farming, terracing, and survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain contour stripcropping. Diversion and grassed or create a land use pattern in harmony with the waterways help to convey runoff from one area to natural soil. another in a non-erosive fashion. Contractors can use this survey to locate sources The effectiveness of a particular combination of of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use measures differs from one soil to another, but different it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very combinations can be equally effective on the same firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. soil. The local representative of the Natural Resources Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and Conservation Service is available to assist in planning others may also find this survey useful. The survey an effective combination of practices to reduce can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and erosion. locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, Pasture or a grass sod is effective in controlling playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. erosion on all but a few of the soils. A high level of pasture management is needed on some soils to Crops and Pasture maintain sufficient ground cover to reduce erosion. This includes proper stocking rates, fertilization, rotational General management needed for crops and pasture grazing, weed and brush control, and careful selection is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of of seeding mixtures. Proper stocking, rotating the the main crops and pasture plants are listed; the livestock from one pasture to another, and providing a 146 Soil Survey

period of time for regrowth of the plants controls as it moves down slope. When draining with either tile grazing. On some soils, it is important to establish as open ditches, suitable outlets are needed. pasture plants that require the least amount of Droughtiness or low available water capacity renovation to maintain good ground cover and provide commonly limits plant growth on about 32,000 acres of adequate forage. potential or existing farmland in the survey area. In Fertility is another management concern in the years with less than normal rainfall an additional survey area. Most soils in the counties need lime or 30,000 acres would likely be affected. Sandy and fertilizer or both. The amounts needed depend on the gravelly soils like Hoosic and Knickerbocker soils are natural content of lime and plant nutrients, which are droughty and so are soils that are moderately deep to determined by laboratory analyses of soil samples, on bedrock, like Chatfield soils. the needs of the crop, and on the level of yield desired. Increasing the organic matter content will help to For assistance in getting tests made and interpreted, a increase the available water capacity of droughty soils. Cooperative Extension Agent should be consulted. Using green manure crops, incorporating crop The average organic-matter content is about 4 residues into the soil, and adding animal wastes to the percent in the surface layer of mineral soils in soil are measures that build up organic matter levels. Dutchess County. Nitrogen is released from organic Yields per Acre matter, but most of it is in complex organic forms unusable by plants. It is necessary to apply nitrogen The average yields per acre that can be expected of fertilizer to supplement nitrogen made available from the principal crops under a high level of management the soil. Soils in the survey area are naturally low in are shown in table 6. In any given year, yields may be ability to supply phosphorus. The addition of higher or lower than those indicated in the table appropriate amounts of phosphate in the form of because of variations in rainfall and other climatic fertilizers is essential for good crop eyelids. Most of factors. The land capability classification of map units the soils are also low in potassium supplying power. in the survey area also is shown in the table. Timeliness of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization is The yields are based mainly on the experience and important. records of farmers, conservationists, and extension Nitrogen may be lost either through leaching from agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and rapidly permeable soils such as Hoosic soils or by results of field trials and demonstrations also are denitrification on the less permeable soils such as considered. Rhinebeck soils. Small amounts of nitrogen applied at The management needed to obtain the indicated frequent or timely intervals give the best results. New yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil research findings on fertilization are in current editions and the crop. Management can include drainage, of “Cornell Recommends for Field Crops” and erosion control, and protection from flooding; the “Vegetable Production Recommendations” both proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- prepared by the staff of the New York College of yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; Agriculture at Cornell University. In the absence of soil control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; tests, those references can be used as a guide in favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, determining lime and fertility needs. phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each Most soils in Dutchess County are fairly high in crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, organic matter. It is important to maintain this high and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures level for good soil tilth and fertility by regular additions the smallest possible loss. of organic matter from animal manure, returning plant For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the residues, sod crops, cover crops, and green manure irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the crops. Tillage tends to reduce organic matter content crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is and break down soil structure. This is especially true if uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to tillage is done when the soil is saturated or if it is too a minimum. dry. The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity Drainage is an important management practice on of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are a significant part of the existing or potential farmland in likely to increase as new production technology is the survey area. On wet soils such as Fredon silt developed. The productivity of a given soil compared loam, yields of cultivated crops can be increased by with that of other soils, however, is not likely to artificial drainage. Open ditches or tile drains are used change. to improve drainage. Drainage on sloping soils is more Crops other than those shown in table 6 are grown effective if the ditches or tile lines intercept the water in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed Dutchess County, New York 147

because the acreage of such crops is small. The local limitations that preclude commercial plant production office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service and that restrict their use to recreational purposes, or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide wildlife habitat, watershed, or esthetic purposes. information about the management and productivity of Capability subclasses are soil groups within one the soils for those crops. class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The Land Capability Classification letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of Land capability classification shows, in a general erosion unless close-growing plant cover is way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil Crops that require special management are excluded. interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some The soils are grouped according to their limitations for soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly crops, and the way they respond to management. The because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major in only some parts of the United States, shows that the and generally expensive landforming that would chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the In class 1 there are no subclasses because the soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major soils of this class have few limitations. Class 5 reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a contains only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c substitute for interpretations designed to show because the soils in class 5 are subject to little or no suitability and limitations of groups of soils for erosion. They have other limitations that restrict their forestland or for engineering purposes. use to pasture, rangeland, forestland, wildlife habitat, In the capability system, soils are generally grouped or recreation. at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit. The acreage of soils in each capability class or Capability classes, the broadest groups, are subclass is shown in table 7. The capability designated by the numbers 1 through 8. The numbers classification of map units in this survey area is given indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in the choices for practical use. The classes are defined as yields table. follows: Class 1 soils have slight limitations that restrict their Woodland Management and Productivity use. Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that restrict This section was prepared with assistance provided by the New the choice of plants or that require moderate York State Department of Environmental Conservation Foresters and the Dutchess County Soil and Water Conservation District. conservation practices. Class 3 soils have severe limitations that restrict the In 1980, approximately 300,000 acres in Dutchess choice of plants or that require special conservation County, or 57 percent of the acreage, was classified practices, or both. as commercial forest (Considine, Frieswyk; 1982). Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that This represents an 8 percent increase over the restrict the choice of plants or that require very careful previous survey in 1968. Commercial forestland is management, or both. producing or capable of producing crops of industrial Class 5 soils are subject to little or no erosion but wood (more than 20 cubic feet per acre per year) and have other limitations, impractical to remove, that not withdrawn from timber utilization. restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, Oak timber types cover the greatest area in the forestland, or wildlife habitat. county, 143,000 acres. Northern hardwoods cover Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make 110,000 acres, and mainly softwood types cover them generally unsuitable for cultivation and that 44,000 acres. The oak types are generally on drier restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, sites, on southern and western slopes, and on the forestland, or wildlife habitat. tops of ridges. The northern hardwood type (beech, Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make birch, and maple) is more common on moister sites them unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their and northern and eastern slopes. Of the softwood use mainly to grazing, forestland, or wildlife habitat. types, hemlock is common on wet sites, such as along Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have wetlands or drainageways, or on the lower third of the 148 Soil Survey

slopes. The white pine sites are soils with a wide silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that variety of drainage classes, but are mainly on well special precautions are needed to control erosion in drained soils and in old crop fields. most silvicultural activities. The total volume of sawtimber in 1980 in Dutchess Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and County was about 746,800 million board feet, a 46 conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment percent increase since the 1968 survey. This is due to generally needed in woodland management or the maturing of the forest stands and the growth from harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions the poletimber size classes into the sawtimber size considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the classes. Of the total, oaks make up the largest surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of volume, about 293 million board-feet; other hardwoods, the surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under 225 million board-feet; white pine, 104 million board- normal conditions the kind of equipment and season feet; maple, 188 million board-feet; hemlock, 28 million of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. board-feet; and other softwoods, 4 million board-feet. Soil wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet The woodlands of Dutchess County are scattered period does not exceed 2 month. A rating of moderate throughout the county. indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted Table 8 can help woodland owners or forest because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet, managers plan the use of soils for wood crops. Only the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 2 those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. The to 6 months. A rating of severe indicates that table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils equipment use is severely restricted either as to the assigned the same ordination symbol require the kind of equipment that can be used or the season of same general management and have about the same use. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment potential productivity. use for more than 6 months. The first part of the ordination symbol, a number, Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by indicator tree species. The number indicates the the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for the indicator species can produce in a pure stand seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, under natural conditions. The number 1 indicates low depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of potential productivity; 2 or 3, moderate; 4 or 5, the period when the water table is high, rock fragments moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, and slope 12 to 39, extremely high. The second part of the aspect. A rating of slight indicates that seedling symbol, a letter, indicates the major kind of soil mortality is not likely to be a problem under normal limitation. The letter R indicates steep slopes; X, conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 percent. stoniness or rockiness; W, excess water in or on the A rating of moderate indicates that some problems soil; T, toxic substances in the soil; D, restricted from seedling mortality can be expected. Extra rooting depth; C, clay in the upper part of the soil; S, precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is 25 to sandy texture; F, a high content of rock fragments in 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that seedling the soil; L, low strength; and N, snowpack. The letter A mortality is a serious problem. Extra precautions are indicates that limitations or restrictions are important. Replanting may be necessary. Expected insignificant. If a soil has more than one limitation, the mortality is more than 50 percent. priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D, C, S, F, L, and N. Windthrow hazard is the likelihood that trees will be In table 8, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the uprooted by the wind because the soil is not deep degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in enough for adequate root anchorage. The main management. restrictions that affect rooting are a seasonal high Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will water table and the depth to bedrock, a fragipan, or occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where other limiting layers. A rating of slight indicates that the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire under normal conditions no trees are blown down by lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have the wind. Strong winds may damage trees, but they do been burned or overgrazed also are subject to erosion. not uproot them. A rating of moderate indicates that Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the some trees can be blown down during periods when percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no the soil is wet and winds are moderate or strong. A particular prevention measures are needed under rating of severe indicates that many trees can be ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that blown down during these periods. erosion-control measures are needed in certain Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to Dutchess County, New York 149

which undesirable species are expected to invade and planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of main factors that affect plant competition are depth to flooding is essential. the water table and the available water capacity. A In table 9, the degree of soil limitation is expressed rating of slight indicates that competition from as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural properties are generally favorable and that limitations regeneration or suppress the more desirable species. are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that Planted seedlings can become established without limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that design, or special maintenance. Severe means that competition may delay the establishment of desirable soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can species. Competition may hamper stand development, be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that combination of these. competition can be expected to prevent regeneration The information in table 9 can be supplemented by unless precautionary measures are applied. other information in this survey, for example, The potential productivity of merchantable or interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index 12 and interpretations for dwellings without basements and as a volume number. The site index is the average and for local roads and streets in table 11. height, in feet, that dominant and codominant trees of Camp areas require site preparation, such as a given species attain in a specified number of years. shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are those installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp that woodland managers generally favor in intermediate areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some or improvement cuttings. They are selected on the vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and basis of growth rate, quality, value, and marketability. are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of The volume, a number, is the yield likely to be use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, produced by the most important trees. This number, absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not expressed as cubic feet per acre per year, indicates dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders the amount of fiber produced in a fully stocked, even- can greatly increase the cost of constructing aged, unmanaged stand. campsites. The first species listed under common trees for a Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and the most common species on the soil and is the one parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm that determines the ordination class. when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to Trees to plant are those that are suitable for flooding during the period of use, and do not have commercial wood production. slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of shaping sites or of building access roads and parking Recreation areas. Playgrounds require soils that can withstand The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9 intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level according to limitations that affect their suitability for and are not wet or subject to flooding during the recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil season of use. The surface is free of stones and features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock Not considered in the ratings, but important in or a hardpan should be considered. evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic should require little or no cutting and filling. The best quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent once a year during the period of use. They have and the ability of the soil to support vegetation also are moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on important. Soils that are subject to flooding are limited the surface. for recreational uses by the duration and intensity of Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be 150 Soil Survey

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes They have moderate slopes and no stones or are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, boulders on the surface. The suitability of the soil for available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, tees or greens is not considered in rating the soils. flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture also are considerations. Examples of grasses and Wildlife Habitat legumes are fescue, lovegrass, bromegrass, clover, and alfalfa. Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil affect the construction of water impoundments. The properties and features that affect the growth of these kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing soil moisture also are considerations. Examples of plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment wild herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod, of desirable plants. beggarweed, wheatgrass, and grama. In table 10, the soils in the survey area are rated Hardwood trees and woody understory produce according to their potential for providing habitat for nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. that are suitable for establishing, improving, or Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, determining the intensity of management needed for blackberry, and blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing each element of the habitat. shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils rated The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or good are Russian-olive, autumn-olive, and crabapple. very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or properties and features that affect the growth of maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of of the root zone, available water capacity, and fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, established, improved, or maintained in most places. spruce, fir, cedar, and juniper. Moderately intensive management is required for Shrubs are bushy woody plants that produce fruit, satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that buds, twigs, bark, and foliage. Soil properties and limitations are severe for the designated element or features that affect the growth of shrubs are depth of kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or the root zone, available water capacity, salinity, and maintained in most places, but management is difficult soil moisture. Examples of shrubs are and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates mountainmahogany, bitterbrush, snowberry, and big that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are sagebrush. very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. is impractical or impossible. Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants following paragraphs. are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, wildrice, and features that affect the growth of grain and seed saltgrass, cordgrass, rushes, sedges, and reeds. crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface Shallow water areas have an average depth of less layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil created by dams, levees, or other water-control moisture also are considerations. Examples of grain structures. Soil properties and features affecting and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley. shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, Dutchess County, New York 151

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples Soil properties, site features, and observed of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding performance were considered in determining the areas, and ponds. ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described survey, determinations were made about particle-size in the following paragraphs. distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 to 7 pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a water grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas table, ponding, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of areas include bobwhite quail, pheasant, meadowlark, the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed field sparrow, cottontail, and red fox. cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, deciduous and/or coniferous plants and associated available water capacity, and other behavioral grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous plants. characteristics affecting engineering uses. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild turkey, This information can be used to evaluate the ruffed grouse, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, potential of areas for residential, commercial, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, deer, and bear. industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy estimates of construction conditions; evaluate or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternative shore birds, muskrat, mink, and beaver. sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite Engineering investigations of soils and geology; locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan This section provides information for planning land drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces, uses related to urban development and to water and other structures for soil and water conservation; management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the and predict performance of proposed small structures most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given and pavements by comparing the performance of for building site development, sanitary facilities, existing similar structures on the same or similar soils. construction materials, and water management. The The information in the tables, along with the soil ratings are based on observed performance of the maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in soils and on the estimated data and test data in the this survey can be used to make additional “Soil Properties” section. interpretations. Information in this section is intended for land use Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for special meaning in soil science and are defined in the planning site investigations prior to design and Glossary. construction. The information, however, has Building Site Development limitations. For example, estimates and other data generally apply only to that part of the soil between the Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil surface and a depth of 5 to 7 feet. Because of the map limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings scale, small areas of different soils may be included with and without basements, small commercial within the mapped areas of a specific soil. buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and The information is not site specific and does not landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if soil eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils properties and site features are generally favorable for or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily the design and construction of engineering works. overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features Government ordinances and regulations that restrict are not favorable for the indicated use and special certain land uses or impose specific design criteria planning, design, or maintenance is needed to were not considered in preparing the information in this overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if section. Local ordinances and regulations should be soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or considered in planning, in site selection, and in design. so difficult to overcome that special design, significant 152 Soil Survey

Figure 11.—A condominium complex in a mostly undeveloped area of the county. The condos are built on Hoosic and Pittstown soils. increases in construction costs, and possibly structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed increased maintenance are required. Special feasibility soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family studies may be required where the soil limitations are dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are severe (fig. 11). made for small commercial buildings without Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a basements, for dwellings with basements, and for maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, dwellings without basements. The ratings are based on utility lines, open ditches, or other purposes. The soil properties, site features, and observed ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, observed performance of the soils. The ease of shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time of flooding affect the ease of excavation and the year that excavations can be made is affected by construction. Landscaping and grading that require cuts the depth to a seasonal high water table and the and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not considered. susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. affected by soil texture and depth to the water table. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base Dwellings and small commercial buildings are of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and Dutchess County, New York 153

a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally site features, and observed performance of the soils. limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to soil properties, site features, and observed a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, large interfere with installation. stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating and Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the absorption fields, including excessively slow engineering classification of the soil), shrink-swell absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside potential, frost action potential, and depth to a high seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can be water table affect the traffic-supporting capacity. polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the and maintained. The ratings are based on soil water table is near the surface. There must be properties, site features, and observed performance of unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water require that this material be of a certain thickness. capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established. of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly Sanitary Facilities impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil is required to minimize seepage and contamination of limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, ground water. sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations The table gives ratings for the natural soil that are considered slight if soil properties and site features makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, are generally favorable for the indicated use and generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if layer are excavated to provide material for the soil properties or site features are not favorable for the embankments. The ratings are based on soil indicated use and special planning, design, or properties, site features, and observed performance of maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of special design, significant increases in construction organic matter. costs, and possibly increased maintenance are Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability required. in the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise The table also shows the suitability of the soils for the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is indicates that soil properties and site features are excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high favorable for the use and good performance and low content of organic matter is detrimental to proper maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic properties and site features are moderately favorable activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can for the use and one or more soil properties or site cause construction problems, and large stones can features make the soil less desirable than the soils hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is properties or site features are unfavorable for the use disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, layer of soil from a source away from the site. 154 Soil Survey

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation suitability within their profile. The table showing should be considered. engineering index properties provides detailed The ratings in the table are based on soil information about each soil layer. This information can properties, site features, and observed performance of help to determine the suitability of each layer for use the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and The ratings are based on soil properties, site boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and features, and observed performance of the soils. The content of salts and sodium affect trench landfills. thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate in place after it has been compacted and drained is may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. determined by its strength (as inferred from the Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell used to cover compacted solid waste in an area potential. sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, Soils rated good contain significant amounts of transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few affect the ease of removing and spreading the material cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of wind erosion. 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water After soil material has been removed, the soil table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity material remaining in the borrow area must be thick index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but plants. The surface layer generally has the best the material is less than 3 feet thick. workability, more organic matter, and the best potential Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for for plants. Material from the surface layer should be commercial use with a minimum of processing. They stockpiled for use as the final cover. are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications for each use vary widely. In table 13, only the Construction Materials probability of finding material in suitable quantity is Table 13 gives information about the soils as a evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and excavation of the material. topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as soil properties and site features that affect the removal indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal the thickness of suitable material, and the content of compaction, minor processing, and other standard rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification construction practices are assumed. Each soil is are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one properties. place and used in road embankments in another place. A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of In this table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is for low embankments, generally less than 6 feet high up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at and less exacting in design than higher embankments. least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, The ratings are for the soil material below the large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as Dutchess County, New York 155

shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and costs, and possibly increased maintenance are gravel. required. Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation This table also gives for each soil the restrictive can be established and maintained. The upper 40 features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also diversions, and grassed waterways. evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or area. embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The such properties as soil reaction, available water seepage potential is determined by the permeability of capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable storage capacity of the reservoir area. material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised by slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet toxic material. high, constructed to impound water or to protect land Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones source of material for embankment fill. The ratings and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to be uniformly mixed and compacted during fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. construction. Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that depth even greater than the height of the embankment have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or can affect performance and safety of the soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is needed to determine these properties. difficult. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts water table at or near the surface. or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of The surface layer of most soils is generally usable material. It also affects trafficability. preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts content. Organic matter greatly increases the that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds plant growth. that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the Water Management original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by Table 14 gives information on the soil properties and depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the site features that affect water management. The degree aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and aquifer- large stones affect the ease of excavation. fed excavated ponds. The limitations are considered Drainage is the removal of excess surface and slight if soil properties and site features are generally subsurface water from the soil. How easily and favorable for the indicated use and limitations are effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to minor and are easily overcome; moderate if soil bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that properties or site features are not favorable for the affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth indicated use and special planning, design, or to a high water table or depth of standing water if the maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and special design, significant increase in construction the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to 156 Soil Survey

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and combination of channels and ridges constructed across the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the as salts, sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted outlets is not considered in the ratings. rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind erosion or Irrigation is the controlled application of water to water erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The restricted permeability adversely affect maintenance. design and management of an irrigation system are Grassed waterways are natural or constructed affected by depth to the water table, the need for channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a construction of a system is affected by large stones cemented pan affect the construction of grassed and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available performance of a system is affected by the depth of water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil substances such as salts and sodium, and restricted reaction. permeability adversely affect the growth and Terraces and diversions are embankments or a maintenance of the grass after construction. 157

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and the course of the soil survey. The data and the less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an are explained on the following pages. appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” Soil properties are determined by field examination Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some Classification of the soils is determined according to benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are the Unified soil classification system (ASTM 1993) and followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are the system adopted by the American Association of made and examined to identify and classify the soils State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are 1986). taken from some typical profiles and tested in the The Unified system classifies soils according to laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, properties that affect their use as construction plasticity, and compaction characteristics. These material. Soils are classified according to grain-size results are reported in table 16. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 15 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A- soils have layers of contrasting properties within the 7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, upper 5 or 6 feet. A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade layer is indicated. The range in depth and information material can be indicated by a group index number. on other properties of each layer are given for each Group index numbers range from 0 for the best soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. The Morphology.” AASHTO classification for soils tested is given in table Texture is given in the standard terms used by the 15. U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil percentages are estimates determined mainly by 158 Soil Survey

converting volume percentage in the field to weight and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a percentage. soil indicates the pore space available for water and Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard organic matter, and soil structure. Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area downward movement of water when the soil is and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the saturated. They are based on soil characteristics field. observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) and texture. Permeability is considered in the design indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption estimates are based on test data from the survey area fields. or from nearby areas and on field examination. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, water that the soil is capable of storing for use by and plasticity index are generally rounded to the plants. The capacity for water storage is given in nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil percentage points) across classification boundaries, properties that affect the retention of water and the the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the depth of the root zone. The most important properties table. are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is Physical and Chemical Properties an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of Table 16 shows estimates of some characteristics irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates estimate of the quantity of water actually available to are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey plants at any given time. area. The estimates are based on field observations Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and and on test data for these and similar soils. is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil of each major horizon is based on many field tests. particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in For many soils, values have been verified by diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in millimeters in diameter. determining the risk of corrosion. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume fertility and physical condition of the soil. They change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and Volume change occurs mainly because of the to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell interaction of clay minerals with water and varies with potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. The dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and size of the load on the soil and the magnitude of the kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving change in soil moisture content influence the amount operations. of swelling of soils in place. Laboratory measurements Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per of swelling of undisturbed clods were made for many unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at soils. For others, swelling was estimated on the basis field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at of the kind and amount of clay minerals in the soil and 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after on the basis of measurements of similar soils. drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to estimated moist bulk density of each major soil very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. design is often needed. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the potential, available water capacity, total pore space, change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture Dutchess County, New York 159

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The moderately coarse texture. These soils have a classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; moderate rate of water transmission. moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent; Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when and very high, greater than 9 percent. thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil layer that impedes the downward movement of water to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that structure and permeability. Values of K range from have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, 0.02 to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill material. These soils have a very slow rate of water erosion by water. transmission. Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in the average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water table, the first letter is for drained areas and the that can occur without affecting crop productivity over second is for undrained areas. a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is year. caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short the soil at various stages of decomposition. In the periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered table, the estimated content of organic matter is flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil is considered ponding rather than flooding. material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The table gives the frequency and duration of The content of organic matter in a soil can be flooding and the time of year when flooding is most maintained or increased by returning crop residue to likely. the soil. Organic matter affects the available water Frequency, duration, and probable dates of capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but Soil and Water Features possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in Table 17 gives estimates of various soil and water any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average, features. The estimates are used in land use planning once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to that involves engineering considerations. 50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). groups according to the rate of water infiltration when Common is used when the occasional and frequent the soils are not protected by vegetation, are classes are grouped for certain purposes. Duration is thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to duration storms. 7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if The four hydrologic soil groups are: more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist flooding occurs during the stated period. mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained The information is based on evidence in the soil sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay of water transmission. deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate matter content with increasing depth; and little or no when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of horizon development. moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or Also considered are local information about the well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each 160 Soil Survey

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of the extent of flooding based on soil data is less segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the specific than that provided by detailed engineering subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves flood frequency levels. into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a density, permeability, content of organic matter, and saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates depth to the water table are the most important factors are based mainly on observations of the water table at considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated It is assumed that the soil is not insulated by zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic vegetation or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are the and highly structured, clayey soils that have a high depth to the seasonal high water table; the kind of water table in winter are the most susceptible to frost water table—that is, perched, apparent, or artesian; action. Well drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils and the months of the year that the water table are the least susceptible. Frost heave and low soil commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally high strength during thawing cause damage mainly to for less than 1 month is not indicated in the table. pavements and other rigid structures. An apparent water table is a thick zone of free Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced water in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or water stands in an uncased borehole after adequate weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of time is allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors A perched water table is water standing above an as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion water table is separated from a lower one by a dry of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium zone. An artesian water table is under hydrostatic content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the head, generally below an impermeable layer. When soil. Special site examination and design may be this layer is penetrated, the water level rises in an needed if the combination of factors results in a uncased borehole. severe hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations Two numbers in the column showing depth to the that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more water table indicate the normal range in depth to a susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil The first numeral in the range indicates the highest layer. water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed indicates that the water table is above the surface of as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation 6 feet for less than a month. extract. Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, borings and on observations during soil mapping. The acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or extract. fractured, excavations can be made with trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is Engineering Properties of Geologic hard or massive, blasting or special equipment Deposits generally is needed for excavation. Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of The following geologic deposits are in Dutchess saturated mineral soils of very low density. County: glacial till, outwash, ice-contact, lacustrine, Subsidence generally results from either desiccation alluvial, and organic. The engineering properties of and shrinkage or oxidation of organic material, or both, each geologic deposit are influenced to a great extent following drainage. Subsidence takes place gradually, by the mode of deposition, which in turn determines usually over a period of several years. The table the texture of the material and the internal structure of shows the expected initial subsidence, which usually the landform. Other influences are the position of the is a result of drainage, and total subsidence, which deposit on the landscape and the position of the water results from a combination of factors. table. In Dutchess County the geologic deposits are in Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or the following categories: deep till, shallow-to-rock, Dutchess County, New York 161

stratified coarse-grained, stratified fine-grained, and from cobbles to silt. The deposits are mainly loose and organic. porous, and their permeability is moderately rapid or Deep till deposits. These are unstratified, highly rapid. variable mixtures of all particle sizes ranging from rock The Copake, Fredon, Halsey, Haven, Hoosic, and fragments to clay. This material was scoured and Knickerbocker soils formed on gravelly outwash plains transported from nearby sources by glacial ice and and terraces, beach ridges, deltas, kames, eskers, deposited as a ground moraine or end moraine. and fans. The Scio and Unadilla soils formed in silty Bedrock is generally at a depth of more than 5 feet, material overlying coarse-grained materials on lake but in some small areas this depth to rock is less or plains. Linlithgo, Pawling, and Wappinger soils are there are outcrops of bedrock. The rock and mineral formed in sandy and silty flood-plain deposits. fragments in the soil generally reflect the types of Coarse-grained deposits generally have relatively bedrock in an area. high strength and low compressibility. Because of their Soils that formed in mixed deep till deposits are loose and porous nature, most of these deposits are those of the Bernardston, Charlton, Dutchess, Georgia, not highly erodible but are subject to settlement when Massena, Pittstown, Punsit, Stockbridge, and Sun vibrated. The Linlithgo, Pawling, and Wappinger soils series. These soils are the most dense and compact are subject to flooding, and the Halsey soils are of the soils that formed in unconsolidated deposits in subject to ponding. the county. Most of the till has been compacted by These deposits of gravel and sand have many uses glacial ice. Deep till soils range from nearly level to as a construction material. Depending on gradation, very steep, but most are nearly level or gently sloping. soundness, and plasticity, they are suitable as: Many landscapes are such that cut and fill earthwork 1. Fill material for highway embankments. is involved in most construction. The soils are 2. Fill material for parking areas and developments. generally provided a stable, relatively incompressible 3. Fill material to decrease stress on underlying foundation for engineering works. If properly soils so construction operations can proceed. compacted, fill material from these deposits generally 4. Subbase for pavements. provides stable embankments. Steep cut slopes often 5. Wearing surfaces for driveways, parking lots, and are subject to surface sloughing and erosion. some roads. Shallow-to-rock deposits 6. Material for highway shoulders. 7. Free-draining backfill for structures and pipes. These deposits contain a veneer of glacial till over 8. Outside shells of dams for impounding water. bedrock. The soil is generally from 6 inches to 3 feet 9. Slope-protection blankets to drain and help thick, and rock outcrops are common in some areas. stabilize wet cut slopes. The landforms and topography are generally 10. Sources of sand and gravel for general use. controlled by the bedrock. The Cardigan and Nassau soils formed in glacial till Stratified fine-grained deposits. These deposits deposits over shale. The Chatfield, Macomber, and consist of lacustrine, fine-grained sediment Taconic series formed in glacial till over slate or transported by glacial meltwater and deposited in quiet phyllite bedrock. The Farmington and Galway series proglacial lakes and ponds. Some are flood plains on soils formed in glacial till over limestone bedrock. The more recent slackwater deposits. The deposits consist Hollis soils formed in glacial till deposits over granite, of distinct layers or laminations mainly of fine sand schist, and gneiss. and silt- and clay-sized particles. The primary engineering concerns are the The Hudson, Kingsbury, Livingston, Rhinebeck, and underlying bedrock and ground water. Cut and fill Vergennes soils formed in deep lake-laid silt and clay earthwork is needed in some areas, but the quantity of deposits. The Canandaigua, Raynham, and Scio soils fill material is limited by depth to bedrock. formed on deep, silty areas of deltas. Because of their fine texture and high moisture Stratified coarse-grained deposits contents, these deposits have low strength. The soils These deposits consist of stratified gravel and sand with a large content of fine sand and silt have low sorted by glacial meltwater and of coarser materials compressibility but are highly erodible and susceptible deposited by fluvial action. They are on outwash plains to frost. The alluvial soils are prone to flooding, and and terraces, ice-contact kames and eskers, beach the Madalin, Canandaigua, and Birdsall soils are ridges, and the coarser portions of deltas, lacustrine subject to ponding. plains, and flood plains. The material in these deposits The soils that are formed in fine-grained deposits is well sorted or poorly sorted, and particle sizes range are difficult to use for engineering works, especially the 162

nearly level, wet soils that are subject to ponding. the soils in Dutchess County. First, the soils are Sites for embankments and heavy structures or grouped based on the type of landscape in which they buildings on all soils formed in these finer sediments are found. The types of landscapes in the county are must be investigated for strength and settlement and outwash terraces, plains, and alluvial fans; lacustrine for the effects of ground water. plains, till plains; floodplains; swamps and bogs. Next, soils that are on similar landscapes are grouped Organic Deposits based on the texture and morphology of the parent These deposits are mainly accumulations of plant material from which they are derived. The soils are remains. In places there are small amounts of mineral further characterized based on their depth to bedrock soil. Organic deposits are in very poorly drained (shallow, moderately deep, and very deep). Finally, the depressions and bogs covered with water most of the soils are placed into the proper drainage class. Soils year. Carlisle and Palms soils and Medisaprists and having the same parent material, soil depth, and Hydraquents formed in organic material of varying landscape position but differing in drainage class, form thickness. The soils in organic deposits are unsuitable a soil catena. Bernardston, Pittstown, and Punsit are as foundations for engineering works because they an example of soils that form a catena. Some soils, are wet, weak, and highly compressible. Generally the such as Sun have drainage class, so that the name organic material should be removed and replaced with will appear more than once in the table. suitable backfill. Filling over organic deposits causes The resulting tabulation will allow one to establish long-term settlement. general relationships between the soils in the county. It supplements the sections “Formation of the Soils” and Relationship Between Soil Series, Their Parent “Engineering Properties of Geologic Deposits.” Material, Landscape Position, and Drainage Detailed information on the morphology and character Table 18 shows the relationship between parent of each soil is contained in the section “Soil Series and material, position in the landscape, and drainage for Their Morphology.” 163

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories on the basis of physical and chemical properties and (USDA 1975). Beginning with the broadest, these other characteristics that affect management. categories are the order, suborder, great group, Generally, the properties are those of horizons below subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based plow depth where there is much biological activity. on soil properties observed in the field or inferred from Among the properties and characteristics considered those observations or from laboratory measurements. are particle size, mineral content, soil temperature Table 19 shows the classification of the soils in the regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family name survey area. The categories are defined in the consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms following paragraphs. that indicate soil properties. An example is fine-loamy, ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Hapludalfs. differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family forming processes and the degree of soil formation. that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical example is Alfisol. composition, and arrangement in the profile. SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil Soil Series and Their Morphology genesis and are important to plant growth or properties that reflect the most important variables In this section, each soil series recognized in the within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil suborder indicates the order. An example is Udalf (Ud, and the material in which it formed are identified for meaning humid, plus alf, from Alfisol). each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, described. The detailed description of each soil arrangement, and degree of development of horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature (USDA 1951). Many of the technical terms used in the regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA great group is identified by the name of a suborder 1975). Unless otherwise indicated, colors in the and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An descriptions are for moist soil. Following the pedon example is Hapludalfs (Hapl, meaning minimal description is the range of important characteristics of horizonation, plus udalf, the suborder of the Alfisols the soils in the series. that has a udic moisture regime). The map units of each soil series are described in SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept Bernardston Series of the great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, The Bernardston series consists of very deep, well suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some drained, moderately permeable over slowly permeable properties that are not representative of the great group soils on glaciated uplands. These soils formed in but do not indicate transitions to any other taxonomic compact glacial till derived mainly from dark gray class. Each subgroup is identified by one or more phyllite, slate, or schist. Slopes range from 3 to 45 adjectives preceding the name of the great group. The percent. adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the Bernardston soils are near moderately well drained great group. An example is Typic Hapludalfs. Pittstown soils and somewhat poorly drained Punsit 164 Soil Survey

soils. Pittstown and Punsit soils formed in compact Structure is weak or moderate medium platy, or the glacial till. Bernardston soils are also mapped near horizon is massive. Consistence is firm or very firm. poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils. Sun soils do not have a dense substratum. Canandaigua Series Typical pedon of Bernardston silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in the town of Beekman, 1000 feet The Canandaigua series consists of very deep, north of Clapp Hill Road, 1 mile east of the intersection poorly drained and very poorly drained, moderately with Schoolhouse Lane, in a field: slow permeable soils on glacial lake plains. These soils formed in silty glaciolacustrine sediments. Slopes Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (l0YR 3/3) silt loam, range from 0 to 3 percent. light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine Canandaigua soils are near well drained granular structure; friable; slightly sticky and Bernardston soils, moderately well drained Pittstown slightly plastic; many fine and very fine roots; 10 soils, somewhat poorly drained Punsit soils, and percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils. smooth boundary. Bernardstown, Pittstown, and Punsit soils formed in Bwl—8 to l7 inches; yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4) silt compact glacial till. Sun soils formed in glacial till but loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; lack a dense substratum. Canandaigua soils are friable; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many similar to poorly drained Livingston soils. Canandaigua fine roots; l0 percent rock fragments; strongly soils are not as clayey as Livingston soils. acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Canandaigua silt loam, neutral Bw2—l7 to 27 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt substratum, in the town of Wappinger, .2 miles east of loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Degarmo Hill Road, .5 miles north of the intersection friable; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine with County Route 93: roots; l0 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2), Cdl—27 to 37 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry, silt loam; weak moderate medium platy structure; firm; slightly medium granular structure; friable; many fine and sticky and slightly plastic; 10 percent rock common medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt fragments; strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary. smooth boundary. Cd2—37 to 80 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam; Bg1—6 to 21 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/0) silt loam; massive; firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 10 many medium prominent dark yellowish brown percent rock; strongly acid. (10YR 4/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine common The thickness of the solum ranges from l5 to 30 medium roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. inches and generally is the same as the depth to the Bg2—21 to 31 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt dense substratum. The solum is silt loam, loam, or loam; common fine distinct dark yellowish brown very fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. Rock (10YR 4/6) mottles; weak medium subangular fragments make up from 0 to 15 percent of the volume blocky structure; friable; slightly acid; gradual of the A horizon and from 5 to 10 percent of the smooth boundary. volume of the B and C horizons. The soil ranges from BCg—31 to 40 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; very strongly acid to moderately acid, unless limed. many fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, mottles; weak medium subangular blocky value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Structure is structure; friable; neutral; gradual irregular weak or moderate, fine or medium granular. boundary. Consistence is friable or very friable. C—40 to 72 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) strata of silt loam The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of and silty clay loam; common fine prominent 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Structure is weak or yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; massive; moderate, fine or medium granular or weak fine or friable; neutral. medium subangular blocky. Consistence is very friable or friable. The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 Some pedons have a BC horizon with inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. characteristics similar to the lower part of the Bw. Rock fragments are commonly absent, but range up to The Cd horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 or 10 percent above a depth of 40 inches and up to 30 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam, loam, or percent below a depth of 40 inches. very fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, or is Dutchess County, New York 165

neutral, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. Texture roots; 25 percent rock fragments; slightly acid is silt loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or fine sandy (limed); abrupt smooth boundary. loam. Structure is weak to strong, granular or Bw1—8 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) subangular blocky structure. In some pedons, O channery silt loam; weak medium subangular horizons range from a trace to 6 inches thick overlying blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 25 percent an A horizon. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy mildly alkaline. boundary. The Bg horizon has hue of 5YR to 5GY, or is Bw2—12 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) neutral, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 2, with channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky more than 20 percent (common or many) high chroma structure; friable; few fine roots; 25 percent rock mottles. Texture is silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. silty clay loam, with thin subhorizons in some pedons Bw3—20 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR having lighter or heavier textures. Structure is very 4/4) channery silt loam; weak fine and medium fine to coarse, subangular or angular blocky, either subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and primary or within coarse or very coarse prisms. medium roots; 30 percent rock fragments; strongly Consistence is friable to very firm. Reaction is acid; abrupt wavy boundary. moderately acid to neutral. R—30 inches; very dark gray, folded shale bedrock. The BC horizon is similar to the Bg horizon except The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 36 the structure is usually weaker and can include a platy inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. structure. Rock fragments make up from 15 to 35 percent of the The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 5G or is neutral, volume of the A horizon, 0 to 30 percent of the volume value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 3. Texture consists of the B horizon, and 10 to 40 percent of the volume of of thin strata ranging from fine sand to silty clay to a the C horizon, where present. Reaction ranges from depth of at least 40 inches. Below a depth of 40 inches very strongly acid to moderately acid, unless limed. some pedons have a loamy, nonstratified 2C and 3C The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, horizons. Reaction is moderately acid to neutral. value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is loam or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. Cardigan Series The E horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is The Cardigan series consists of moderately deep, similar to the A horizon. well drained, moderately permeable soils on bedrock The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of controlled glaciated uplands. These soils formed in 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture is loam, silt loam, loamy glacial till over folded, acid shale bedrock. or very fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. Slopes are complex and irregular and range from 1 to The BC horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to 45 percent. 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is Cardigan soils are mapped in complexes with similar to the Bw horizon. Nassau or Dutchess soils, and are near areas of The C horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to Bernardston, Dutchess, or Stockbridge soils. Cardigan 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Structure is soils are moderately deep with bedrock at 20 to 40 weak granular or platy, or the horizon is massive. inches. Nassau soils are shallow with bedrock at 10 to Consistence ranges from very friable to firm. Texture 20 inches. Dutchess, Bernardston, and Stockbridge is loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, or very fine sandy soils are all very deep. Cardigan soils are in landscape loam in the fine-earth fraction. settings similar to Macomber soils, but Macomber The bedrock is hard folded shale. soils have more rock fragments, are over phyllite or schist bedrock, and have a mean annual soil temperature less than 47 degrees Fahrenheit. Carlisle Series Typical pedon of Cardigan channery silt loam, in an The Carlisle series consists of very deep, very area of Dutchess-Cardigan complex, hilly, rocky, in the poorly drained, moderately slow to moderately rapid town of Pleasant Valley, 950 feet west of Malone permeable soils. These soils occur in swampy areas in Road, .25 miles north of the intersection with County troughs formed by folded bedrock as well as broad Route 115: impounded areas on glaciated uplands, outwash plains, Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) channery silt and flood plains. They formed in highly decomposed loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate organic material. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. medium granular structure; very friable; few fine Carlisle soils are similar to Palms soils. The organic 166 Soil Survey

layers in Carlisle soils have a total thickness greater moderately well drained Georgia soils, somewhat than 51 inches over mineral soil material. The organic poorly drained Massena soils, and poorly drained and layers in Palms soils are 16 to 51 inches thick over very poorly drained Sun soils. mineral soil material. Typical pedon of Charlton loam, 3 to 8 percent Typical pedon of Carlisle muck, in the town of Pine slopes, in the town of Pawling, 350 feet west of Plains, .5 miles east of Halcyon Lake, .5 miles south of County Route 66, .65 miles north of the northern Briarcliff Lane, .8 miles west of the intersection with intersection with County Route 67: State Route 82, in a large swampy area: Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Oa1—0 to 12 inches; black (10YR 2/1) muck; 10 3/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6.2) dry; percent fibers, 0 percent rubbed; weak coarse weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; granular structure; very friable; slightly acid; many fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; abrupt wavy boundary. strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Oa2—12 to 32 inches; black (10YR 2/1) muck; 30 Bw1—8 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) percent fibers, 10 percent rubbed; massive; very gravelly loam; weak coarse subangular blocky friable; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. structure; friable; common fine roots; 20 percent Oa3—32 to 80 inches; black (10YR 2/1) muck; 30 rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy percent fibers, 15 percent rubbed; massive; very boundary. friable; neutral. Bw2—12 to 26 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; The thickness of the organic deposits is greater friable; common fine roots; 20 percent rock than 51 inches. The reaction throughout the profile fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. ranges from very strongly acid to mildly alkaline. BC—26 to 30 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) Fibrous material and wood fragments range from 0 to gravelly loam; weak coarse subangular blocky 30 percent throughout the profile. structure; friable; common fine roots; 25 percent The surface tier is 10YR 2/1 or 5YR 2/1 and is rock fragments; strongly acid; clear irregular dominantly sapric material. boundary. The subsurface tier has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value C1—30 to 39 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 3. It is dominantly sapric gravelly loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; 25 material. percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear The bottom tier has colors similar to the subsurface wavy boundary. tier. The amounts of woody and herbaceous fibers C2—39 to 72 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) gravelly loam; vary; however, herbaceous fibers generally constitute massive; friable; few fine roots; 25 percent rock the greater proportion. It is dominantly sapric material, fragments; moderately acid. but some pedons have thin layers of hemic material. The combined thickness of these hemic layers is less The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 38 than 10 inches. This tier commonly is massive, but inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. some pedons have weak coarse blocky or thick platy Rock fragments make up from 0 to 15 percent of the structure. volume of the surface layer, from 5 to 35 percent of the volume above a depth of 40 inches, and from 5 to Charlton Series 50 percent of the volume below 40 inches. Rock fragments are dominantly schist, gneiss or granite. The Charlton series consists of very deep, well Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately drained, moderate or moderately rapid permeable acid, unless limed. soils on glaciated uplands. These soils formed in acid, The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 loamy glacial till, high in crystalline rock fragments. or 3 and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is sandy loam, fine Slopes range from 1 to 45 percent. sandy loam, or loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure Charlton soils are often mapped with or near is weak or moderate, fine or medium granular. Chatfield and Hollis soils. Charlton soils are very deep Consistence is friable or very friable. to bedrock. Chatfield soils are moderately deep and The upper part of the B horizon has hue of 7.5YR have bedrock at 20 to 40 inches. Hollis soils are or 10YR and the lower part has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y. shallow with a depth to bedrock ranging from 10 to 20 Value is 4 to 6 and chroma is 4 to 6 throughout. Texture inches. In places, Charlton soils are also near is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in the fine- Dutchess County, New York 167

earth fraction. The horizon is massive, or structure is subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; weak granular or subangular blocky. Consistence is 20 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt friable or very friable. wavy boundary. The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to C—27 to 30 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is sandy loam, fine gravelly fine sandy loam; massive; firm; 20 sandy loam, or loam in the fine-earth fraction. The percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt horizon is massive. Consistence is very friable, friable, wavy boundary. or firm. R—30 inches; folded micaceous schist and granitic bedrock. Chatfield Series The thickness of the solum ranges from 16 to 36 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The Chatfield series consists of moderately deep, Rock fragments make up from 5 to 15 percent of the well drained and somewhat excessively drained, volume of the A horizon, and from 5 to 35 percent of moderate or moderately rapid permeable soils on the volume of the B and C horizons. bedrock controlled glaciated uplands. These soils The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2 formed in glacial till deposits over highly fractured, to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is loam, very fine folded and tilted granite, schist, or gneiss bedrock. sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam in the Slopes are complex and irregular and range from 1 to fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or moderate, fine 70 percent. or medium granular. Consistence is friable or very Chatfield soils are in complexes with rock outcrop, friable. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to Charlton soils, and Hollis soils. Chatfield soils are moderately acid, unless limed. moderately deep and have bedrock at 20 to 40 inches. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of Hollis soils are shallow and have bedrock at 10 to 20 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture is silt loam, loam, inches. Charlton soils are very deep. In places, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Chatfield soils are also near moderately well drained in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is fine, medium, or Georgia soils, somewhat poorly drained Massena coarse subangular blocky or granular. Consistence is soils, and poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun friable or very friable. Reaction ranges from very soils. Chatfield soils are better drained and shallower strongly acid to moderately acid. to bedrock than Georgia, Massena, Sun, and Palms The BC horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR soils. Chatfield soils are in landscape settings similar to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture to Macomber soils, but are in areas that have a is loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or warmer soil temperature. sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. Consistence is Typical pedon of Chatfield fine sandy loam, in an friable or firm. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid area of Chatfield-Hollis complex, hilly, very rocky, in to moderately acid. the town of Dover, .7 miles south of State Route 55, The C horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR to 200 feet west of the intersection with Duell Road, in a 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt wooded area: loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. The horizon is massive, loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak or the structure is weak medium or thick platy. fine granular structure; very friable; many fine few Consistence is friable or firm. medium and coarse roots; 5 percent rock The bedrock is schist, granite, or gneiss. In places, fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth it is massive, but it dominantly has vertical and boundary. horizontal fractures in the upper 12 to 30 inches. Bw1—9 to 15 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky Copake Series structure; very friable; many fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy The Copake series consists of deep, well drained, boundary. moderate or moderately rapid permeable over very Bw2—15 to 23 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; rapid permeable soils on outwash plains and terraces. weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; These soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits high in common fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; limestone fragments. Slopes range from 0 to 45 moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. percent. Slopes from 0 to 3 percent and 25 to 45 BC—23 to 27 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) percent are simple and smooth, and slopes from 3 to gravelly fine sandy loam; week medium and course 30 percent are complex and irregular. 168 Soil Survey

Copake soils are on landscape settings similar to weak or moderate granular. Consistence is friable or somewhat excessively drained Hoosic soils. Copake very friable. soils are formed from outwash deposits dominated by The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 limestone and they have a loamier surface than acid to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Texture is silt loam, loam, Hoosic soils. In places, Copake soils are near poorly or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. It has drained Fredon soils and poorly drained and very weak granular or weak subangular blocky structure, or poorly drained Halsey soils. the horizon is massive. Consistence is friable or very Typical pedon of Copake gravelly silt loam, nearly friable. level, in the town of Amenia, 100 feet east of State The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 Route 22, 400 feet north of the southern intersection to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is loamy fine sand, with County Route 105: loamy sand, loamy course sand, fine sand, sand, or coarse sand in the fine-earth fraction. Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and Dutchess Series medium roots; 15 percent rock fragments; neutral; The Dutchess series consists of very deep, well abrupt smooth boundary. drained, moderately permeable soils on glaciated Bw1—6 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) uplands. These soils formed in loamy glacial till high in gravelly loam; weak fine granular structure; very slate and shale fragments. Slopes range from 1 to 30 friable; many fine and medium roots; 30 percent percent. rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Dutchess soils are often mapped with or near Bw2—8 to 24 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) and Cardigan and Nassau soils. Dutchess soils are very yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; weak deep to bedrock. Cardigan soils are moderately deep fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common and have bedrock at 20 to 40 inches. Nassau soils are fine and few medium roots; 30 percent rock shallow and have bedrock at 10 to 20 inches. In fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. places, Dutchess soils are also near moderately well Bw3—24 to 36 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) and drained Georgia soils, somewhat poorly drained yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; weak Massena soils, and poorly drained and very poorly fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common drained Sun soils. fine and few medium roots; 30 percent rock Typical pedon of Dutchess silt loam, in an area of fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Dutchess-Cardigan complex, undulating, rocky, in the 2C1—36 to 42 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) very town of Red Hook, 500 feet southeast of Oriole Mills gravelly loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose; Road, 800 feet east of the intersection with Pells Road: 50 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear irregular boundary. A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, 2C2—42 to 80 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) very light grayish brown (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine gravelly loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose; granular structure; friable; many fine and few 50 percent rock fragments; moderately alkaline; coarse roots; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral slightly effervescent. (limed); clear smooth boundary. The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 Bw1—8 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt inches and typically corresponds to the depth to sand loam; weak medium platy parting to weak fine and gravel. Rock fragments make up from 15 to 35 subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine percent of the volume of the A horizon, from 5 to 35 and medium and few coarse roots; 5 percent rock percent of the volume of the B horizon, and from 5 to fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. 70 percent of the volume of the substratum. Reaction Bw2—17 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR ranges from very strongly acid to neutral in the A 4/4) silt loam; medium moderate subangular horizon, strongly acid to neutral in the B horizon, and blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 10 percent slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the 2C horizon. rock fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy Depth to carbonates is greater than 40 inches. boundary. The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam, loam, or C1—28 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is channery silt loam; weak coarse subangular blocky Dutchess County, New York 169

structure; friable; few roots; 20 percent rock brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. structure; very friable; many fine and very fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt C2—46 to 86 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) smooth boundary. channery silt loam; massive; firm; 20 percent rock Bw—7 to 15 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) very fragments; moderately acid. fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 parting to weak fine granular structure; very friable; inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. common fine and very fine roots; 10 percent rock Rock fragments make up 0 to 15 percent of the fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. volume of the A horizon, 5 to 35 percent of the volume R—15 inches; hard gray dolomitic limestone bedrock; of the B horizon, and 20 to 45 percent of the volume of some rock fragments at the surface of the the C horizon. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid bedrock; slightly effervescent. to moderately acid in the solum and strongly acid to The thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock slightly acid in the substratum. range from 10 to 20 inches. Rock fragments make up The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value from 5 to 15 percent of the volume of the A horizon of 2 to 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is loam or silt and from 5 to 35 percent of the volume of the subsoil. loam in the fine-earth fraction. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid in The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or the A horizon and from moderately acid to mildly 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2. Texture is loam alkaline in the B horizon, unless limed. Free or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. carbonates are in the fine-earth fraction above The upper part of the B horizon has hue of 10YR or bedrock in some pedons. 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The lower The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, part of the B horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is fine sandy loam, or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is loam or silt loam loam, or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. in the fine-earth fraction. The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is very fine sandy 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam, loam, loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in the fine very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam earth fraction. Some pedons have high chroma in the fine-earth fraction. mottles in the lower part of the B horizon. Structure is weak fine or medium subangular blocky or weak fine Farmington Series granular. Consistence is very friable or friable. The bedrock is hard gray limestone. The Farmington series consists of shallow, well drained to somewhat excessively drained, moderately permeable soils on bedrock controlled glaciated Fluvaquents uplands. These soils formed in thin glacial till deposits Fluvaquents consist of very deep, somewhat poorly over limestone bedrock. Slopes are complex and drained to very poorly drained soils on the most irregular and range from 1 to 65 percent. actively flooded areas of flood plains along major and Farmington soils are in complexes with rock secondary streams. These soils formed in recent outcrop, Galway soils, and Stockbridge soils. alluvial deposits. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Farmington soils are shallow with bedrock at 10 to 20 Fluvaquents are mapped in a complex with better- inches. Galway soils are moderately deep with drained Udifluvents. They are commonly near well bedrock 20 to 40 inches. Stockbridge soils are very drained Wappinger soils, moderately well drained deep. Farmington soils are in landscape settings Pawling soils, somewhat poorly drained Linlithgo soils, similar to Nassau and Hollis soils. Farmington soils and poorly drained and very poorly drained Wayland are underlain by limestone. Nassau soils are underlain soils. Fluvaquents have little or no soil profile by folded shale. Hollis soils are underlain by schist, development. granite, or gneiss. Fluvaquents are in the part of the flood plain where Typical pedon of Farmington loam in an area of intermittent scouring and redeposition of sediments Farmington-Galway complex, rolling, very rocky, in the cause the composition and properties to differ from town of Amenia, .25 miles west of Sharon Station place to place. Because of the wide range in texture Road, 0.5 miles north of the intersection with state and other characteristics, a typical pedon of Route 343: Fluvaquents is not provided. Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, light The thickness of the surface layer and solum is 170 Soil Survey

generally 2 to 12 inches. The depth to bedrock is 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy greater than 60 inches. Rock fragments including boundary. gravel, channers, and cobbles make up from 0 to 50 BC—29 to 31 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) gravelly loam; percent of the volume. Reaction ranges from strongly common medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y acid to mildly alkaline. The organic matter content 5/4) mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky decreases irregularly with depth and is greater than structure; friable; 20 percent rock fragments; 0.4 percent at a depth of 50 inches. neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. The surface layer has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, 2C—31 to 70 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 or 1. Texture is loamy fine sand; single grain; loose; 35 percent stratified layers of sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in the rock fragments; neutral; very slightly effervescent. fine-earth fraction. The thickness of the solum ranges from 22 to 40 The substratum has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. of 3, 4, 5, or 6, and chroma 0, 1, or 2. Mottles are Rock fragments make up from 2 to 15 percent of the commonly present. Texture is stratified layers of sandy volume in the A horizon, 2 to 35 percent of the volume loam, silt loam, loam or silty clay loam in the fine-earth of the B horizon, and from 10 to 60 percent of the fraction. Some pedons have thin strata of sand or volume of the BC and C horizons. Unless limed, loamy sand. reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral in the solum, and from slightly acid to moderately alkaline in Fredon Series the substratum. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value The Fredon series consists of very deep, somewhat of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is loam, fine poorly drained, moderate to moderately slow sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam in the permeable over rapidly permeable soils on outwash fine-earth fraction. plains. These soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits The Bg and BC horizons have hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, derived from limestone, sandstone, or shale. Slopes value of 4 to 6, chroma of 1 to 4, and they are mottled. range from 0 to 3 percent. Texture is loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy Fredon soils are near somewhat excessively drained loam, or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is Hoosic soils and poorly drained and very poorly drained weak or moderate subangular blocky, or weak coarse Halsey soils. In places, Fredon soils are also near prismatic or platy. Consistence is very friable, friable, somewhat excessively drained Knickerbocker soils or firm. and well drained Haven and Copake soils. The 2C horizon has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to Typical pedon of Fredon silt loam, in the town of 6, and chroma of 0 to 4. Texture is sand, fine sand, Pine Plains, 775 feet west of Strever Farm Road, 1000 loamy sand or loamy fine sand in the fine-earth feet south of the intersection with Bethel Cross Road: fraction, and is usually stratified. Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; moderate fine Galway Series granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt The Galway series consists of moderately deep, smooth boundary. well drained and moderately well drained, moderately Bg1—9 to 14 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silt loam; permeable soils on bedrock controlled glaciated many medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) uplands. These soils formed in glacial till deposits over mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky limestone bedrock. Slopes are complex and irregular structure; firm in place, friable; common fine roots; and range from 1 to 45 percent. 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy Galway soils are mapped with or near Farmington boundary. and Stockbridge soils. Galway soils are moderately Bg2—14 to 22 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) very fine sandy deep with bedrock at 20 to 40 inches. Farmington soils loam; many medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y are shallow with bedrock at 10 to 20 inches. 5/6) mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky Stockbridge soils are very deep. In places, Galway structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 percent soils are also near moderately well drained Georgia rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. soils, somewhat poorly drained Massena soils, and Bg3—22 to 29 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) loam; many poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun soils. (greater than 40 percent) medium distinct light Typical pedon of Galway gravelly loam, in an area of olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) mottles; moderate coarse Galway-Farmington complex, undulating, rocky, in the subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; town of Northeast, .25 miles west of State Route 361, Dutchess County, New York 171

.35 miles southeast of the intersection with County more. Texture is silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy Route 61: loam in the fine-earth fraction. Consistence is friable or firm. It is calcareous in some part. Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly The bedrock is limestone. loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many Georgia Series fine roots; 15 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The Georgia series consists of very deep, Bw1—6 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moderately well drained, moderately permeable over gravelly loam; moderate fine subangular blocky slowly permeable soils on glaciated uplands. These structure; friable; many fine roots; 15 percent rock soils formed in loamy glacial till. Slopes range from 0 fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. to 15 percent. Bw2—10 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly Georgia soils are near well drained Stockbridge loam; moderate fine and medium subangular soils, somewhat poorly drained Massena soils, and blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; 20 poorly and very poorly drained Sun soils. In places, percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth Georgia soils are also near well drained and boundary. somewhat excessively drained Chatfield soils, well Bw3—15 to 30 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly drained Dutchess, Charlton, and Cardigan soils, and loam; weak medium and course subangular blocky well drained and moderately well drained Galway structure; friable; common fine roots; 25 percent soils. Georgia soils are not as well drained as rock fragments; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. Dutchess and Charlton soils. Georgia soils are deeper C—30 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly than Chatfield, Cardigan, and Galway soils and not as loam; massive; friable; many fine roots; 30 percent well drained. Georgia soils are formed in landscape rock fragments; mildly alkaline; slightly settings and materials similar to Pittstown soils, but effervescent; abrupt irregular boundary. Pittstown soils have a dense substratum. R—31 inches; white (10YR 8/1) limestone bedrock. Typical pedon of Georgia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in the town of Amenia, 500 feet south of The thickness of solum ranges from 18 to 30 inches county Route 2, .2 miles northeast of the intersection and depth to carbonates ranges from 14 to 40 inches. with Clark Hill Road: Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments make up from 15 to 35 percent of the Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt volume of the A horizon, 3 to 35 percent of the volume loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; of the B horizon, and 10 to 70 percent of the volume of many fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; the C horizon. Reaction ranges from moderately acid abrupt smooth boundary. to neutral in the A horizon, from moderately acid to Bw1—8 to 17 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; mildly alkaline in the B horizon, and is mildly alkaline moderate medium subangular blocky structure; or moderately alkaline in the C horizon. friable; many fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam or Bw2—17 to 21 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is moderate common fine distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) fine to coarse granular or moderate fine or medium mottles; weak medium subangular blocky subangular blocky. Consistence is very friable or structure; friable; few roots; 10 percent rock friable. fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 Bw3—21 to 27 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Faint or distinct mottles fine sandy loam; many course distinct gray (5Y with chroma higher than 2 occur in the lower part of 5/1) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky some pedons. Texture is silt loam, loam, or fine sandy structure; friable; common fine roots; 15 percent loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. moderate fine through coarse subangular blocky. C1—27 to 38 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) gravelly fine sandy Consistence is friable or firm. loam; common medium faint gray (5Y 5/2) The BC horizon, where present, is similar to the Bw, mottles; massive; friable; 20 percent rock but it has free carbonates and chroma as low as 2. fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to C2—38 to 80 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) gravelly fine sandy 6, and chroma of 2 to 4; if chroma is 2, value is 4 or loam; common fine faint olive gray (5Y 5/2) and 172 Soil Survey

olive (5Y 5/4) mottles; massive; firm to friable; 20 structure; slightly sticky; 15 percent rock percent rock fragments; neutral; very slightly fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. effervescent below 50 inches. BCg—29 to 33 inches; dark gray (N 4/) gravelly sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; The thickness of the solum ranges from 16 to 32 nonsticky; 30 percent rock fragments; neutral; inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. clear wavy boundary. Rock fragments make up from 0 to 15 percent of the 2C—33 to 72 inches; very dark gray (N 3/) very volume of the A horizon and from 0 to 55 percent of gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; 50 the volume of the B and C horizons. Rock fragments percent rock fragments; neutral. consist mainly of weathered limestone, shale, and slate. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 throughout the soil. Depth to free carbonates is inches and varies widely within short horizontal greater than 40 inches. distances. The depth to bedrock is greater than 60 The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 inches. Rock fragments make up 0 to 15 percent of or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is loam or silt loam the volume of the A horizon, 0 to 35 percent of the in the fine-earth fraction. volume of the B horizon, and 10 to 60 percent of the The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 volume of the C horizon. Reaction ranges from or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is fine sandy loam, moderately acid to neutral in the solum and slightly loam, or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum. It is The BC horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to calcareous at some depth below 30 inches. 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is fine The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. Texture is fine sandy The C horizon is neutral or has hue of 10YR to 5Y, loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or the value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is fine mucky analogues in the fine-earth fraction. Structure sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in the fine-earth is weak fine or moderately granular or very weak fine fraction. subangular blocky. The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 0 or 1. Texture is Halsey Series fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is platy, Halsey series consists of very deep, poorly drained prismatic, or subangular blocky. Consistence is friable and very poorly drained, moderate or moderately rapid or firm when moist and very hard or hard when dry. permeable over rapidly permeable soils on outwash The B horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y to 5BG, or plains. These soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits. neutral, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2, and is Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. mottled. Texture is fine sandy loam, very fine sandy Halsey soils are near somewhat excessively loam, loam, or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. drained Hoosic soils and somewhat poorly drained Structure is subangular blocky or platy. Consistence is Fredon soils. In places, Halsey soils are also near well friable or firm and hard or very hard. drained Copake, Knickerbocker, and Haven soils. The BC horizon is similar to the B horizon except Typical pedon of Halsey mucky silt loam, in the the texture is also allowed to be sandy loam, fine town of Poughkeepsie, 250 feet north of Spackenkill sandy loam, or loamy fine sand. Road, about .4 miles west of the intersection with The C horizons have hue of 10YR to 5Y, or neutral, Route 376: value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2. Chroma of 3 or 4 Ap—0 to 9 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky silt loam, is also allowed below a depth of 30 inches. Texture is gray (10YR 5/1) dry crushed; weak fine granular sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand in the structure; very friable; many fine roots; slightly fine-earth fraction. Texture of sandy loam or fine sandy acid; abrupt smooth boundary. loam is also allowed below a depth of 40 inches and it Bg1—9 to 19 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silt loam; common is usually stratified. Consistence is loose, very friable, fine distinct olive (5Y 5/6) mottles; weak fine friable, or firm. subangular blocky structure; slightly sticky; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy Haven Series boundary. Bg2—19 to 29 inches; gray (N 5/) gravelly loam; many The Haven series consists of deep, well drained, medium and coarse distinct light olive brown (2.5Y moderately permeable over very rapidly permeable 5/4) mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky soils on outwash plains and terraces. These soils Dutchess County, New York 173

formed in glaciofluvial deposits of mixed mineralogy. allowed to have value of 2 and chroma of 1. Texture is Slopes are complex and irregular and range from 0 to loam, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam. Structure is 6 percent. weak or moderately granular. Consistence is friable or Haven soils are on landscape settings similar to very friable. Some pedons have a thin E horizon much Knickerbocker soils and somewhat excessively like the A except the value is 4 to 6. drained Hoosic soils. Haven soils are less sandy The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 throughout than Knickerbocker soils. Haven soils have to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Texture is loam, silt loam, a loamier surface than Hoosic soils. In places, Haven or very fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. soils are also near somewhat poorly drained Fredon Structure is weak fine or medium subangular blocky. soils and poorly drained and very poorly drained Consistence is very friable or friable. Halsey soils. The BC horizon is similar the Bw horizon except Typical pedon of Haven loam, nearly level, in the that the texture is also allowed to be sandy loam, and town of LaGrange, about 775 feet west of Sleight- it is also allowed to be massive. Plass Road, about .25 miles north of the intersection The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of with Acorn Drive, in a wooded area: 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or sand in the fine-earth Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, light fraction. brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine and very fine granular structure; very friable; many fine Hollis Series roots; 5 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The Hollis series consists of shallow, well drained Bw1—7 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and somewhat excessively drained, moderately to loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; moderately rapid permeable soils on bedrock very friable; many fine roots and few medium controlled glaciated uplands. These soils formed in roots; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly glacial till deposits over highly fractured, folded and acid; abrupt wavy boundary. tilted granite, schist, and gneiss. Slopes are complex Bw2—12 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR and irregular and range from 1 to 70 percent. 4/4) gravelly loam; weak medium and fine Hollis soils are mapped with or near rock outcrop subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and Chatfield and Charlton soils. Hollis soils are roots; 15 percent rock fragments; very strongly shallow with bedrock at 10 to 20 inches. Chatfield soils acid; clear wavy boundary. are moderately deep with bedrock at 20 to 40 inches. BC—19 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Charlton soils are very deep. In places, Hollis soils are gravelly sandy loam; weak medium subangular also near poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; soils. Hollis soils are better drained and shallower to 25 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear bedrock than Sun soils. Hollis soils are in landscape wavy boundary. settings similar to Nassau, Taconic, and Farmington 2C1—23 to 29 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly soils. Hollis soils are underlain by granite, schist, or sand; single grained; loose; few fine roots; 45 gneiss. Nassau soils are underlain by folded shale. percent rock fragments, dominantly fine gravel; Taconic soils are underlain by phyllite, slate, schist or strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. quartzite bedrock. The mean annual soil temperature 2C2—29 to 72 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly is less than 47 degrees Fahrenheit. Farmington soils sand; single grained; loose; 50 percent rock are underlain by limestone. fragments, dominantly medium gravel; moderately Typical pedon of Hollis loam, in an area of acid. Chatfield-Hollis complex, hilly, very rocky, in the town of Dover, about 150 feet west of Duell Road, about .7 The thickness of the solum and depth to the miles south of the intersection with State Route 55, in lithologic discontinuity range from 18 to 36 inches. a wooded area: Rock fragments make up 0 to 15 percent of the volume of the A and Bw horizons, 0 to 35 percent of A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) the volume of the BC horizon, and 10 to 65 percent of loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; the volume of the 2C horizon. Reaction ranges from many fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid to moderately acid. strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of Bw1—3 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. The A horizon is also loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very 174 Soil Survey

friable; common fine roots; 5 percent rock Ap—0 to 9 inches, dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; Bw2—10 to 15 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; fine roots; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly few fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bwl—9 to 15 inches, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) R—15 inches; folded micaceous schist bedrock. gravelly loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; 30 percent rock The thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. range from 10 to 20 inches. Rock fragments make up Bw2—15 to 24 inches, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) 0 to 5 percent of the volume of the A horizon, 5 to 35 very gravelly sandy loam; weak fine granular percent of the volume of the B and C horizon, if structure; very friable; common fine roots; 50 present. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear moderately acid, unless limed. irregular boundary. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 2BC—24 to 31 inches, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is sandy loam, fine and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly sandy loam, or loam in the fine-earth fraction. loamy sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots; 50 Consistence is friable or very friable. percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of irregular boundary. 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is sandy loam, 2C—31 to 70 inches, dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam, or loam in the fine-earth fraction. The extremely gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; horizon is massive, or structure is weak granular or very few fine roots; 70 percent rock fragments; subangular blocky structure. Consistence is friable or strongly acid. very friable. Some pedons have a thin BC or C horizon which is The thickness of the solum ranges from 14 to 36 similar to the Bw horizon except that the hue is also inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. allowed to be 5Y. Rock fragments make up 15 to 35 percent of the The bedrock is schist, granite, or gneiss. In places, volume of the A horizon, 15 to 50 percent of the it is massive, but it dominantly has vertical and volume of the B horizon, and 35 to 70 percent of the horizontal fractures in the upper 12 to 30 inches. volume of the C horizon. Unless limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid above 30 inches. Hoosic Series Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid below 30 inches except in some pedons where it The Hoosic series consists of very deep, somewhat increases to mildly alkaline below a depth of 7 feet. excessively drained, rapid to moderately rapid over The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 very rapid permeable soils formed on outwash plains to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is sandy loam, fine and terraces. These soils formed in glacial outwash. sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in Slopes range from 0 to 45 percent. Slopes from 0 to the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or moderate 35 percent are complex and irregular, and slopes from medium or fine granular. Consistence is friable or very 35 to 45 percent are simple and smooth. friable. Hoosic soils are near somewhat poorly drained The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 Fredon soils and poorly drained and very poorly or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is sandy loam, fine drained Halsey soils. Hoosic soils are similar to sandy loam, very fine sandy loam or loam in the fine- Knickerbocker soils, well drained Haven soils, and earth fraction. Structure is weak or very weak fine or well drained Copake soils. Hoosic soils have a sandier medium granular or subangular blocky. Consistence is surface than Knickerbocker, Haven, and Copake soils. friable or very friable. Copake soils are also formed in glaciofluvial deposits The BC horizon is similar to the Bw horizon except high in limestone fragments. that texture is loamy fine sand, loamy sand, or sand in Typical pedon of Hoosic gravelly loam, nearly level, the fine-earth fraction. The horizon is also allowed to in the town of Washington, about 500 feet north of be single grained and loose. Route 44A, about 500 feet east of the intersection with The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 State Route 82: to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loamy sand, Dutchess County, New York 175

loamy coarse sand, sand, or coarse sand in the fine- reddish brown (5YR 5/3) varved silt loam and silty earth fraction. The horizon is single grained and loose. clay loam; inherited weak medium and thick platy structure; firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Hudson Series common manganese stains; neutral; clear smooth boundary. The Hudson series consists of very deep, C2—49 to 72 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) and moderately well drained, moderately slow permeable brown (5YR 5/3) varved silt loam and silty clay or moderately permeable soils over slow permeable or loam; inherited moderate medium and thick platy very slow permeable soils on broad glacial lacustrine structure; firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; plains. These soils formed in fine calcareous common manganese stains; slightly effervescent; glaciolacustrine sediments. Slopes are simple and mildly alkaline. smooth from 3 to 15 percent and complex and The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 60 irregular from 15 to 45 percent. inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 70 Hudson soils are mapped in an undifferentiated inches. Rock fragments make up 0 to 15 percent of the group with Vergennes soils. Hudson soils formed in fine volume of the A and E horizons, and 0 to 10 percent of glaciolacustrine sediments and Vergennes soils formed the volume of the B and C horizons. Reaction ranges in very fine glaciolacustrine sediments. Hudson soils from strongly acid to neutral in the Ap, E, and B and E are near somewhat poorly drained Kingsbury and horizons, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the Bt Rhinebeck soils and very poorly drained Livingston and BC horizons, and neutral to moderately alkaline in soils. In places, Hudson soils are also near Unadilla the C horizon. soils which formed in silty glaciolacustrine sediments. The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2 Typical pedon of Hudson silt loam, in an area of to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is loam, silt loam, Hudson and Vergennes soils, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in or silty clay loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is the town of Rhinebeck, about 400 feet north of County weak to strong, fine or medium granular or subangular Route 85, about .5 miles west of the intersection with blocky. Consistence is friable or very friable. Mill Road: The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 or Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; 6, and chroma of 2 or 3, and has faint mottles in some moderate fine and medium granular structure; pedons. Texture is loam, silt loam, very fine sandy friable; many fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt loam, or silty clay loam in the fine-earth fraction. smooth boundary. Structure is weak or moderate subangular blocky or E—9 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak platy. Consistence is very friable, friable, or firm. medium subangular blocky structure; friable; The B and E horizon has characteristics similar to common fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt the Bt and E horizons. In some pedons, there are few smooth boundary. to many faint mottles. B/E—12 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 clay loam; coatings on ped faces greater than 1 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4, and there are both low and mm thick are brown (10YR 5/3, very pale brown high chroma mottles. Texture is silty clay loam or silty (10YR 7/3) dry E material; moderate medium clay. Structure is moderate or strong, medium or subangular blocky structure; friable; strongly acid; coarse angular or subangular blocky, with or without clear wavy boundary. coarse or very coarse prisms. Consistence is firm or Bt—18 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty very firm. clay loam; common fine faint yellowish brown Some pedons have a BC horizon that is similar to (10YR 5/6) and few fine distinct light brownish the Bt horizon but contains free carbonates and has gray (2.5Y 6/2) mottles; moderate coarse coarse or very coarse prismatic structure. subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to thin faint continuous clay films on faces of peds; 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam, silty clay moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. loam, or clay. The horizon is massive, or structure is BC—25 to 34 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) varved platy inherited from the varved parent material. silt loam and silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to inherited thick platy; Hydraquents firm; continuous clay films; few manganese stains; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Hydraquents consist of very deep, very poorly C1—34 to 49 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) and drained soils on tidal marshland along the Hudson 176 Soil Survey

River. These soils formed in alluvium, glacial till, glacial silty clay loam; strong fine and medium granular outwash, or glaciolacustrine sediments. Slopes range structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt from 0 to 1 percent. smooth boundary. Hydraquents are mapped in an undifferentiated E—9 to 14 inches, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) group with Medisaprists. Hydraquents have organic silty clay loam; many medium distinct brownish yellow material less than 16 inches deep, if at all. (10YR 5/8) mottles; strong medium and coarse Medisaprists have organic material 16 inches deep or subangular blocky structure; friable; sticky, plastic; few more. fine roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Hydraquents are in tidal marshes that are ponded Bt—14 to 29 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) clay; many fine with shallow water for much of the year or are subject and medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) to daily inundation by tides along the Hudson River. mottles; moderate coarse angular blocky structure Because of the variability in characteristics, a typical within plates; firm; very sticky, plastic; few fine roots; pedon is not provided. thin continuous gray (N 6/) clay films on ped faces and The n value is greater than or equal to 0.7. in pores; common medium manganese stains; neutral; The surface layer is neutral or has hue of 10YR or clear smooth boundary. 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 0 to 2. Texture is CB—29 to 38 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) clay; moderate silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, fine sandy loam, sandy thin platy structure; firm; very sticky, very plastic; loam, or their mucky analogues in the fine-earth continuous thin gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on ped fraction. Rock fragments make up from 0 to 10 faces and in pores; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. percent of the volume. C—38 to 72 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) silty clay loam The substratum is neutral or has hue of 10YR to 5Y, with thin varves of silt loam; common fine distinct light value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2. Mottles are olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) mottles; inherited platy present in those pedons with matrix chroma of 2. structure; firm; very sticky, very plastic; strongly Texture ranges from silty clay to loamy very fine sand effervescent; moderately alkaline. in the fine-earth fraction. Rock fragments make up 0 to The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 36 10 percent of the volume. Sulfidic materials are below inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 60 a depth of 20 inches. inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Rock fragments make up from 0 to 3 percent of the Kingsbury Series volume. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to mildly alkaline in the solum. The Kingsbury series consists of very deep, The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value somewhat poorly drained, very slow permeable soils of 2 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is very fine on broad glacial lacustrine plains. These soils formed sandy loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay. in calcareous very fine glaciolacustrine sediments. Structure is granular or subangular blocky. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Consistence is very friable, friable, or firm. Kingsbury soils are mapped in an undifferentiated The E horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to group with Rhinebeck soils. Kingsbury soils formed in 6, and chroma of 2 to 4, and it is mottled. Texture is very fine glaciolacustrine sediments and Rhinebeck very fine sandy loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty soils formed in fine glaciolacustrine sediments. clay. Structure is angular or subangular blocky or Kingsbury soils are near moderately well drained platy. Consistence is friable or firm. Hudson and Vergennes soils and very poorly drained The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to Livingston soils. In places, Kingsbury soils also are 5, chroma of 2 to 4, and it is mottled. Texture is clay. near well drained Unadilla soils, moderately well Thick subhorizons of silty clay are present in some drained Scio soils, and somewhat poorly drained pedons. Structure is angular or subangular blocky, Raynham soils. Kingsbury soils are not as well within coarse or very coarse prisms in some pedons. drained as Unadilla and Scio soils and better drained Consistence is firm or very firm. than Raynham soils. Kingsbury soils are also clayeyer The C horizon has color similar to the Bt horizon; throughout than Unadilla, Scio, and Raynham soils. however, mottles are commonly of lower contrast. The Typical pedon of Kingsbury silty clay loam in an texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. The horizon area of Kingsbury and Rhinebeck soils, in the town of is massive, within varves in many pedons. When Rhinebeck, about .3 miles west of U.S. Route 9, about disturbed, the material in many pedons parts into .5 miles north of the intersection with Fox Hollow aggregates resembling angular blocky structure, but it Road: lacks the coatings of oriented clay found in the Bt Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) horizon. Dutchess County, New York 177

Knickerbocker Series thin A horizon with value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is fine sandy loam or sandy loam. Structure is weak or moderate fine or medium granular. The Knickerbocker series consists of very deep, Consistence is friable or very friable. somewhat excessively drained, moderately rapid The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 permeable over rapid permeable to very rapid to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is fine sandy loam permeable soils on outwash plains, terraces and or sandy loam above a depth of 20 inches and loamy deltas. These soils formed in glacial outwash. Slopes fine sand or loamy sand below 20 inches. The are complex and irregular and range from 0 to 30 dominant sand size is fine. Structure is weak or very percent. weak subangular blocky or granular. Consistence is Knickerbocker soils are in landscape settings friable or very friable. similar to Hoosic and well drained Haven soils. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 Knickerbocker soils are sandier throughout than loamy to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons have high Haven soils and gravelly Hoosic soils. In places, chroma mottles below 40 inches. Texture is loamy fine Knickerbocker soils are also near Fredon and Halsey sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or sand. soils. Knickerbocker soils are better drained than somewhat poorly drained Fredon soils and poorly drained and very poorly drained Halsey soils. Linlithgo Series Typical pedon of Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, The Linlithgo series consists of very deep, undulating, in the town of Hyde Park, about 500 feet somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable over east of the Hudson River, about 900 feet northwest of moderately rapid permeable to very rapid permeable the Mills Mansion: soils on flood plains. These soils formed in recent Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy alluvium. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; very Linlithgo soils are near well drained Wappinger soils, weak coarse subangular blocky structure parting moderately well drained Pawling soils, and poorly to weak fine granular structure; very friable; drained and very poorly drained Wayland soils. Linlithgo common fine and medium roots; very strongly soils are also near Fluvaquents and Udifluvents, which acid; abrupt wavy boundary. have greatly varying drainage, horizonation, and other Bw1—10 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) characteristics. All of these soils flood. sandy loam; few vertical macropores filled with Typical pedon of Linlithgo silt loam, in the town of dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic material; weak Poughkeepsie, about 400 feet north of Peach Road, medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; about 500 feet west of the intersection with Van few fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Wagner Road: Bw2—19 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Ap—0 to 9 inches, dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; 4/4) loamy sand; very weak medium and coarse weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. roots; less than 1 percent rock fragments; Bw—9 to 14 inches, pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) C1—30 to 40 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky loamy sand; single grain; loose; strongly acid; structure; friable; 3 percent rock fragments; gradual wavy boundary. slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. C2—40 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Bg—14 to 21 inches, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt loamy sand; single grain; loose; moderately acid; loam; common fine prominent yellowish brown gradual wavy boundary. (10YR 5/6) and common fine distance (10YR 5/3) C3—60 to 72 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy mottles; weak medium subangular blocky sand; single grain; loose; moderately acid. structure; friable; 5 percent rock fragments; The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 44 slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. inches. Rock fragments make up from 0 to 15 percent 2Cg—21 to 26 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) loamy sand; of the volume of the solum and 0 to 30 percent of the single grain; loose; 10 percent rock fragments; volume of the substratum. Rock fragments are slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. dominantly gravel. Unless limed, reaction ranges from 3Cg—26 to 72 inches, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) very strongly acid to moderately acid. gravelly loamy fine sand with thin lenses of silt The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of loam and fine sandy loam; common medium 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Unplowed areas have a prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and 178 Soil Survey

common fine faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) Bg1—8 to 19 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) clay; many fine mottles; single grain; loose; 30 percent rock and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR fragments; slightly acid. 5/4) mottles; moderate coarse prismatic structure; very firm; plastic, sticky; few fine roots; slightly The thickness of the solum ranges from 16 to 42 acid; clear wavy boundary. inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Bg2—19 to 30 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) clay; many fine Rock fragments make up from 0 to 5 percent of the and medium distinct olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) volume of the A horizon, 0 to 20 percent of the volume mottles; moderate coarse prismatic structure; very of the B horizon, and 10 to 60 percent of the volume of firm; plastic, sticky; few fine roots; gray (N 5/) ped the C horizon. Unless limed, reaction ranges from very faces; neutral; clear smooth boundary. strongly acid to slightly acid in the A and B horizons BCg—30 to 38 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) clay; common and from moderately acid to neutral in the C horizon. fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and weak coarse platy structure; very firm; very sticky, chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam or loam. plastic; gray (5Y 5/1) ped faces; neutral; clear Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium smooth boundary. granular or subangular blocky. Consistence is friable Cg—38 to 72 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay, with thin or very friable. strata of dark brown (10YR4/4) silt; common fine The B horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) and common 6, and chroma of 1 to 3, and it contains mottles. fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; Texture is silt loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction, or weak medium platy structure inherited from fine sandy loam in the lower part of some horizons. varves; very firm; very sticky, very plastic; mildly Structure is weak, medium or coarse subangular alkaline, weakly effervescent. blocky. Consistence is friable or very friable. The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 48 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 3, and there are mottles in inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. some pedons. Texture is loamy fine sand, loamy sand, Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral in the A fine sand, sand, or coarse sand in the fine-earth and Bg horizons, neutral or mildly alkaline in the BC fraction. The horizon is single grain or massive. horizon, and mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline in Some pedons have a 3C horizon with the C horizon. characteristics similar to the 2C horizon. The A horizon is neutral or has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1. Texture is clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or their mucky analogues. Livingston Series The Bg and BC horizons are neutral or have hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. The Livingston series consists of very deep, very Texture is clay. poorly drained, moderately slow permeable over slow The C horizon is neutral or has hue of 10YR to 5Y, permeable or very slow permeable soils on broad value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is clay. glacial lacustrine plains. These soils formed in calcareous very fine glaciolacustrine sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Macomber Series Livingston soils are near moderately well drained The Macomber series consists of moderately deep, Vergennes soils and somewhat poorly drained well drained, moderately permeable soils on bedrock Kingsbury soils. In places, Livingston soils are also controlled glaciated uplands. These soils formed in near Canandaigua soils and somewhat poorly drained loamy glacial till over fractured and folded phyllite, Raynham soils. Livingston soils are clayeyer than the schist, slate, or quartzite bedrock. The mean annual Canandaigua soils. Livingston soils are also clayeyer soil temperature is less than 47 degrees Fahrenheit. throughout and not as well drained as Raynham soils. Slopes are complex and irregular and range from 5 to Typical pedon of Livingston silty clay loam, in the 25 percent. town of Red Hook, about 500 feet north of County Macomber soils are mapped in complex with Route 78, about 575 feet east of the intersection with Taconic soils, and are near Stockbridge soils. Wood Road: Macomber soils are moderately deep with bedrock at A—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay 20 to 40 inches. Taconic soils are shallow with bedrock loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; strong fine granular at 10 to 20 inches. Stockbridge soils are very deep. structure; friable; sticky, plastic; many fine roots; Macomber soils are in landscape settings similar to moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Cardigan soils, but Cardigan soils have fewer rock Dutchess County, New York 179

fragments, are over shale bedrock, and formed where moderately slow permeable to slow permeable soils the mean annual soil temperature is more than 47 on glaciated uplands. These soils formed in loamy degrees Fahrenheit. glacial till. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Typical pedon of Macomber channery silt loam, in Massena soils are mapped near well drained an area of Macomber-Taconic complex, rolling, very Stockbridge soils, moderately well drained Georgia rocky, in the town of Northeast, about 20 feet east of soils, and poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun the Brace Mountain Trail, about .8 miles north east soils. In places, Massena soils are also near well along the trail from the trail head at Quarry Drive: drained Dutchess, Charlton, Chatfield, and Galway soils. Massena soils are not as well drained as A—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) channery silt loam; Dutchess, Charlton, Chatfield, and Galway soils. weak fine granular structure; very friable; many Massena soils are also deeper to bedrock than fine and medium and few coarse roots; 15 percent Chatfield and Galway soils. rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth Typical pedon of Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent boundary. slopes, in the town of Pawling, about 65 feet south of Bw1—4 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) County Route 68, about .5 miles east of the very channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky intersection with Tracy Road: structure; friable; many fine and medium and few coarse roots; 45 percent rock fragments; strongly Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt acid; clear smooth boundary. loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many Bw2—11 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR fine and few medium roots; 5 percent rock 4/4) extremely channery loam; weak fine subangular fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. blocky structure; friable; 60 percent rock Bw—7 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. common fine and medium faint yellowish brown R—24 inches; fractured and folded hard schist and (10YR 5/6 and 10YR 5/8) and few fine faint light phyllite bedrock. brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; The thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 30 friable; few fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. neutral; clear wavy boundary. Rock fragments make up from 15 to 35 percent of the Bg1—14 to 19 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) fine volume of the A horizon, 30 to 60 percent of the sandy loam; many (30 percent) fine and medium volume of the B horizon, and from 40 to 65 percent of distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 10YR 5/6) the volume of the C horizon. Unless limed, the reaction mottles; moderate medium and coarse subangular is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout. blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 5 percent The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is silt loam or loam Bg2—19 to 33 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam; in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR moderate, very fine, fine, or medium granular. 5/6) and common fine faint light olive brown (2.5Y Consistence is very friable or friable. 5/4) mottles; weak medium and coarse The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 subangular blocky structure; friable; 10 percent to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6, with hue of 7.5YR rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. occurring only in the upper part. Texture is silt loam or Cg1—33 to 47 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or fine sandy loam; common medium distinct moderate, fine or medium subangular blocky. yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak thin and The C horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to medium platy structure; friable; 10 percent rock 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt fragments; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is Cg2—47 to 72 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) fine platy or angular blocky, or the horizon is massive. sandy loam; common medium prominent yellowish Consistence is friable or firm. brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; weak thin and medium The bedrock is folded and fractured phyllite, schist, platy structure; firm; 10 percent rock fragments; slate, or quartzite. moderately alkaline; slightly effervescent. Massena Series The thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 36 inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 50 The Massena series consists of very deep, inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable over Rock fragments make up 0 to 15 percent of the volume 180 Soil Survey

of the A horizon, 5 to 30 percent of the volume of the B Nassau Series horizon, and 5 percent to 50 percent of the volume of the C horizon. Reaction ranges from moderately acid The Nassau series consists of shallow, somewhat to neutral in the solum and from neutral to moderately excessively drained, moderately permeable soils on alkaline in the substratum. bedrock controlled glaciated uplands. These soils The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, formed in loamy glacial till over folded, acid shale value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is sandy bedrock. Slopes are complex and irregular and range loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in the fine- from 1 to 70 percent. earth fraction. Structure is very weak to moderate fine Nassau soils are mapped with or near rock outcrop or very fine granular. Consistence is friable or very and Cardigan and Dutchess soils. Nassau soils are friable. shallow and have bedrock at 10 to 20 inches. Cardigan The B horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or soils are moderately deep and have bedrock at 20 to 2.5Y, value of 4, 5, or 6, and chroma of 2, 3, or 4 and 40 inches. Dutchess soils are very deep. Nassau soils is mottled. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or are in landscape settings similar to Hollis, Farmington, loam in the fine-earth fraction. It is massive, or and Taconic soils. Nassau soils are underlain by structure is weak medium or fine subangular blocky. folded shale. Hollis soils are underlain by granite, Consistence is friable or very friable. schist, or gneiss. Farmington soils are underlain by The C horizon is similar to the B horizon in color limestone. Taconic soils are over phyllite, schist, and and texture of the fine-earth fraction. It is massive or slate of quartzite bedrock where the mean annual soil structure is platy. Consistence is very firm, firm, or temperature is less than 47 degrees Fahrenheit. friable. The typical pedon of Nassau channery silt loam, in an area of Nassau-Cardigan complex, hilly, very rocky, Medisaprists in the town of Stanford, about 300 feet east of Willowbrook Road, about .7 miles south of the The Medisaprists series consists of very deep, very intersection with Bulls Head Road: poorly drained soils on tidal marsh land along the Oe—1 to 0 inches, black (10YR 2/1) partially Hudson River. These soils formed in highly decomposed decomposed needles and leaf litter. organic material. Slopes are from 0 to 1 percent. Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Medisaprists are mapped in an undifferentiated channery silt loam; moderate fine granular group with Hydraquents. Medisaprists have organic structure; very friable; many fine and few medium material at least 16 inches deep. Hydraquents have roots; 30 percent rock fragments; very strongly organic material less than 16 inches deep, if at all. acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Medisaprists are in tidal marshes that are ponded Bw—5 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very with shallow water throughout much of the year or are channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky subject to daily inundation by tides along the Hudson structure; very friable; many fine roots; 55 percent River. Because of the variability in characteristics a rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth typical pedon is not provided. boundary. Medisaprists have dominantly highly decomposed R—16 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) folded, rippable organic soil material 16 inches or more thick. Texture shale bedrock in upper part, hard below, nearly of the underlying mineral soil material ranges from silty vertical. clay to gravelly loamy sand. In places, bedrock underlies the organic deposits. They are ponded with The thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock water for 6 months or more of the year or have a daily range from 10 to 20 inches. Rock fragments make up fluctuating water table. 15 to 35 percent of the volume of the Ap horizon and The organic material is neutral or has hue of 5YR to 35 to 70 percent of the volume of the B horizon. Rock 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. It consists fragments consist mainly of slate and shale. Reaction of well decomposed woody or herbaceous plant is very strongly acid or strongly acid, unless limed. remnants with less than 15 percent fibers after rubbing The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 sapric material. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is loam or silt loam to neutral. Sulfuric horizons are below a depth of 20 in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or moderate inches and sulfidic materials are deeper than 40 medium or fine granular. Consistence is friable or very inches in some pedons. friable. Dutchess County, New York 181

The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. It is or 5, and chroma of 3 to 8. Texture is loam or silt loam dominantly sapric material; however, some pedons in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or moderate have hemic material. medium or fine subangular blocky. Consistence is The subsurface and bottom tiers are neutral or friable or very friable. have hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma Some thicker pedons have a thin C horizon of 0 to 3. Thin layers, less than 10 inches thick, of immediately above the bedrock. hemic material are in some pedons. Thin layers, less The bedrock is hard folded shale. than 5 inches thick, of fibric material are in some pedons. Some pedons have a thin layer of sedimentary peat above the C horizon. Some pedons Palms Series have a thin A horizon above the C horizon. The C horizon is neutral or has hue of 10YR to 5GY, The Palms series consists of very deep, very poorly value of 3 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 4. Texture is loamy drained, moderately slow permeable to moderately very fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, silt rapid permeable over moderate to moderately slow loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam in permeable soils. These soils occur in swampy areas the fine-earth fraction. The upper 12 inches of this in troughs in folded bedrock and in impounded areas horizon averages less than 35 percent clay. Some on glaciated uplands and outwash plains. They formed pedons contain thin strata of fine sand, loamy sand, or in highly decomposed organic material. Slopes range silt. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to moderately from 0 to 2 percent. alkaline. Rock fragments make up from 0 to 25 percent Palms soils are similar to Carlisle soils. The organic of the volume. Some pedons contain free carbonates. layers in Palms soils have a total thickness of 16 to 51 inches. The organic layers in Carlisle soils are greater than 51 inches thick. Palms soils are often mapped Pawling Series near Sun soils. Sun soils are mineral and are poorly The Pawling series consists of very deep, drained and very poorly drained. moderately well drained, moderately permeable over Typical pedon of Palms muck, in the town of moderately rapid or rapid permeable soils on flood Clinton, about .4 miles east of Mountain View Road, plains. These soils formed in recent alluvium. Slopes about 1 mile north of the intersection with Schultz Hill range from 0 to 3 percent. Road, in Davis Swamp: Pawling soils are mapped near well drained 0a1—0 to 12 inches; black (10YR 2/1) muck; 5 percent Wappinger soils, somewhat poorly drained Linlithgo fibers, 1 percent rubbed; weak fine granular soils, and poorly drained and very poorly drained structure; very friable; slightly sticky; many fine Wayland soils. Pawling soils are also near roots; moderately acid; diffuse gradual boundary. Fluvaquents and Udifluvents, which have greatly 0a2—12 to 20 inches; black (10YR 2/1) muck; 15 varying drainage, horizonation, and other percent fibers, 2 percent rubbed; massive; friable; characteristics. All of these soils are on flood plains. slightly sticky; few fine roots; moderately acid; Typical pedon of Pawling silt loam, in the town of diffuse gradual boundary. LaGrange, about .4 miles west of County Route 33, 0a3—20 to 30 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) muck; 5 about 400 feet north of the intersection with County percent fibers, 0 percent rubbed; massive; friable; Route 42, in a cropland field: slightly sticky; 5 percent mineral material with 1 Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate smooth boundary. fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2Cg—30 to 80 inches; gray (2.5Y 4/1) gravelly fine moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. sandy loam; massive; friable; 20 percent rock Bw1—8 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; fragments; neutral; slightly effervescent below 50 weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; inches. common fine roots; moderately acid; clear wavy The thickness of the organic deposit ranges from 16 boundary. to 50 inches. The organic material is derived primarily Bw2—14 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt from herbaceous plants, but some tiers contain as loam; many fine distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) much as 15 percent woody material. The reaction of mottles; weak fine and medium subangular blocky the Oa horizon ranges from strongly acid to mildly structure; friable; few fine roots; moderately acid; alkaline. Some organic tiers contain free carbonates. clear smooth boundary. The surface tier is neutral or has hue of 5YR to Bw3—21 to 25 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; 182 Soil Survey

many fine and medium distinct grayish brown to Georgia soils. Pittstown soils have a firmer (2.5Y 5/2) mottles; weak medium subangular substratum than Georgia soils. blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; moderately Typical pedon of Pittstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent acid; clear smooth boundary. slopes, in the town of Wappinger, about 500 feet east Bw4—25 to 33 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; of DeGarmo Hill Road, about .5 miles north of the many fine and medium distinct light brownish gray intersection with County Route 93: (2.5Y 6/2) mottles; weak medium subangular Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (l0YR 4/3) silt loam; blocky structure; friable; moderately acid; abrupt moderate fine granular structure; friable; many wavy boundary. fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments; 2C1—33 to 37 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. gravelly loamy sand; massive; very friable; 25 E—8 to l0 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam; percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy weak thin platy structure parting to weak fine boundary. granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 2C2—37 to 72 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear sand; single grain; loose; 55 percent rock smooth boundary. fragments; slightly acid. Bw—10 to 22 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 45 loam; common medium prominent dark brown inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. (10YR 3/3), common fine distinct yellowish brown Rock fragments make up 0 to 10 percent of the volume (10YR 5/8), and common medium distinct light of the solum and 15 to 70 percent of the volume of the brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) mottles; moderate substratum. Unless limed, reaction ranges from medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few strongly acid to moderately acid above 20 inches and fine roots along ped faces; l0 percent rock moderately acid to neutral below 20 inches. fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value 3 or Cd1—22 to 35 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4 and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam or loam. 4/3) channery silt loam; very weak coarse Structure is weak or moderate medium or fine prismatic structure; prism faces greater than 2 feet granular. Consistence is friable or very friable. apart; massive within prisms; firm; few roots along The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 prism faces; 15 percent rock fragments; strongly or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Mottles are present and acid; abrupt smooth boundary. have hues of 10YR to 5Y, values of 4 to 7, and chroma Cd2—35 to 80 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. channery silt loam; common medium faint olive Structure is weak or moderate, fine to coarse brown (2.5Y 5/6) and few fine distinct light subangular blocky or granular. Consistence is friable brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) mottles; massive; very or very friable. firm; 15 percent rock fragments; few vertical The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 streaks greater than 2 feet apart; moderately acid or 5, chroma of 1 to 3. Mottles with colors like the B grading to slightly acid in the lower part. horizon are in some pedons. Texture is sand or loamy The thickness of the solum ranges from l5 to 30 sand in the fine-earth fraction. It is massive or single inches and generally is the same as the depth to the grain. Consistence is very friable or loose. dense substratum. Depth to mottling ranges from l5 to 24 inches. Rock fragments make up from 5 to 15 Pittstown Series percent of the volume of the surface, 5 to 40 percent of the volume of the subsoil, and from 5 to 50 percent The Pittstown series consists of very deep, of the volume of the dense substratum. Unless limed, moderately well drained, moderately permeable over reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately slow or moderately slow permeable soils on glaciated acid above a depth of 30 inches and from very uplands. These soils formed in compact glacial till strongly acid to slightly acid below 30 inches. derived mainly from slate, phyllite, shale, or schist. The Ap or A horizon has hue of l0YR, value of 2 to Slopes range from 3 to 25 percent. 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam, loam, or Pittstown soils are mapped near well drained very fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. Bernardston soils, somewhat poorly drained Punsit Structure is weak or moderate fine or medium granular. soils, and poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun Consistence is very friable or friable. soils. Pittstown soils are in landscape settings similar Some pedons have a thin E horizon. Dutchess County, New York 183

The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y in the fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy upper part and 2.5Y or 5Y in the lower part. Value is 4 boundary. or 5, and chroma is 3 to 6. There are distinct or Cd2—25 to 80 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) silt loam; prominent mottles in the lower part. Texture is silt common medium prominent dark yellowish brown loam, loam, or very fine sandy loam in the fine-earth (10YR 4/4) mottles; massive; firm; 10 percent rock fraction. Consistence is friable or very friable. fragments; slightly acid. Some pedons have a friable C horizon above the The thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 30 Cd horizon which has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or inches and generally corresponds to the depth to the 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is similar to the Cd dense substratum. Depth to mottling ranges from 6 to horizon. 14 inches. The texture throughout is loam or silt loam The Cd horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 in the fine-earth fraction. Rock fragments make up 0 to or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam, loam, 15 percent of the volume of the A horizon, from 5 to 25 or very fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. percent of the volume of the B horizon, and 10 to 35 Consistence is firm or very firm. percent of the volume of the substratum. Reaction is slightly acid or moderately acid. Punsit Series The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Structure is weak or moderate The Punsit series consists of very deep, somewhat fine or medium granular. Consistence is very friable or poorly drained, moderately permeable over slow friable. permeable soils on glaciated uplands. These soils The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y in the formed in compact glacial till derived mainly from upper part and hue of 2.5Y or 5Y in the lower part. slate, phyllite, shale or schist. Slopes range from 0 to Value is 5 or 6 and chroma is 1 or 2. There are distinct 8 percent. or prominent mottles. Structure is weak or moderate Punsit soils are mapped near well drained fine or medium subangular blocky. Consistence is Bernardston soils, moderately well drained Pittstown friable or firm. soils, and poorly drained and very poorly drained Sun The Cd horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 to soils. Punsit soils are in landscape settings similar to 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. The horizon is massive or the Massena soils. Punsit soils have a firmer substratum structure is platy. Consistence is firm or very firm. than Massena soils. Typical pedon of Punsit silt loam, 3 to 8 percent Raynham Series slopes, in the town of Union Vale, about .4 miles south of Waterbury Hill Road, about .7 miles east of the The Raynham series consists of very deep, intersection with Oswego Road: somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable to moderately slow permeable over slow permeable soils Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak on glacial lacustrine plains. These soils formed in silty fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 glaciolacustrine sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt percent. smooth boundary. Raynham soils are mapped near well drained Bg1—6 to 11 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt Unadilla soils and moderately well drained Scio soils. loam; many (more than 40 percent) medium Unadilla and Scio soils formed in silty glaciolacustrine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; sediments. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Typical pedon of Raynham silt loam, in the town of friable; common fine roots; 5 percent rock Rhinebeck, about 200 feet south of Route 9G, about fragments; moderately acid; clear, smooth 500 feet south of the intersection with U.S. Route 9: boundary. Bg2—11 to 17 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt A—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; (10YR 5/4) mottles; moderate medium platy many fine and very fine roots; neutral; abrupt parting to moderate fine subangular blocky smooth boundary. structure; friable; 5 percent rock fragments; AB—2 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky Cd1—17 to 25 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) silt loam; common structure; friable; few fine and coarse roots; medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. weak thick platy structure; firm; 10 percent rock Bg—8 to 26 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) silt loam; many 184 Soil Survey

(greater than 40 percent) fine and medium Typical pedon of Rhinebeck silt loam, in an area of prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6 and 4/6) Kingsbury and Rhinebeck soils, in the town of Red mottles; weak medium subangular blocky Hook, about 110 feet south of N.Y. State Route 9G, structure; friable; neutral; clear smooth boundary. about 1.3 miles east of the intersection with County BCg—26 to 30 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt Route 80: loam; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt 5/8) mottles; weak medium angular blocky loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many structure inherent from varves; friable; neutral; fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. abrupt smooth boundary. E—9 to 15 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) silty clay loam; many Cg—30 to 80 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) very fine sandy fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; common fine prominent yellowish brown mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular (10YR 5/4) mottles; massive; friable; neutral. blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; neutral; Thickness of the solum ranges from 16 to 40 clear smooth boundary. inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Bt—15 to 21 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty Rock fragments make up from 0 to 2 percent of the clay loam; many fine prominent gray (5Y 6/1) volume. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral mottles; moderate coarse prismatic structure in the solum and from moderately acid to mildly parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; alkaline in the substratum. few fine roots; many distinct silt coatings and clay The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 films on faces of peds; neutral, clear smooth to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam, silt, boundary. very fine sandy loam, or loam. BCg—21 to 31 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty The B horizon has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to clay loam; many fine and medium prominent gray 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. At least one subhorizon within (5Y 6/1) mottles; weak coarse prismatic structure 20 inches of the surface has a dominant chroma of 2. parting to inherited thin weak platy; firm; common Texture may be silt loam, silt, very fine sandy loam, or distinct silt coatings and clay films on ped faces; loamy very fine sand. Thin layers, 1 to 3 inches thick, common manganese stains; neutral; abrupt of sand or gravelly sand, and silty clay loam are in smooth boundary. some pedons. C—31 to 72 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; many The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to gray (5Y 6/1) streaks; inherited thin platy 6, and chroma of 1 to 6. Texture is silt loam, silt, or structure; firm; many manganese stains; slightly very fine sandy loam, and is commonly stratified or effervescent; moderately alkaline. varved. Thin layers of fine sand, sand, gravelly sand, or silty clay loam are in some pedons. The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 48 inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 60 Rhinebeck Series inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Rock fragments make up 0 to 10 percent of the The Rhinebeck series consists of deep, somewhat volume of the Ap horizon, and 0 to 10 percent of the poorly drained, slow permeable soils on broad glacial volume of the B and C horizons. Reaction ranges from lake plains. These soils formed in calcareous fine strongly acid to neutral in the Ap horizon, strongly acid glaciolacustrine sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 3 to mildly alkaline in the B horizon, and slightly acid to percent. moderately alkaline in the C horizon. Rhinebeck soils are mapped in an undifferentiated The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2 group with Kingsbury soils. Rhinebeck soils formed in to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam or silty fine glaciolacustrine sediments, and Kingsbury soils clay loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is formed in very fine glaciolacustrine sediments. granular or subangular blocky. Consistence is very Rhinebeck soils are mapped near moderately well friable or friable. drained Hudson and Vergennes soils and poorly drained The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to Livingston soils. In places, Rhinebeck soils are also 6, chroma of 1 to 3, and it is mottled. Texture is silt near well drained Unadilla soils, moderately well loam, very fine sandy loam, or silty clay loam. drained Scio soils, and somewhat poorly drained Structure is weak or moderate subangular blocky or Raynham soils. Rhinebeck soils are not as well drained platy. Consistence is very friable to firm. as Unadilla and Scio soils and are better drained than A BE horizon replaces or underlies the E horizon in Raynham soils. Rhinebeck soils are also clayeyer some pedons. Colors are similar to the E horizon in throughout than Unadilla, Scio, and Raynham soils. hue and value, but chroma ranges from 3 to 6. Texture Dutchess County, New York 185

is silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay. Consistence is and common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR friable or firm. 5/6) mottles; platy structure within weak very The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 coarse prisms; friable; discontinuous vertical to 5, chroma of 2 to 4, and it is mottled. Texture is silty brown (10YR 5/3) silt coats on ped surfaces and clay loam or silty clay with subhorizons of silt loam or in pores; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. clay in some pedons. Structure is weak to strong, C—34 to 72 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam and prismatic or subangular or angular blocky either single very fine sandy loam; common fine distinct olive or compound. Consistence is firm or very firm. gray (5Y 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Some pedons have a BC horizon with similar colors mottles; weak medium and thick platy structure; and texture. Structure may also be platy inherited from very friable; moderately acid to neutral. rock structure. They are calcareous or noncalcareous. The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 48 Consistence is firm or very firm. inches. Depth to material contrasting with solum The C horizon has hue of 5Y to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, texture is greater than 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is mainly silt loam to greater than 60 inches. Depth to free carbonates is clay with subhorizons ranging to fine sand. The greater than 80 inches. Rock fragments make up from horizon is massive, with or without varving. 0 to 5 percent of the volume above 40 inches and 0 to 60 percent below. Scio Series The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Uncultivated pedons The Scio series consists of very deep, moderately have an A horizon that has a value as low as 2. well drained, moderately permeable over moderately Texture is silt loam or very fine sandy loam. Structure rapid to rapid permeable soils on glacial lacustrine is weak or moderate, fine or medium granular. plains. These soils formed in silty glaciolacustrine Consistence is friable or very friable. Reaction ranges sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. from extremely acid to strongly acid, unless limed. Scio soils are mapped near well drained Unadilla The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 or soils and poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. There are both high and low Raynham soils. Unadilla and Scio soils formed in silty chroma mottles within a depth of 24 inches. Texture is glaciolacustrine sediments. silt loam or very fine sandy loam. Structure is weak or Typical pedon of Scio silt loam, in the town of Red moderate, thin to thick, or fine to coarse, platy, Hook, about 0.5 miles west-southwest along Pitcher prismatic or subangular blocky. Consistence is friable Road from the intersection with U.S. Route 9 and or very friable. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to 3050 feet north: strongly acid within a depth of 30 inches and very Ap—0 to 8 inches, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt strongly acid to moderately acid below 30 inches. loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to many fine roots; slightly acid (limed); abrupt 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is silt loam through smooth boundary. stratified gravel and sand. It is massive or single grain, Bw1—8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt or has platy structure. Consistence is loose, very loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky friable, friable or firm. Reaction ranges from strongly structure; friable; common fine roots; moderately acid to mildly alkaline. acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bw2—12 to 23 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) very fine Stockbridge Series sandy loam; common fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; weak medium subangular The Stockbridge series consists of very deep, well blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; strongly drained, moderately permeable over moderately slow acid; abrupt smooth boundary. to slow permeable soils on glaciated uplands. These Bw3—23 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) soils formed in loamy calcareous glacial till. Slopes very fine sandy loam; many fine and medium range from 2 to 45 percent. distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) and light Stockbridge soils are mapped near moderately well brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; weak coarse drained Georgia soils, somewhat poorly drained subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Massena soils, and poorly drained and very poorly strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. drained Sun soils. Stockbridge soils are often mapped Bw4—29 to 34 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) silt loam; with or near Galway and Farmington soils. Stockbridge many fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) soils are very deep to bedrock. Galway soils are 186 Soil Survey

moderately deep and have limestone bedrock at 20 to Sun Series 40 inches. Farmington soils are shallow and have limestone bedrock at 10 to 20 inches. The Sun series consists of very deep, poorly Typical pedon of Stockbridge silt loam, 8 to 15 drained and very poorly drained, moderately permeable percent slopes, in the town of LaGrange, about 800 over slowly permeable to very slowly permeable soils feet southeast of Hillside Lake Road, about .4 miles on glacial till plains, drainageways, and impounded south of the intersection with Arthursburg Road: areas. These soils formed in glacial till of mixed mineralogy. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Sun soils are mapped near Palms soils. Sun soils 3/2) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; have less than 16 inches of organic material on the many fine and very fine roots; 5 percent rock surface and can be poorly drained or very poorly fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. drained. Palms soils have 16 to 51 inches of organic Bw1—6 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; material on the surface and are very poorly drained. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Sun soils are also mapped near all of the glacial till friable; many fine and very fine roots; 5 percent soils in this survey. rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Sun silt loam, in the town of Bw2—11 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Washington, about 200 feet west of Stanford Road, loam; moderate medium subangular blocky about 350 feet south of the intersection with structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; Woodstock Road: few fine tubular pores; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Oi—1 to 0 inches; black (10YR 2/1) relatively C—23 to 80 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; undecomposed leaf litter; friable; very strongly massive; firm; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; acid; abrupt smooth boundary. very slightly effervescent below 42 inches. A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 fine and very fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. wavy boundary. Rock fragments make up 5 to 15 percent of the Bg1—4 to 9 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt volume of the A horizon, 5 to 35 percent of the volume loam; common medium prominent strong brown of the subsoil and substratum to a depth of 40 inches (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium and 5 to 50 percent of the volume below 40 inches. subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral in the very fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; surface layer, from moderately acid to neutral to a moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. depth of 40 inches, and from moderately acid to Bg2—9 to 16 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam; moderately alkaline below 40 inches. Depth to many (greater than 40 percent) medium prominent carbonates is greater than 40 inches. yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles and few fine The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value distinct gray (10YR 6/1) mottles; moderate of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is loam, silt medium subangular blocky structure; friable; loam, or very fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. common fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; Structure is weak or moderate granular. Consistence slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. is friable or very friable. BCg—16 to 22 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) gravelly The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y in the loam; few medium prominent yellowish brown upper part and hue of 10YR to 5Y in the lower part. (10YR 5/8) mottles; weak coarse subangular Value is 4 to 6 and chroma is 3 to 6. Texture is loam or structure; friable; few coarse and common fine silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. The horizon is roots; 15 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; massive, or structure is weak or moderate subangular abrupt smooth boundary. blocky. Consistence is friable or firm. Cg—22 to 80 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) gravelly loam; The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to common coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons have faint 5/8) mottles; massive; friable; few fine roots; 25 mottles below a depth of 30 inches. Texture is percent rock fragments; neutral. dominantly loam or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction, but it ranges to fine sandy loam below a depth of 40 The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The horizon is massive, or structure is platy. inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 70 Consistence is firm or very firm. inches; however, some pedons do not have carbonates Dutchess County, New York 187

in the soil. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. the town of Northeast, about 50 feet north of a Rock fragments make up 0 to 15 percent of the waterfall on the Brace Mountain Trail, about .5 miles volume of the A horizon, 0 to 35 percent of the volume east along the trail from the trail head at Quarry Drive: of the B horizon, and 20 to 50 percent of the volume of A—0 to 3 inches; black (10YR 2/1) channery silt loam; the C horizon. weak fine granular structure; very friable; many The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 2 fine and medium and common coarse roots; 20 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is silt loam, loam, percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt fine sandy loam, or sandy loam in the fine-earth smooth boundary. fraction. Structure is weak or moderate granular. Bw—3 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Consistence is friable or very friable. In uncultivated channery silt loam; moderate medium subangular areas, the soil has an O horizon 1 to 4 inches thick. blocky structure; friable; common fine, medium, Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid, and coarse roots; 40 percent rock fragments; unless limed. strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. The Bg horizon is neutral or has hue of 10YR to 5Y, R—12 inches; fractured and folded phyllite and quartz value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2. Mottles are bedrock. common or many. Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. The thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock Structure is weak or moderate angular or subangular range from 10 to 20 inches. Rock fragments make up blocky or the horizon is massive. Reaction ranges 15 to 35 percent of the volume of the A horizon and 30 from moderately acid to neutral. to 60 percent of the volume of the B horizon. Rock The Bw horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to fragments make up 45 to 65 percent of the volume of 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. There are the C horizon, if present. Up to 15 percent of the both low and high chroma mottles. Texture is sandy surface may be covered with flagstones, stones, and loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in the fine-earth boulders. The soil is very strongly acid or strongly acid fraction. Structure is weak or moderate angular or throughout. subangular blocky or the horizon is massive. Reaction The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2 ranges from moderately acid to neutral. to 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam or loam The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak fine or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loam, fine sandy medium granular. Consistence is very friable or friable. loam, or sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to Structure is weak platy or the material is massive. 5, and chroma of 2 to 6, with hue of 7.5YR occurring Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline. only in the upper part. Texture is silt loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or moderate Taconic Series very fine, fine, or medium subangular blocky. Consistence is very friable or friable. The Taconic series consists of shallow, somewhat The C horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to excessively drained, moderately permeable to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt moderately rapid permeable on bedrock controlled loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is glaciated uplands. These soils formed in loamy glacial platy or angular blocky or the horizon is massive. till over fractured and folded phyllite, schist, slate, or Consistence is firm or friable. quartzite bedrock. The mean annual soil temperature The bedrock is folded and fractured phyllite, schist, is less than 47 degrees Fahrenheit. Slopes are slate, or quartzite. complex and irregular and range from 5 to 80 percent. Taconic soils are mapped in complex with Udifluvents Macomber soils and rock outcrop and are near Stockbridge soils. Taconic soils are shallow with Udifluvents consist of the very deep, excessively bedrock and 10 to 20 inches. Macomber soils are drained to moderately well drained soils on the most moderately deep with bedrock at 20 to 40 inches. actively flooded areas of flood plains along major and Stockbridge soils are very deep. Taconic soils are in secondary streams. These soils formed in recent landscape settings similar to Nassau soils, but Nassau alluvial deposits. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. soils are over shale bedrock where the mean annual Udifluvents are mapped in a complex with poorer soil temperature is more than 47 degrees Fahrenheit. drained Fluvaquents. They are commonly near well Typical pedon of Taconic channery silt loam, in an drained Wappinger, moderately well drained Pawling, area of Taconic-Rock outcrop complex, very steep, in somewhat poorly drained Linlithgo, and poorly drained 188 Soil Survey

and very poorly drained Wayland soils. Udifluvents fraction. Rock fragments make up from 0 to 60 have little or no profile development. All of these soils percent of the volume. Reaction ranges from are on flood plains. extremely acid to moderately alkaline. Udifluvents are in areas of the flood plain In sites or former sites of landfills, non-soil material immediately adjacent to streams. Intermittent scouring makes up the substratum, and the composition varies and redeposition of sediments cause the composition from site to site. It ranges from fractured slabs of and properties to differ from place to place. Because concrete to car bodies and large appliances to of the wide range in texture and other characteristics a household garbage. Some areas are filled with tree typical pedon of Udifluvents is not provided. stumps, limbs, shrubs, and similar vegetative debris. The thickness of the surface layer and solum is 1 to In areas where fill has been placed over a naturally 7 inches. The depth to bedrock is greater than 60 occurring wet soil, the resulting Udorthent will have a inches. Rock fragments, including gravel, channers, wet substratum and are dominantly moderately well and cobbles, make up from 0 to 80 percent of the drained. volume. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to very strongly acid. The organic matter content decreases Unadilla Series irregularly with depth and is greater than 0.4 percent below a depth of 50 inches. The Unadilla series consists of very deep, well The surface layer has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 2 drained, moderately permeable soils on glacial to 6, and chroma of 0 to 6. Texture is stratified layers lacustrine plains. These soils formed in silty of sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in glaciolacustrine sediments. Slopes are complex and the fine-earth fraction. irregular and range from 2 to 6 percent. The substratum has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 Unadilla soils are mapped near moderately well to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6. Texture is stratified layers drained Scio soils and somewhat poorly drained of loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, or loam the fine- Raynham soils. In places, Unadilla soils are also near earth fraction. Some pedons have strata of sand. Hudson and Vergennes soils. Unadilla soils formed in silty glaciolacustrine sediments, Hudson soils formed Udorthents in fine glaciolacustrine sediments, and Vergennes soils formed in very fine glaciolacustrine sediments. Udorthents consist of very deep to shallow, Typical pedon of Unadilla silt loam, undulating, in somewhat excessively drained to moderately well the town of Red Hook, about 35 feet south of drained soils in disturbed areas. These soils result Stonybrook Street, about .4 miles west of the from cutting and filling, especially in areas of urban intersection with Route 9G: development. Slopes are commonly less than 8 Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, percent, but range to 25 percent. pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine granular Because of the wide range in characteristics a structure; friable; few fine roots; moderately acid; typical pedon of Udorthents is not provided. The most abrupt smooth boundary. notable features of these soils are the absence of Bw1—9 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt naturally formed horizons and the stratified loam; moderate medium subangular blocky appearance of the different layers. structure; friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; Fill material is often greater than 20 inches thick clear smooth boundary. over the original soil surface. Bedrock may be at any Bw2—19 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR depth from 10 inches to more than 10 feet. Often there 4/4) very fine sandy loam; weak coarse are abrupt textural changes caused by variations in subangular blocky structure; friable; occasional the type of fill material used. Soil color is very variable streaks of light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt; and often is not a good indication of wetness. strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The surface layer is generally soil material 6 to 20 C—28 to 70 inches, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) very fine inches thick. The hue, value, and chroma will vary sandy loam; massive within varves; friable; depending on the origins of the materials. Texture segregated pockets of grayish brown (2.5Y 6/2) ranges from loamy sand to clay. Reaction ranges from very fine sand; thin lenses of clay at 35 inches and extremely acid to moderately alkaline. 41 inches; strongly acid. In areas where soil material has been cut or filled for construction sites the substratum has hue of 5YR The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 50 to 5Y, value of 2 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 8. Texture inches. Depth to bedrock or strongly contrasting ranges from sandy loam through clay in the fine-earth materials is greater than 40 inches. Rock fragments Dutchess County, New York 189

make up 0 to 5 percent of the volume of the solum and Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; 0 to 60 percent of the volume of the substratum. Some moderate medium and coarse granular structure; pedons have mottles below a depth of 24 inches. friable, plastic and sticky; many fine roots; The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam or very B/E—6 to 11 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty fine sandy loam. Structure is weak or moderate clay (Bt), light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) granular. Consistence is very friable, friable, or firm. interfingers of silt loam (E); moderate medium Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately angular blocky structure; firm, plastic and sticky; acid, unless limed. many fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 boundary. to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is silt loam or very Bt1—11 to 20 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay; fine sandy loam. Some pedons have lenses of loamy weak coarse prismatic structure parting to strong very fine sand or fine sand. The horizon is massive, or thick platy structure; firm, plastic and sticky; many structure is weak or moderate subangular blocky or fine roots; common clay films; slightly acid; clear prismatic. Consistence is very friable, friable, or firm. smooth boundary. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately Bt2—20 to 28 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay; acid. Some pedons have a thin E horizon just above common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) the B horizon. and few fine distinct olive gray (5Y 5/2) mottles; The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 or coarse prismatic structure; firm, plastic and sticky; 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam, very fine common fine roots along faces of peds; common sandy loam, or loamy very fine sand. clay films; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Some pedons have a lithologic discontinuity below BC—28 to 37 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4 and 40 inches which has texture that is the gravelly or very 7.5YR 5/4) clay and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly analogue of fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, silt; strong very thick platy structure becoming loamy sand, or sand. varved in the lower part; very firm; common roots The C or 2C horizon is massive or single grain, or along faces of peds; mildly alkaline; abrupt the structure is weak or moderate platy. Consistence smooth boundary. is loose, very friable, friable, or firm. Reaction ranges Cg—37 to 80 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and from strongly acid to mildly alkaline. brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay varves interbedded with thin yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt varves; Vergennes Series massive within thickly varved layers; very firm; moderately alkaline; slightly effervescent. The Vergennes series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slow or moderately slow The thickness of the solum ranges from 14 to 40 permeable over slow or very slow permeable soils on inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. broad glacial lacustrine plains and a few estuary Rock fragments make up from 0 to 2 percent of the channels. These soils formed in calcareous very fine volume. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to glaciolacustrine sediments. Slopes are simple and neutral in the upper part of the solum and from smooth from 3 to 15 percent and are complex and moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the lower part of irregular from 15 to 45 percent. the solum. Reaction in the substratum is moderately Vergennes soils are mapped in an undifferentiated alkaline. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 18 to group with Hudson soils. Vergennes soils formed in 40 inches. very fine glaciolacustrine sediments, and Hudson soils The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 formed in fine glaciolacustrine sediments. Vergennes to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is clay, silty clay, soils are in a drainage sequence with somewhat silty clay loam, or silt loam. poorly drained Kingsbury and Rhinebeck soils and The E horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR to very poorly drained Livingston soils. In places, 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is Vergennes soils are also near Unadilla soils. Unadilla similar to the Ap. soils formed in silty glaciolacustrine sediments. The B/E horizon has colors and textures similar to Typical pedon of Vergennes silty clay loam, in an the Bt and E horizons. area of Hudson and Vergennes soils, 3 to 8 percent The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 slopes, in the town of Red Hook, about .3 miles south to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is clay. of County Route 78, about .5 miles west of the Some pedons have a BC horizon. intersection with Mongomery Street: The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 190 Soil Survey

5, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is clay with silt and The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value silty clay varves. of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam or loam. Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium granular. Consistence is friable or very friable. Wappinger Series The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is loam silt loam, The Wappinger series consists of very deep, well loam, or fine sandy loam. Structure is weak or drained, moderately permeable over moderately rapid moderate, fine to coarse subangular blocky or or rapid permeable soils on flood plains. These soils granular. Consistence is friable or very friable. formed in alluvium. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. The C1 horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 Wappinger soils are mapped near moderately well or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Some pedons have mottles drained Pawling soils, somewhat poorly drained with hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or Linlithgo soils, and poorly drained and very poorly 4. Texture is sandy loam or fine sandy loam. drained Wayland soils. Wappinger soils are also near The 2C2 horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of Fluvaquents and Udifluvents, which have greatly 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4, and is sometimes varying drainage, horizonation, and other mottled. Texture is loamy sand or sand in the fine- characteristics. All of these soils are on flood plains. earth fraction. It is massive or single grain. Typical pedon of Wappinger loam, in the town of Consistence is very friable or loose. LaGrange, about 0.5 miles south of NY Route 55 and 2,475 feet west of Titusville Road, about 300 feet east of Wappingers Creek: Wayland Series Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) The Wayland series consists of very deep, poorly loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; drained and very poorly drained, moderately slow to few fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth moderately permeable over slow permeable soils on boundary. flood plains. These soils formed in recent alluvium. Bw1—9 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky Wayland soils are mapped near well drained structure; friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; Wappinger soils, moderately well drained Pawling soils, clear smooth boundary. and somewhat poorly drained Linlithgo soils. Wayland Bw2—13 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR4/ soils are also near Fluvaquents and Udifluvents, which 4) loam; weak medium and coarse subangular have greatly varying drainage, horizonation, and other blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; slightly characteristics. All of these soils are on flood plains. acid; clear wavy boundary. Typical pedon of Wayland silt loam, in the town of Bw3—21 to 33 inches, dark yellowish brown (10YR Rhinebeck, about 100 feet north of Hook Road, 350 4/4) loam; many brownish stains; weak coarse feet east of the intersection with Lower Hook and subangular blocky structure; very friable; many Upper Hook Roads, in a wooded area: fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam, C1—33 to 37 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy gray (5YR 5/1) dry; moderate fine and medium loam; common fine faint dark yellowish brown granular structure; friable; many fine roots; (10YR 4/4) and many medium faint brown (10YR neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. 5/3) mottles; massive; very friable; 5 percent rock Bg1—9 to 13 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; weak fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. coarse prismatic structure; friable; common fine 2C2—37 to 72 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. extremely gravelly sand; single grain; loose; 65 Bg2—13 to 21 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay loam; percent rock fragments; moderately acid. many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 45 5/6) and few fine prominent dark brown (10YR inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. 3/3) mottles; weak coarse prismatic structure; Rock fragments make up 0 to 10 percent of the volume firm; few fine roots along faces of peds; neutral; of the solum and the upper part of the substratum and clear wavy boundary. from 15 to 70 percent of the volume of the lower part Bg3—21 to 31 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silt loam; many of the substratum. Unless limed, reaction is strongly medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown acid or moderately acid above 20 inches and ranges (10YR 5/4) and common medium prominent from moderately acid to neutral, below 20 inches. yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak coarse Dutchess County, New York 191

prismatic structure; firm; slightly sticky and slightly silt loam or silty clay loam. Structure is moderate or plastic; neutral; clear wavy boundary. strong, fine to coarse granular or subangular blocky Cg—31 to 80 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silt loam; many structure. medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown The B horizon is up to 24 inches thick and has color (10YR 5/4) and common medium prominent and texture ranges similar to the C horizon. Structure yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; massive; is weak or moderate, fine or medium subangular firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; neutral; blocky or weak or moderate coarse prismatic. Some very slightly effervescent in the lower part. pedons lack a B horizon. The C horizon is neutral or has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, The thickness of the silty deposits over stratified value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2, and it usually materials is greater than 36 inches. Depth to bedrock contains high chroma mottles. Texture is silt loam or is greater than 60 inches. Depth to carbonates ranges silty clay loam. The horizon is massive, or structure is from 24 to 60 inches. Rock fragments are commonly platy. Consistence is friable or firm. absent but can make up to 5 percent of the volume The 2C horizon, where present, has color ranges within a depth of 36 inches and up to 30 percent of the similar to the C horizon. Texture is silt loam, loam, very volume below 36 inches. fine sandy loam, or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth The A or Ap horizon is neutral or has hue of 10YR or fraction. 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is

193

Formation of the Soils

The first part of this section describes the factors of is an example of a soil, that is shallow to shale. soil formation and relates them to the formation of the Cardigan is moderately deep to shale. Hollis soils are soils in the survey area. The second part defines the shallow and Chatfield soils are moderately deep to processes of soil horizon development as they relate granite, gneiss, or schist. Farmington and Galway to soil formation in Dutchess County. soils formed over dolomitic limestone. Macomber and Taconic soils, with a mean annual soil temperature Factors of Soil Formation less than 47 degrees F, formed in till over phyllite, slate, or quartzite. Some areas have bedrock exposed Soils are products of weathering and other physical at the surface. Rock outcrop is mapped in these areas. and chemical processes that act on parent material. As the glacial ice melted, large quantities of The properties of a soil at a given point on the earth meltwaters transported and sorted soil and rock depends on the combination of the following factors: debris. This material is referred to as glacial outwash the physical and chemical composition of the parent and was redeposited in layers of sand and gravel on material; the climate; the plant and animal life; the outwash plains and terraces. Hoosic and topography; and time (Jenny, 1941). The relative Knickerbocker are examples of soils formed in this influence of each of these factors differs from place to material. These soils are coarse textured. place, and each modifies the effect of the others. For At one time, some of the valleys in the western part example, the impact of climate over a given area is of the county contained glacial lakes where glacial tempered by relief or parent material. In many areas, meltwater was impounded. Most of the stone-free the influence of a single factor is dominant. Table 18 sediment deposited in the still lake waters was clayey shows the relationship between the soil series in the or silty. Kingsbury, Rhinebeck, and Raynham are county and their parent material, position on the examples of soils that formed in these fine textured landscape, and drainage. deposits. In more recent times, overflowing streams have Parent Material deposited fresh, dark alluvial material on flood plains. This material tends to be variable in texture. Soils Parent material is the unconsolidated earthy formed in this material show weak soil profile material in which soils are formed. It influences the development. Wappinger and Pawling are examples of physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition of alluvial soils. the soils. It also influences the rate at which soil Soils formed in organic deposits are mainly in forming processes will proceed. closed depressions and along the Hudson River. Most of the soils in Dutchess County formed in Carlisle and Palms soils, for example, formed in well deposits left as a result of glaciation. Glacial till is the decomposed remains of trees and other plants. most extensive type of parent material. Less extensive are glacial outwash, alluvial deposits, lacustrine, and Topography organic deposits (fig. 12). Soils formed in glacial till have a wide range of The shape of the land surface, commonly called the characteristics as a result of the heterogeneous nature lay of the land; the slope; and the position of the land of the till, its rock and soil particles. Some soils such surface as related to the water table have a great as Bernardston, Pittstown, and Punsit, which are influence on the formation of the soils. Soils that formed in very deep glacial till deposits, have a dense formed in convex positions, where little or no runoff substratum. Other soils such as Charlton and accumulates, are generally well drained and do not Stockbridge, which formed in very deep glacial till, do contain gray mottles in the subsoil. Examples of soils not have a dense layer. In some places, the glacial till in this category are Stockbridge and Charlton. In level is moderately deep or shallow over bedrock. Nassau or slightly depressional areas, the water table is 194 Soil Survey

Hoosic

Nassau-Cardigan Complex an ic F os Ho

Shale Bedorck Hoosic

g wlin Pa go lith Lin Gravelly Outwash Glacial Till Alluvium

Figure 12.—Typical pattern of soils and underlying material in upland areas dominated by Shale-Bedrock and Valley Floors with Acid Outwash soils and Alluvial soils. usually closer to the surface for extended periods. temperature regimes, mesic and frigid. Mesic soils This results in gray mottling close to the surface and have a mean annual soil temperature greater than 47 often, accumulation of sediment at the surface. degrees F and frigid soils have a mean annual soil Some soils are wet because they occupy a position temperature less than 47 degrees F. Cooler where the water table is at or near the surface for long temperatures tend to slow down the weathering periods. This wetness is evidenced by a thick, dark processes and shorten the growing season. More surface layer and strongly mottled or gray subsoil. Sun detailed and specific data on the climate of Dutchess soils are an example. County are in the climate section under “General Nature of the County”. Climate Plant and Animal Life Climate, in particular temperature and precipitation, is one of the most influential of the soil forming factors. All living organisms, including plants, animals, It determines to a large degree the kind of weathering bacteria, and fungi, influence soil formation. processes that occur. It also affects the growth and Vegetation is generally responsive for the amount of kind of vegetation and the leaching and translocation organic matter and nutrients in the soil and for the of weathered materials. color and structure of the surface layer. Earthworms Dutchess County has a humid, temperate climate and burrowing animals help to keep the soil porous that promotes the development of moderately and more permeable for air and water. Their waste weathered, leached soils. The difference in elevation products cause aggregations of soil particles and between most of the county, which is in the Hudson improve soil structure. Bacteria and fungi decompose Valley and the northeastern part of the county, which vegetation, which results in the release of nutrients. is on the Taconic Mountains, results in two soil This survey area was originally a forest of northern Dutchess County, New York 195

hardwoods and pines. The loss of nutrients through downward into material that is little altered by the soil- leaching is slow under hardwoods because they take forming processes. Most soils contain three major up large quantities of bases (nutrients) and return horizons, called A, B, and C horizons. much of them to the soil surface each year as leaf Several processes cause the formation of soil litter. Conifers, such as pines, do not use large horizons. They include the accumulation of organic amounts of nutrients; therefore, leaching is more rapid matter, the leaching of soluble salts and minerals, the than it is under hardwoods. translocation of clay minerals, the reduction and Because the rooting depth is shallow in many of the transfer of iron, and the formation of dense and upland soils, trees are susceptible to windthrow, which compact layers in the subsoil (Simonson, 1959). has caused much mixing of the soil materials. The accumulation of organic matter takes place as Human activity through clearing trees and plant residue decomposes. This process darkens the cultivating the land, has also influenced changes that surface layer and helps to form the A1 horizon. It occur in soils. This has added nutrients by fertilization, takes a long time to replace this organic matter once it has mixed some soil horizons by plowing, and has has been lost. The organic matter content of the accelerated erosion in many areas. surface layer of soils in the survey area averages about 4 percent. Time For soils to develop a distinct subsoil, some of the lime and other soluble salts must be leached before The degree of profile development not only reflects other soil processes such as translocation of clay the age of a soil, but it also reflects the influence of minerals can take place. Factors that affect leaching other factors. In geological terms, the deposits in include the kinds of salts originally present, the rate which soils formed in the survey area are relatively and depth of percolation, and the texture of the soil. young, being deposited when the last glacier receded One of the more important processes of soil horizon about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. The soils have not development in some of the soils is the translocation all reached the same stage of soil profile development, of silicate clay minerals. The amount of clay minerals because the other soil forming factors also influence in a soil is inherent in the parent material, but clay the rate of soil profile development. The time factor is content varies from one soil horizon to another. Clay constant within the county; the difference in the particles are transported (eluviation) downward from appearance and the depth of the weathering is more a the A horizon and redeposited (illuviation) in the B function of the differences in the parent material. horizon as clay films on ped faces, as linings along An immature soil is one that has not had enough pores and root channels, and as coatings on some time to develop distinct horizons. Linlithgo and coarse fragments. In some soils, an E horizon has Fluvaquents are examples. They formed in recent formed by considerable eluviation of clay minerals to alluvium, which is regularly being flooded, and more the B horizon. The Hudson soil is an example of a soil sediment deposited so the time for soil development is where the clay content is higher in the B horizon than constantly interrupted and thin or irregular soil profiles in the A horizon because of translocation. develop. The reduction and transfer of iron compounds occur mainly in the wetter, more poorly drained soils. This Processes of Soil Formation process is known as gleying. In poorly drained and very poorly drained soils, such as Halsey soils, the This section contains a brief explanation of soil grayish subsoil indicated the reduction of iron. In horizon nomenclature and a discussion of the moderately well drained and somewhat poorly drained processes involved in soil horizon development as soils, such as Punsit, yellowish brown and reddish they relate to soil formation. brown mottles indicate the segregation of iron The soil-forming factors cause the formation of compounds. A bright colored, unmottled subsoil different layers, or soil horizons. These soil horizons indicates a well drained soil where no reduction and can be viewed in a vertical cut of the soil, known as a transfer of iron have taken place. Dutchess soils are soil profile. The soil profile extends from the surface an example.

197

References

(1)American Association of State Highway [and Transportation] Officials. 1970. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 10, 2 vols., illus.

(2) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1974. Method for classifications of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487-69. In 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 19, 464 pp., illus.

(3) Cline, M.G. and Marshall, R.L., 1976. General Soil Map of New York State, Cornell University Agriculture Experiment Station.

(4) Dutchess County Department of Planning and the Dutchess County Environmental Management Council, 1985. Dutchess County Cooperative Extension Association, pp. 196, illus.

(5) Fisher, D.W., et al, 1970. Geologic Map of New York, “Lower Hudson Sheet”, University of the State of New York, The State Education Department, Albany, NY.

(6) Isachsen, Y.W., et al, 1991. Geology of New York “A Simplified Account”, Educational Leaflet No. 28, New York State Museum/Geological Survey, Albany, NY.

(7) Jenny, Hans. 1941. Factors of soil formation. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 281 pp., illus.

(8) Simonson, Roy W. 1959. Outline of a generalized theory of soil genesis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 23:152-156, illus.

(9) United States Department of Agriculture. 1951. Soil Survey Manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18, 503 pp., illus.

(10) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436, 754 pp., illus.

(11) United States Department of Agriculture. 1982. Forest Statistics for New York, Resource Bulletin NE-71. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Service Northeastern Section. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

(12) United States Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1955. Soil Survey of Dutchess County, New York. Series 1939, No. 23, 178 pp., illus.

(13) United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1991. Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, New York (cph-1-34).

199

Glossary

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during an accumulation of illuvial clay. the final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of Arroyo. The flat-floored channel of an ephemeral crudely sorted sand and gravel are common. stream, commonly with very steep to vertical AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. banks cut in alluvium. Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. on steep, rocky slopes. Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air areas geographically associated in a characteristic from the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a single map unit. poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in Available water capacity (available moisture carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single available for use by most plants. It is commonly mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as defined as the difference between the amount of granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods soil water at field moisture capacity and the are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a inches, in a 40-inch profile or to a limiting layer is percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent expressed as: or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, Very low ...... 0 to 2.4 that plant growth is restricted. Low ...... 2.4 to 3.2 Alluvial cone. The material washed down the sides of Moderate ...... 3.2 to 5.2 mountains and hills by ephemeral streams and High ...... more than 5.2 deposited at the mouth of gorges in the form of a moderately steep, conical mass descending Back slope. The geomorphic component that forms equally in all directions from the point of issue. the steepest inclined surface and principal Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it element of many hillsides. Back slopes in profile issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary are commonly steep, are linear, and may or may stream near or at its junction with its main stream. not include cliff segments. Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony, deposited on land by streams. barren land dissected by many intermittent Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in drainage channels. Badland is most common in 1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the semiarid and arid regions where streams are presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A entrenched in soft geologic material. Local relief positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic generally ranges from 25 to 500 feet. Runoff feature. potential is very high, and geologic erosion is Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage active. required by one mature cow of approximately 1,000 Bajada. A broad alluvial slope extending from the pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 month. base of a mountain range out into a basin and Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized formed by coalescence of separate alluvial fans. by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic features. Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim generally referring to the section at breast height after the removal of soil for construction and other and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of uses. Revegetation and erosion control are stand density, commonly expressed in square extremely difficult. feet. 200 Soil Survey

Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the precipitous sides and a top variously flat, rounded, ice. or pointed that may be a residual mass isolated by Base saturation. The degree to which material having erosion or an exposed volcanic neck. cation-exchange properties is saturated with Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), nearby central area for transport to a processing expressed as a percentage of the total cation- facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of exchange capacity. a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees or marine sediment. generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or Bedding system. A drainage system made by the entire log is suspended. plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows. carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. other unconsolidated material or that is exposed Caliche. A more or less cemented deposit of calcium at the surface. carbonate in soils of warm-temperate, subhumid Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where to arid areas. Caliche occurs as soft, thin layers in the configuration and relief of the landforms are the soil or as hard, thick beds directly beneath the determined or strongly influenced by the solum, or it is exposed at the surface by erosion. underlying bedrock. California bearing ratio (CBR). The load-supporting Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of capacity of a soil as compared to that of standard earth constructed on or nearly on a contour, crushed limestone, expressed as a ratio. First supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material, standardized in California. A soil having a CBR of and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage 16 supports 16 percent of the load that would be and to prevent accelerated erosion. supported by standard crushed limestone, per unit Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of area, with the same degree of distortion. which consists of an illuvial horizon and the Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See Crown.) overlying eluvial horizons. Canyon. A long, deep, narrow, very steep sided valley Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most with high, precipitous walls in an area of high local of the soil material has been removed by the wind. relief. A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or particles and in tiny spaces between particles. cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds exposed. capillary water in the soil. Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a subject to flooding. landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 material but have different characteristics as a centimeters) in diameter. result of differences in relief and drainage. Breaks. The steep and very steep broken land at the Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. border of an upland summit that is dissected by The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, ravines. magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of the ground surface; the point on a tree where exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some biological methods to make conditions favorable other stated pH value. The term, as applied to for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity from woody vegetation and thus allow understory but is more precise in meaning. grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management Catsteps. Very small, irregular terraces on steep increases forage production and thus reduces the hillsides, especially in pasture, formed by the hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for trampling of cattle or the slippage of saturated soil. some species of wildlife. Cement rock. Shaly limestone used in the Butte. An isolated small mountain or hill with steep or manufacture of cement. Dutchess County, New York 201

Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of or so small in area that it is not practical to map sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as them separately at the selected scale of mapping. much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the The pattern and proportion of the soils or longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation areas. through the use of chemicals. Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or volume of soft soil under load. more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a plow depth. plane. They typically take the form of concentric Cirque. A semicircular, concave, bowllike area that layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium has steep faces primarily resulting from glacial ice carbonate, iron oxide, and manganese oxide are and snow abrasion. common compounds making up concretions. If Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less formed in place, concretions of iron oxide or than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural manganese oxide are generally considered a type class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, of redoximorphic concentration. less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 Congeliturbate. Soil material disturbed by frost percent silt. action. Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low Conglomerate. A coarse grained, clastic rock content of iron, manganese, and clay because of composed of rounded or subangular rock the chemical reduction of iron and manganese fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A commonly has a matrix of sand and finer textured type of redoximorphic depletion. material. Conglomerate is the consolidated Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the equivalent of gravel. surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. combination with needed cultural and Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that management practices. In a good conservation contains much more clay than the horizons above cropping system, the soil-improving crops and it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and practices more than offset the effects of the soil- plastic or stiff when wet. depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems Climax plant community. The stabilized plant are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving community on a particular site. The plant cover practices in a conservation cropping system reproduces itself and does not change so long as include the use of rotations that contain grasses the environment remains the same. and legumes and the return of crop residue to the Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. soil. Other practices include the use of green Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest centimeters) in diameter. control. Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 of crop residue on the surface throughout the centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material year. has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60 and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to percent. deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, resistance of soil material to rupture and to moved by creep, slide, or local wash and penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness deposited at the base of steep slopes. of puddled soil material; and the manner in which Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning the soil material behaves when subject to or establishing terraces, diversions, and other compression. Terms describing consistence are water-control structures on a complex slope is defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” difficult. Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing 202 Soil Survey

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled body of relatively quiet water, generally a sea or crops or summer fallow. lake. Control section. The part of the soil on which Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that classification is based. The thickness varies has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches digging and can affect filling and compacting. and 40 or 80 inches. Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over Coppice dune. A small dune of fine grained soil bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches material stabilized around shrubs or small trees. deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; Coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat). Fecal moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to material deposited in water by aquatic organisms. 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the action that dissolves or weakens concrete or surface for the specified use. uncoated steel. Desert pavement. On a desert surface, a layer of Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to gravel or larger fragments that was emplaced by improve and protect the soil between periods of upward movement of the underlying sediments or regular crop production, or a crop grown between that remains after finer particles have been trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. removed by running water or the wind. Cropping system. Growing crops according to a Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly planned system of rotation and management determined by and approximately conforming to practices. the dip of the underlying bedrock. Crop residue management. Returning crop residue Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, generally a terrace, built to protect downslope organic matter content, and fertility and helps to areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. control erosion. Divided-slope farming. A form of field stripcropping Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting in which crops are grown in a systematic farming operations on sloping farmland in such a arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the way that tillage is across the general slope. slope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. One Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including strip is in a close-growing crop that provides the living branches and their foliage. protection from erosion, and the other strip is in a Cuesta. A hill or ridge that has a gentle slope on one crop that provides less protection from erosion. side and a steep slope on the other; specifically, This practice is used where slopes are not long an asymmetric, homoclinal ridge capped by enough to permit a full stripcropping pattern to be resistant rock layers of slight or moderate dip. used. Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and The average annual increase per acre in the duration of wet periods under conditions similar to volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total those under which the soil formed. Alterations of volume of the stand by its age. As the stand the water regime by human activities, either increases in age, the mean annual increment through drainage or irrigation, are not a continues to increase until mortality begins to consideration unless they have significantly reduce the rate of increase. The point where the changed the morphology of the soil. Seven stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— is called the culmination of the mean annual excessively drained, somewhat excessively increment. drained, well drained, moderately well drained, Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and tend to cave in or slough. very poorly drained. These classes are defined in Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range the “Soil Survey Manual.” plants. Because they are the most palatable, they Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. from an area. Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting Draw. A small stream valley that generally is more grazing land for a prescribed period. open and has broader bottom land than a ravine Delta. A body of alluvium having a surface that is or gulch. nearly flat and fan shaped; deposited at or near Drumlin. A low, smooth, elongated oval hill, mound, or the mouth of a river or stream where it enters a ridge of compact glacial till. The longer axis is Dutchess County, New York 203

parallel to the path of the glacier and commonly soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel has a blunt nose pointing in the direction from or sand for construction purposes. which the ice approached. Excess lime (in tables). Excess carbonates in the soil Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of that restrict the growth of some plants. mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material Excess salts (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in that is in the process of decomposition and the soil that restrict the growth of most plants. includes everything from the litter on the surface Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable to underlying pure humus. sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution properties restrict the growth of plants. or colloidal suspension from one place to another Excess sulfur (in tables). Excessive amount of sulfur within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material in the soil. The sulfur causes extreme acidity if the through eluviation are eluvial; those that have soil is drained, and the growth of most plants is received material are illuvial. restricted. Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deep- which all horizons between the upper boundary of seated molten matter (magma) emplaced on the saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. earth’s surface. Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore accumulated through wind action; commonly productivity through accumulation of moisture. refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in Summer fallow is common in regions of limited blankets on the surface. rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, tilled for at least one growing season for weed that flows only in direct response to precipitation. control and decomposition of plant residue. It receives no long-continued supply from melting Fan terrace. A relict alluvial fan, no longer a site of snow or other source, and its channel is above the active deposition, incised by younger and lower water table at all times. alluvial surfaces. Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water perched water table in a soil in which saturated into the soil. layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to layers within 2 meters of the surface. provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by in proper balance, for the growth of specified water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by plants when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and such processes as gravitational creep. other growth factors are favorable. Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of processes acting over long geologic periods and all organic soil material. Peat contains a large resulting in the wearing away of mountains and amount of well preserved fiber that is readily the building up of such landscape features as identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural the lowest bulk density and the highest water erosion. content at saturation of all organic soil material. Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has such as a fire, that exposes the surface. drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 Erosion pavement. A layer of gravel or stones that days after a soaking rain; also called normal field remains on the surface after fine particles are capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary removed by sheet or rill erosion. capacity. Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated or cliff breaking the general continuity of more soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from downhill side of the road. erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. Esker. A narrow, winding ridge of stratified gravelly Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop and sandy drift deposited by a stream flowing in a or help control creeping or running fires. It also tunnel beneath a glacier. serves as a line from which to work and to Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the facilitate the movement of firefighters and 204 Soil Survey

equipment. Designated roads also serve as Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly firebreaks. stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater. First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift subject to frequent or occasional flooding. consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders Flaggy soil material. Material that is, by volume, 15 transported and deposited by glacial ice. to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely and subsequently sorted and deposited by flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits flagstones. are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas, Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, and outwash plains. slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine 38 centimeters) long. clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many stream and is subject to flooding unless protected deposits are interbedded or laminated. artificially. Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river resulting in the reduction of iron and other action, as a fluvial plain. elements in the profile and in gray colors. Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a grade toward a protected waterway. mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. grass as protection against erosion. Conducts Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants surface water away from cropland. (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 and development because of given physical and centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a biological factors by which it may be differentiated pebble. from other stands. Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged by percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock use or disturbance. fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. porosity and content of organic matter and low or Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. of maturity or soon after maturity. When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. the material below the water table. When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by pressure rather than to deform slowly. running water and through which water ordinarily Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a moisture. Frost action can damage roads, gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is buildings and other structures, and plant roots. an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser especially to the processes or soil-forming factors depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary responsible for the formation of the solum, or true tillage. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and except by blasting or by the use of special microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys equipment that is not commonly used in and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically, construction. the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or considerably with changes in moisture content. layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey Glacial drift. Pulverized and other rock material and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium transported by glacial ice and then deposited. carbonate, or other substance. Also, the sorted and unsorted material deposited Head out. To form a flower head. by streams flowing from glaciers. Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil Dutchess County, New York 205

material intermediate in degree of decomposition Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath between the less decomposed fibric material and the soil. the more decomposed sapric material. R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. from these crops can be used to control erosion Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable until the next crop in the rotation is established. part of the organic matter in mineral soils. These crops return large amounts of organic Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped matter to the soil. according to their runoff potential. The soil Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as properties that influence this potential are those much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on commonly of limited summit area and having a a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting well defined outline; hillsides generally have when the soil is not frozen. These properties are slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction depth to a seasonal high water table, the between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged dependent on local usage. wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are the surface, having distinct characteristics not considered but are separate factors in produced by soil-forming processes. In the predicting runoff. identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a represents the major horizons. Numbers or molten or partially molten state. Major varieties lowercase letters that follow represent include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation andesite, basalt, and granite. of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, follows: material is removed from an upper horizon and O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and deposited in a lower horizon. decaying plant residue. Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is surface in which an accumulation of humified absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was increase in amount as the more desirable plants originally part of a B horizon. are reduced by close grazing. Increasers E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main commonly are the shorter plants and the less feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or palatable to livestock. some combination of these. Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A immediate surface of soil or other material, as horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of contrasted with percolation, which is movement of transition from the overlying A to the underlying C water through soil layers or material. horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; conditions. (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually a combination of these. expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected rate at which water is applied at the surface. by soil-forming processes and does not have the Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the properties typical of the overlying soil material. soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial The material of a C horizon may be either like or rate; the rate decreases with application time. unlike that in which the solum formed. If the Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a material is known to differ from that in the solum, constant but is a variable depending on the net an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in letter C. inches per hour, is expressed as follows: 206 Soil Survey

Less than 0.2 ...... very low Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low forming numerous depressions or small basins. 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high landforms. More than 2.5 ...... very high Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water and exposed when the water level is lowered or Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, the elevation of the land is raised. that flows for prolonged periods only when it Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of receives ground-water discharge or long, soil and loose rock, generally when wet or continued contributions from melting snow or saturated. The speed and distance of movement, other surface and shallow subsurface sources. as well as the amount of soil and rock material, Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area vary greatly. and grow after the climax vegetation has been Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones following disturbance of the surface. adversely affect the specified use of the soil. Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or content of iron and manganese oxide because of other material by percolating water. chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A passes from a plastic to a liquid state. type of redoximorphic depletion. Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: than 52 percent sand particles. Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized plains surrounded by levees or dikes. particles, deposited by wind. Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from by small earth ridges called border dikes, or these crops is not adequate to control erosion until borders. the next crop in the rotation is established. These Controlled flooding.—Water is released at crops return little organic matter to the soil. intervals from closely spaced field ditches and Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to distributed uniformly over the field. support loads. Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in approximately equal amounts. only one direction. Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary under low pressure to the surface of the soil or with the surrounding soil material and cannot be into the soil through such applicators as emitters, removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds porous tubing, or perforated pipe. making up masses are calcium carbonate, Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide tree and row crops. or manganese oxide generally are considered a Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface type of redoximorphic concentration. through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or for seeding, brush management, and other tile lines until the water table is raised enough to management practices. wet the soil. Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is silt loam, or silt. allowed to flow onto an area without controlled Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in distribution. mineralogical composition, chemical composition, Kame. An irregular, short ridge or hill of stratified or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. glacial drift. Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. Dutchess County, New York 207

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. low in organic material. Its bulk density is more (See Reaction, soil.) than that of organic soil. Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and production and prevention of soil damage. manganese oxide are common compounds Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy types of redoximorphic concentrations. loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly loam, or silty clay loam. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and upper part of the subsoil. water. Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in debris deposited by a glacier. Some types are various stages of decomposition. The content of terminal, lateral, medial, and ground. organic matter in the surface layer is described as Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, follows: including the texture, structure, porosity, Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent and biological properties of the various horizons, Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent and the thickness and arrangement of those Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent horizons in the soil profile. High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance—few, common, and many; Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An faint, distinct, and prominent. The size outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, measurements are of the diameter along the it generally is low in relief. greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 movement of water and the growth of roots. For millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). and traffic pan. Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding mineral material in which soil forms. lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep organic matter, that has accumulated under sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) mass or in a group forming a chain or range. Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic granule, a prism, or a block. soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) Pedisediment. A thin layer of alluvial material that Mudstone. Sedimentary rock formed by induration of mantles an erosion surface and has been silt and clay in approximately equal amounts. transported to its present position from higher Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees lying areas of the erosion surface. of three simple variables—hue, value, and Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area 4. ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square Natric horizon. A special kind of argillic horizon that meter to 10 square meters), depending on the contains enough exchangeable sodium to have an variability of the soil. adverse effect on the physical condition of the Percolation. The downward movement of water subsoil. through the soil. 208 Soil Survey

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly through the soil adversely affects the specified weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other use. diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles, Permafrost. Layers of soil, or even bedrock, occurring usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns. in arctic or subarctic regions, in which a Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone temperature below freezing has existed hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated continuously for a long time. wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can water or air to move downward through the profile. be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite. The rate at which a saturated soil transmits water Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil is accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil directly below the plowed layer. physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the depressions. Unless the soils are artificially “Soil Survey Manual.” In line with conventional drained, the water can be removed only by usage in the engineering profession and with percolation or evapotranspiration. traditional usage in published soil surveys, this Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid rate of flow continues to be expressed as permeability, the soil may not adequately filter “permeability.” Terms describing permeability, effluent from a waste disposal system. measured in inches per hour, are as follows: Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil Very slow ...... less than 0.06 inch material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch same size. Because there is little difference in size Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch of the particles, density can be increased only Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches slightly by compaction. Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches or expensive to install. Potential native plant community. See Climax plant Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on community. features that affect its use and management, such Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). as slope, stoniness, and flooding. Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) no properties restricting the penetration of roots to Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or this depth. pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for Pitting (in tables). Pits caused by melting around ice. specific management purposes, under the They form on the soil after plant cover is removed. appropriate conditions of weather and soil Plasticity index. The numerical difference between moisture and at the proper time of day. the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for moisture content within which the soil remains producing a specified plant or sequence of plants plastic. under specific management. Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending changes from semisolid to plastic. through all its horizons and into the parent Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat material. summit area that is considerably elevated (more Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and maintains enough cover to protect the soil and separated from them on one or more sides by maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the escarpments. desirable vegetation. This practice increases the Playa. The generally dry and nearly level lake plain vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants that occupies the lowest parts of closed and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch depressional areas, such as those on necessary to conserve soil and water. intermontane basin floors. Temporary flooding Range condition. The present composition of the occurs primarily in response to precipitation and plant community on a range site in relation to the runoff. potential natural plant community for that site. Dutchess County, New York 209

Range condition is expressed as excellent, good, Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in fair, or poor on the basis of how much the present situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). plant community has departed from the potential. The chemical reduction results from nearly Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A browsing. It includes natural grasslands, type of redoximorphic feature. savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered and areas that support certain forb and shrub rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the communities. loose earth material above the solid rock. Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil, Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a considered collectively. distinct natural plant community. A range site is the Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, product of all the environmental factors weathered or partly weathered mineral material responsible for its development. It is typified by an that accumulated as consolidated rock association of species that differ from those on disintegrated in place. other range sites in kind or proportion of species Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated or total production. erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH machinery. 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The means during road construction. It is commonly on degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH the uphill side of the road. values, are: Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a Extremely acid ...... below 4.5 diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 by plant roots. Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 channels from an area. The water that flows off Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher the surface of the land without sinking into the soil is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil Red beds. Sedimentary strata that are mainly red and before reaching surface streams is called ground- are made up largely of sandstone and shale. water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil features resulting from the accumulation of iron or does not contain excess exchangeable sodium. manganese oxide. An indication of chemical Salty water (in tables). Water that is too salty for reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. consumption by livestock. Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral which iron and manganese oxide or a combination fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a removed. These zones are indications of the soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more chemical reduction of iron resulting from sand and not more than 10 percent clay. saturation. Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic sand-sized particles. concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha- decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has dipyridyl, and other features indicating the the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and density, and the lowest water content at saturation manganese compounds resulting from saturation. of all organic soil material. 210 Soil Survey

Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock percent clay. below. Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive silt-sized particles. pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, into an unlined auger hole. and have similar conservation needs or Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching, management requirements for the major land loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to uses in the survey area. increase water absorption or to provide a more Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where tillable soil. limestone has been dissolved. Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site flood plain (or first bottom) of a river. based on the height of the dominant stand at an Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average deposited from suspension in water. The chief height attained by dominant and codominant trees kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; 75 feet, the site index is 75. shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are produced by one mass sliding past another. In many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip sand is consolidated into sandstone. surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified clayey soils, where there is marked change in use. moisture content. Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon Slick spot. A small area of soil having a puddled, and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are exchangeable sodium. The soil generally is silty or almost alike, except for differences in texture of clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in the surface layer. All the soils of a series have productivity. horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to and arrangement. movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a wet. clay deposit. Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical of soil material from the land surface by the action distance divided by horizontal distance, then of rainfall and surface runoff. multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special swelling can damage roads, dams, building practices are required to ensure satisfactory foundations, and other structures. It can also performance of the soil for a specific use. damage plant roots. Sloughed till. Water-saturated till that has flowed Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The slowly downhill from its original place of deposit by mineral form is called quartz. glacial ice. It may rest on other till, on glacial Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of outwash, or on a glaciolacustrine deposit. molecules of silica to the number of molecules of Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water alumina and iron oxide. The more highly into the soil. weathered soils or their clay fractions in warm- Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, temperate, humid regions, and especially those in resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. the tropics, generally have a low ratio. Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay adversely affect the specified use of the soil. (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine Sodic (alkali) soil. A soil having so high a degree of sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a Dutchess County, New York 211

percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent arrangement of strips or bands that provide or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water that plant growth is restricted. erosion. Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a particles into compound particles or aggregates. sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation The principal forms of soil structure are—platy extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are: longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Slight ...... less than 13:1 rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), Moderate ...... 13-30:1 and granular. Structureless soils are either single Strong ...... more than 30:1 grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or massive (the particles adhering without any Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on other equipment commonly used in construction. the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has next crop, and during the early growing period of properties resulting from the integrated effect of the new crop. climate and living matter acting on earthy parent Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part material, as conditioned by relief over periods of of the solum below plow depth. time. Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. between specified size limits. The names and Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon. sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in the United States are as follows: color and lower in content of organic matter than Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 the overlying surface layer. Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 or EB) below the surface layer. Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 the summer to control weeds and allow storage of Clay ...... less than 0.002 moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A practice common in semiarid regions, where Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C annual precipitation is not enough to produce a horizon, in which the processes of soil formation crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, practiced before planting winter grain. and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or the material in these horizons are unlike those of its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth the material below the solum. The living roots and from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). plant and animal activities are largely confined to Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the the solum. “Ap horizon.” Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions surface. In a cross section, the line may be one of these horizons. fragment or more thick. It generally overlies Talus. Fragments of rock and other soil material material that weathered in place and is overlain by accumulated by gravity at the foot of cliffs or steep recent sediment of variable thickness. slopes. Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 series recognized in the classification system. inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. Such soils are named for a series they strongly Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to that interfere with or prevent tillage. that series because they differ in ways too small to Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic be of consequence in interpreting their use and 212

behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils when one or more of their characteristics are in extremely small amounts. They are essential to slightly outside the range defined for the family of plant growth. the series for which the soils are named. Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that volcanic ash and dust. generally marks the termination of important Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing glacial advances. on banks of fill material. Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts lowlands along streams. surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In field generally is built so that the field can be nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage heavily loaded streams. has a deep channel that is maintained in Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors permanent sod. assumed to be inherited from the parent material Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat rather than to be the result of poor drainage. or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. Varve. A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence of Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, laminae deposited in a body of still water within a and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded textural classes, in order of increasing proportion glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited, of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay other body of still water in front of a glacier. loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam areas that are excavated at an angle across a classes may be further divided by specifying sloping road. They are used to reduce the “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” downward velocity of water and divert it off and Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material away from the road surface. Water bars can easily that is too thin for the specified use. be driven over if constructed properly. Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to Weathering. All physical and chemical changes undulating soils underlain by glacial till. produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling changes result in disintegration and emergence, and root penetration. decomposition of the material. Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of of a hill; part of a foot slope. coarse grained particles that are well distributed Too arid (in tables). The soil is dry most of the time, over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil and vegetation is difficult to establish. normally can be easily increased in density and Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily poorly graded soil. rich in organic matter and is used to topdress Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at Toxicity (in tables). Excessive amount of toxic which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so substances, such as sodium or sulfur, that much that it does not recover when placed in a severely hinder establishment of vegetation or humid, dark chamber. severely restrict plant growth. Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, the wind. 213

Tables 214 Soil Survey

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation (Recorded in the period 1951-1988 at Millbrook, NY)

______| | |______|______| Temperature | Precipitation | | | | 2 years in 10 | | |2 years in 10 | | | | | | 10 will have-- | Average | | will have-- | Average | Month |Average|Average|Average|------|number of|Average|------|number of|Average | daily | daily | daily | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--| than--|0.10 inch| | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more | ______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______| | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | | oF | oF | oF | oF | oF | Units | In | In | In | In | In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January---| 32.8 | 12.6 | 22.7 | 58 | -17 | 9 | 2.72 | 1.25 | 3.81 | 7 | 13.9 | | | | | | | | | | | February--| 36.3 | 15.2 | 25.8 | 58 | -13 | 9 | 2.54 | 1.15 | 3.57 | 6 | 10.4 | | | | | | | | | | | March-----| 45.0 | 24.9 | 35.0 | 72 | 2 | 46 | 3.04 | 1.58 | 4.32 | 7 | 9.8 | | | | | | | | | | | April-----| 58.1 | 34.9 | 46.5 | 83 | 16 | 207 | 3.44 | 1.78 | 4.58 | 8 | 2.2 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 69.7 | 44.5 | 57.1 | 89 | 26 | 530 | 3.54 | 1.85 | 5.01 | 8 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | | June------| 77.0 | 53.0 | 65.0 | 91 | 35 | 750 | 3.86 | 1.53 | 5.66 | 7 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | July------| 81.8 | 57.7 | 69.8 | 94 | 41 | 924 | 3.95 | 2.10 | 5.57 | 7 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | August----| 80.0 | 56.4 | 68.2 | 92 | 39 | 874 | 3.88 | 1.82 | 5.49 | 7 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | September-| 72.5 | 48.8 | 60.7 | 90 | 29 | 621 | 3.48 | 1.77 | 4.87 | 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | October---| 62.6 | 38.2 | 50.4 | 81 | 20 | 327 | 3.19 | 1.66 | 4.60 | 6 | .1 | | | | | | | | | | | November--| 49.8 | 29.9 | 39.9 | 71 | 10 | 85 | 3.37 | 1.76 | 4.70 | 7 | 2.4 | | | | | | | | | | | December--| 37.3 | 19.0 | 28.2 | 61 | -9 | 21 | 3.30 | 1.52 | 4.68 | 7 | 9.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average--| 58.6 | 36.3 | 47.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme--| --- | --- | --- | 94 | -19 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4403 | 40.31 |33.56 | 46.93 | 83 | 48.7 ______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F). Dutchess County, New York 215

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1951-1988 at Millbrook, NY)

______| |______| Temperature Probability | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______|______|______|______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 25 | May 12 | May 30 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 21 | May 6 | May 23 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 12 | Apr. 25 | May 10 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 9 | Sep. 27 | Sep. 12 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 14 | Oct. 3 | Sep. 18 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | ______|______|______|______earlier than-- | Oct. 24 | Oct. 13 | Sep. 29

Table 3.—Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1951-1988 at Millbrook, NY)

______| | Daily minimum temperature |______| during growing season Probability | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than ______|______|______|______| 24 oF 28 oF 32 oF | Days | Days | Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 177 | 147 | 116 | | | 8 years in 10 | 183 | 155 | 125 | | | 5 years in 10 | 194 | 170 | 141 | | | 2 years in 10 | 205 | 185 | 158 | | | ______|______|______|______1 year in 10 | 211 | 193 | 167 216 Soil Survey

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent symbol| | ______| | | | | | BeB |Bernardston silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 2,490 | 0.5 BeC |Bernardston silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 8,265 | 1.6 BeD |Bernardston silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 5,070 | 1.0 BeE |Bernardston silt loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes------| 385 | 0.1 BgB |Bernardston-Urban land complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 460 | 0.1 Ca |Canandaigua silt loam, neutral substratum------| 5,510 | 1.0 Cc |Carlisle muck------| 7,105 | 1.3 ChB |Charlton loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,265 | 0.2 ChC |Charlton loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 3,750 | 0.7 ChD |Charlton loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 2,090 | 0.4 ChE |Charlton loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes------| 436 | 0.1 ClC |Charlton loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------| 797 | 0.2 ClD |Charlton loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony------| 440 | 0.1 ClE |Charlton loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, very stony------| 470 | 0.1 CrB |Charlton-Chatfield complex, undulating, rocky------| 1,170 | 0.2 CrC |Charlton-Chatfield complex, rolling, rocky------| 4,520 | 0.9 CrD |Charlton-Chatfield complex, hilly, rocky------| 3,272 | 0.6 CrE |Charlton-Chatfield complex, steep, rocky------| 2,140 | 0.4 CtB |Chatfield-Hollis complex, undulating, very rocky------| 1,004 | 0.2 CtC |Chatfield-Hollis complex, rolling, very rocky------| 8,640 | 1.6 CtD |Chatfield-Hollis complex, hilly, very rocky------| 8,567 | 1.6 CuA |Copake gravelly silt loam, nearly level------| 3,000 | 0.6 CuB |Copake gravelly silt loam, undulating------| 4,017 | 0.8 CuC |Copake gravelly silt loam, rolling------| 4,015 | 0.8 CuD |Copake gravelly silt loam, hilly------| 1,025 | 0.2 CuE |Copake gravelly silt loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes------| 228 | * CwA |Copake channery silt loam, fan, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 745 | 0.1 CwB |Copake channery silt loam, fan, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 443 | 0.1 CxB |Copake-Urban land complex, undulating------| 245 | * DuB |Dutchess silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,995 | 0.4 DuC |Dutchess silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 3,572 | 0.7 DuD |Dutchess silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 930 | 0.2 DwB |Dutchess-Cardigan complex, undulating, rocky------| 27,695 | 5.2 DwC |Dutchess-Cardigan complex, rolling, rocky------| 31,355 | 5.9 DwD |Dutchess-Cardigan complex, hilly, rocky------| 9,385 | 1.8 DxB |Dutchess-Cardigan-Urban land complex, undulating, rocky------| 2,892 | 0.5 DxC |Dutchess-Cardigan-Urban land complex, rolling, rocky------| 1,020 | 0.2 FcB |Farmington-Galway complex, undulating, very rocky------| 596 | 0.1 FcC |Farmington-Galway complex, rolling, very rocky------| 4,880 | 0.9 FcD |Farmington-Galway complex, hilly, very rocky------| 5,786 | 1.1 FeE |Farmington-Rock outcrop complex, steep------| 2,397 | 0.5 Ff |Fluvaquents-Udifluvents complex, frequently flooded------| 3,209 | 0.6 Fr |Fredon silt loam------| 4,340 | 0.8 GfB |Galway-Farmington complex, undulating, rocky------| 2,285 | 0.4 GfC |Galway-Farmington complex, rolling, rocky------| 5,890 | 1.1 GfD |Galway-Farmington complex, hilly, rocky------| 1,420 | 0.3 GlB |Galway-Farmington-Urban land complex, undulating, rocky------| 373 | 0.1 GlC |Galway-Farmington-Urban land complex, rolling, rocky------| 431 | 0.1 GsA |Georgia silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 485 | 0.1 GsB |Georgia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 9,588 | 1.8 GsC |Georgia silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 2,095 | 0.4 Ha |Halsey mucky silt loam------| 2,365 | 0.4 HeA |Haven loam, nearly level------| 2,880 | 0.5 HeB |Haven loam, undulating------| 952 | 0.2 Hf |Haven-Urban land complex------| 401 | 0.1

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 217

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils—Continued ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent symbol| | | ______| | | | | | HoC |Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop complex, rolling------| 4,135 | 0.8 HoD |Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop complex, hilly------| 11,225 | 2.1 HoE |Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop complex, steep------| 9,360 | 1.8 HoF |Hollis-Chatfield-Rock outcrop complex, very steep------| 17,535 | 3.3 HsA |Hoosic gravelly loam, nearly level------| 10,685 | 2.0 HsB |Hoosic gravelly loam, undulating------| 12,545 | 2.4 HsC |Hoosic gravelly loam, rolling------| 3,805 | 0.7 HsD |Hoosic gravelly loam, hilly------| 1,360 | 0.3 HsE |Hoosic gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes------| 687 | 0.1 HtA |Hoosic channery loam, fan, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 545 | 0.1 HtB |Hoosic channery loam, fan, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,065 | 0.2 HuA |Hoosic-Urban land complex, nearly level------| 1,365 | 0.3 HuB |Hoosic-Urban land complex, undulating------| 365 | 0.1 HvB |Hudson and Vergennes soils, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 2,740 | 0.5 HvC |Hudson and Vergennes soils, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 850 | 0.2 HvD |Hudson and Vergennes soils, hilly------| 799 | 0.2 HvE |Hudson and Vergennes soils, steep------| 1,580 | 0.3 Hy |Hydraquents and Medisaprists soils, ponded------| 570 | 0.1 Kn |Kingsbury and Rhinebeck soils------| 1,317 | 0.2 KrA |Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, nearly level------| 1,188 | 0.2 KrB |Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, undulating------| 2,135 | 0.4 KrC |Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, rolling------| 673 | 0.1 KrD |Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, hilly------| 440 | 0.1 KuA |Knickerbocker-Urban land complex, nearly level------| 723 | 0.1 KuB |Knickerbocker-Urban land complex, undulating------| 280 | 0.1 Ln |Linlithgo silt loam------| 840 | 0.2 Lv |Livingston silty clay loam------| 945 | 0.2 McC |Macomber-Taconic complex, rolling, very rocky,------| 573 | 0.1 MnA |Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 2,510 | 0.5 MnB |Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 4,340 | 0.8 NwB |Nassau-Cardigan complex, undulating, very rocky------| 8,160 | 1.5 NwC |Nassau-Cardigan complex, rolling, very rocky------| 31,765 | 6.0 NwD |Nassau-Cardigan complex, hilly, very rocky------| 44,325 | 8.4 NxE |Nassau-Rock outcrop complex, steep------| 14,310 | 2.7 NxF |Nassau-Rock outcrop complex, very steep------| 1,668 | 0.3 Pc |Palms muck------| 4,915 | 0.9 Pg |Pawling silt loam------| 3,735 | 0.7 Ps |Pits, gravel------| 1,847 | 0.4 Pu |Pits, quarry------| 935 | 0.2 PwB |Pittstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 4,897 | 0.9 PwC |Pittstown silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 1,910 | 0.4 PzA |Punsit silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 580 | 0.1 PzB |Punsit silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,899 | 0.4 Ra |Raynham silt loam------| 2,615 | 0.5 Sc |Scio silt loam------| 551 | 0.1 SkB |Stockbridge silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 9,300 | 1.8 SkC |Stockbridge silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 18,640 | 3.5 SkD |Stockbridge silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 7,590 | 1.4 SkE |Stockbridge silt loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes------| 871 | 0.2 SmB |Stockbridge-Farmington complex, undulating, rocky------| 3,760 | 0.7 SmC |Stockbridge-Farmington complex, rolling, rocky------| 4,305 | 0.8 SmD |Stockbridge-Farmington complex, hilly, rocky------| 898 | 0.2 SrB |Stockbridge-Urban land complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 422 | 0.1 Su |Sun silt loam------| 17,345 | 3.3

See footnote at end of table. 218 Soil Survey

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils—Continued

______Map | | | ______symbol| | Soil name | Acres |Percent | | | | | | TmD |Taconic-Macomber-Rock outcrop complex, hilly------| 553 | 0.1 TrE |Taconic-Rock outcrop complex, steep------| 557 | 0.1 TrF |Taconic-Rock outcrop complex, very steep------| 1,108 | 0.2 Ud |Udorthents, smoothed------| 3,948 | 0.7 Ue |Udorthents, wet substratum------| 1,000 | 0.2 UnB |Unadilla silt loam, undulating------| 648 | 0.1 Ur |Urban land------| 3,052 | 0.6 W |Water, < 40 acres------| 4,330 | 0.8 We |Wappinger loam------| 2,030 | 0.4 Wy |Wayland silt loam------| 1,670 | 0.3 WZ |Water, census > 40 acres------| 13,600 | 2.6 | |------|----- ______| Total------| | 527,700 |100.0

* Less than 0.1 percent. Dutchess County, New York 219

Table 5.—Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the conditions are specified in parentheses after the soil name)

______Map | ______symbol | Soil name | | BeB |Bernardston silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ChB |Charlton loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes CuA |Copake gravelly silt loam, nearly level CuB |Copake gravelly silt loam, undulating CwA |Copake channery silt loam, fan, 0 to 3 percent slopes CwB |Copake channery DuB |Dutchess silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Fr |Fredon silt loam (where drained) GsA |Georgia silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes GsB |Georgia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes HeA |Haven loam, nearly level HeB |Haven loam, undulating KrA |Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, nearly level KrB |Knickerbocker fine sandy loam, undulating Ln |Linlithgo silt loam (where drained) MnA |Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained) MnB |Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes (where drained) Pg |Pawling silt loam PwB |Pittstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes PzA |Punsit silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained) PzB |Punsit silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes (where drained) Ra |Raynham silt loam (where drained) Sc |Scio silt loam SkB |Stockbridge silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes UnB |Unadilla silt loam, undulating We |Wappinger loam ______| 220 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | Grass- | | ______map symbol ||capability| | Corn ||Corn silage| | Oats ||legume hay | Pasture | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | BeB------| IIe | 120 | 20 | 80 | 4.0 | --- | Bernardston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeC------| IIIe | 100 | 16 | 75 | 3.5 | --- | Bernardston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeD------| IVe | --- | 18 | --- | 3.0 | --- | Bernardston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeE------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Bernardston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BgB**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Bernardston- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ca------| IVw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Canandaigua | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cc------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Carlisle | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB------| IIe | 110 | 24 | --- | 4.5 | 6.5 | Charlton | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChC------| IIIe | 110 | 22 | --- | 4.0 | 6.5 | Charlton | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChD------| IVe | --- | 18 | --- | 3.5 | --- | Charlton | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChE------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Charlton | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ClC, ClD------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Charlton | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ClE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Charlton | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrB**------| IIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Charlton- | | | | | | | Chatfield, | | | | | | | Rocky*** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrC**------| IIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Charlton- | | | | | | | Chatfield, | | | | | | | Rocky*** | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 221

Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Oats | Grass- | Pasture | ______| | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | CrD**------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Charlton- | | | | | | | Chatfield, | | | | | | | Rocky*** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrE**------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Charlton- | | | | | | | Chatfield, | | | | | | | Rocky*** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtB**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Chatfield- | | | | | | | Hollis, very | | | | | | | Rocky**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtC**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Chatfield- | | | | | | | Hollis, very | | | | | | | Rocky**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtD**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Chatfield- | | | | | | | Hollis, very | | | | | | | Rocky**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuA------| I | 120 | 24 | 100 | 4.5 | 8.5 | Copake | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuB------| IIe | 120 | 24 | 95 | 4.5 | 8.5 | Copake | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuC------| IIIe | 110 | 22 | 90 | 4.0 | 7.5 | Copake | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuD------| VIe | 90 | 19 | 65 | 3.5 | 6.5 | Copake | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuE------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Copake | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CwA------| I | 120 | 24 | 100 | 4.5 | 8.5 | Copake | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CwB------| IIe | 120 | 24 | 95 | 4.5 | 8.5 | Copake | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CxB**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Copake-Urban | | | | | | | land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuB------| IIe | --- | 22 | --- | 4.0 | --- | Dutchess | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuC------| IIIe | --- | 20 | --- | 4.0 | --- | Dutchess | | | | | | | | | | | | | | See footnote at end of table. 222 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Oats | Grass- | Pasture | ______| | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | DuD------| IVe | --- | 17 | --- | 3.5 | --- | Dutchess | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DwB**------| IIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Dutchess- | | | | | | | Cardigan, | | | | | | | Rocky*** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DwC**------| IIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Dutchess- | | | | | | | Cardigan, | | | | | | | Rocky*** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DwD**------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Dutchess- | | | | | | | Cardigan, | | | | | | | Rocky*** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxB**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Dutchess- | | | | | | | Cardigan- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxC**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Dutchess- | | | | | | | Cardigan- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcB**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Farmington- | | | | | | | Galway, very | | | | | | | Rocky**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcC**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Farmington- | | | | | | | Galway, very | | | | | | | Rocky**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcD**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Farmington- | | | | | | | Galway, very | | | | | | | Rocky**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FeE**------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Farmington- | | | | | | | Rock outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ff------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.2 | Fluvaquents- | | | | | | | Udifluvents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fr------| IIIw | 80 | 16 | 60 | 3.0 | 5.7 | Fredon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 223

Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Oats | Grass- | Pasture | ______| | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfB**------| IIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Galway- | | | | | | | Farmington | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfC**------| IIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Galway- | | | | | | | Farmington | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfD**------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Galway- | | | | | | | Farmington | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GlB**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Galway- | | | | | | | Farmington- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GlC**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Galway- | | | | | | | Farmington- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GsA------| IIw | --- | 23 | --- | 4.0 | --- | Georgia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GsB------| IIe | --- | 23 | --- | 4.0 | --- | Georgia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GsC------| IIIe | --- | 21 | --- | 4.0 | --- | Georgia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ha------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | 2.5 | 5.0 | Halsey | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeA------| I | --- | 24 | --- | 4.5 | 8.5 | Haven | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeB------| IIe | --- | 24 | --- | 4.5 | 8.5 | Haven | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hf**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Haven-Urban | | | | | | | land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoC**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Hollis- | | | | | | | Chatfield- | | | | | | | Rock outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 224 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Oats | Grass- | Pasture | ______| | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | HoD**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Hollis- | | | | | | | Chatfield- | | | | | | | Rock outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoE**, HoF**----| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Hollis- | | | | | | | Chatfield- | | | | | | | Rock outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsA------| IIIs | 60 | 12 | 50 | 3.5 | 6.5 | Hoosic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsB------| IIIs | 60 | 12 | 50 | 3.5 | 6.5 | Hoosic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsC------| IIIe | 50 | 10 | 45 | 3.5 | 6.5 | Hoosic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsD------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | 2.5 | 6.5 | Hoosic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsE------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Hoosic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HtA------| IIIs | --- | 18 | --- | 3.0 | 7.5 | Hoosic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HtB------| IIIs | --- | 18 | --- | 3.0 | 7.5 | Hoosic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HuA**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Hoosic-Urban | | | | | | | land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HuB**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Hoosic-Urban | | | | | | | land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HvB------| IIe | --- | 20 | --- | --- | --- | Hudson and | | | | | | | Vergennes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HvC------| IIIe | --- | 17 | --- | --- | --- | Hudson and | | | | | | | Vergennes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HvD------| IVe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Hudson and | | | | | | | Vergennes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HvE------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Hudson and | | | | | | | Vergennes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 225

Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Oats | Grass- | Pasture | ______| | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hy------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Hydraquents | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | Medisaprists | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kn------| IIIw | 83 | 17 | --- | 3.5 | 5.8 | Kingsbury and | | | | | | | Rhinebeck | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KrA------| IIs | --- | 18 | --- | 3.0 | 7.5 | Knickerbocker | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KrB------| IIs | --- | 18 | --- | 3.0 | 7.5 | Knickerbocker | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KrC------| IIIe | --- | 16 | --- | 3.0 | 7.5 | Knickerbocker | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KrD------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | 2.5 | 6.5 | Knickerbocker | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KuA**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Knickerbocker- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KuB**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Knickerbocker- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ln------| IIIw | 125 | 25 | 80 | 3.5 | 8.5 | Linlithgo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lv------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Livingston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | McC**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Macomber- | | | | | | | Taconic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnA, MnB------| IIIw | 90 | 18 | --- | 4.0 | 6.5 | Massena | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwB**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Nassau- | | | | | | | Cardigan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwC**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Nassau- | | | | | | | Cardigan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | See footnote at end of table. 226 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Oats | Grass- | Pasture | ______| | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | NwD**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Nassau- | | | | | | | Cardigan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NxE**, NxF**----| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Nassau-Rock | | | | | | | outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pc------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Palms, maat<50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pg------| IIw | 120 | --- | 80 | 3.5 | 8.5 | Pawling | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ps**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Pits, gravel | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pu**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Pits, quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PwB------| IIe | --- | 20 | --- | 3.5 | --- | Pittstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PwC------| IIIe | --- | 18 | --- | 3.5 | --- | Pittstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PzA------| IIIw | --- | 16 | --- | 3.0 | 5.5 | Punsit | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PzB------| IIIw | --- | 16 | --- | 3.0 | 5.5 | Punsit | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ra------| IIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Raynham | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sc------| IIw | 110 | 22 | 85 | 3.5 | 8.5 | Scio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SkB------| IIe | --- | 24 | --- | 4.5 | --- | Stockbridge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SkC------| IIIe | --- | 22 | --- | 4.5 | --- | Stockbridge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SkD------| IVe | --- | 20 | --- | 4.0 | --- | Stockbridge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SkE------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Stockbridge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmB**------| IIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Stockbridge- | | | | | | | Farmington | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 227

Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Oats | Grass- | Pasture | ______| | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | SmC**------| IIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Stockbridge- | | | | | | | Farmington | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmD**------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Stockbridge- | | | | | | | Farmington | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SrB**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Stockbridge- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Su------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Sun | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmD**------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Taconic- | | | | | | | Macomber-Rock | | | | | | | outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TrE**, TrF**----| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Taconic-Rock | | | | | | | outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ue**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnB------| IIe | 120 | 24 | 75 | 4.0 | 6.5 | Unadilla | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W**. | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We------| I | 120 | --- | 80 | 3.5 | 8.5 | Wappinger | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wy------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Wayland | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WZ**. | --- | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | |

* Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. **** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. 228 Soil Survey

Table 7.—Capability Classes and Subclasses

(Miscellaneous areas are excluded. Absence of an entry indicates no acreage)

______| |Major management concerns (Subclass) Class | Total | Erosion | Wetness | Soil ______| acreage | (e) | (w) | problem | | Acres | Acres | Acres | | | | | | | | I | 8,867| --- | --- | --- | | | | II | 81,339| 42,095 | 4,771 | 34,473 | | | | III | 115,670| 75,005 | 15,825 | 24,840 | | | | IV | 21,989| 16,479 | 5,510 | --- | | | | V | 34,915| --- | 34,915 | --- | | | | VI | 151,697| 20,251 | --- | 131,446 | | | | VII | 50,932| 3,491 | --- | 47,441 | | | | VIII | --- | --- | --- | --- ______| | | | Dutchess County, New York 229

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that information was not available)

______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant | | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB, BeC------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 55 | 3 |Eastern white Bernardston | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, eastern | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | hemlock, white | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 65 | -- | spruce, | | | | | | | | | Douglas-fir, | | | | | | | | | Fraser fir. | | | | | | | | | BeD------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 55 | 3 |Eastern white Bernardston | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, eastern | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | hemlock, white | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 65 | -- | spruce, | | | | | | | | | Douglas-fir, | | | | | | | | | Fraser fir. | | | | | | | | | BeE------| 3R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 55 | 3 |Eastern white Bernardston | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, eastern | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | hemlock, white | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 65 | -- | spruce, | | | | | | | | | Douglas-fir, | | | | | | | | | Fraser fir. | | | | | | | | | BgB**: | | | | | | | | | Bernardston----| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 55 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, eastern | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | hemlock, white | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 65 | -- | spruce, | | | | | | | | | Douglas-fir, | | | | | | | | | Fraser fir. | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ca------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Canandaigua | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, white | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Cc------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple------| 56 | 2 | Carlisle | | | | | |White ash------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Green ash------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Quaking aspen------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Swamp white oak-----| --- | -- | | | | | | |Silver maple------| 82 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | ChB, ChC------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Charlton | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, red | | | | | |Red pine------| 70 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 50 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | |Red maple------| 55 | 2 | eastern | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | -- | hemlock, | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 230 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant | | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChD------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Charlton | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, red | | | | | |Red pine------| 70 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 50 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | |Red maple------| 55 | 2 | eastern | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | -- | hemlock, | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | ChE------| 3R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Charlton | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, red | | | | | |Red pine------| 70 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 50 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | |Red maple------| 55 | 2 | eastern | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | -- | hemlock, | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | ClC------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Charlton | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, red | | | | | |Red pine------| 70 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 50 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | |Red maple------| 55 | 2 | eastern | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | -- | hemlock, | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | ClD------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Charlton | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, red | | | | | |Red pine------| 70 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 50 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | |Red maple------| 55 | 2 | eastern | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | -- | hemlock, | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | ClE------| 3R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Charlton | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, red | | | | | |Red pine------| 70 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 50 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | |Red maple------| 55 | 2 | eastern | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | -- | hemlock, | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | CrB**, CrC**: | | | | | | | | | Charlton------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, red | | | | | |Red pine------| 70 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 50 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | |Red maple------| 55 | 2 | eastern | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | -- | hemlock, | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | European | | | | | | | | | larch.

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 231

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant | | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrB**, CrC**: | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrD**: | | | | | | | | | Charlton------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, red | | | | | |Red pine------| 70 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 50 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | |Red maple------| 55 | 2 | eastern | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | -- | hemlock, | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 3R |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrE**: | | | | | | | | | Charlton------| 3R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, red | | | | | |Red pine------| 70 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 50 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | |Red maple------| 55 | 2 | eastern | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | -- | hemlock, | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 3R |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtB**, CtC**: | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 232 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant | | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtB**, CtC**: | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 2D |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Northern red oak----| 47 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine. | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 56 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | Rock | | | | | | | | | outcrop**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtD**: | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 3R |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 2D |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Northern red oak----| 47 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine. | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 56 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | Rock | | | | | | | | | outcrop **** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuA, CuB, CuC---| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 |Eastern white Copake | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 60 | 3 | pine, Austrian | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | CuD------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 |Eastern white Copake | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 60 | 3 | pine, Austrian | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | CuE------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 |Eastern white Copake | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 60 | 3 | pine, Austrian | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | CwA, CwB------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 |Eastern white Copake | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 60 | 3 | pine, Austrian | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | CxB**: | | | | | | | | | Copake------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 60 | 3 | pine, Austrian | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 55 | 2 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 233

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant | | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuB, DuC------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 |Eastern white Dutchess | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 62 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 66 | 8 | pine. | | | | | |White oak------| 60 | 3 | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | DuD------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 |Eastern white Dutchess | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 62 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 66 | 8 | pine. | | | | | |White oak------| 60 | 3 | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | DwB**, DwC**: | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 62 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 66 | 8 | pine. | | | | | |White oak------| 60 | 3 | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Eastern white pine--| 73 | 9 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DwD**: | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 62 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 66 | 8 | pine. | | | | | |White oak------| 60 | 3 | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Eastern white pine--| 73 | 9 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxB**, DxC**: | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 62 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 66 | 8 | pine. | | | | | |White oak------| 60 | 3 | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 234 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | | | | | | | | | | DxB**, DxC**: | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Eastern white pine--| 73 | 9 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcB**, FcC**: | | | | | | | | | Farmington-----| 2D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 2 | larch. | | | | | |White ash------| 55 | 2 | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 50 | -- | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, European | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce, red | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | | Rock | | | | | | | | | outcrop**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcD**: | | | | | | | | | Farmington-----| 2D |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 2 | larch. | | | | | |White ash------| 55 | 2 | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 50 | -- | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, European | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce, red | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | | Rock | | | | | | | | | outcrop**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FeE**: | | | | | | | | | Farmington-----| 2R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 2 | larch. | | | | | |White ash------| 55 | 2 | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 50 | -- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 235

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant | | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fr------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Northern red oak----| 60 | 3 |Yellow-poplar, Fredon | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 80 | 5 | eastern white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red maple------| 70 | 3 | spruce, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | GfB**, GfC**: | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, European | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce, red | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | | Farmington-----| 2D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 2 | larch. | | | | | |White ash------| 55 | 2 | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 50 | -- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfD**: | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, European | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce, red | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | | Farmington-----| 2D |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 2 | larch. | | | | | |White ash------| 55 | 2 | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 50 | -- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GlB**, GlC**: | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, European | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce, red | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | | Farmington-----| 2D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 2 | larch. | | | | | |White ash------| 55 | 2 | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 50 | -- | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 236 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GsA, GsB, GsC---| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 |Eastern white Georgia | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, larch, | | | | | |Red maple------| 70 | 3 | Norway spruce. | | | | | |White ash------| 66 | 3 | | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 | | | | | | |Basswood------| 65 | 3 | | | | | | |Yellow birch------| 60 | 3 | | | | | | |Quaking aspen------| --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | Ha------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple------| 55 | 2 |Eastern white Halsey | | | | | |White oak------| --- | -- | pine, white | | | | | |Swamp white oak-----| --- | -- | spruce. | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | | | | | | |River birch------| --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | HeA, HeB------| 10A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 |Eastern white Haven | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 55 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | pine, Norway | | | | | |Red pine------| 75 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | | | | | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Hf**: | | | | | | | | | Haven------| 10A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 55 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | pine, Norway | | | | | |Red pine------| 75 | 8 | spruce, | | | | | | | | | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoC**: | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 2D |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Northern red oak----| 47 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine. | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 56 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoD**: | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 2D |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Northern red oak----| 47 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine. | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 56 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 3R |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 237

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoD**: | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoE**, HoF**: | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 2R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Northern red oak----| 47 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine. | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 56 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 3R |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | |White ash------| 75 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsA, HsB, HsC---| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Hoosic | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | | | | | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | HsD------| 3R |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Hoosic | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | | | | | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | HsE------| 3R |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Hoosic | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | | | | | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | HtA, HtB------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Hoosic | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | | | | | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | HuA**, HuB**: | | | | | | | | | Hoosic------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | | | | | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HvB**: | | | | | | | | | Hudson------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 80 | 4 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 70 | 3 | pine, yellow- | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 85 | 10 | poplar, black | | | | | |White ash------| 85 | 4 | cherry, black | | | | | | | | | walnut. | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 58 | 3 | pine, Norway | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | spruce. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 238 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HvC**: | | | | | | | | | Hudson------| 4R |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 80 | 4 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 70 | 3 | pine, yellow- | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 85 | 10 | poplar, black | | | | | |White ash------| 85 | 4 | cherry, black | | | | | | | | | walnut. | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 58 | 3 | pine, Norway | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | spruce. | | | | | | | | | HvD**: | | | | | | | | | Hudson------| 4R |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 80 | 4 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 70 | 3 | pine, yellow- | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 85 | 10 | poplar, black | | | | | |White ash------| 85 | 4 | cherry, black | | | | | | | | | walnut. | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------| 8R |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 58 | 3 | pine, Norway | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | spruce. | | | | | | | | | HvE**: | | | | | | | | | Hudson------| 4R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 80 | 4 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 70 | 3 | pine, yellow- | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 85 | 10 | poplar, black | | | | | |White ash------| 85 | 4 | cherry, black | | | | | | | | | walnut. | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 58 | 3 | pine, Norway | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Kn**: | | | | | | | | | Kingsbury------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Balsam fir------| 60 | 8 | pine, Norway | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 | spruce, white | | | | | |White ash------| 67 | 3 | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Rhinebeck------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, Norway | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 | spruce, | | | | | |Red maple------| 70 | 3 | European | | | | | | | | | larch, white | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | KrA, KrB, KrC---| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Knickerbocker | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | | | | | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 239

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KrD------| 3A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Knickerbocker | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | | | | | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | KuA**, KuB**: | | | | | | | | | Knickerbocker--| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 | pine, red | | | | | | | | | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ln------| 2A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 70 | 3 |Eastern white Linlithgo | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 80 | 4 | pine, yellow- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 7 | poplar, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce, black | | | | | | | | | walnut. | | | | | | | | | Lv------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple------| 40 | 2 | Livingston | | | | | |American elm------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Northern whitecedar-| --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | McC**: | | | | | | | | | Macomber------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |White spruce------| 65 | 10 | pine, red | | | | | |Balsam fir------| 65 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 55 | 9 | spruce, balsam | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | fir, Norway | | | | | |Paper birch------| 60 | 4 | spruce. | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | |White oak------| 70 | 4 | | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 2D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |White spruce, | | | | | |White spruce------| 50 | 8 | balsam fir, | | | | | |Balsam fir------| 50 | 7 | eastern white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 40 | 6 | pine, red | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | pine, Norway | | | | | |Paper birch------| 53 | 4 | spruce. | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | |White oak------| 50 | 2 | | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | Rock | | | | | | | | | Outcrop**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnA, MnB------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 |Eastern white Massena | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | pine, white | | | | | |Red maple------| 75 | 3 | spruce, | | | | | | | | | northern | | | | | | | | | whitecedar. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 240 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwB**: | | | | | | | | | Nassu------| 2D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Eastern white pine--| 73 | 9 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Rock | | | | | | | | | Outcrop**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwC**: | | | | | | | | | Nassau------| 2D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Eastern white pine--| 73 | 9 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Rock | | | | | | | | | outcrop**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwD**: | | | | | | | | | Nassau------| 2D |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Eastern white pine--| 73 | 9 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 65 | 3 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Rock | | | | | | | | | outcrop**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NxE**, NxF**: | | | | | | | | | Nassau------| 2R |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 241

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pc------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple------| 55 | 2 |Northern Palms, maat<50 | | | | | |Silver maple------| 80 | 2 | whitecedar, | | | | | |White ash------| --- | -- | tamarack. | | | | | |Quaking aspen------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Northern whitecedar-| --- | -- | | | | | | |Tamarack------| 61 | 4 | | | | | | |Black ash------| --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | Pg------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 80 | 4 |Yellow-poplar, Pawling | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 70 | 3 | eastern white | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 7 | pine, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce, | | | | | | | | | European | | | | | | | | | larch, black | | | | | | | | | walnut, black | | | | | | | | | cherry. | | | | | | | | | PwB, PwC------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 72 | 4 |Eastern white Pittstown | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 66 | 3 | pine, balsam | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 10 | fir, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 50 | 8 | spruce, Scotch | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | | PzA, PzB------| 4W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 |Eastern white Punsit | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | pine, white | | | | | |Black cherry------| 65 | 3 | spruce, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | | Ra------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Red maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white Raynham | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 65 | 8 | pine, white | | | | | |White spruce------| 55 | 9 | spruce. | | | | | |Red spruce------| 45 | 7 | | | | | | |Elm------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | |Gray birch------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Sugar maple------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Balsam fir------| --- | -- | | | | | | |Tamarack------| --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | Sc------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 |European larch, Scio | | | | | |White ash------| 85 | 4 | eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 70 | 3 | pine, red | | | | | |Black cherry------| 80 | 4 | pine, Norway | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 70 | -- | spruce, white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 85 | 10 | spruce. | | | | | | | | | SkB, SkC------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 |Eastern white Stockbridge | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | pine, white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 | spruce, Norway | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | spruce, | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 242 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SkD------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 |Eastern white Stockbridge | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | pine, white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 | spruce, Norway | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | spruce, | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | SkE------| 4R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 |Eastern white Stockbridge | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | pine, white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 | spruce, Norway | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | spruce, | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | SmB**, SmC**: | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge----| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | pine, white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 | spruce, Norway | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | spruce, | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Farmington-----| 2D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 2 | larch. | | | | | |White ash------| 55 | 2 | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 50 | -- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmD**: | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge----| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | pine, white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 | spruce, Norway | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | spruce, | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Farmington-----| 2D |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |Eastern white | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | pine, red | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 55 | 6 | pine, European | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 2 | larch. | | | | | |White ash------| 55 | 2 | | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| 50 | -- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SrB**: | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge----| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 |Eastern white | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 60 | 3 | pine, white | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 | spruce, Norway | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | spruce, | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 243

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Su------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple------| 65 | 3 |Northern Sun | | | | | | | | | whitecedar. | | | | | | | | | TmD**: | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 2D |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |White spruce, | | | | | |White spruce------| 50 | 8 | balsam fir, | | | | | |Balsam fir------| 50 | 7 | eastern white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 40 | 6 | pine, red | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | pine, Norway | | | | | |Paper birch------| 53 | 4 | spruce. | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | |White oak------| 50 | 2 | | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | Macomber------| 3R |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white | | | | | |White spruce------| 65 | 10 | pine, red | | | | | |Balsam fir------| 65 | 9 | pine, white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 55 | 9 | spruce, balsam | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | fir, Norway | | | | | |Paper birch------| 60 | 4 | spruce. | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | |White oak------| 70 | 4 | | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TrE**, TrF**: | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 2R |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Sugar maple------| 50 | 2 |White spruce, | | | | | |White spruce------| 50 | 8 | balsam fir, | | | | | |Balsam fir------| 50 | 7 | eastern white | | | | | |Red spruce------| 40 | 6 | pine, red | | | | | |American beech------| --- | -- | pine, Norway | | | | | |Paper birch------| 53 | 4 | spruce. | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | -- | | | | | | |White oak------| 50 | 2 | | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 50 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnB------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Sugar maple------| 70 | 3 |Eastern white Unadilla | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 85 | 10 | pine, black | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 80 | 4 | cherry, Norway | | | | | |Black cherry------| 80 | 4 | spruce, | | | | | |White ash------| 95 | 5 | European | | | | | | | | | larch, red | | | | | | | | | pine, white | | | | | | | | | spruce. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 244 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index|tivity | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | |class* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 75 | 4 |Eastern white Wappinger | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 85 | 6 | pine, yellow- | | | | | |Sugar maple------| 67 | 3 | poplar, Norway | | | | | | | | | spruce, black | | | | | | | | | walnut, | | | | | | | | | European | | | | | | | | | larch. | | | | | | | | | Wy------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple------| 65 | 3 |White spruce, Wayland | | | | | | | | | northern | | | | | | | | | whitecedar. ______| | | | | | | | |

* Productivity class is the yield in cubic meters per hectare per year calculated at the age of culmination of mean annual increment for fully stocked natural stands. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. **** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. Dutchess County, New York 245

Table 9.—Recreational Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways ______map symbol | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight. Bernardston | small stones, | wetness, | small stones, | wetness. | | wetness. | small stones. | slope | | | | | | | BeC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Bernardston | slope, | slope, | slope, | wetness. | slope. | small stones, | wetness, | small stones, | | | wetness. | small stones. | wetness | | | | | | | BeD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Bernardston | slope. | slope. | slope, | wetness, | slope. | | | small stones. | slope. | | | | | | BeE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Bernardston | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | BgB*: | | | | | Bernardston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight. | small stones, | wetness, | small stones. | wetness. | | wetness. | small stones. | | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Ca------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Canandaigua | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Cc------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Carlisle | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus. | | | | | ChB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Charlton | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | ChC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Charlton | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | ChD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Charlton | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | ChE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Charlton | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | ClC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Charlton | slope, | slope, | large stones, | | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | ClD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Charlton | slope. | slope. | large stones, | slope. | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 246 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ClE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Charlton | slope. | slope. | large stones, | slope. | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | Charlton------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | | | slope, | | droughty, | | | small stones. | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | CrC*: | | | | | Charlton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | Chatfield------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty, | | | | | slope, | | | | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | CrD*: | | | | | Charlton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | CrE*: | | | | | Charlton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | CtB*: | | | | | Chatfield------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | | | slope, | | droughty, | | | small stones. | | thin layer. | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | depth to rock. | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 247

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways ______map symbol | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtC*: | | | | | Chatfield------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty, | | | | | slope, | | | | | thin layer. | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | | CtD*: | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | depth to rock. | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | | CuA, CuB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Copake | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | CuC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Copake | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | CuD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Copake | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | CuE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Copake | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | CwA, CwB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Copake | flooding. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | CxB*: | | | | | Copake------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | DuB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Dutchess | | | slope. | | large stones. | | | | | DuC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Dutchess | slope. | slope. | slope. | | large stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | DuD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Dutchess | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 248 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways ______map symbol | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DwB*: | | | | | Dutchess------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | | | slope. | | large stones. | | | | | Cardigan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | DwC*: | | | | | Dutchess------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | large stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Cardigan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | DwD*: | | | | | Dutchess------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | DxB*: | | | | | Dutchess------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | | | slope. | | large stones. | | | | | Cardigan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | DxC*: | | | | | Dutchess------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | large stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Cardigan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | FcB*: | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | thin layer. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 249

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcB*: | | | | | Galway------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | wetness. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | | FcC*: | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | thin layer. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Galway------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | wetness. | small stones, | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | | FcD*: | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | thin layer. | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope. | | | small stones. | wetness. | | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | | FeE*: | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Ff*: | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | ponding. | small stones, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | | ponding, | | droughty, | | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Udifluvents------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding. | flooding, | small stones, | wetness, | droughty, | | wetness, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | small stones. | | | | | | | | Fr------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Fredon | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 250 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways ______map symbol | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfB*: | | | | | Galway------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | wetness. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | GfC*: | | | | | Galway------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | wetness. | small stones, | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | | slope. | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | thin layer. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | GfD*: | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope. | | | small stones. | wetness. | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | GlB*: | | | | | Galway------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | wetness. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | thin layer. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | GlC*: | | | | | Galway------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | wetness. | small stones, | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | | slope. | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | thin layer. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 251

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GlC*: | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | GsA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Georgia | wetness. | wetness. | small stones. | erodes easily. | large stones. | | | | | GsB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Georgia | wetness. | wetness. | slope, | erodes easily. | large stones. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | GsC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Georgia | wetness, | wetness, | slope. | erodes easily. | large stones, | slope. | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | Ha------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Halsey | flooding, | wetness. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | HeA------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Haven | | | small stones. | | | | | | | HeB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Haven | | | slope, | erodes easily. | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Hf*: | | | | | Haven------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | HoC*: | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty, | | | | | slope, | | | | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | HoD*: | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | depth to rock. | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | HoE*, HoF*: | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | depth to rock.

See footnote at end of table. 252 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways ______map symbol | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoE*, HoF*: | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | | HsA, HsB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Hoosic | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | droughty, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | HsC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Hoosic | slope, | slope, | slope, | | droughty, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | HsD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Hoosic | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | HsE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Hoosic | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | HtA, HtB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Hoosic | small stones | small stones | small stones | | droughty, | | | | | small stones | | | | | HuA*, HuB*: | | | | | Hoosic------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | droughty, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | HvB*: | | | | | Hudson------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | erodes easily. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness, | percs slowly. | wetness. | erodes easily. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | HvC*: | | | | | Hudson------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness, | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | wetness, | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | slope. | | | | | HvD*: | | | | | Hudson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 253

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HvD*: | | | | | Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | erodes easily. | slope. | wetness, | percs slowly. | wetness. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | HvE*: | | | | | Hudson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | erodes easily. | | | | | | Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | wetness, | percs slowly. | wetness. | erodes easily. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Hy*: | | | | | Hydraquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness, | wetness | wetness, | wetness | wetness, | flooding | | flooding | | flooding | | | | | Medisaprists------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness, | wetness, | excess humus, | wetness, | wetness, | excess humus. | excess humus. | wetness. | excess humus. | excess humus. | | | | | Kn*: | | | | | Kingsbury------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Rhinebeck------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | erodes easily. | | | | | | KrA------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Knickerbocker | | | small stones. | | droughty. | | | | | KrB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Knickerbocker | | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | KrC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Knickerbocker | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty, | | | | | slope. | | | | | KrD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Knickerbocker | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | KuA*: | | | | | Knickerbocker------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | | | small stones. | | droughty. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | KuB*: | | | | | Knickerbocker------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 254 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KuB*: | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Ln------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Linlithgo | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Lv------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Livingston | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | McC*: | | | | | Macomber------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | droughty, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | depth to rock. | | | small stones, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | | MnA, MnB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Massena | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | NwB*: | | | | | Nassu------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones, | | thin layer. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | | NwC*: | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | thin layer. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | | NwD*: | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock | depth to rock. | small stones. | | thin layer. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 255

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways ______map symbol | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwD*: | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | | | NxE*, NxF*: | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe------|Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | slope, | depth to rock | depth to rock. | small stones. | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | | | Pc------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Palms, maat<50 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus. | | | | | Pg------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Pawling | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Ps*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pits, gravel | small stones, | too sandy, | small stones, | too sandy, | small stones, | too sandy. | small stones. | too sandy. | small stones. | droughty. | | | | | Pu*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: Pits, quarry | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | depth to rock. | | | | | PwB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Pittstown | wetness. | wetness. | slope, | wetness. | | | | wetness, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | PwC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Pittstown | slope, | slope, | slope. | wetness. | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | PzA, PzB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Punsit | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Ra------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Raynham | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | erodes easily. | | | | | | Sc------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Scio | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | erodes easily. | wetness. | | | | | SkB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Stockbridge | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | SkC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Stockbridge | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 256 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SkD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Stockbridge | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | SkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Stockbridge | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | SmB*: | | | | | Stockbridge------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | SmC*: | | | | | Stockbridge------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | thin layer. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | SmD*: | | | | | Stockbridge------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | SrB*: | | | | | Stockbridge------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Su------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Sun | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | TmD*: | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones, | | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Macomber------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | |

* See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 257

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmD*: | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | TrE*, TrF*: | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones, | | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | | | Ud*------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: Udorthents | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | droughty. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Ue*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Udorthents | wetness, | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | droughty. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | UnB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Unadilla | | | slope. | erodes easily. | | | | | | Ur*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | We------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Wappinger | flooding. | | flooding, | erodes easily. | flooding. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Wy------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wayland | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | | flooding. | | flooding. ______| | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. ** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. 258 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Bernardston | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BeC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Bernardston | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BeD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Bernardston | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BeE------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very Bernardston | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BgB*: | | | | | | | | | | Bernardston------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Ca------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Poor |Good. Canandaigua | poor. | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | Cc------|Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good. Carlisle | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Charlton | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ChC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Charlton | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ChD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Charlton | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ChE, ClC, ClD, ClE-|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very Charlton | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | | | | | | Charlton------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrC*: | | | | | | | | | | Charlton------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 259

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrC*: | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrD*: | | | | | | | | | | Charlton------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrE*: | | | | | | | | | | Charlton------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtB*: | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtC*: | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtD*: | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuA, CuB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Copake | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CuC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Copake | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 260 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Copake | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CuE------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very Copake | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CwA, CwB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Copake | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CxB*: | | | | | | | | | | Copake------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | DuB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Dutchess | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DuC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Dutchess | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DuD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Dutchess | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DwB*: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DwC*: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DwD*: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 261

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxB*: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxC**: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcB*: | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Galway------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcC*: | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Galway------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcD*: | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Galway------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FeE*: | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 262 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ff*: | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Poor |Good. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | Udifluvents------|Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Fr------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good. Fredon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfB*: | | | | | | | | | | Galway------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfC*: | | | | | | | | | | Galway------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfD*: | | | | | | | | | | Galway------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GlB*: | | | | | | | | | | Galway------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GlC*: | | | | | | | | | | Galway------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 263

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GlC*: | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GsA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Georgia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GsB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Georgia | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GsC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Georgia | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Ha------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good. Halsey | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Haven | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HeB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Haven | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Hf*: | | | | | | | | | | Haven------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | HoC*: | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoD*: | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoE*, HoF*: | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 264 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsA, HsB, HsC, HsD-|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very Hoosic | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HsE------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very Hoosic | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HtA, HtB------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very Hoosic | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HuA*, HuB*: | | | | | | | | | | Hoosic------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | HvB*: | | | | | | | | | | Hudson------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------|Fair |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. HvC*: | | | | | | | | | | Hudson------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------|Fair |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HvD*: | | | | | | | | | | Hudson------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------|Poor |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. HvE*: | | | | | | | | | | Hudson------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------|Very |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Hy*: | | | | | | | | | | Hydraquents------|Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Medisaprists------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | Kn*: | | | | | | | | | | Kingsbury------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rhinebeck------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | KrA, KrB, KrC------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very Knickerbocker | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 265

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KrD------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very Knickerbocker | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | KuA*, KuB*: | | | | | | | | | | Knickerbocker-----|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Ln------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Linlithgo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lv------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor. Livingston | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | McC*: | | | | | | | | | | Macomber------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnA------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair. Massena | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Massena | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | NwB*: | | | | | | | | | | Nassu------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwC*: | | | | | | | | | | Nassau------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwD*: | | | | | | | | | | Nassau------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 266 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwD*: | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NxE*, NxF*: | | | | | | | | | | Nassau------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pc------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good. Palms, maat<50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pg------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Pawling | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ps*------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very Pits, gravel | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Pu*------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very Pits, quarry | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PwB------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very Pittstown | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PwC------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very Pittstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PzA------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair. Punsit | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PzB------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Fair |Poor |Very Punsit | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Ra------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair. Raynham | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sc------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Scio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SkB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Stockbridge | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SkC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Stockbridge | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SkD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Stockbridge | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SkE------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very Stockbridge | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 267

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmB*: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmC*: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmD*: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SrB*: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Su------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good. Sun | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmD*: | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Macomber------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TrE*, TrF*: | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud*------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very Udorthents | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 268 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ue*------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Udorthents | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | UnB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Unadilla | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Ur*------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W*. | | | | | | | | | | Water, < 40 acres | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Wappinger | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Wy------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good. Wayland | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WZ*. | | | | | | | | | | Water, census | | | | | | | | | | ______740 acres | | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. ** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. Dutchess County, New York 269

Table 11.—Building Site Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation) ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Bernardston | dense layer, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | | wetness. | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | | | BeC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Bernardston | dense layer, | wetness, | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope. | | slope, | | slope. | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | BeD, BeE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Bernardston | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | BgB*: | | | | | | Bernardston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | dense layer, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | | wetness. | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Ca------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Canandaigua | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Cc------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Carlisle | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | excess | | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | frost action. | humus. | | | | | | ChB------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Charlton | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | ChC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Charlton | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | ChD, ChE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Charlton | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | ClC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Charlton | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | large | | | | | | stones, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | ClD, ClE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Charlton | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | | Charlton------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock,| droughty, | | | | | frost action. | thin layer. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 270 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping | | basements | basements | buildings | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | CrC*: | | | | | | Charlton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | slope, | droughty, | | depth to rock.| | | depth to rock,| slope, | | | | | frost action. | thin layer. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | CrD*, CrE*: | | | | | | Charlton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | CtB*: | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock,| droughty, | | | | | frost action. | thin layer. | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | CtC*: | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | slope, | droughty, | | depth to rock.| | | depth to rock,| slope, | | | | | frost action. | thin layer. | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to | | | | depth to rock.| | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | CtD*: | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to | | | | | | rock.

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 271

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtD*: | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | CuA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: Copake | cutbanks cave.| | | | frost action. | small | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | CuB------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Copake | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | frost action. | small | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | CuC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Copake | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | small | | | | | frost action. | stones, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | CuD, CuE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Copake | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | CwA, CwB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Copake | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding, | small. | | | | | frost action. | stones | | | | | | CxB*: | | | | | | Copake------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| | | | frost action. | small | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | DuB------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Dutchess | | | | slope. | frost action. | large | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | DuC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Dutchess | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | large | | | | | frost action. | stones, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | DuD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Dutchess | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | DwB*: | | | | | | Dutchess------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: | | | | | frost action. | large | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock,| small | | | | depth to rock.| frost action. | stones. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 272 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DwC*: | | | | | | Dutchess------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | large | | | | | frost action. | stones, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| small | | depth to rock.| | | slope, | stones, | | | | | frost action. | slope. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | DwD*: | | | | | | Dutchess------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | DxB*: | | | | | | Dutchess------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: | | | | | frost action. | large | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock,| small | | | | depth to rock.| frost action. | stones. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | DxC*: | | | | | | Dutchess------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | large | | | | | frost action. | stones, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| small | | depth to rock.| | | slope, | stones, | | | | | frost action. | slope. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | FcB*: | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 273

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcB*: | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| small | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | stones, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | FcC*: | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| small | wetness. | depth to rock,| wetness. | | slope, | stones, | | wetness. | | | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | slope. Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | FcD*: | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | thin layer. | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | | slope, | | | | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | | | | | | FeE*: | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | thin layer. | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----| | | | | | | | | | | | Ff*: | | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | flooding, | droughty, | | | | | frost action. | flooding. | | | | | | Udifluvents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | droughty, | wetness. | | wetness. | | | flooding. | | | | | | Fr------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Fredon | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 274 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping | | basements | basements | buildings | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | GfB*: | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| small | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | stones, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | GfC*: | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| small | wetness. | depth to rock,| wetness. | | slope, | stones, | | wetness. | | | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | GfD*: | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | | slope, | | | | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | thin layer. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | GlB*: | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| small | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | stones, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | GlC*: | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| small | wetness. | depth to rock,| wetness. | | slope, | stones, | | wetness. | | | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 275

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GlC*: | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | GsA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Georgia | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | large | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | GsB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Georgia | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | frost action. | large | | | | slope. | | stones. | | | | | | GsC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Georgia | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | frost action. | large | | slope. | | | | stones, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | Ha------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Halsey | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | | | | | | | HeA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Haven | cutbanks cave.| | | | frost action. | | | | | | | HeB------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Haven | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | | | Hf*: | | | | | | Haven------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | cutbanks cave.| | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | HoC*: | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to | | | | depth to rock.| | rock. | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | slope, | droughty, | | depth to rock.| | | depth to rock,| slope, | | | | | frost action. | thin layer. | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----| | | | | | | | | | | | HoD*, HoE*, HoF*: | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 276 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoD*, HoE*, HoF*: | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----| | | | | | | | | | | | HsA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Hoosic | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty, | | | | | | small | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | HsB------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Hoosic | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty, | | | | | | small | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | HsC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Hoosic | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty, | | | | | | small | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | HsD, HsE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Hoosic | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | cutbanks cave.| | | | | | | | | | | HtA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Hoosic | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty, | | | | | | small | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | HtB------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Hoosic | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty, | | | | | | small | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | HuA*: | | | | | | Hoosic------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty, | | | | | | small | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | HuB*: | | | | | | Hoosic------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty, | | | | | | small | | | | | | stones. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 277

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HvB*: | | | | | | Hudson------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength, | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell, | frost action. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness. | | | | | | HvC*: | | | | | | Hudson------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | low strength, | wetness, | | shrink-swell, | | | frost action. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness, | | | | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | HvD*, HvE*: | | | | | | Hudson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | low strength, | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | slope, | | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | Hy*: | | | | | | Hydraquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Medisaprists-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | excess | | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | frost action. | humus. | | | | | | Kn*: | | | | | | Kingsbury------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | wetness, | | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Rhinebeck------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | wetness. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | KrA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Knickerbocker | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 278 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KrB------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Knickerbocker | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | | KuB*: | | | | | | Knickerbocker----|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Ln------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Linlithgo | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | flooding. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Lv------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Livingston | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness, | | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | McC*: | | | | | | Macomber------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| small | | depth to rock.| | | slope, | stones, | | | | | frost action. | droughty, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to | | | | depth to rock.| | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | MnA, MnB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Massena | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | NwB*: | | | | | | Nassu------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock,| small | | | | depth to rock.| frost action. | stones. | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | NwC*: | | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| small | | depth to rock.| | | slope, | stones, | | | | | frost action. | slope. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 279

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwC*: | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | NwD*: | | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | NxE*, NxF*: | | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----| | | | | | | | | | | | Pc------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Palms, maat<50 | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | excess | | low strength. | | low strength. | frost action. | humus. | | | | | | Pg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Pawling | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | frost action, | flooding. | wetness. | frost action. | wetness. | frost action. | flooding. | | | | | | | Ps*------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: Pits, gravel | cutbanks cave.| | | | | small | | | | | | stones, | | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | Pu*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pits, quarry | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | PwB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Pittstown | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | slope, | wetness, | | | | | wetness. | frost action. | | | | | | | PwC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Pittstown | wetness. | slope, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | slope. | | wetness. | | | slope, | | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | PzA, PzB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Punsit | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Ra------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Raynham | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 280 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sc------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Scio | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | SkB------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Stockbridge | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | | | SkC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Stockbridge | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | SkD, SkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Stockbridge | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | SmB*: | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | SmC*: | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| thin layer. | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | SmD*: | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | thin layer. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | SrB*: | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Su------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Sun | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 281

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmD*: | | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Macomber------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----| | | | | | | | | | | | TrE*, TrF*: | | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----| | | | | | | | | | | | Ud*------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Udorthents | dense layer, | | wetness. | slope. | frost action. | droughty. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | Ue*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Udorthents | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | droughty. | wetness. | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | UnB------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Unadilla | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | | | Ur*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | We------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Wappinger | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Wy------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wayland | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | ponding, | | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding, | flooding. | | | | | flooding. | ______| | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. ** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. 282 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______| | | | | | | | | | BeB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Bernardston | percs slowly. | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | BeC------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Bernardston | percs slowly. | slope. | wetness, | wetness, | small stones, | | | slope. | slope. | slope, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | BeD, BeE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Bernardston | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | BgB*: | | | | | Bernardston------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Ca------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Canandaigua | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Cc------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Carlisle | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | excess humus. | percs slowly. | ponding. | excess humus. | | | | | | | ChB------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Charlton | | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones. | | | | | ChC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Charlton | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones, | | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | ChD, ChE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Charlton | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | ClC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Charlton | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones, | | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | ClD, ClE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Charlton | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | Charlton------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 283

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim. | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | CrC*: | | | | | Charlton------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones, | | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim. | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | CrD*, CrE*: | | | | | Charlton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | CtB*: | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim. | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | depth to rock. | seepage. | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | | CtC*: | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim. | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | depth to rock, | seepage. | | thin layer. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 284 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | CtD*: | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | slope. | slope, | | slope. | slope. | | thin layer. | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | | CuA, CuB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Copake | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | CuC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Copake | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | CuD, CuE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Copake | poor filter, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | CwA, CwB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Copake | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | seepage. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | CxB*: | | | | | Copake------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | DuB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: Dutchess | percs slowly. | seepage, | large stones. | | small stones. | | slope, | | | | | large stones. | | | | | | | | DuC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: Dutchess | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones. | slope. | | large stones. | | | | | | | DuD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Dutchess | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 285

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | DwB*: | | | | | Dutchess------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage, | large stones. | | small stones. | | slope, | | | | | large stones. | | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | DwC*: | | | | | Dutchess------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones. | slope. | | large stones. | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | DwD*: | | | | | Dutchess------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | DxB*: | | | | | Dutchess------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage, | large stones. | | small stones. | | slope, | | | | | large stones. | | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | DxC*: | | | | | Dutchess------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones. | slope. | | large stones. | | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 286 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | DxC*: | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | FcB*: | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | small stones. | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | | FcC*: | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | wetness. | slope, | wetness. | | small stones. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | | FcD*: | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | wetness, | slope, | slope, | slope. | small stones, | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | | FeE*: | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | Ff*: | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | too sandy, | ponding, | flooding, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones, | percs slowly. | ponding. | seepage. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | Udifluvents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding. | depth to rock, | seepage, | too sandy, | percs slowly. | | seepage. | wetness. | small stones. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 287

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | Fr------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Fredon | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | flooding. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | GfB*: | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | small stones. | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | GfC*: | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | wetness. | slope, | wetness. | | small stones. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | GfD*: | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | wetness, | slope, | slope, | slope. | small stones, | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | | slope. | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | GlB*:** | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | small stones. | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | GlC*: | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | wetness. | slope, | wetness. | | small stones. | | wetness. | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 288 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | GlC*: | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | GsA------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Georgia | percs slowly, | | wetness. | wetness. | small stones. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | GsB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Georgia | percs slowly, | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | GsC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Georgia | percs slowly, | slope, | wetness. | wetness, | small stones. | wetness. | wetness. | | slope. | | | | | | Ha------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Halsey | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | wetness, | seepage, | poor filter. | flooding, | wetness. | seepage. | too sandy, | | wetness. | | | small stones. | | | | | HeA, HeB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Haven | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | small stones, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | Hf*: | | | | | Haven------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | small stones, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | HoC*: | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | depth to rock, | seepage. | | thin layer. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim. | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | HoD*, HoE*, HoF*: | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | slope. | slope, | | slope. | slope. | | thin layer. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 289

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | HoD*, HoE*, HoF*: | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | HsA, HsB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Hoosic | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | small stones, | | | too sandy. | | seepage, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | HsC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Hoosic | poor filter. | slope, | seepage, | seepage. | small stones, | | seepage. | too sandy. | | seepage, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | HsD, HsE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Hoosic | poor filter, | slope, | slope, | slope, | small stones, | slope. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | HtA, HtB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Hoosic | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | small stones, | | | too sandy. | | seepage, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | HuA*, HuB*: | | | | | Hoosic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | small stones, | | | too sandy. | | seepage, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | HvB*: | | | | | Hudson------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | HvC*: | | | | | Hudson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack. | | | | | Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | wetness. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 290 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | HvD*, HvE*: | | | | | Hudson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | too clayey, | percs slowly, | | slope, | | hard to pack, | slope. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | too clayey, | percs slowly, | wetness. | slope, | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | Hy*: | | | | | Hydraquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | too clayey, | percs slowly, | wetness. | seepage, | wetness. | small stones, | poor filter. | | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | Medisaprists------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | wetness, | wetness, | excess humus, | wetness, | wetness. | excess humus. | percs slowly. | wetness. | excess humus. | | | | | | | Kn*: | | | | | Kingsbury------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | Rhinebeck------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | KrA, KrB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Knickerbocker | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | KrC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Knickerbocker | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | | | too sandy. | | | | | KrD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Knickerbocker | poor filter, | seepage, | slope, | seepage, | slope, | slope. | slope. | seepage. | slope. | seepage, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | KuA*, KuB*: | | | | | Knickerbocker------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Ln------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Linlithgo | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 291

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | Lv------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Livingston | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | McC*: | | | | | Macomber------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | depth to rock, | seepage. | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | | MnA, MnB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Massena | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | percs slowly. | | | | small stones. | | | | | NwB*: | | | | | Nassu------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | | NwC*: | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | | depth to rock. | | | small stones. | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | | NwD*: | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | slope. | slope. |slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 292 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | NxE*, NxF*: | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Rock outcrop***----| | | | | | | | | | Pc------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Palms, maat<50 | subsides, | seepage, | ponding. | seepage, | ponding. | ponding, | excess humus, | | ponding. | | percs slowly. | ponding. | | | | | | | | Pg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Pawling | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | | poor filter. | | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | Ps*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Pits, gravel | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Pu*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Pits, quarry | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | | | PwB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Pittstown | wetness, | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | PwC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Pittstown | wetness, | slope. | wetness. | wetness, | slope, | percs slowly. | | | slope. | small stones. | | | | | PzA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Punsit | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. | | | | | PzB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Punsit | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | percs slowly. | slope. | | | wetness. | | | | | Ra------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Raynham | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Sc------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Scio | wetness. | seepage, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | | thin layer. | | | | | SkB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: Stockbridge | percs slowly. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | SkC------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Stockbridge | percs slowly. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 293

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | SkD, SkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Stockbridge | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | SmB*: | | | | | Stockbridge------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | SmC*: | | | | | Stockbridge------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | SmD*: | | | | | Stockbridge------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop**-----| | | | | | | | | | SrB*: | | | | | Stockbridge------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Su------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Sun | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | TmD*: | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | slope. | small stones, | | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | Macomber------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | area reclaim, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 294 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | TrE*, TrF*: | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | slope. | small stones, | | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | | | Ud*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Udorthents | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones. | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Ue*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Udorthents | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones, | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | UnB------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Fair: Unadilla | | seepage. | seepage. | | thin layer. | | | | | Ur*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Wappinger | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer. | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Wy------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Wayland | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. ** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. Dutchess County, New York 295

Table 13.—Construction Materials

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______map symbol | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB, BeC------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Bernardston | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | BeD------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Bernardston | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | BeE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Bernardston | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | BgB*: | | | | Bernardston------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | Ca------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Canandaigua | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | Cc------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Carlisle | wetness, | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus, | low strength. | | | wetness. | | | | ChB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Charlton | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | ChC------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Charlton | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | ChD------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Charlton | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | ChE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Charlton | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | ClC------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Charlton | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | ClD------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Charlton | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | ClE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Charlton | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | CrB*: | | | | Charlton------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 296 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | Chatfield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | CrC*: | | | | Charlton------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Chatfield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | CrD*: | | | | Charlton------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Chatfield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | CrE*: | | | | Charlton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Chatfield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | CtB*, CtC*: | | | | Chatfield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Hollis------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock. | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | CtD*: | | | | Chatfield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Hollis------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 297

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | CuA, CuB, CuC------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Copake | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | CuD------|Fair: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Copake | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | CuE------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Copake | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | CwA, CwB------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Severe: Copake | | | | cutbanks cave. | | | | CxB*: | | | | Copake------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | DuB, DuC------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Dutchess | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | DuD------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Dutchess | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | DwB*, DwC*: | | | | Dutchess------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Cardigan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | DwD*: | | | | Dutchess------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | Cardigan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 298 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | DxB*, DxC*: | | | | Dutchess------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Cardigan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | FcB*, FcC*: | | | | Farmington------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | Galway------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | FcD*: | | | | Farmington------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Galway------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | FeE*: | | | | Farmington------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim, | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | Ff*: | | | | Fluvaquents------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Udifluvents------|Fair: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | depth to rock, | | | too sandy, | wetness. | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 299

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | Fr------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Fredon | wetness. | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | wetness. | | | | GfB*, GfC*: | | | | Galway------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Farmington------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | GfD*: | | | | Galway------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Farmington------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | GlB*, GlC*: | | | | Galway------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Farmington------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | GsA, GsB, GsC------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Georgia | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Ha------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Halsey | wetness. | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | wetness. | | | | HeA, HeB------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Haven | | | | too sandy, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Hf*: | | | | Haven------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | too sandy, | | | | area reclaim. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 300 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______map symbol | | | | | | | | | | | | Hf*: | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | HoC*: | | | | Hollis------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock. | | | | Chatfield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | HoD*: | | | | Hollis------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | | | | slope. | | | | Chatfield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | HoE*, HoF*: | | | | Hollis------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | Chatfield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | HsA, HsB, HsC------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Hoosic | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | HsD------|Fair: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Hoosic | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | HsE------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Hoosic | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | HtA, HtB------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Hoosic | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | HuA*, HuB*: | | | | Hoosic------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 301

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______map symbol | | | | | | | | | | | | HuA*, HuB*: | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | HvB*: | | | | Hudson------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Vergennes------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | HvC*: | | | | Hudson------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Vergennes------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | HvD*: | | | | Hudson------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | thin layer, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Vergennes------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | HvE*: | | | | Hudson------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | slope. | | | thin layer, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Vergennes------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | Hy*: | | | | Hydraquents------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Medisaprists------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus, | | | | wetness. | | | | Kn*: | | | | Kingsbury------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness, | | | wetness. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 302 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | Kn*: | | | | Rhinebeck------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | wetness. | | | | KrA, KrB------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Knickerbocker | | | too sandy. | thin layer. | | | | KrC------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Knickerbocker | | | too sandy. | slope, | | | | thin layer. | | | | KrD------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Knickerbocker | slope. | | too sandy. | slope. | | | | KuA*, KuB*: | | | | Knickerbocker------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: | | | too sandy. | thin layer. | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | Ln------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Linlithgo | wetness. | | | area reclaim, | | | | wetness. | | | | Lv------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Livingston | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | McC*: | | | | Macomber------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Taconic------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | | | | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | MnA, MnB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Massena | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | wetness. | | | | NwB*: | | | | Nassu------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | thin layer, | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | area reclaim. | | | small stones. | | | | Cardigan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 303

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | NwC*: | | | | Nassau------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | thin layer, | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | area reclaim. | | | small stones. | | | | Cardigan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | NwD*: | | | | Nassau------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | thin layer, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | area reclaim. | | | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | Cardigan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | NxE*, NxF*: | | | | Nassau------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | thin layer, | | | area reclaim, | area reclaim. | | | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop***------| | | | | | | | Pc------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Palms, maat<50 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | excess humus, | | | | wetness. | | | | Pg------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Good. Pawling | frost action. | | | | | | | Ps*------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Pits, gravel | | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Pu*------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Pits, quarry | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock. | | | | PwB, PwC------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Pittstown | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | PzA, PzB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Punsit | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | wetness. | | | | Ra------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Raynham | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 304 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | Sc------|Fair: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Scio | wetness. | | | area reclaim. | | | | SkB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Stockbridge | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | SkC------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Stockbridge | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | SkD------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Stockbridge | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | SkE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Stockbridge | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | SmB*: | | | | Stockbridge------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. Farmington------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | SmC*: | | | | Stockbridge------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Farmington------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | SmD*: | | | | Stockbridge------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Farmington------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop**------| | | | | | | | SrB*: | | | | Stockbridge------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | Su------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Sun | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | wetness. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 305

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______map symbol | | | | | | | | | | | | TmD*: | | | | Taconic------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Macomber------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | | | | slope. | | | | TrE*, TrF*: | | | | Taconic------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop------| | | | | | | | Ud*------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Udorthents | | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | Ue*------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Udorthents | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | UnB------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Moderate: Unadilla | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Ur*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | We------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Wappinger | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Wy------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Wayland | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. ______| | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. ** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. 306 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Water Management

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______| Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly---|Rooting Bernardston | slope. | piping. | no water. | | | depth, | | | | | | percs | | | | | | slowly. | | | | | | BeC, BeD, BeE-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, Bernardston | slope. | piping. | no water. | | percs slowly. | percs | | | | | | slowly, | | | | | | rooting | | | | | | depth. | | | | | | BgB*: | | | | | | Bernardston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly---|Rooting | slope. | piping. | no water. | | | depth, | | | | | | percs | | | | | | slowly. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Ca------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Frost action---|Erodes easily, |Wetness, Canandaigua | | piping, | slow refill. | | wetness. | erodes | | wetness. | | | | easily. | | | | | | Cc------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness. Carlisle | seepage. | excess humus, | slow refill. | subsides, | soil blowing. | | | ponding. | | frost action. | | | | | | | | ChB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable. Charlton | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | ChC, ChD, ChE, | | | | | | ClC, ClD, ClE----|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope. Charlton | slope, | seepage, | no water. | | | | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | | Charlton------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Droughty, | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | | depth to | | piping. | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 307

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed | areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways ______| | | | | | | | | | | | CrC*, CrD*, CrE*: | | | | | | Charlton------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope. | slope, | seepage, | no water. | | | | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope. | piping. | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | CtB*: | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Droughty, | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | | depth to | | piping. | | | | rock. | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Droughty, | depth to rock.| thin layer, | no water. | | | depth to | | piping. | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | CtC*, CtD*: | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope. | piping. | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| thin layer, | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope. | piping. | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | CuA, CuB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Too sandy------|Favorable. Copake | seepage. | seepage. | no water. | | | | | | | | | CuC, CuD, CuE-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope. Copake | seepage, | seepage. | no water. | | too sandy. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | CwA, CwB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Too sandy------|Favorable. Copake | seepage. | seepage. | no water. | | | | | | | | | CxB*: | | | | | | Copake------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Too sandy------|Favorable. | seepage. | seepage. | no water. | | | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 308 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | DuB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Large stones, |Large Dutchess | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | erodes easily | stones, | slope. | piping. | | | | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | | DuC, DuD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Large Dutchess | slope. | seepage, | no water. | | large stones, | stones, | | piping. | | | erodes easily.| slope, | | | | | | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | | DwB*: | | | | | | Dutchess------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Large stones, |Large | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | erodes easily.| stones, | slope. | piping. | | | | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Depth to | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | | rock. | depth to rock,| | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | DwC*, DwD*: | | | | | | Dutchess------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Large | slope. | seepage, | no water. | | large stones, | stones, | | piping. | | | erodes easily.| slope, | | | | | | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock.| depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | DxB*: | | | | | | Dutchess------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Large stones, |Large | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | erodes easily.| stones, | slope. | piping. | | | | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Depth to | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | | rock. | depth to rock,| | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 309

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed | areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways ______| | | | | | | | | | | | DxC*: | | | | | | Dutchess------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Large | slope. | seepage, | no water. | | large stones, | stones, | | piping. | | | erodes easily.| slope, | | | | | | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock.| depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | FcB*: | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Droughty, | depth to rock.| piping. | no water. | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Galway------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, |Depth to | seepage, | piping. | no water. | slope. | wetness. | rock, | depth to rock,| | | | | droughty. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | FcC*, FcD*: | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| piping. | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope. | | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | no water. | slope. | depth to rock,| depth to | | | | | wetness. | rock, | | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | FeE*: | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| piping. | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope. | | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----| | | | | | | | | | | | Ff*: | | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | slow refill, | percs slowly, | too sandy, | droughty, | | piping, | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | percs slowly. | percs | | ponding. | | | | slowly. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 310 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed | areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways ______| | | | | | | | | | | | Ff*: | | | | | | Udifluvents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Droughty, | seepage. | seepage, | slow refill, | flooding. | too sandy, | percs | | piping, | cutbanks cave.| | percs slowly. | slowly. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Fr------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Frost action---|Wetness, |Wetness. Fredon | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| | too sandy. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | GfB*: | | | | | | Galway------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, |Depth to | seepage, | piping. | no water. | slope. | wetness. | rock, | depth to rock,| | | | | droughty. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Droughty, | depth to rock.| piping. | no water. | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | GfC*, GfD*: | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | no water. | slope. | depth to rock,| depth to | | | | | wetness. | droughty. | | | | | | rock, | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| piping. | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope. | | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | GlB*: | | | | | | Galway------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, |Depth to | seepage, | piping. | no water. | slope. | wetness. | rock, | depth to rock,| | | | | droughty. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Droughty, | depth to rock.| piping. | no water. | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | GlC*: | | | | | | Galway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | no water. | slope. | depth to rock,| depth to | | | | | wetness. | droughty. | | | | | | rock, | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 311

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | GlC*: | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| piping. | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope. | | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | GsA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Large stones, |Large Georgia | seepage. | piping. | no water. | frost action. | erodes easily.| stones, | | | | | | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | | GsB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Large stones, |Large Georgia | seepage, | piping. | no water. | frost action, | erodes easily.| stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | | GsC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Large Georgia | slope. | piping. | no water. | frost action, | large stones, | stones, | | | | slope. | erodes easily.| slope, | | | | | | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | | Ha------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Frost action, |Wetness, |Wetness. Halsey | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| cutbanks cave.| too sandy. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | HeA, HeB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Erodes easily, |Erodes Haven | seepage. | seepage. | no water. | | too sandy. | easily. | | | | | | Hf*: | | | | | | Haven------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Erodes easily, |Erodes | seepage. | seepage. | no water. | | too sandy. | easily. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | HoC*, HoD*, HoE*, | | | | | | HoF*: | | | | | | Hollis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| thin layer, | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope. | piping. | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Chatfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope. | piping. | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. Rock outcrop----| | | | | | | | | | | | HsA, HsB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Too sandy------|Droughty. Hoosic | seepage. | seepage. | no water. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 312 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- | Features affecting- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | HsC, HsD, HsE-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, Hoosic | seepage, | seepage. | no water. | | too sandy. | droughty. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | HtA, HtB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Too sandy------|Droughty. Hoosic | seepage. | seepage. | no water. | | | | | | | | | HuA*, HuB*: | | | | | | Hoosic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Too sandy------|Droughty. | seepage. | seepage. | no water. | | | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | HvB*: | | | | | | Hudson------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Erodes | slope. | hard to pack, | no water. | frost action, | wetness. | easily, | | wetness. | | slope. | | percs | | | | | | slowly. | | | | | | Vergennes------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | slope. | hard to pack, | slow refill. | slope. | wetness. | erodes | | wetness. | | | | easily. | | | | | | HvC*, HvD*, HvE*: | | | | | | Hudson------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | hard to pack, | no water. | frost action, | erodes easily,| erodes | | wetness. | | slope. | wetness. | easily, | | | | | | percs slowly. Vergennes------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, | slope. | hard to pack, | slow refill. | slope. | erodes easily,| slope, | | wetness. | | | wetness. | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | | Hy*: | | | | | | Hydraquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, | | | seepage. | seepage, | slow refill, | frost action, | | | | piping, | cutbanks cave.| cutbanks cave.| | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Medisaprists-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Subsides, |Wetness, |Wetness. | seepage. | excess humus, | slow refill. | frost action. | soil blowing. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Kn*: | | | | | | Kingsbury------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | hard to pack, | no water. | frost action. | wetness, | erodes | | wetness. | | | percs slowly. | percs | | | | | | slowly. | | | | | | Rhinebeck------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | wetness. | no water. | frost action. | wetness. | erodes | | | | | | easily. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 313

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | KrA, KrB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Too sandy------|Droughty. Knickerbocker | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | KrC, KrD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, Knickerbocker | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | too sandy. | droughty. | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | KuA*, KuB*: | | | | | | Knickerbocker----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Too sandy------|Droughty. | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Ln------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Linlithgo | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| frost action, | wetness, | erodes | | wetness. | | cutbanks cave.| too sandy. | easily. | | | | | | Lv------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Livingston | | hard to pack, | slow refill. | frost action. | wetness, | erodes | | wetness. | | | percs slowly. | easily, | | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | McC*: | | | | | | Macomber------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | seepage. | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | | | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| seepage. | no water. | | depth to rock.| depth to | slope. | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | MnA------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness. Massena | | piping, | slow refill. | frost action. | percs slowly. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | MnB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness. Massena | slope. | piping, | slow refill. | frost action, | percs slowly. | | | wetness. | | slope. | | | | | | | | NwB*: | | | | | | Nassu------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Large stones, |Large | depth to rock.| seepage, | no water. | | depth to rock.| stones, | | thin layer. | | | | droughty, | | | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 314 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | NwB*: | | | | | | Cardigan------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Depth to | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | | rock. | depth to rock,| | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***--| | | | | | | | | | | | NwC*, NwD*: | | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| seepage, | no water. | | large stones, | large | slope. | thin layer. | | | depth to rock.| stones, | | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | Cardigan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock.| depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| | no water. | | depth to rock.| depth to | slope. | | | | | rock. | | | | | | NxE*, NxF*: | | | | | | Nassau------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| seepage, | no water. | | large stones, | large | slope. | thin layer. | | | depth to rock.| stones, | | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----| | | | | | | | | | | | Pc------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Palms, maat<50 | seepage. | piping, | slow refill. | subsides, | ponding, | erodes | | ponding. | | frost action. | soil blowing. | easily, | | | | | | rooting | | | | | | depth. | | | | | | Pg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Not needed-----|Not needed. Pawling | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| wetness, | | | | wetness. | | poor outlets. | | | | | | | | Ps*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Large stones, |Large Pits, gravel | seepage. | seepage. | no water. | | too sandy. | stones, | | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | Pu*------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Depth to Pits, quarry | depth to rock.| | no water. | | | rock. | | | | | | PwB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Percs slowly, |Percs Pittstown | slope. | piping. | no water. | slope. | wetness. | slowly, | | | | | | wetness, | | | | | | rooting | | | | | | depth. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 315

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | PwC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, Pittstown | slope. | piping. | no water. | slope. | percs slowly, | percs | | | | | wetness. | slowly, | | | | | | rooting | | | | | | depth. | | | | | | PzA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, Punsit | seepage. | piping, | no water. | frost action. | percs slowly. | droughty. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | PzB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, Punsit | seepage, | piping, | no water. | frost action, | percs slowly. | droughty. | slope. | wetness. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Ra------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Raynham | seepage. | piping, | slow refill. | frost action. | wetness. | erodes | | wetness. | | | | easily. | | | | | | Sc------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Frost action---|Erodes easily, |Erodes Scio | seepage. | piping, | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | easily. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | SkB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Erodes easily, |Erodes Stockbridge | slope. | piping. | no water. | | percs slowly. | easily, | | | | | | percs | | | | | | slowly. | | | | | | SkC, SkD, SkE-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, Stockbridge | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily,| erodes | | | | | percs slowly. | easily, | | | | | | percs | | | | | | slowly. | | | | | | SmB*: | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Erodes easily, |Erodes | slope. | piping. | no water. | | percs slowly. | easily, | | | | | | percs | | | | | | slowly. | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Droughty, | depth to rock.| piping. | no water. | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | SmC*, SmD*: | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily,| erodes | | | | | percs slowly. | easily, | | | | | | percs | | | | | | slowly. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 316 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | SmC*, SmD*: | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| piping. | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope. | | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop**---| | | | | | | | | | | | SrB*: | | | | | | Stockbridge------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Erodes easily, |Erodes | slope. | piping. | no water. | | percs slowly. | easily, | | | | | | percs | | | | | | slowly. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | | | | | | | Su------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, Sun | | wetness. | slow refill. | frost action. | percs slowly. | rooting | | | | | | depth, | | | | | | percs | | | | | | slowly. | | | | | | TmD*: | | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| seepage. | no water. | | depth to rock.| depth to | slope. | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Macomber------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | seepage. | no water. | | depth to rock.| droughty, | | | | | | depth to | | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----| | | | | | | | | | | | TrE*, TrF*: | | | | | | Taconic------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock,| seepage. | no water. | | depth to rock.| depth to | slope. | | | | | rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop-----| | | | | | | | | | | | Ud*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Erodes easily, |Erodes Udorthents | seepage. | seepage, | slow refill. | | percs slowly. | easily, | | piping. | | | | droughty. | | | | | | Ue*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Udorthents | seepage. | seepage, | slow refill, | cutbanks cave.| wetness, | erodes | | piping, | cutbanks cave.| | too sandy. | easily, | | wetness. | | | | droughty. | | | | | | UnB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Erodes easily |Erodes Unadilla | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | | easily. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess County, New York 317

Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | ponds | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Not needed-----|Not needed. Wappinger | seepage. | piping. | cutbanks cave.| | | | | | | | | Wy------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Wayland | | piping, | slow refill. | percs slowly, | ponding, | erodes | | ponding. | | flooding. | percs slowly. | easily, | | | | | | percs ______| | | | | | slowly.

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. ** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the unit *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the unit. 318 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties

(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB, BeC, BeD,| | | | | | | | | | | | BeE------| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |65-95 |50-85 | 24-45 | 4-14 Bernardston | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | 8-27|Channery silt |ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-10 |65-95 |50-90 |45-90 |30-80 | 22-35 | 2-10 | | loam, silt | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |27-80|Channery silt |ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-10 |65-90 |50-85 |45-85 |30-75 | 20-32 | 2-8 | | loam, silt, | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BgB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Bernardston--| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |65-95 |50-85 | 24-45 | 4-14 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | 8-27|Channery silt |ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-10 |65-95 |50-90 |45-90 |30-80 | 22-35 | 2-10 | | loam, silt | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |27-80|Channery silt |ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-10 |65-90 |50-85 |45-85 |30-75 | 20-32 | 2-8 | | loam, silt | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land---| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Ca------| 0-6 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|70-95 | 20-40 | 5-15 Canandaigua | 6-40|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|70-95 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | very fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |40-72|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|70-95 | 20-30 | 3-10 | | very fine | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cc------| 0-80|Muck------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Carlisle | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB, ChC, ChD,| | | | | | | | | | | | ChE------| 0-8 |Loam------|SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-5 |85-95 |75-90 |50-85 |25-65 | <25 | NP-5 Charlton | 8-30|Fine sandy |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-15 |65-90 |60-90 |40-80 |20-65 | <25 | NP-3 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 319

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB, ChC, ChD,| | | | | | | | | | | | ChE------| | | | | | | | | | | | Charlton |30-72|Gravelly sandy|SM, GM |A-2, A-4 | --- | 5-25 |60-90 |55-85 |40-75 |20-45 | --- | NP | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ClC, ClD, ClE-| 0-8 |Very stony |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | --- |10-20 |75-95 |70-90 |60-85 |30-70 | <25 | NP-5 Charlton | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 8-30|Fine sandy |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-15 |65-90 |60-90 |50-80 |20-65 | <25 | NP-3 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |30-72|Fine sandy |SM, GM |A-2, A-4 | --- | 5-25 |60-90 |55-85 |40-75 |20-45 | --- | NP | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrB*, CrC*, | | | | | | | | | | | | CrD*, CrE*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Charlton----| 0-8 |Loam------|SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-5 |85-95 |75-90 |50-85 |25-65 | <25 | NP-5 | 8-30|Fine sandy |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-15 |65-90 |60-90 |40-80 |20-65 | <25 | NP-3 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |30-72|Gravelly sandy|SM, GM |A-2, A-4 | --- | 5-25 |60-90 |55-85 |40-75 |20-45 | --- | NP | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield---| 0-9 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-80 |25-65 | 10-20 | 1-6 | | loam. | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | 9-30|Silt loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0 | 0-10 |60-95 |55-90 |35-75 |15-75 | 10-20 | 1-6 | | gravelly | GM, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 320 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrB*, CrC*, | | | | | | | | | | | | CrD*, CrE*: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock | 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- outcrop** | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CtB*, CtC*, | | | | | | | | | | | | CtD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield---| 0-9 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-80 |25-65 | 10-20 | 1-6 | | loam. | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | 9-30|Silt loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0 | 0-10 |60-95 |55-90 |35-75 |15-75 | 10-20 | 1-6 | | gravelly | GM, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 0-3 |Loam------|SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-5 |85-100|75-95 |50-85 |25-65 | <25 | NP-5 | 3-15|Gravelly fine |SM, ML, GM|A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-15 |65-100|60-95 |40-80 |20-65 | <25 | NP-5 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock | 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- outcrop*** | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuA------| 0-6 |Gravelly silt |ML, SM, GM|A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-5 |60-80 |55-75 |40-70 |20-60 | <25 | NP-4 Copake | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 6-36|Gravelly loam,|ML, SM, GM|A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |60-95 |55-90 |40-85 |20-80 | <25 | NP-4 | | gravelly silt| | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |36-80|Stratified |GM, SM, |A-1 | --- | 0-20 |40-75 |30-70 |15-50 | 2-20 | --- | NP | | gravelly | GP, SP | | | | | | | | | | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sand to very | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuB------| 0-6 |Gravelly loam |ML, SM, GM|A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-5 |60-80 |55-75 |40-70 |20-60 | <25 | NP-4 Copake | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 6-36|Gravelly loam,|ML, SM, GM|A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |60-95 |55-90 |40-85 |20-80 | <25 | NP-4 | | gravelly silt| | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 321

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuB------|36-80|Stratified |GM, SM, |A-1 | --- | 0-20 |40-75 |30-70 |15-50 | 2-20 | --- | NP Copake | | gravelly | GP, SP | | | | | | | | | | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sand to very | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CuC, CuD, CuE-| 0-6 |Gravelly silt |ML, SM, GM|A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-5 |60-80 |55-75 |40-70 |20-60 | <25 | NP-4 Copake | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 6-36|Gravelly loam,|ML, SM, GM|A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |60-95 |55-90 |40-85 |20-80 | <25 | NP-4 | | gravelly silt| | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |36-80|Stratified |GM, SM, |A-1 | --- | 0-20 |40-75 |30-70 |15-50 | 2-20 | --- | NP | | gravelly | GP, SP | | | | | | | | | | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sand to very | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CwA, CwB------| 0-6 |Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-5 |60-80 |55-75 |40-70 |20-60 | <25 | NP-4 Copake | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 6-36|Channery loam,|ML, SM, GM|A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |60-95 |55-90 |40-85 |20-80 | <25 | NP-4 | | channery silt| | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |36-80|Stratified |GM, SM, |A-1 | --- | 0-20 |40-75 |30-70 |15-50 | 2-20 | --- | NP | | channery | GP, SP | | | | | | | | | | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sand to | | | | | | | | | | | | channery | | | | | | | | | | | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CxB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Copake------| 0-6 |Gravelly silt |ML, SM, GM|A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-5 |60-80 |55-75 |40-70 |20-60 | <25 | NP-4 | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 6-36|Gravelly loam,|ML, SM, GM|A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |60-95 |55-90 |40-85 |20-80 | <25 | NP-4 | | gravelly silt| | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |36-80|Stratified |GM, SM, |A-1 | --- | 0-20 |40-75 |30-70 |15-50 | 2-20 | --- | NP | | gravelly | GP, SP | | | | | | | | | | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sand to very | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land---| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 322 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuB, DuC, DuD-| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |95-100|90-95 |80-95 |55-85 | <33 | NP-4 Dutchess | 8-28|Silt loam, |ML, SM, GM|A-4 | 0 | 5-25 |70-100|65-95 |55-95 |40-85 | <33 | NP-4 | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |28-86|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-4, | 0 | 5-25 |55-80 |50-75 |30-75 |15-65 | <25 | NP-4 | | loam, very | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | | | | channery fine| | A-1-B | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DwB*, DwC*, | | | | | | | | | | | | DwD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess----| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |95-100|90-95 |80-95 |55-85 | <33 | NP-4 | 8-28|Silt loam, |ML, SM, GM|A-4 | 0 | 5-25 |70-100|65-95 |55-95 |40-85 | <33 | NP-4 | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |28-86|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-4, | 0 | 5-25 |55-80 |50-75 |30-75 |15-65 | <25 | NP-4 | | loam, very | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | | | | channery fine| | A-1-B | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan----| 0-8 |Channery silt |SM, ML |A-4 | --- | 0-5 |80-95 |70-95 |60-75 |35-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 8-20|Silt loam, |ML, SM |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |80-95 |70-95 |60-75 |35-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |20-30|Silt loam, |SM, ML |A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |80-95 |60-90 |40-75 |20-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam, | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 30 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxB*, DxC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess-----| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |95-100|90-95 |80-95 |55-85 | <33 | NP-4 | 8-28|Silt loam, |ML, SM, GM|A-4 | 0 | 5-25 |70-100|65-95 |55-95 |40-85 | <33 | NP-4 | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 323

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxB*, DxC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------|28-86|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-4, | 0 | 5-25 |55-80 |50-75 |30-75 |15-65 | <25 | NP-4 | | loam, very | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | | | | channery fine| | A-1-B | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan-----| 0-8 |Channery silt |SM, ML |A-4 | --- | 0-5 |80-95 |70-95 |60-75 |35-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 8-20|Silt loam, |ML, SM |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |80-95 |70-95 |60-75 |35-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |20-30|Silt loam, |SM, ML |A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |80-95 |60-90 |40-75 |20-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam, | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 30 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land---| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop | 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcB*, FcC*, | | | | | | | | | | | | FcD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington--| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-85 |30-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 7-15|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-95 |55-90 |35-85 |20-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | loam, very | GM, GC | A-6, A-1| | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 0-6 |Gravelly loam |ML, GM, SM|A-2, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-25 |55-80 |50-75 |45-75 |30-65 | 35-45 | 10-15 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | 6-30|Loam, silt |ML, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |60-95 |50-95 |35-90 |20-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | loam, | GM-GC, | A-1, A-6| | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |30-31|Gravelly loam,|GM, GW-GM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |20-90 |15-85 |10-85 | 5-75 | <20 | NP-3 | | very gravelly| ML, SP-SM| A-1, A-3| | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 324 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | FcB*, FcC*, | | | | | | | | | | | | FcD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Galway | | | | | | | | | | | | | 31 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock | 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- outcrop*** | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FeE*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington---| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-85 |30-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 7-15|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-95 |55-90 |35-85 |20-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | loam, very | GM, GC | A-6, A-1| | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop-| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ff*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents--| 0-5 |Silt loam-----|ML, SM, |A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-10 |60-100|55-100|30-100|10-90 | <25 | NP-15 | | | CL, GM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 5-72|Very gravelly |GM, ML, |A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-15 |35-100|30-100|15-100| 5-90 | <30 | NP-20 | | sand, | SC-SM, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Udifluvents--| 0-4 |Gravelly loam |ML, SM, |A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |60-80 |55-75 |30-75 |10-65 | <25 | NP-20 | | | CL, GM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 4-70|Very gravelly |GM, ML, |A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-15 |35-100|30-100|15-100| 5-90 | <30 | NP-20 | | sand, | SP, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fr------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|85-95 |75-90 |60-80 | 15-30 | NP-10 Fredon | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | 9-31|Loam, silt |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-2 |60-100|50-95 |30-85 |15-70 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | loam, | ML, CL | A-1 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 325

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | Fr------| | | | | | | | | | | | Fredon |31-70|Stratified |GP, GM, |A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-5 |30-90 |25-85 |10-60 | 0-35 | 10-20 | NP-5 | | very gravelly| GW, GW-GM| A-3 | | | | | | | | | | sand to loamy| | | | | | | | | | | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 0-6 |Gravelly loam |ML, GM, SM|A-2, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-25 |55-80 |50-75 |45-75 |30-65 | 35-45 | 10-15 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | 6-30|Loam, silt |ML, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |60-95 |50-95 |35-90 |20-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | loam, | GM-GC, | A-1, A-6| | | | | | | | | | gravelly | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |30-31|Gravelly loam,|GM, GW-GM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |20-90 |15-85 |10-85 | 5-75 | <20 | NP-3 | | very gravelly| ML, SP-SM| A-1, A-3| | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 31 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington---| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-85 |30-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 7-15|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-95 |55-90 |35-85 |20-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | loam, very | GM, GC | A-6, A-1| | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock------| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- outcrop** | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 0-6 |Gravelly loam |ML, GM, SM|A-2, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-25 |55-80 |50-75 |45-75 |30-65 | 35-45 | 10-15 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | 6-30|Loam, silt |ML, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |60-95 |50-95 |35-90 |20-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | loam, | GM-GC, | A-1, A-6| | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |30-31|Gravelly loam,|GM, GW-GM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |20-90 |15-85 |10-85 | 5-75 | <20 | NP-3 | | very gravelly| ML, SP-SM| A-1, A-3| | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 31 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 326 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington---| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-85 |30-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 7-15|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-95 |55-90 |35-85 |20-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | loam, | GM, GC | A-6, A-1| | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock | 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- outcrop**--| | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 0-6 |Gravelly loam |ML, GM, SM|A-2, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-25 |55-80 |50-75 |45-75 |30-65 | 35-45 | 10-15 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | 6-30|Loam, silt |ML, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |60-95 |50-95 |35-90 |20-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | loam, | GM-GC, | A-1, A-6| | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |30-31|Gravelly loam,|GM, GW-GM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |20-90 |15-85 |10-85 | 5-75 | <20 | NP-3 | | very gravelly| ML, SP-SM| A-1, A-3| | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 31 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington---| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-85 |30-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 7-15|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-95 |55-90 |35-85 |20-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | loam, | GM, GC | A-6, A-1| | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock | 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- outcrop**--| | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GlB*, GlC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 0-6 |Gravelly loam |ML, GM, SM|A-2, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-25 |55-80 |50-75 |45-75 |30-65 | 35-45 | 10-15 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | 6-30|Loam, silt |ML, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |60-95 |50-95 |35-90 |20-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | loam, | GM-GC, | A-1, A-6| | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 327

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | GlB*, GlC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| | | | | | | | | | | | |30-31|Gravelly loam,|GM, GW-GM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |20-90 |15-85 |10-85 | 5-75 | <20 | NP-3 | | very gravelly| ML, SP-SM| A-1, A-3| | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 31 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington---| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-85 |30-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 7-15|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-95 |55-90 |35-85 |20-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | loam, very | GM, GC | A-6, A-1| | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land---| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock | 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- outcrop**--| | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GsA, GsB, GsC-| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL, |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |90-100|85-100|70-100|50-90 | <30 | NP-10 Georgia | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | 8-27|Loam, silt |ML, SM, |A-4, A-2 | --- | 0-20 |50-100|45-100|30-95 |20-80 | <25 | NP-10 | | loam, very | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |27-80|Loam, very |ML, SM, |A-4, A-2 | --- | 0-20 |50-100|45-100|30-95 |20-80 | <25 | NP-10 | | gravelly fine| CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ha------| 0-9 |Mucky silt |ML, CL, SM|A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-2 |80-100|75-100|35-90 |25-90 | 20-30 | 3-10 Halsey | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 9-33|Loam, silt |SM, GC, |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-2 |65-100|50-100|35-90 |30-85 | 20-30 | 3-10 | | loam, | ML, CL | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |33-72|Stratified |SP, GP, |A-1, A-2,| --- | 5-10 |30-90 |25-85 |20-70 | 0-35 | --- | NP | | sandy loam to| GM, SM | A-3 | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 328 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeA, HeB------| 0-12|Loam------|ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-100|40-90 | <25 | NP-4 Haven |12-23|Gravelly loam,|ML, SM |A-4, A-2,| 0 | 0 |60-100|55-95 |40-95 |20-85 | <25 | NP-4 | | silt loam, | | A-1 | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |23-72|Stratified |SP, SW, |A-1, A-3,| --- | 0-20 |30-90 |25-85 |10-60 | 1-25 | <10 | NP | | loamy fine | GP, SM | A-2 | | | | | | | | | | sand to | | | | | | | | | | | | gravel. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hf*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Haven------| 0-12|Loam------|ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-100|40-90 | <25 | NP-4 |12-23|Gravelly loam,|ML, SM |A-4, A-2,| 0 | 0 |60-100|55-95 |40-95 |20-85 | <25 | NP-4 | | silt loam, | | A-1 | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |23-72|Stratified |SP, SW, |A-1, A-3,| --- | 0-20 |30-90 |25-85 |10-60 | 1-25 | <10 | NP | | loamy fine | GP, SM | A-2 | | | | | | | | | | sand to | | | | | | | | | | | | gravel. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land---| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | HoC*, HoD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 0-3 |Loam------|SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-5 |85-100|75-95 |50-85 |25-65 | <25 | NP-5 | 3-15|Gravelly fine |SM, ML, GM|A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-15 |65-100|60-95 |40-80 |20-65 | <25 | NP-5 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield----| 0-9 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-80 |25-65 | 10-20 | 1-6 | | loam. | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | 9-30|Silt loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0 | 0-10 |60-95 |55-90 |35-75 |15-75 | 10-20 | 1-6 | | gravelly | GM, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop-| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 329

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoE*, HoF*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 0-3 |Loam------|SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-5 |85-100|75-95 |50-85 |25-65 | <25 | NP-5 | 3-15|Gravelly fine |SM, ML, GM|A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-15 |65-100|60-95 |40-80 |20-65 | <25 | NP-5 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield----| 0-9 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-80 |25-65 | 10-20 | 1-6 | | loam. | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | 9-30|Silt loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0 | 0-10 |60-95 |55-90 |35-75 |15-75 | 10-20 | 1-6 | | gravelly | GM, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 30 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop-| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsA, HsB, HsC,| | | | | | | | | | | | HsD, HsE-----| 0-9 |Gravelly loam |GM, SM, ML|A-1, A-2,| 0 | 5-10 |55-80 |50-70 |30-70 |15-60 | 30-45 | 2-10 Hoosic | | | | A-4, A-5| | | | | | | | | 9-24|Gravelly sandy|GM, SM, |A-1, A-2,| 0 | 5-10 |40-75 |35-65 |20-60 |10-45 | 20-30 | 2-8 | | loam, very | GP-GM, | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | SP-SM | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |24-70|Very gravelly |GM, GP, |A-1 | 0 |10-15 |30-65 |25-50 |15-40 | 2-20 | --- | NP | | sand, very | SP, SM | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HtA, HtB------| 0-9 |Channery loam |GM, SM, ML|A-1, A-2,| --- | 5-10 |55-80 |50-70 |30-70 |15-60 | 30-45 | 2-10 Hoosic | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 9-24|Gravelly sandy|GM, SM, |A-1, A-2,| --- | 5-10 |40-75 |35-65 |20-60 |10-45 | 20-30 | 2-8 | | loam, very | GP-GM, | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | channery | SP-SM | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 330 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | HtA, HtB-----|24-70|Very gravelly |GM, GP, |A-1 | --- |10-15 |35-65 |30-50 |15-40 | 2-20 | --- | NP Hoosic----- | | sand, very | SP, SM | | | | | | | | | | | channery | | | | | | | | | | | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | | channery | | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HuA*, HuB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hoosic------| 0-9 |Gravelly loam |GM, SM, ML|A-1, A-2,| 0 | 5-10 |55-80 |50-70 |30-70 |15-60 | 30-45 | 2-10 | | | | A-4, A-5| | | | | | | | | 9-24|Gravelly sandy|GM, SM, |A-1, A-2,| 0 | 5-10 |40-75 |35-65 |20-60 |10-45 | 20-30 | 2-8 | | loam, very | GP-GM, | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | SP-SM | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |24-70|Very gravelly |GM, GP, |A-1 | 0 |10-15 |30-65 |25-50 |15-40 | 2-20 | --- | NP | | sand, very | SP, SM | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land---| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | HvB*, HvC*, | | | | | | | | | | | | HvD*, HvE*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hudson------| 0-12|Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 25-48 | 5-19 | | | OL, CL | A-7 | | | | | | | | |12-18|Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|80-100| 35-65 | 15-35 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |18-25|Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|80-100| 35-65 | 15-35 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |25-72|Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|60-100| 35-65 | 15-35 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Vergennes---| 0-11|Silty clay |MH, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 40-80 | 20-40 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |11-28|Clay------|MH, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|75-100| 50-80 | 20-45 |28-37|Clay------|MH, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 50-80 | 20-45 |37-80|Clay------|MH, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 50-80 | 20-45 | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 331

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hy*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hydraquents--| 0-9 |Mucky silty |CL |A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-90 | 30-50 | 15-30 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 9-70|Gravelly loamy|ML, CL, SM|A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-10 |60-100|55-100|30-100|15-90 | 10-50 | NP-30 | | sand, silt | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Medisaprists-| 0-70|Mucky-peat----|PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Kn*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Kingsbury----| 0-14|Silty clay |ML, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-95 | 40-55 | 11-20 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |14-38|Clay------|MH, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| 50-65 | 21-35 |38-72|Clay, silty |MH, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 50-65 | 21-35 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rhinebeck----| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML, MH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-100|60-90 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | CL, CH | | | | | | | | | | 9-31|Silty clay |CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|80-100|70-100| 30-55 | 15-30 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |31-72|Silty clay |CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|80-100|70-100| 30-55 | 15-30 | | loam, clay, | | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KrA, KrB, KrC,| | | | | | | | | | | | KrD------| 0-10|Fine sandy |SM, ML |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-85 |20-55 | --- | NP Knickerbocke| | loam. | | A-1-B | | | | | | | | |10-19|Fine sandy |SM, ML |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-85 |20-55 | --- | NP | | loam, sandy | | A-1-B | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |19-30|Loamy fine |SP-SM, SM |A-1-B, | 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-75 |10-30 | --- | NP | | sand, loamy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | |30-72|Loamy fine |SP-SM, SM |A-1, | 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-75 | 5-15 | --- | NP | | sand, loamy | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | | | | sand, sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KuA*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Knickerbocker| 0-10|Fine sandy |SM, ML |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-85 |20-55 | --- | NP | | loam. | | A-1-B | | | | | | | | |10-19|Fine sandy |SM, ML |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-85 |20-55 | --- | NP | | loam, sandy | | A-1-B | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |19-30|Loamy fine |SP-SM, SM |A-1-B, | 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-75 |10-30 | --- | NP | | sand, loamy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | |30-72|Loamy fine |SP-SM, SM |A-1, | 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-75 | 5-15 | --- | NP | | sand, loamy | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | | | | sand, sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 332 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | KuA*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land---| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | KuB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Knickerbocker| 0-10|Fine sandy |SM, ML |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-85 |20-55 | --- | NP | | loam. | | A-1-B | | | | | | | | |10-19|Fine sandy |SM, ML |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-85 |20-55 | --- | NP | | loam, sandy | | A-1-B | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |19-32|Loamy fine |SP-SM, SM |A-1-B, | 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-75 |10-30 | --- | NP | | sand, loamy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | |32-72|Loamy fine |SP-SM, SM |A-1, | 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-75 | 5-15 | --- | NP | | sand, loamy | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | | | | sand, sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land---| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Ln------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML |A-4, A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|60-90 | 35-45 | 5-15 Linlithgo | 9-21|Silt loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|70-100|60-100|35-90 | 20-30 | 5-15 | | loam, | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |21-72|Loamy sand, |SM, SW-SM,|A-1 | 0 | 0-10 |30-90 |25-85 |15-60 | 5-25 | --- | NP | | very gravelly| GM, GW-GM| | | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loamy coarse | | | | | | | | | | | | sand, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lv------| 0-8 |Silty clay |MH, ML |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 40-85 | 10-40 Livingston | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 8-30|Clay------|MH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| 50-85 | 20-40 |30-38|Clay------|MH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| 50-85 | 20-40 |38-72|Clay------|MH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| 50-85 | 20-40 | | | | | | | | | | | | McC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Macomber-----| 0-4 |Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| --- | 0-15 |55-80 |50-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | 4-24|Very channery |GM, GM-GC,|A-1, A-2,| --- | 5-15 |30-55 |25-50 |20-50 |15-45 | 15-30 | 3-15 | | silt loam, | GC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | very channery| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | | channery | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 24 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 0-3 |Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-15 |55-80 |50-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 333

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | McC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 3-12|Very channery |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-1 | 5-15 |30-60 |25-55 |20-55 |15-50 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | silt loam, | GM-GC | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | | very channery| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 12 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 15-30 | 3-15 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock | 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- outcrop***--| | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnA, MnB------| 0-7 |Silt loam-----|CL, SC |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |80-95 |75-90 |65-90 |45-80 | 35-45 | 12-20 Massena | 7-33|Gravelly fine |GC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-5 |55-95 |50-90 |35-85 |15-65 | 15-25 | 5-15 | | sandy loam, | CL-ML, | A-2, A-1| | | | | | | | | | gravelly | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |33-72|Fine sandy |GC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-5 |40-95 |35-90 |20-85 |10-65 | 15-25 | 5-15 | | loam, | SC, CL-ML| A-2, A-1| | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Nassu------| 0-5 |Channery silt |ML, GM, SM|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 5-20 |55-85 |45-80 |30-75 |25-70 | 25-37 | 1-10 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 5-16|Very channery |GM, GM-GC |A-2, A-4,| 0 |10-25 |30-60 |25-55 |20-55 |15-50 | 20-35 | 1-10 | | silt loam, | | A-1 | | | | | | | | | | very channery| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 16 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan-----| 0-8 |Channery silt |SM, ML |A-4 | --- | 0-5 |80-95 |70-95 |60-75 |35-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 8-20|Silt loam, |ML, SM |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |80-95 |70-95 |60-75 |35-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |20-30|Silt loam, |SM, ML |A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |80-95 |60-90 |40-75 |20-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam, | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 30 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock | 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- outcrop***--| | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 334 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwC*, NwD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Nassau------| 0-5 |Channery silt |ML, GM, SM|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 5-20 |55-85 |45-80 |30-75 |25-70 | 25-37 | 1-10 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 5-16|Very channery |GM, GM-GC |A-2, A-4,| 0 |10-25 |30-60 |25-55 |20-55 |15-50 | 20-35 | 1-10 | | silt loam, | | A-1 | | | | | | | | | | very channery| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 16 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan-----| 0-8 |Channery silt |SM, ML |A-4 | --- | 0-5 |80-95 |70-95 |60-75 |35-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 8-20|Silt loam, |ML, SM |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |80-95 |70-95 |60-75 |35-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |20-30|Silt loam, |SM, ML |A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |80-95 |60-90 |40-75 |20-70 | <33 | NP-5 | | loam, | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | channery silt| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 30 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop-| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NxE*, NxF*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Nassau------| 0-5 |Channery silt |ML, GM, SM|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 5-20 |55-85 |45-80 |30-75 |25-70 | 25-37 | 1-10 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 5-16|Very channery |GM, GM-GC |A-2, A-4,| 0 |10-25 |30-60 |25-55 |20-55 |15-50 | 20-35 | 1-10 | | silt loam, | | A-1 | | | | | | | | | | very channery| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 16 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop-| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pc------| 0-12|Muck------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Palms, |12-30|Muck------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- maat<50 |30-80|Clay loam, |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |85-100|60-100|35-95 |15-90 | 20-45 | 5-20 | | silty clay | SC, SC-SM| A-7, A-2| | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | Pg------| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|CL-ML, ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |55-80 | 20-30 | 3-10 Pawling | | | CL | | | | | | | | | | 8-33|Silt loam, |SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |35-80 | 20-30 | 3-10 | | loam, fine | CL-ML, SC| | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 335

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pg------| | | | | | | | | | | | Pawling |33-72|Gravelly loamy|GW, GP, |A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-5 |25-80 |20-75 |10-55 | 0-20 | --- | NP | | sand, very | SW, SP | A-3 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sand, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ps*------| 0-6 |Extremely |GP, GW |A-1 | --- | 0-25 |10-25 | 5-25 | 0-15 | 0-5 | --- | NP Pits, gravel | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | 6-60|Extremely |GP, GW, |A-1 | --- | 0-25 |10-55 | 5-50 | 0-15 | 0-5 | --- | NP | | gravelly | SP, SW | | | | | | | | | | | sand, | | | | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | coarse sand, | | | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pu*------| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pits, quarry | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PwB, PwC------| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| --- | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |65-95 |50-85 | 25-45 | 4-15 Pittstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | 8-22|Silt loam, |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-15 |65-95 |60-90 |50-90 |30-80 | 20-35 | 2-10 | | channery | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |22-80|Channery silt |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-15 |60-95 |55-85 |45-85 |30-75 | 20-30 | 2-10 | | loam, | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | channery | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PzA, PzB------| 0-6 |Silt loam-----|ML |A-4 | --- | 0-5 |90-100|85-95 |75-95 |60-85 | 20-35 | NP-10 Punsit | 6-17|Loam, silt |ML, GM, SM|A-4 | --- | 0-5 |65-100|60-95 |50-95 |40-85 | 20-35 | NP-10 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |17-80|Loam, silt |ML, GM, SM|A-4 | --- | 0-10 |55-90 |50-85 |40-80 |35-75 | 15-30 | NP-7 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ra------| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|55-95 | <25 | NP-5 Raynham | 8-30|Silt loam, |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|55-95 | <25 | NP-5 | | silt, very | | | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |30-80|Silt loam, |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|70-95 | <25 | NP-5 | | silt, very | | | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 336 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sc------| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-90 | <20 | NP-4 Scio | 8-34|Silt loam, |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-90 | <20 | NP-4 | | very fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |34-72|Stratified |ML, SM, |A-4, A-2,| 0 | 0 |35-95 |30-90 |15-85 | 2-80 | <10 | NP-4 | | very gravelly| SP, GP-GM| A-1, A-3| | | | | | | | | | sand to silt | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SkB, SkC, SkD,| | | | | | | | | | | | SkE------| 0-6 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |80-95 |75-90 |65-85 |50-75 | 20-40 | 3-12 Stockbridge | 6-23|Loam, silt |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |70-95 |65-90 |60-85 |50-75 | 20-40 | 3-12 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |23-80|Gravelly loam,|ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-10 |50-90 |35-85 |30-80 |25-75 | 15-40 | NP-12 | | silt loam, | SM, GM | | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmB*, SmC*, | | | | | | | | | | | | SmD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-| 0-6 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |80-95 |75-90 |65-85 |50-75 | 20-40 | 3-12 | 6-23|Loam, silt |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |70-95 |65-90 |60-85 |50-75 | 20-40 | 3-12 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |23-80|Gravelly loam,|ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-10 |50-90 |35-85 |30-80 |25-75 | 15-40 | NP-12 | | silt loam, | SM, GM | | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington--| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |50-85 |30-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 7-15|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-95 |55-90 |35-85 |20-80 | 20-35 | 3-15 | | loam, very | GM, GC | A-6, A-1| | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock | 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- outcrop**--| | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SrB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge--| 0-6 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |80-95 |75-90 |65-85 |50-75 | 20-40 | 3-12 | 6-23|Loam, silt |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |70-95 |65-90 |60-85 |50-75 | 20-40 | 3-12 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |23-80|Gravelly loam,|ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-10 |50-90 |35-85 |30-80 |25-75 | 15-40 | NP-12 | | silt loam, | SM, GM | | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land---| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 337

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | Su------| 0-4 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML,|A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|45-95 |20-85 | <10 | NP-5 Sun | | | SM, SC-SM| A-4 | | | | | | | | | 4-22|Gravelly fine |GM, ML, |A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-5 |55-95 |50-90 |30-85 |15-65 | <10 | NP-5 | | sandy loam, | SM, SC-SM| A-4 | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |22-80|Gravelly fine |GM, GM-GC,|A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-5 |45-75 |40-70 |25-65 |15-50 | <10 | NP-5 | | sandy loam, | SM, SC-SM| A-4 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 0-3 |Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-15 |55-80 |50-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | 3-12|Very channery |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-1 | 5-15 |30-60 |25-55 |20-55 |15-50 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | silt loam, | GM-GC | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | | very channery| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 12 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 15-30 | 3-15 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Macomber-----| 0-4 |Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| --- | 0-15 |55-80 |50-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | 4-24|Very channery |GM, GM-GC,|A-1, A-2,| --- | 5-15 |30-55 |25-50 |20-50 |15-45 | 15-30 | 3-15 | | silt loam, | GC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | very channery| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 24 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop-| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TrE*, TrF*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 0-3 |Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-15 |55-80 |50-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | 3-12|Very channery |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-1 | 5-15 |30-60 |25-55 |20-55 |15-50 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | silt loam, | GM-GC | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | | very channery| | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 12 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 15-30 | 3-15 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop-| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 338 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud*------| 0-4 |Loam------|SM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| --- | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|55-100|30-95 | <45 | NP-15 Udorthents | | | CL, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 4-70|Very gravelly |GM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-10 |35-100|30-100|20-100|10-95 | <45 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | | channery | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ue*------| 0-4 |Loam------|SM, ML |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|40-100| 5-95 | 10-45 | NP-15 Udorthents | | | | A-6, A-3| | | | | | | | | 4-72|Very gravelly |GM, ML |A-1, A-2,| 0-1 | 0-15 |35-100|30-100|20-100| 5-95 | 10-45 | NP-15 | | loamy sand, | | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | | channery | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnB------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-90 | <35 | NP-10 Unadilla | 9-70|Silt loam, |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-90 | <25 | NP-10 | | very fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur*------| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We------| 0-9 |Loam------|CL-ML, ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |55-80 | 20-30 | 3-10 Wappinger | | | CL | | | | | | | | | | 9-33|Loam, fine |CL-ML, ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |35-80 | 20-30 | 3-10 | | sandy loam, | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | |33-37|Sandy loam, |CL-ML, ML,|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|50-85 |25-55 | 20-30 | 3-10 | | fine sandy | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |37-72|Very gravelly |GW, GP, |A-1, A-2,| --- | 0-3 |25-80 |20-75 |10-55 | 0-20 | --- | NP | | sand, | SW, SP | A-3 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sand, | | | | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wy------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML, OL |A-7, A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-95 | 40-50 | 5-15 Wayland | 9-80|Silt loam, |ML, CL-ML,|A-6, A-7,| 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-95 | 25-45 | 5-15 | | silty clay | CL | A-7, A-4| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. ** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 339

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)

______| | | | | | | | Erosion| Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______| | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____G/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | |Pct___ | | | | | | | | | BeB, BeC, BeD, | | | | | | | | | | BeE------| 0-8 | 2-12|1.00-1.15| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 2-5 Bernardston | 8-27| 2-12|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |27-80| 1-12|1.75-1.90| 0.06-0.2 |0.07-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | BgB*: | | | | | | | | | | Bernardston-----| 0-8 | 2-12|1.00-1.15| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 2-5 | 8-27| 2-12|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |27-80| 1-12|1.75-1.90| 0.06-0.2 |0.07-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| | | | | | | | | | | Ca------| 0-6 |18-35|1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.22|6.1-7.8 |Low------|0.49| 5 | 4-15 Canandaigua | 6-40|18-35|1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.49| | |40-72|18-45|1.15-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.21|6.1-7.3 |Low------|0.49| | | | | | | | | | | | Cc------| 0-80| --- |0.13-0.23| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|4.5-7.3 |------|----| 5 | >70 Carlisle | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB, ChC, ChD, | | | | | | | | | | ChE------| 0-8 | 3-8 |1.00-1.25| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.23|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-5 Charlton | 8-30| 3-8 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | |30-72| 1-8 |1.45-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | ClC, ClD, ClE----| 0-8 | 3-8 |1.00-1.25| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.23|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 3 | --- Charlton | 8-30| 3-8 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | |30-72| 1-8 |1.45-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | CrB*, CrC*, CrD*,| | | | | | | | | | CrE*: | | | | | | | | | | Charlton------| 0-8 | 3-8 |1.00-1.25| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.23|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-5 | 8-30| 3-8 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | |30-72| 1-8 |1.45-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 0-9 | 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-10 | 9-30| 7-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | 30 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**-| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | CtB*, CtC*, CtD*:| | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 0-9 | 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-10 | 9-30| 7-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | 30 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 0-3 | 3-10|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 1 | 2-5 | 3-15| 1-8 |1.30-1.55| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 340 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion| Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____G/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | CtB*, CtC*, CtD*:| | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***-| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | CuA, CuB, CuC, | | | | | | | | | | CuD, CuE, CwA, | | | | | | | | | | CwB------| 0-6 | 4-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-5 Copake | 6-36| 4-18|1.25-1.55| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.24| | |36-80| 1-10|1.45-1.70| >20 |0.01-0.06|6.1-8.4 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | CxB*: | | | | | | | | | | Copake------| 0-6 | 4-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-5 | 6-36| 4-18|1.25-1.55| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.24| | |36-80| 1-10|1.45-1.70| >20 |0.01-0.06|6.1-8.4 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | DuB, DuC, DuD----| 0-8 | 4-10|1.00-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 3-8 Dutchess | 8-28| 4-10|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |28-86| 4-10|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | DwB*, DwC*, DwD*:| | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------| 0-8 | 4-10|1.00-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 3-8 | 8-28| 4-10|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |28-86| 4-10|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| 0-8 | 8-18|1.00-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 2 | 3-8 | 8-20| 8-18|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |20-30| 4-16|1.50-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | | 30 | --- | --- | 0.0-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | DxB*, DxC*: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------| 0-8 | 4-10|1.00-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 3-8 | 8-28| 4-10|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |28-86| 4-10|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| 0-8 | 8-18|1.00-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 2 | 3-8 | 8-20| 8-18|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |20-30| 4-16|1.50-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | | 30 | --- | --- | 0.0-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | FcB*, FcC*, FcD*:| | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| 0-7 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.19|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 2 | 2-6 | 7-15|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 0-6 | 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.16|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-6 | 6-30| 5-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.19|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.24| | |30-31| 3-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.14|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 341

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion| Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____G/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | FcB*, FcC*, FcD*:| | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***-| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | FeE*: | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| 0-7 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.19|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 2 | 2-6 | 7-15|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | Ff*: | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents-----| 0-5 | 5-28|1.10-1.50| 0.2-20 |0.06-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 0-5 | 5-72| 2-35|1.20-1.60| 0.06-20 |0.03-0.16|4.5-8.4 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Udifluvents-----| 0-4 | 5-28|1.10-1.50| 0.2-20 |0.03-0.15|4.5-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 0-3 | 4-70| 2-35|1.20-1.70| 0.06-20 |0.03-0.16|4.5-8.4 |Low------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Fr------| 0-9 | 7-20|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 3-5 Fredon | 9-31| 7-20|1.20-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.12-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.32| | |31-70| 2-10|1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.06|5.6-8.4 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | GfB*: | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 0-6 | 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.16|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-6 | 6-30| 5-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.19|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.24| | |30-31| 3-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.14|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| 0-7 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.19|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 2 | 2-6 | 7-15|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | GfC*: | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 0-6 | 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.16|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-6 | 6-30| 5-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.19|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.24| | |30-31| 3-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.14|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| 0-7 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.19|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 2 | 2-6 | 7-15|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | GfD*: | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 0-6 | 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.16|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-6 | 6-30| 5-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.19|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.24| | |30-31| 3-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.14|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| 0-7 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.19|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 2 | 2-6 | 7-15|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 342 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion| Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____G/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | GfD*: | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | GlB*, GlC*: | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| 0-6 | 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.16|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-6 | 6-30| 5-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.19|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.24| | |30-31| 3-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.14|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| 0-7 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.19|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 2 | 2-6 | 7-15|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | GsA, GsB, GsC----| 0-8 | 7-18|1.00-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 3-8 Georgia | 8-27| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| | |27-80|10-18|1.60-1.80| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Ha------| 0-9 | 7-25|0.50-1.00| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.30|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 10-25 Halsey | 9-33| 7-25|1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| | |33-72| 2-10|1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.07|6.1-8.4 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | HeA, HeB------| 0-12| 5-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.25|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 2-6 Haven |12-23| 2-18|1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | |23-72| 0-3 |1.45-1.65| >20 |0.01-0.03|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | Hf*: | | | | | | | | | | Haven------| 0-12| 5-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.25|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 2-6 |12-23| 2-18|1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | |23-72| 0-3 |1.45-1.65| >20 |0.01-0.03|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | HoC*, HoD*: | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 0-3 | 3-10|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 1 | 2-5 | 3-15| 1-8 |1.30-1.55| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 0-9 | 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-10 | 9-30| 7-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | 30 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | HoE*, HoF*: | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| 0-3 | 3-10|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 1 | 2-5 | 3-15| 1-8 |1.30-1.55| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| 0-9 | 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-10 | 9-30| 7-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | 30 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 343

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion| Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____G/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | HsA, HsB, HsC, | | | | | | | | | | HsD, HsE, HtA, | | | | | | | | | | HtB------| 0-9 | 1-10|1.10-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 3 | 2-6 Hoosic | 9-24| 1-10|1.25-1.55| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | |24-70| 0-5 |1.45-1.65| >20 |0.01-0.05|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | HuA*, HuB*: | | | | | | | | | | Hoosic------| 0-9 | 1-10|1.10-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 3 | 2-6 | 9-24| 1-10|1.25-1.55| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | |24-70| 0-5 |1.45-1.65| >20 |0.01-0.05|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | HvB*, HvC*, HvD*,| | | | | | | | | | HvE*: | | | | | | | | | | Hudson------| 0-12|20-40|1.00-1.25| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.49| 3 | 3-6 |12-18|35-60|1.15-1.40| <0.2 |0.13-0.17|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |18-25|25-60|1.15-1.40| <0.2 |0.13-0.17|5.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |25-72|35-60|1.15-1.40| <0.2 |0.12-0.20|6.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------| 0-11|27-90|1.25-1.55| 0.06-0.6 |0.11-0.21|4.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.49| 3 | 2-6 |11-28|60-90|1.10-1.40| <0.2 |0.09-0.11|4.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.49| | |28-37|60-90|1.10-1.40| <0.2 |0.09-0.11|5.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.49| | |37-80|60-90|1.20-1.50| <0.06 |0.08-0.10|7.9-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.49| | | | | | | | | | | | Hy*: | | | | | | | | | | Hydraquents-----| 0-9 |25-50|1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.22|4.5-7.3 |High------|0.43| 3 | 2-20 | 9-70| 5-50|1.10-1.70| 0.06-20 |0.03-0.21|4.5-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Medisaprists----| 0-70| --- |0.30-0.60| 0.2-20 |0.35-0.45|4.5-7.3 |Low------|----| 5 | 50-95 | | | | | | | | | | Kn*: | | | | | | | | | | Kingsbury------| 0-14|27-50|1.10-1.25| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.22|5.1-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.49| 3 | 3-9 |14-38|60-90|1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.12-0.13|5.1-7.8 |High------|0.28| | |38-72|35-90|1.40-1.50| <0.06 |0.12-0.14|7.9-8.4 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Rhinebeck------| 0-9 |15-40|1.00-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.21|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.49| 3 | 3-7 | 9-31|35-60|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14|5.1-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |31-72|35-60|1.15-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14|6.1-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | KrA, KrB, KrC, | | | | | | | | | | KrD------| 0-10| 5-12|1.10-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 3 | 4-6 Knickerbocker |10-19| 5-12|1.25-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | |19-30| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| >6.0 |0.06-0.08|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | |30-72| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| >6.0 |0.03-0.08|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | KuA*: | | | | | | | | | | Knickerbocker---| 0-10| 5-12|1.10-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 3 | 4-6 |10-19| 5-12|1.25-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | |19-30| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| >6.0 |0.06-0.08|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | |30-72| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| >6.0 |0.03-0.08|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 344 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion| Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____G/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | KuA*: | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | KuB*: | | | | | | | | | | Knickerbocker---| 0-10| 5-12|1.10-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 3 | 4-6 |10-19| 5-12|1.25-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | |19-32| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| >6.0 |0.06-0.08|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | |32-72| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| >6.0 |0.03-0.08|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | Ln------| 0-9 |18-27|1.15-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.49| 4 | 2-6 Linlithgo | 9-21|18-27|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.49| | |21-72| 0-10|1.50-1.60| 2.0-20.0 |0.01-0.06|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | Lv------| 0-8 |35-90|1.10-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.11-0.23|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.49| 3 | 4-16 Livingston | 8-30|60-90|1.30-1.45| <0.2 |0.09-0.11|5.1-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.49| | |30-38|60-90|1.30-1.45| <0.2 |0.09-0.11|6.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.49| | |38-72|60-90|1.30-1.50| <0.2 |0.08-0.10|7.4-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.49| | | | | | | | | | | | McC*: | | | | | | | | | | Macomber------| 0-4 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-6 | 4-24|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 0-3 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 2 | 2-6 | 3-12|10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 12 | --- |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***-| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | MnA, MnB------| 0-7 | 8-22|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 3-8 Massena | 7-33| 7-18|1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.15|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.20| | |33-72| 7-18|1.70-1.95| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.14|6.6-8.4 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | NwB*: | | | | | | | | | | Nassu------| 0-5 | 1-10|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 2 | 3-5 | 5-16| 1-10|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | 16 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| 0-8 | 8-18|1.00-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 2 | 3-8 | 8-20| 8-18|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |20-30| 4-16|1.50-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | | 30 | --- | --- | 0.0-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***-| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | NwC*, NwD*: | | | | | | | | | | Nassau------| 0-5 | 1-10|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 2 | 3-5 | 5-16| 1-10|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | 16 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 345

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion| Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____G/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | NwC*, NwD*: | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| 0-8 | 8-18|1.00-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 2 | 3-8 | 8-20| 8-18|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |20-30| 4-16|1.50-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | | 30 | --- | --- | 0.0-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***-| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | NxE*, NxF*: | | | | | | | | | | Nassau------| 0-5 | 1-10|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 2 | 3-5 | 5-16| 1-10|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | 16 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | Pc------| 0-12| --- |0.30-0.40| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|5.1-7.8 |------|----| 5 | >75 Palms, maat<50 |12-30| --- |0.15-0.30| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|5.1-7.8 |------|----| | |30-80| 7-35|1.45-1.75| 0.2-2.0 |0.14-0.22|6.1-8.4 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | Pg------| 0-8 | 6-18|1.15-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.21|5.1-6.0 |Low------|0.49| 3 | 4-6 Pawling | 8-33| 6-18|1.15-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.17|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.49| | |33-72| 1-8 |1.25-1.55| 2.0-20 |0.01-0.11|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | Ps*------| 0-6 | 0-1 | --- | >6.0 |0.01-0.02| --- |Low------|0.02|---| <.1 Pits, gravel | 6-60| 0-1 | --- | >6.0 |0.01-0.02| --- |Low------|0.02| | | | | | | | | | | | Pu*------| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- Pits, quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PwB, PwC------| 0-8 | 2-12|1.00-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 2-6 Pittstown | 8-22| 2-12|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |22-80| 2-12|1.70-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | PzA, PzB------| 0-6 | 1-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-6.5 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 2-6 Punsit | 6-17| 1-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.19|5.6-6.5 |Low------|0.20| | |17-80| 1-18|1.70-1.95| 0.06-0.2 |0.01-0.06|5.6-6.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | Ra------| 0-8 | 3-16|1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.18-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.49| 3 | 3-10 Raynham | 8-30| 3-16|1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.18-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.64| | |30-80| 3-16|1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.17-0.21|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.64| | | | | | | | | | | | Sc------| 0-8 | 2-15|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.21|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.49| 3 | 2-8 Scio | 8-34| 2-15|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | |34-72| 0-5 |1.45-1.65| 2.0-20 |0.02-0.19|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | SkB, SkC, SkD, | | | | | | | | | | SkE------| 0-6 | 5-18|1.00-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 2-6 Stockbridge | 6-23| 5-18|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.22|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.37| | |23-80| 3-18|1.60-1.85| 0.06-0.6 |0.07-0.17|5.6-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | SmB*, SmC*, SmD*:| | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-----| 0-6 | 5-18|1.00-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 2-6 | 6-23| 5-18|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.22|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.37| | |23-80| 3-18|1.60-1.85| 0.06-0.6 |0.07-0.17|5.6-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 346 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion| Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____G/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | SmB*, SmC*, SmD*:| | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| 0-7 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.19|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 2 | 2-6 | 7-15|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | SrB*: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-----| 0-6 | 5-18|1.00-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 2-6 | 6-23| 5-18|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.22|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.37| | |23-80| 3-18|1.60-1.85| 0.06-0.6 |0.07-0.17|5.6-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | Su------| 0-4 | 5-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.21|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 3-15 Sun | 4-22| 5-18|1.20-1.50| <0.2 |0.08-0.15|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.20| | |22-80| 5-18|1.55-1.75| <0.2 |0.06-0.12|6.6-8.4 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | TmD*: | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 0-3 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 2 | 2-6 | 3-12|10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 12 | --- |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | Macomber------| 0-4 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-6 | 4-24|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | SrB*: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-----| 0-6 | 5-18|1.00-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 2-6 | 6-23| 5-18|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.22|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.37| | |23-80| 3-18|1.60-1.85| 0.06-0.6 |0.07-0.17|5.6-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | Su------| 0-4 | 5-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.21|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 3-15 Sun | 4-22| 5-18|1.20-1.50| <0.2 |0.08-0.15|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.20| | |22-80| 5-18|1.55-1.75| <0.2 |0.06-0.12|6.6-8.4 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | TmD*: | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 0-3 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 2 | 2-6 | 3-12|10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 12 | --- |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | Macomber------| 0-4 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 2-6 | 4-24|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | TrE*, TrF*: | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| 0-3 |10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 2 | 2-6 | 3-12|10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 12 | --- |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 347

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion| Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____G/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | TrE*, TrF*: | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- | | | | | | | | | | Ud*------| 0-4 | 5-35|1.20-1.80| 0.06-20 |0.06-0.15|4.5-7.3 |Low------|0.37| 3 | 0-5 Udorthents | 4-70| 5-35|1.30-1.90| 0.06-6.0 |0.04-0.13|4.5-8.4 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Ue*------| 0-4 | 5-35|1.10-1.80| 0.6-20 |0.07-0.16|4.5-7.3 |Low------|0.37| 3 | 0-8 Udorthents | 4-72| 5-35|1.20-2.00| 0.02-6.0 |0.04-0.14|4.5-8.4 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | UnB------| 0-9 | 2-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.21|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.49| 3 | 2-7 Unadilla | 9-70| 1-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.64| | | | | | | | | | | | Ur*------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|---| --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We------| 0-9 | 5-18|1.15-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.21|5.1-6.0 |Low------|0.49| 3 | 2-6 Wappinger | 9-33| 5-18|1.15-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.17|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.49| | |33-37| 5-18|1.15-1.45| 2.0-20 |0.11-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.32| | |37-72| 1-8 |1.25-1.55| 2.0-20 |0.01-0.11|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | Wy------| 0-9 |15-35|1.05-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.22|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.43| 5 | 3-6 Wayland | 9-80|18-35|1.10-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.16-0.20|5.1-8.4 |Low------|0.43| | ______| | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. ** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the unit. *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the unit. 348 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil and Water Features

("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "rare," "brief," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the text. The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______| | ______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Potential| | map symbol | logic|Frequency|Duration|Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth |Hard-| frost |Uncoated|Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness| action | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB, BeC, BeD, | | | | | | | | | | | | BeE------| C |None-----| --- | --- |1.5-2.0|Perched |Feb-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|High. Bernardston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BgB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Bernardston-----| C |None-----| --- | --- |1.5-2.0|Perched |Feb-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| - |None-----| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Ca------| D |None-----| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Low. Canandaigua | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cc------| A/D |None-----| --- | --- |+.5-1.0|Apparent|Sep-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Low. Carlisle | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB, ChC, ChD, | | | | | | | | | | | | ChE, ClC, ClD, | | | | | | | | | | | | ClE------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Low-----|High. Charlton | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrB*, CrC*, CrD*,| | | | | | | | | | | | CrE*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Charlton------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**-| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | CtB*, CtC*, CtD*:| | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| C/D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | CuA, CuB, CuC, | | | | | | | | | | | | CuD, CuE------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. Copake | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CwA, CwB------| B |Rare-----| --- | --- |3.0-6.0|Apparent|Mar-May| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. Copake | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CxB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Copake------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| - |None-----| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | DuB, DuC, DuD----| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. Dutchess | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Dutchess County, New York 349

Table 17.—Soil and Water Features—Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Potential| | map symbol | logic|Frequency|Duration|Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth |Hard-| frost |Uncoated|Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness| action | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DwB*, DwC*, DwD*:| | | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | DxB*, DxC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| - |None-----| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | FcB*, FcC*, FcD*:| | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| B |None-----| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Mar-Apr|20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Low. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***-| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | FeE*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Ff*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents-----| D |Frequent-|Long. |Sep-Jul|+.5-1.5|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High---|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Udifluvents-----| B |Frequent-|Brief. |Oct-Jun|2.0-6.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |Moderate |High----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Fr------| C |Rare-----| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|Low-----|Low. Fredon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GfB*, GfC*, GfD*:| | | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| B |None-----| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Mar-Apr|20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Low. | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | GlB*, GlC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Galway------| B |None-----| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Mar-Apr|20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Low. | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| - |None-----| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | GsA, GsB, GsC----| C |None-----| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Nov-May| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate|Moderate. Georgia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 350 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil and Water Features—Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Potential| | map symbol | logic|Frequency|Duration|Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth |Hard-| frost |Uncoated|Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness| action | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ha------| C/D |Rare-----| --- | --- | 0-0.5|Apparent|Sep-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Low. Halsey | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeA, HeB------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|High. Haven | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hf*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Haven------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| - |None-----| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoC*, HoD*, HoE*,| | | | | | | | | | | | HoF*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hollis------| C/D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Chatfield------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop---| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | HsA, HsB, HsC, | | | | | | | | | | | | HsD, HsE------| A |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Low-----|High. Hoosic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HtA, HtB------| A |Rare-----| --- | --- |3.0-6.0|Apparent|Mar-Apr| >60 | --- |Low------|Low-----|High. Hoosic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HuA*, HuB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hoosic------| A |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| - |None-----| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | HvB*, HvC*, HvD*,| | | | | | | | | | | | HvE*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hudson------| C |None-----| --- | --- |1.5-2.0|Perched |Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Low. | | | | | | | | | | | | Vergennes------| C |None-----| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-May| >60 | --- |Moderate |High----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Hy*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hydraquents-----| D |None-----| --- | --- | 0-2.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Medisaprists----| A/D |None-----| --- | --- | 0-+1.|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Low. | | | | | | | | | | | | Kn*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Kingsbury------| D |None-----| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Perched |Dec-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rhinebeck------| D |None-----| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Perched |Jan-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Low. | | | | | | | | | | | | KrA, KrB, KrC, | | | | | | | | | | | | KrD------| A |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Low-----|Moderate. Knickerbocker | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KuA*, KuB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Knickerbocker---| A |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| - |None-----| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess County, New York 351

Table 17.—Soil and Water Features—Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Potential| | map symbol | logic|Frequency|Duration|Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth |Hard-| frost |Uncoated|Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness| action | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ln------| B |Frequent-|Brief---|Nov-May|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Jan-May| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate|Moderate. Linlithgo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lv------| D |None-----| --- | --- | 0-1.0|Apparent|Sep-Jul| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Moderate. Livingston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | McC*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Macomber------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| C/D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***-| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | MnA, MnB------| C |None-----| --- | --- |1.0-1.5|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate|Moderate. Massena | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NwB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Nassu------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***-| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | NwC*, NwD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Nassau------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Cardigan------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop***-| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | NxE*, NxF*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Nassau------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Pc------| A/D |Occas- | --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Moderate. Palms, maat<50 | | ional | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pg------| B |Frequent-|Brief---|Nov-May|1.5-2.0|Apparent|Feb-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Low-----|Low. Pawling | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ps*------| A |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- | --- | --- Pits, gravel | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pu*------| - |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- Pits, quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PwB, PwC------| C |None-----| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate|High. Pittstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PzA, PzB------| C |None-----| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Perched |Feb-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate|Moderate. Punsit | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ra------| C |None-----| --- | --- |0.5-2.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Moderate. Raynham | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sc------| B |None-----| --- | --- |1.5-2.0|Apparent|Mar-May| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate|Moderate. Scio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | See footnote at end of table. 352 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil and Water Features—Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Potential| | map symbol | logic|Frequency|Duration|Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth |Hard-| frost |Uncoated|Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness| action | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SkB, SkC, SkD, | | | | | | | | | | | | SkE------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate|Low. Stockbridge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmB*, SmC*, SmD*:| | | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-----| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate|Low. | | | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop**--| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | SrB*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-----| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate|Low. | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| - |None-----| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Su------| D |None-----| --- | --- | +1-0.5|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Moderate. Sun | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmD*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| C/D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Macomber------| C |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | TrE*, TrF*: | | | | | | | | | | | | Taconic------| C/D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| D |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud*------| A/D |None-----| --- | --- | >3.0 | --- |Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate|Moderate. Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ue*------| A/C |None-----| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Apparent|Oct-Jul| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate|Moderate. Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnB------| B |None-----| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Low-----|Moderate. Unadilla | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur*------| - |None-----| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We------| B |Occas- |Brief---|Nov-May|3.0-5.0|Apparent|Feb-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low-----|Low. Wappinger | | ional | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wy------| C/D |Frequent-|Brief to|Nov-Jun|+.5-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High----|Low. Wayland | | |long. | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. ** The unit contains rock outcrop that covers 0.1 to 2 percent of the surface. *** This unit contains rock outcrop that covers 2 to 10 percent of the surface. Dutchess County, New York 353

Table 18.—The Relationship Between Soils, their Parent Material, Landscape Position, and Drainage ______Soil Characteristics Somewhat Moderately Somewhat Very and Excessively Well Well Poorly Poorly Poorly ______Parent Materials Drained Drained Drained Drained Drained Drain______ed

Soils on Outwash Terraces, Plains, and Alluvial Fans ------

Very deep, medium and moderately Hoosic Fredon Halsey Halsey coarse textured brownish soils, formed in glaciofluvial material ______over stratified sand and gravel. ______

Very deep, moderately coarse and Knickerbocker coarse textured, brownish soils formed in glaciofluvial material ______over stratified sand and gravel. ______

Very deep, medium textured, brown- Haven ish soils, formed in glaciofluvial material over stratified sand and ______gravel. ______

Very deep, medium and moderately Copake coarse textured brownish soils, formed in glaciofluvial material over stratified sand and gravel, ______and are mildly alkaline. ______Soils on Lacustrine Plains ------

Very deep, very fine textured, Vergennes Kingsbury Livingston brownish soils, formed in lacus- trine sediments, having an accum- ______ulation of clay in the subsoil. ______

Very deep, fine textured, brownish Hudson Rhinebeck Canandaigua Canadaigua soils, formed in lacustrine sedi- ments, having an accumulation of ______clay in the subsoil. ______Soils on Upland Till Plains ------

Very deep, medium textured soils, Bernardston Pittstown Punsit Sun Sun formed in glacial till, and having ______a firm substratum. ______

Very deep, medium textured soils, Stockbridge Georgia Massena Sun Sun formed in glacial till high in limestone rock fragments, and are ______mildly alkaline in the substratum. ______

Very deep, medium textured soils, Dutchess formed in glacial till high in ______shale and slate rock fragments. ______

Very deep, moderately coarse and Charlton medium textured soils, formed in glacial till high in schist, gneiss ______or granite rock fragments. ______354 Soil Survey

Table 18.—The Relationship Between Soils, their Parent Material, Landscape Position, and Drainage—Continued ______Soil Characteristics Somewhat Moderately Somewhat Very and Excessively Well Well Poorly Poorly Poorly ______Parent Materials Drained Drained Drained Drained Drained Dra______ined

Soils on Upland Till Plains ------Shallow, medium textured soils, Nassau formed in glacial till over shale ______bedrock. ______

Moderately deep, medium textured Cardigan soils, formed in glacial till ______over shale bedrock. ______

Shallow, medium and moderately Hollis Hollis coarse textured soils, formed in glacial till over schist, ______granite or gneiss bedrock. ______

Moderately deep medium and mod- Chatfield Chatfield erately coarse textured soils, formed in glacial till over schist, granite or gneiss ______bedrock. ______

Shallow, medium and moderately Farmington Farmington coarse textured soils, formed in glacial till over lime- ______stone bedrock. ______

Moderately deep, medium and Galway Galway moderately coarse textured soils, formed in glacial till ______over limestone bedrock. ______

Shallow, medium textured Taconic soils formed in glacial till over slate schist, or phyllite bedrock, and having a mean annual temperature of less ______than 47 degrees F. ______

Moderately deep, medium textured Macomber soils, formed in glacial till over slate, schist, or phyllite bedrock, and having a mean annual temperature of less than 47 ______degrees F. ______Soils on Floodplains ------

Very deep, medium and moderately Wappinger Pawling Linlithgo coarse textured soils, formed in alluvial sediments over sand and ______gravel. ______

Very deep, medium and moderately Wayland Wayland fine textured soils, formed in ______alluvial sediments. ______Dutchess County, New York 355

Table 18.—The Relationship Between Soils, their Parent Material, Landscape Position, and Drainage—Continued ______Soil Characteristics Somewhat Moderately Somewhat Very and Excessively Well Well Poorly Poorly Poorly ______Parent Materials Drained Drained Drained Drained Drained Dra______ined

Soils on Floodplains ------

Very deep, moderately coarse to Udifluvents Udifluvents Udifluvents Fluvaquents Fluvaquents Fluvaquents moderately fine textured soils, ______formed in alluvial sediments. ______Soils in Swamps and Bogs ------

Very deep soils formed in well Carlisle decomposed organic material, more ______than 51 inches thick. ______

Very deep soils formed in well de- Palms composed organic material, 16 to 51 inches thick, over moderately coarse ______to fine textured mineral matter. ______

Very deep soils formed in well Medisaprist decomposed organic material more ______than 16 inches thick. ______

Very deep soils formed in moderately Hydraquents fine to moderately coarse textured ______mineral matter. ______Soils on Till Plains, Outwash Terraces, and Lacustrine Plains, Altered by Cultural Activities ------Very deep to shallow, coarse Udorthents Udorthents Udorthents Udorthents Udorthents Udorthents to fine textured soils, formed ______in mixed soil material. ______356

Table 19.—Classification of the Soils ______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | | Bernardston------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Canandaigua------| Fine-silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Mollic Haplaquepts Cardigan------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Carlisle------| Euic, mesic Typic Medisaprists Charlton------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Chatfield------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Copake------| Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Dystric Eutrochrepts Dutchess------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Farmington------| Loamy, mixed, mesic Lithic Eutrochrepts Fluvaquents------| Fluvaquents Fredon------| Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric | Haplaquepts Galway------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Eutrochrepts Georgia------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Dystric Eutrochrepts Halsey------| Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, mesic Mollic | Haplaquepts Haven------| Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Hollis------| Loamy, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts Hoosic------| Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Hudson------| Fine, illitic, mesic Glossaquic Hapludalfs Hydraquents------| Aquents Kingsbury------| Very-fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Ochraqualfs Knickerbocker------| Sandy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Linlithgo------| Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric Fluvaquents Livingston------| Very-fine, illitic, nonacid, mesic Mollic Haplaquepts Macomber------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts Massena------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric Haplaquepts Medisaprists------| Saprists Nassau------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts Palms, maat<50------| Loamy, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Medisaprists Pawling------| Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts Pits, gravel. | Pits, quarry. | Pittstown------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Dystrochrepts Punsit------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric Haplaquepts Raynham------| Coarse-silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric Haplaquepts Rhinebeck------| Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Ochraqualfs Rock outcrop. | Scio------| Coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Aquic Dystrochrepts Stockbridge------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Dystric Eutrochrepts Sun------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric Haplaquepts Taconic------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Dystrochrepts Udifluvents------| Udifluvents Udorthents------| Udorthents Unadilla------| Coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Vergennes------| Very-fine, illitic, mesic Glossaquic Hapludalfs Wappinger------| Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Dystric Fluventic | Eutrochrepts Wayland------| Fine-silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Mollic Fluvaquents ______| NRCS Accessibility Statement

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