Chapter 8 Review Questions
1. What did the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century referred? Page: 297
2. During the eighteenth century, “enlightened” people typically imagined God as what? Page: 298
3. What did the eighteenth-century Pietists and Methodists stress? Page: 299
4. Describe eighteenth-century freemasonry. Page: 300
5. Who were the eighteenth-century philosophes? Page: 300
6. How did Montesquieu’s influential doctrine of the separation and balance of powers suggest that good government could be obtained? Page: 304
7. How was the great French Encyclopédie, completed between 1751 and 1772, viewed? Page: 302
8. What was Voltaire less concerned than Montesquieu with? Page: 305
9. Voltaire’s famous polemical slogan, “Écrasez l’infâme!” or “Crush the infamous things,” referred to what? Page: 305
10. Describe the ideas of Rousseau. Page: 307
11. What was Rousseau’s most direct contribution to the French Revolution? Page: 308
12. What characterized Enlightenment thought? Page: 310-311
13. What did Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations argue for? Page: 308
14. Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in progress, reason, science, and civilization, but they took divergent and inconsistent positions on many issues. How did Montesquieu and Rousseau view the church and religion? How did Voltaire view political liberty? Page: 310
15. Enlightened despotism grew out of earlier absolutism represented by the likes of Louis XIV but differed from absolutism in what way? Page: 311
16. Enlightened despotism had the least success in reforming society where? Page: 312
17. The practical difficulties of the French monarchy could be attributed to what? Page: 312, 314
18. What were the “Maupeou parlements” newly created by the king’s chief minister forbidden to do? Page: 314
19. Maria Theresa undertook a program of internal consolidation of her empire in which she broke the power of local governments and guild monopolies except where? Page: 315
20. In order to watch over the whole structure of his enlightened reform, what did Joseph II create? Page: 318
21. Before 1789, the largest free-trade area on the continent was where? Page: 315
22. How did Frederick the Great deal with serfdom throughout his kingdom? Page: 319
23. What occurred as a result of the Enlightenment in Russia? Page: 320-321
24. Under Catherine the Great, what happened to serfdom in Russia? Page: 321
25. In foreign affairs, what were Catherine’s achievements? Page: 323-324
26. How did enlightened despotism view the divine right theory? Page: 325
27. What happened by the end of the era of enlightened despotism, just prior to the French Revolution? Page: 325
28. The partitions of Poland symbolized what? Page: 327
29. Characteristic of the demands of the age of democratic revolution between 1760 and the French Revolution were what? Page: 329
30. What did the democratic revolutions reject? Page: 330
31. In the eighteenth century, the aspect of British politics which provoked the most public criticism was what? Page: 332
32. George III sought to increase the influence of the crown by creating what? Page: 331
33. Edmund Burke, who virtually founded modern philosophical conservatism, favored what type of government? Page: 334
34. What was a major trend in eighteenth-century British politics? Page: 335