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Contents of the Hoard

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Contents of the Hoard THE FOURTEENTH-CENTURY HOARD FROM CHESTERTON LANE CORNER, CAMBRIDGE MARTIN ALLEN Introduction IN 2000 the Cambridge Archaeological Unit had a watching brief from Anglia Water Pic to observe the excavation of a series of fifteen construction access shafts (numbered M1-M15) along a sewer pipeline in Cambridge, from Chesterton to Cambridge University's new West Cambridge development. Fourteen of the shafts contained no material of archaeological significance, but one shaft (M5) at the corner of Chesterton Lane and Magdalene Street (National Grid Reference TL 4462 5906; Fig. 1) proved to be exceptionally rich in archaeological features and artefacts, including a fourteenth-century hoard of 1,814 coins (9 gold and 1,805 silver).1 At the bottom of the shaft (3 m in diameter and about 4 m deep) was a prehistoric river channel, and above this were two successive Roman roads, a Middle Saxon execution cemetery, and later pre-Norman Conquest features, possibly providing evidence of a church at the northern end of the bridge over \\ \ \ ' St. Giles A r> J / x^-'-x V / c?/ / // N\ \ ' \J> C/ v / w\ \ f\/> \ X^X \\\ • / X I X X Magdalene College x;'" f" v — X\ - V • / \ \ ' 0 \ -- T \ M) Fig. 1. The site of the excavation at Chesterton Lane Corner. Acknowledgements: I owe a great debt of gratitude to members of the Cambridge Archaeological Unit. Norma Challands, who first alerted me to the discovery of the hoard, devoted many hours to the washing of the hoard during its preliminary examination, tolerating my inexpert assistance. Alison Dickens and Craig Cessford have been a constant source of help and advice during the preparation of this article, and they have provided Figs 1-4. Fig. 1 was drawn by Andy Hall. Simon Dove of the British Museum's Inorganic Materials Conservation Section undertook the arduous task of conserving the silver coins in the hoard, and Jo Dillon of the Fitzwilliam Museum has also provided expert help and advice in the conservation of the hoard. Dr Barrie Cook has supplied considerable amounts of unpublished information on hoards he has examined, with typical generosity, and Peter Woodhead has reviewed my identifications of the gold coins, giving them an authority they would not otherwise have had. Dr Rosemary Horrox has very generously provided information from manuscript sources relating to the history of the site of the hoard. Dr Mark Blackburn and Lord Stewartby have read drafts of this article and their comments have been extremely helpful. The coins from the hoard on PI. 4 are illustrated by permission of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. 1 R. Mortimer and R. Regan, Chesterton Lane Corner, Cambridge: Archaeological Excavations at Anglia Water Sewage Shaft M5. Assessment Report, Cambridge Archaeological Unit, 2001; C. Cessford with A. Dickens, 'Cambridge Castle Hill', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 94 (2005), 73-101. 64 THE CHESTERTON LANE CORNER HOARD the River Cam. A series of post-Conquest buildings on the site began with two phases of clunch- walled domestic construction, in the second of which the hoard was found, on 10 October 2000.2 The hoard had been placed in a small wooden box (about 15 cm high, 20 cm long and 10 cm wide), buried in a hole cut into a clay floor, next to a wall. The hole was sealed with stone and reused Roman brick, and a new clay floor 15-20 cm thick was laid, concealing the hole. The outline of the box was clearly visible in the side of the excavation, with the silver coins in untidy stacks, and the gold coins placed on top of the silver (Fig. 2).3 The hoard was removed to the headquarters of the Cambridge Archaeological Unit, where a preliminary examination by the author of this note established that it consisted of nine gold coins of Edward III (seven nobles and two half nobles), and about 1,800 silver pennies or sterlings.4 The exact number of silver coins could not be determined while the hoard was in an unconserved state (Fig. 3). In 2002 the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport disclaimed the Crown's Fig. 2. The hoard during excavation. Fig. 3. The hoard before conservation. 2 Mortimer and Regan, as in n. 1, pp. 17-18. 3 Two iron nails or studs from the box were recovered. 4 M. Allen, 'The hoard' in Mortimer and Regan, as in n. 1, pp. 38-9; idem, 'The Chesterton Lane Corner coin hoard', in Cessford with Dickens, as in n. 1, pp. 86-94; idem, 'English coin hoards, 1158-1544', BNJ 72 (2002), 24-84, at p. 64 (no. 174); Treasure Annua! Report 2000, no. 277; Treasure Annual Report 2002, no. 221; AC 162 (2002), Coin Hoards, no. 38. THE CHESTERTON LANE CORNER HOARD interest in the hoard under the Treasure Act of 1996, and vested ownership in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, following agreement from all of the interested parties: the excavators (Richard Mortimer and Roderick Regan), Cambridge City Council, Cambridgeshire County Council, and Magdalene College, Cambridge. The Fitzwilliam Museum is very grateful for their generosity in waiving all rights to a reward in order that the hoard might be preserved intact, for the benefit of the public and for academic study. The gold coins needed only minor conservation at the Fitzwilliam Museum, but the silver coins (many of which were cemented together by corrosion products or heavily encrusted) required extensive treatment by the Inorganic Materials Conservation Section of the British Museum before they could be studied for publication. The weights of the coins after conservation are recorded in the catalogue of the board, but the corrosion of the silver coins prevents valid analysis of their metrology. The hoard has been called the 'Magdalene College hoard', as the site of the excavation was owned by the College for nearly three centuries, from 1637 to about 1911.5 However, when the hoard was buried, in the 1350s, the building at the corner of Chesterton Lane seems to have been owned by Barnwell Priory.6 The hoard was probably concealed by one of the Priory's tenants, who has not been identified. In the 1450s the property seems to have been recently occupied by Margery Sewale, in succession to her father Richard, and in 1472 it appears to have been occupied by William Archibalde. In 1490 and 1525 it is known to have been leased by Clare Hall (now called Clare College), and it was acquired by Richard, Roger and Robert Taverner after the dissolution of Barnwell Priory in 1539. In 1545 Clare Hall purchased Barnwell Priory's rights in the property from William Alynson, alderman of Lincoln, but it was sold to William Chapman in 1557. In 1637 the building, which was then a public house (known as the Chequers or the Three Swans at various times), was bequeathed to Magdalene College by John Smith.7 It remained in the College's possession until about 1911, when it was compulsorily purchased by Cambridge City Council and demolished for road widening. The last occupant of the house (now 1A Chesterton Lane) was Albert Pointer, who hired out carriages. A photograph of the building during Albert Pointer's occupation of it shows a half-timbered fifteenth- or sixteenth-century fa5ade (Fig. 4). Date of deposition The gold and silver parts of the hoard seem to be separate sums of money, deposited in the box on different occasions. The latest gold coins in the hoard are three nobles of Pre-Treaty Series E (1353-5/6), but there are no English silver coins later than a penny of Pre-Treaty Series C (1351-C.1352).8 It will be suggested below that the silver coins may have been assembled before 1344 or soon afterwards, and supplemented with further coins no earlier than 1351. The assembly of the silver coins was probably completed almost immediately after the introduction of the Pre- Treaty coinage in June 1351, as only two of the 1613 English pennies in the hoard belong to the Pre-Treaty coinage. Table 1 clearly demonstrates that a quantity of pennies assembled after the introduction of Pre-Treaty Series E in 1353 might be expected to have had a substantially greater percentage of coins of Series A-D than the excavated hoard.9 The complete absence of groats and halfgroats is further evidence supporting the suggested dating of the silver element of the hoard. Only two English hoards deposited after the beginning of the Pre-Treaty coinage in 1351 are known to have had silver coins without any groats or halfgroats: the excavated find and the hoard from Rickerby (Stanwix Parish) in Cumbria.10 The Rickerby hoard seems to have been assembled 5 S.K.F. Stoddart, 'The Magdalene College hoard: the history of Cambridge in a sewer shaft', Magdalene College Magazine new ser, 45 (2000-1), 70-80. 6 The account of the tenurial history of the site of the hoard before 1637 presented here is largely based upon information supplied by Dr Rosemary Horrox. 7 R. Willis, The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge and of the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton, edited by J.W. Clark, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1886), ii, pp. 357-8. 8 M. Allen, The Durham Mint, BNS Special Publication 4 (London, 2004), pp. 185-6, proposes a revised chronology of the Pre- Treaty coinage. 9 Allen, 'English coin hoards', as in n.4, lists the English hoards cited in this article, with three exceptions: the finds from Abridge (NC 163 (2003), Coin Hoards, no. 32), Creslow (NC 164 (2004), Coin Hoards, no. 20) and Rogate (NC 164 (2004), Coin Hoards, no.
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