Financing Technology Entrepreneurs & Smes in Developing Countries
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+ innovation & entrepreneurship FINANCING TECHNOLOGY ENTREPRENEURS & SMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FINANCING TECHNOLOGY ENTREPRENEURS & SMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CHALLENGES AND VIETNAM OPPORTUNITIES Country Study AN infoDev PUBLICATION PREPARED BY Roberto Zavatta Economisti Associati SRL in collaboration with Zernike Group BV Meta Group SRL June 2008 Information for Development Program www.infoDev.org www.infoDev.org FINANCING TECHNOLOGY ENTREPRENEURS & SMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CHALLENGES AND VIETNAM OPPORTUNITIES Country Study AN infoDev PUBLICATION PREPARED BY Roberto Zavatta Economisti Associati SRL in collaboration with Zernike Group BV Meta Group SRL June 2008 Information for Development Program www.infoDev.org ©2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of infoDev, the Donors of infoDev, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. 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For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to infoDev Communications & Publications Department, 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue NW; Mailstop F 5P-503, Washington, D.C. 20433, USA; telephone: 202-458-4070; Internet: www.infodev.org; Email: [email protected]. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. Cover design by Patricia Hord Graphic Design, Inc. Typesetting by The Word Express, Inc. TabLE of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms v Executive Summary 1 I. Introduction 3 II. The Country Background 5 II.1 ICT/ICTE Industry 5 II.2 Policy and Institutional Framework 6 II.3 The Financial Sector 7 III. Issues in the Financing of Ict/icte Small Business 9 III.1 SME Financing Needs – The Demand Side 9 III.2 Issues in Accessing Financing – The Supply Side 9 III.3 The Financing Gap – Nature and Severity 11 IV. Conclusions and Recommendations 13 IV.1 Introduction 13 IV.2 Measures Aimed at Facilitating Access to Equity Financing 14 IV.3 Measures Aimed at Facilitating Access to Bank Financing 14 AnneXes Annex A – The Ict/icte Sector 19 Annex B – Policy and Institutional Framework 23 Annex C – The Financial Sector 27 Annex D – List of Entities Interviewed 33 Annex E – Profiles of Sme Financing Organizations 35 Annex F – Profiles of Ict/icte Sme 39 iv Financing Technology Entrepreneurs & SMEs in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank IXC Internet Exchange Carrier ASMED Agency for SME Development IT Information Technology BCC Business Cooperation Contract JBIC Japan Bank for International BPO Business Process Outsourcing Cooperation CRC Center for Research and Consulting MNC Multinational Corporation on Management MPDF Mekong Private Sector Development CDMA Code Division Multiple Access Facility CGF Credit Guarantee Fund MPT Ministry of Posts and Telematics EC European Commission MST Ministry of Science and Technology ERP Enterprise Resource Planning QTSBI Quang Trung Software Business EU European Union Incubator GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische SBV State Bank of Vietnam Zusammenarbeit (German develop- SME Small and Medium Enterprise ment cooperation agency) SOCB State-Owned Commercial Bank HCA Ho Chi Minh City Computer SOE State-Owned Enterprise Association TOR Terms of Reference HCMC Ho Chi Minh City UNDP United Nations Development IC Integrated Circuit Program ICT Information and Communication UNIDO United Nations Industrial Technology Development Organization ICTE ICT Enabled USAID United States Agency for International IDRC International Development Research Development Center VC Venture Capital IFC International Finance Corporation VINASA Vietnam Software Association IFI International Financial Institutions VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol ISP Internet Service Provider WTO World Trade Organization Exchange Rates US$ 1 = VND 15,967.53 (average 2005) EUR 1 = VND 19,886.14 (average 2005) Abbreviations and Acronyms v vi Financing Technology Entrepreneurs & SMEs in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities has a distinct conservative approach to lending, and EXECUTIVE the access to financing for SMEs is far from being an easy task. Some donors and IFI programs, as well as SUMMARY Government’s direct initiatives, address specifically the issue of SME financing, but these efforts have Over the last few years, the Vietnam’s ICT/ICTE only a limited impact on ICT/ICTE firms. Evidence sector has grown considerably and evidences suggest from the fieldwork showed the existence of a that this process is destined to keep the pace or even financing gap for SMEs in their development and accelerate in the near future. Vietnam holds a strong first expansion stage. This gap can be perceived by vocation in Hi Tech industry and, compared to its enterprises that need from as little as US$50,000 up neighbors, it has the advantage of being less to US$1.0 million, but appears particularly severe in expensive. Concrete signals of the increasing the US$200,000–750,000 range. international confidence can be identified in the recent establishment of several IT ‘giants’, such as The main determinants for the existing financing Intel, Jupiter, IBM. Leaving aside telecoms, the bulk gap can be summarized as follows: of ICT activities in Vietnam are related to hardware manufacturing and assembling. This sector is largely ■ Financing Policies: Conservative attitude of dominated by foreign Multinational Corporation banks: ‘heavy’ collateralization strictly necessary. (MNC). In the software and IT services sector, the Most of the Government’s and donors’ programs domestic market accounts for the most. The offshore in support of the SME financing focus on sectors outsourced services segment is still small but it is other than ICT; growing at a rate of 50% per year. In this respect, ■ Limited Diffusion of Alternatives: Financing many consider Vietnam as the most promising instruments like credit guarantees schemes or Asian economy for offshore operations. Vietnam is leasing are scarcely widespread. ‘Angel’ invest- currently home to a dozen national IT ‘champions’ ments have a very marginal diffusion; active in the production of locally branded PCs, ■ Constraints on the Demand Side: Substantial software, and BPO services, as well as to more than opacity and informality of SMEs. Poor quality of thousand small ICT/ICTE business. The projects submitted to institutional VC; Government acknowledged the strategic importance ■ Understanding of ICT: Bank officers are seldom of this sector. Over the past few years, several familiar with ICT/ICTE business models, and infrastructural projects for the promotion and the therefore many are reluctant to concede loans; development of technology and ICT have been ■ Business Environment Constraints: Economy is financed with the State’s budget. not completely liberalized. Some restrictions persist on operations made by foreigners. There In the transition process from a centrally planned is a poor protection of investors. The existing economy to a market economy, Vietnam is closely credit information system is limited and following the Chinese model, especially regarding unreliable. privatization. The private sector is increasingly perceived as the main driver for boosting the Bridging the gap would require a major reform of national economy, and several State-owned enter- the overall business environment, including the prises are being ‘equitized’ and sold. Recently, the creation of a reliable and comprehensive credit financial sector has witnessed important liberaliza- information system, the enforcement of regulation tions. As a consequence, the flow of FDI is con- for the protection of minority shareholders, and the stantly growing and venture capitalists, who left in removal of caps on foreign capacity to operate in the aftermath of the late nineties financial crisis, are Vietnamese economy. Evidently, direct intervention back in the country. The banking sector, which is in these fields falls out of the scope for this study. still dominated by State-owned commercial banks, Nonetheless, concrete measures can be envisaged to Executive Summary 1 reduce the gap and facilitate access to financing for should not be denied. In this sense, the credit ICT/ICTE SMEs. To begin with, increasing the guarantee model