Chapter 8 Review Questions 1. What did the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century referred? Page: 297 2. During the eighteenth century, “enlightened” people typically imagined God as what? Page: 298 3. What did the eighteenth-century Pietists and Methodists stress? Page: 299 4. Describe eighteenth-century freemasonry. Page: 300 5. Who were the eighteenth-century philosophes? Page: 300 6. How did Montesquieu’s influential doctrine of the separation and balance of powers suggest that good government could be obtained? Page: 304 7. How was the great French Encyclopédie, completed between 1751 and 1772, viewed? Page: 302 8. What was Voltaire less concerned than Montesquieu with? Page: 305 9. Voltaire’s famous polemical slogan, “Écrasez l’infâme!” or “Crush the infamous things,” referred to what? Page: 305 10. Describe the ideas of Rousseau. Page: 307 11. What was Rousseau’s most direct contribution to the French Revolution? Page: 308 12. What characterized Enlightenment thought? Page: 310-311 13. What did Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations argue for? Page: 308 14. Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in progress, reason, science, and civilization, but they took divergent and inconsistent positions on many issues. How did Montesquieu and Rousseau view the church and religion? How did Voltaire view political liberty? Page: 310 15. Enlightened despotism grew out of earlier absolutism represented by the likes of Louis XIV but differed from absolutism in what way? Page: 311 16. Enlightened despotism had the least success in reforming society where? Page: 312 17. The practical difficulties of the French monarchy could be attributed to what? Page: 312, 314 18. What were the “Maupeou parlements” newly created by the king’s chief minister forbidden to do? Page: 314 19. Maria Theresa undertook a program of internal consolidation of her empire in which she broke the power of local governments and guild monopolies except where? Page: 315 20. In order to watch over the whole structure of his enlightened reform, what did Joseph II create? Page: 318 21. Before 1789, the largest free-trade area on the continent was where? Page: 315 22. How did Frederick the Great deal with serfdom throughout his kingdom? Page: 319 23. What occurred as a result of the Enlightenment in Russia? Page: 320-321 24. Under Catherine the Great, what happened to serfdom in Russia? Page: 321 25. In foreign affairs, what were Catherine’s achievements? Page: 323-324 26. How did enlightened despotism view the divine right theory? Page: 325 27. What happened by the end of the era of enlightened despotism, just prior to the French Revolution? Page: 325 28. The partitions of Poland symbolized what? Page: 327 29. Characteristic of the demands of the age of democratic revolution between 1760 and the French Revolution were what? Page: 329 30. What did the democratic revolutions reject? Page: 330 31. In the eighteenth century, the aspect of British politics which provoked the most public criticism was what? Page: 332 32. George III sought to increase the influence of the crown by creating what? Page: 331 33. Edmund Burke, who virtually founded modern philosophical conservatism, favored what type of government? Page: 334 34. What was a major trend in eighteenth-century British politics? Page: 335 .