Uma Leitura Comparada Entre As Poéticas De Salgado Maranhão E

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Uma Leitura Comparada Entre As Poéticas De Salgado Maranhão E FABRÍCIO TAVARES DE MORAES ARANDO A LINGUAGEM: UMA LEITURA COMPARADA ENTRE AS POÉTICAS DE SALGADO MARANHÃO E SEAMUS HEANEY Juiz de Fora 2013 FABRÍCIO MORAES Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras: Estudos Literários da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Letras – Estudos Literários. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Edimilson de Almeida Pereira Juiz de Fora 2013 2 FABRÍCIO MORAES ARANDO A LINGUAGEM: UMA LEITURA COMPARADA ENTRE AS POÉTICAS DE SALGADO MARANHÃO E SEAMUS HEANEY Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre de Letras. Aprovada em / / BANCA EXAMINADORA: ________________________________________________________________________ __ Prof. Dr. Edimilson de Almeida Pereira – UFJF – Presidente Orientador CPF: 546.100.876-34 ________________________________________________________________________ __ 3 Prof.ª Dr.ª Maria Andreia Paula – CES/UFJF – Membro Externo CPF: ________________________________________________________________________ __ Prof.ª Dr.ª Terezinha Maria Scher Pereira – UFJF – Membro Interno CPF: ________________________________________________________________________ __ Prof.ª Dr.ª Suely da Fonseca Quintana – UFSJ – Suplente Externo CPF: 685.089.486.20 ________________________________________________________________________ __ Prof.ª Dr.ª Prisca Rita Agustoni – UFJF – Suplente Interno CPF: 4 Aos meus sobrinhos Abner e Natan 5 Agradecimentos Agradeço a Deus primeiramente, Aos meus pais, Mirtyz e Francisco, A minhas irmãs, especialmente, a Fram, Aos amigos Felipe, Andressa, Cláudio, Tiago, Daniel, Renan e Patrícia e todos aqueles que, de alguma forma e em algum momento, me auxiliaram. 6 Resumo A presente dissertação busca traçar uma análise comparada entre a obra poética do poeta irlandês Seamus Heaney e a do brasileiro Salgado Maranhão no que tange à tensão indissolúvel entre a intuição e razão que estão no âmago do ato poético, especialmente durante o processo de composição. Tomando como pressupostos os conceitos de apolíneo e dionisíaco do filósofo alemão Friedrich Nietzsche, desenvolvidos na obra O Nascimento da Tragédia (1872), o presente trabalho busca justamente apontar esses elementos antitéticos na gênese da poesia, bem como as posturas poéticas neles baseadas (chamadas doravante de “poesia instintual” e “poesia cerebral”). Além disso, pretende-se compreender a forma como as obras de ambos os poetas analisados se inserem nas manifestações poéticas da contemporaneidade. Por último, partindo da simbologia da terra – ampla e constantemente abordada ao longo de todas as obras de Heaney e Salgado –, busca-se efetuar uma leitura dos possíveis desdobramentos literários, sociais, culturais e históricos de tal metáfora. Palavras-Chave: Literatura comparada; Poesia contemporânea; Poesia cerebral; Poesia instintual; Terra. 7 Abstract This dissertation aims to draw a comparative analysis between the poetical works of the Irish poet Seamus Heaney and the Brazilian poet Salgado Maranhão, regarding the indissoluble tension between intuition and reason that is at the core of the poetic act, especially during the composition writing process. Utilizing as presupposition the concepts of the “Apollonian” and “Dionysian” coined by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, both developed in the work The Birth of Tragedy (1872), the present study attempts to pinpoint these antithetical elements that are in the genesis of poetry, as well as the poetic postures based on them (hereinafter called “instinctual poetry” and “cerebral poetry”). Furthermore, we intend to comprise the way through which the poetical works of both poets are inserted in the contemporary poetic manifestations. Lastly, basing on the symbolism of the earth/soil – wide and constantly addressed throughout the works of Heaney and Salgado – we intend to interpret the feasible literary, social, cultural and historic meanings of such metaphor. Keywords: Comparative literature; Contemporary poetry; Cerebral poetry; Instinctual poetry; Earth. 8 Quem decifra o caráter e o cunho do artista! Quem entende a profunda fusão instintiva de disciplina e devassidão na qual se baseia! Thomas Mann – Morte em Veneza 9 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO....................................................................................................12 1. POESIA COMO DUALIDADE 1.1 - As faces possíveis do ato poético.......................................................26 1.2 - Os tons apolíneos e dionisíacos da poética de Salgado Maranhão..............................................................................................29 1.3 - Os vers donnés e vers calculés em Seamus Heaney..........................50 2. AS FACES DE JANUS NA POÉTICA DE SALGADO MARANHÃO 2.1 - Voz e silêncio....................................................................................70 2.2 - A poesia anfíbia em O Beijo da Fera...............................................89 2.3 - Os murais sujos de versos................................................................102 2.4 - Sol sanguíneo: a transcendentalização do trivial.............................106 2.5 - A pelagem da palavra......................................................................113 3. A POESIA MINERAL E A POESIA ORGÂNICA EM SEAMUS HEANEY 3.1 - Escavando a linguagem e a memória...............................................125 3.2 - A oficina irritada do poema............................................................146 3.3 - Titãs e deuses em lutas: Hércules e Anteu, Apolo e Dionísio.........159 3.4 - Trabalho de campo..........................................................................171 3.5 - O verso volta, a caneta cava............................................................182 4. O POETA CONTEMPORÂNEO NA TERRA DO POEMA ..................190 4.1 A terra................................................................................................208 4.2 Arando a linguagem...........................................................................218 4.3 A terra devastada da linguagem.........................................................230 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS...........................................................................250 10 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS...........................................................258 11 INTRODUÇÃO A poesia ocidental contemporânea, composta de várias vertentes e temáticas distintas, embora passível de análises que ressaltem este ou aquele aspecto como uma de suas características dominantes, não pode ser apreendida dentro de uma listagem fechada de traços ou qualidades estéticas e formais. Tal impossibilidade se dá, primeiramente, pela vasta quantidade de poetas atuais, já canonizados pela crítica, ainda compondo suas obras cujas temáticas e estruturas de criação formais são as mais díspares e divergentes. Enquanto alguns utilizam dos meios e mídias eletrônicos na experimentação linguística e formal (executando performances e criando suportes que não mais cabem nas classificações e terminologias tradicionais), outros ainda se valem dos suportes clássicos, embora, de certa maneira, também sejam afetados pelas novas possibilidades artísticas oriundas dos novos suportes comunicacionais. A segunda dificuldade que se apresenta em qualquer tentativa de caracterização da poesia contemporânea decorre do fato de o crítico também pertencer ao mesmo momento histórico e cultural e, portanto, igualmente influenciado pelas suas tensões e contradições. Tal situação, permeada por embates e tentativas de compreensão dos fenômenos poéticos, pode ser apreendida através das palavras de Giorgio Agamben, que no ensaio “O que é o contemporâneo?” (2008) observa: “contemporâneo é aquele que mantém fixo o olhar no seu tempo, para nele perceber não as luzes, mas o escuro. Todos os tempos são, para quem deles experimenta contemporaneidade, obscuros” (AGAMBEN, 2010, p. 62-63). Entretanto, como dito anteriormente, tal dificuldade de apreensão não implica que os críticos atuais não sejam capazes de reconhecer as qualidades estéticas e a originalidade em determinados autores de seu período e de captar nas suas obras certas ressonâncias do espírito da época (Zeitgeist). Através da análise das obras de poetas cuja dicção os faz sobressair dentre os seus contemporâneos, é possível atravessar a névoa que o presente estende sobre os olhos dos demais. 12 Afinal, como observou Ezra Pound, “os artistas são as antenas de nossa raça” (POUND, 1997, p. 92). Dessa forma, o presente trabalho pretende comparar as poéticas de dois poetas contemporâneos – o brasileiro Salgado Maranhão e o irlandês Seamus Heaney –, cujas obras, além de aclamadas pela crítica especializada, já receberam várias premiações e nomeações literárias. Os poetas mencionados, apesar de procederem de lugares diferentes e de experimentarem condições linguísticas distintas, nos instigam a ver possíveis canais de contato entre ambos, desde que sejamos mediados tanto pelos cenários sociais, políticos e culturais que os envolvem, quanto pelo trato que estabelecem com a construção formal do poema e com a manipulação dos recursos da linguagem. Salgado Maranhão, pseudônimo de José Salgado Santos, nasceu no povoado Cana Brava das Moças, município de Caxias, no estado do Maranhão, no ano de 1953. Criado no meio rural, só veio a ter educação formal durante sua adolescência. A vida campesina, a lavoura e as paisagens rústicas perpassam e se fazem presente em praticamente toda a obra salgadiana,
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